<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[The North American — 77: Papers]]></title><description><![CDATA[In-depth essays and analytical papers on the forces shaping North America — trade, policy, identity, social and integration across the US, Mexico, and Canada.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/s/na77-papers</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IHKr!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b9985bd-dead-457f-9330-32e757396f31_512x512.png</url><title>The North American — 77: Papers</title><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/s/na77-papers</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2026 16:54:34 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[The North American — 77 ]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[na77@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[na77@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[na77@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[na77@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[Water Series PI: Spending the Water We Inherited ]]></title><description><![CDATA[It is a test of whether North America can act together before scarcity turns neighbors into enemies.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/water-series-pi-spending-the-water</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/water-series-pi-spending-the-water</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 14:02:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#171717" style="color: rgb(23, 23, 23);">An employee came to work in our Monterrey a few years back with a black eye. </span></strong><span data-color="#171717" style="color: rgb(23, 23, 23);">Two of her</span> neighbors attacked her the night before while they waited in line for the same water truck, carrying the same empty buckets, hoping there would be enough for everyone.  The reason for the violence was desperateness and fear.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_del_agua_en_Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n_de_2022">Monterrey's water crisis</a></strong> peaked in June and July of 2022, when a severe drought tied to a persistent La Ni&#241;a pattern, on top of years of overuse, dropped the Cerro Prieto dam to under 1% capacity, the worst failure since 1984. It wasn't just weather: a metro area that had grown past 6 million people was drawing on infrastructure sized for a much smaller city, while agriculture took roughly 70% of the state's water and heavy industrial users like Heineken and Ternium kept extracting through the shortage. </p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>The government imposed scheduled rationing by zone, but distribution ran along income lines, and in July residents protested and even burned pipes to block water being diverted toward wealthier parts of the city.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">That is what scarcity does once when it becomes real; violence is right in the other side of it.  Even before these events hit Monterrey, I had been thinking about water for years, but that moment changed how I understood it. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Scarcity is usually presented through percentages, reservoir elevations, and drought maps. Sometimes conversations that seem to be too far away from us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nothing really matters until things start to change in your day to day. With real consequences come, unexpected human behavior against each other; patience transforms into suspicion &amp; anger; Neighbors become enemies, regions accuse other regions of stealing, while the water itself keeps moving beneath, across, and beyond the lines we&#8217;ve drawn.</p><h2>Warning signs</h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>In 2018, I attended a water convention in</strong> <strong>Rosarito, Baja California</strong>, with my friend <strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/culver-van-der-jagt-3145657/">Culver Van Der Jagt</a></strong>, founder of the water-saving technology &amp; company <strong><a href="https://sinktwice.com/?srsltid=AfmBOoqwNvGrnZKbMFhT-b4Q3HV80LfgKXMXViNNJWDpwVdgnZDpQfpe">Sink Twice</a></strong>. Through him I began paying attention to the <strong><a href="https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/pao/pdfiles/mextrety.pdf">1944 treaty governing water the U.S. and Mexico share</a></strong>, on both the <strong>Colorado and the Rio Bravo</strong>. It felt distant from the convention floor back then, but today as I look back, It seems like the foundation underneath it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Since that trip to Rosarito in search of opportunities with Sink Twice, Culver has kept me updated with studies, statistics &amp; raw data on the water situation specifically in certain regions of the US &amp; Mexico.  Culver&#8217;s detailed descriptions and hard data that ground his arguments kept me with an antenna on my head on everything water related.  </p><p style="text-align: justify;">He even helped me check my apartment and apartment building for leaks and to lower my water consumption by over 50% through very specific tactics and practices that work incredible.</p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;">A big part of my life is in Arizona and Sonora, spending lots of time in Tucson &amp; Nogales specifically.  On one occasion I took road trip with my wife to Page, Arizona with the intention to see the Horseshoe Bend, Antelope Canyon and Buckskin Gulp; there is a sight that is hard to miss crossing the Arizona-Utah border;<strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Powell"> Lake Powell</a></strong> and the white mineral rings around the Lake walls. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EwgF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EwgF!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EwgF!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EwgF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EwgF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EwgF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png" width="1456" height="813" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:813,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:7454487,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/211071393?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EwgF!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EwgF!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EwgF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EwgF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><sup>(Digital drawing of Lake Powell running out of water)</sup></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Sonora, where I grew up, my family had a summer home at the beach town San Carlos overlooking the third green of a golf course called San Carlos Country Club. That green hasn&#8217;t really been green in over 20 years, because there hasn&#8217;t been enough water to maintain it. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">When we were kids in the 80&#8217;s we used to run and play on golf course as it was our private green huge backyard.  Those memories are priceless.  As an adult and a father today, seeing the transition from green to desert has been a hard pill to swallow.  I had always wished that my son would be able to live the same experiences that I did in that same house but things had never been the same ever since the water scarecity.  </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The whole Country Club neighbourhood had a different face, home values plummeted and the development changed owners many times and for the worse.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8twW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1da4cbc-50f4-473b-904f-cf17abaaafe1_2752x1536.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8twW!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1da4cbc-50f4-473b-904f-cf17abaaafe1_2752x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8twW!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1da4cbc-50f4-473b-904f-cf17abaaafe1_2752x1536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8twW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1da4cbc-50f4-473b-904f-cf17abaaafe1_2752x1536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8twW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1da4cbc-50f4-473b-904f-cf17abaaafe1_2752x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8twW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1da4cbc-50f4-473b-904f-cf17abaaafe1_2752x1536.png" width="1456" height="813" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8twW!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1da4cbc-50f4-473b-904f-cf17abaaafe1_2752x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8twW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1da4cbc-50f4-473b-904f-cf17abaaafe1_2752x1536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8twW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1da4cbc-50f4-473b-904f-cf17abaaafe1_2752x1536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8twW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1da4cbc-50f4-473b-904f-cf17abaaafe1_2752x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Without water, there is no life.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Elsewhere in the state of Sonora around 2002, a huge fight over the <strong><a href="https://www.jornada.com.mx/2013/04/05/estados/032n1est">El Novillo</a></strong> reservoir <strong>turned Ciudad Obreg&#243;n (highly agricultural region) against Hermosillo (Capital of Sonora)</strong>, each side certain the other was stealing its water. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Six hundred miles east, the <strong><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Bravo">Rio Bravo</a></strong> is already failing the same test, its own shared reservoirs running low, its own border cities rationing.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Monterrey had its own crisis. <a href="http://How Mexico City Averted All-Out Drought Bloomberg.com https://www.bloomberg.com &#8250; news &#8250; features &#8250; mexico-...">Mexico City </a>later feared its Cutzamala system could reach &#8220;Day Zero.&#8221;</strong> These places share no watershed, they are different systems entirely. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>But the pattern repeats: </strong>when water supply weakens and institutions fail to prepare, scarcity turns social before anything else and what lies ahead is pure doubt.</p><h2>A Record Written in Snow</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">This spring, I went looking for evidence of how bad the Western snowpack had become. What I found was worse than I expected. According to the <strong><a href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/state-offices/colorado/news/record-low-april-1-snowpack-across-western-us-means-impending-water">USDA&#8217;s Natural Resources Conservation Service</a></strong>, 67 % of 1,575 snow measurement sites across the American West tied or set record lows on April 1. Among long-running snow courses with 70-plus years of data, 65% recorded their lowest or second-lowest snowpack on record.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png" width="1456" height="997" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">The Snow in the Rocky Mountains is the <strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River">Colorado <span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">River</span></a><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">&#8217;s</span> </strong>principal savings deposit. When it fails to accumulate, less water reaches the farms, cities, and reservoirs below. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">By the end of June, <strong><a href="https://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/cs/gcd.html">Lake Powell held roughly 24 % of its live capacity</a></strong>. By early August, <strong><a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2026/08/07/climate/lake-mead-record-low-water-level-colorado-river">Lake Mead had fallen to its lowest recorded elevation</a> </strong>since it was filled nearly 90 years ago. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">North America is already operating under this condition with no clear plans in sight.</p><h2>The Inheritance</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">The modern Southwest was built on an extraordinary promise: that dams, canals, treaties, and engineering could make an arid region reliably productive. <strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam">Hoover Dam</a> </strong>began storing water in <strong><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">Lake Mead </span></strong>in the 1930s and <strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Canyon">Glen Canyon Dam</a></strong> created <strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Powell">Lake Powell</a></strong> three decades later. That storage let wet years cover dry ones. It turned desert into farmland and made cities like <strong>Phoenix, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles possible.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">A full reservoir makes annual consumption look sustainable even when withdrawals exceed what the river can reliably replace. By 1988, the <strong><a href="https://www.usbr.gov/"><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">Bureau of Reclamation</span></a><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">&#8217;s</span></strong> own data mark the year the basin&#8217;s annual use caught up with its annual supply. </p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Every year since, the region has drawn against a margin built in the 50 years before it. It was not income. It was savings.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">The deeper problem isn&#8217;t only that less snow is falling. It&#8217;s that <strong>North America </strong>has built cities, farms, and expectations around more water than this river can now be trusted to provide.</p><h2>One River, Fragmented Governance</h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Colorado River</strong> <strong>supports roughly 40 million people, 30 Tribal Nations, seven U.S. states, and two Mexican states,</strong> one physically connected system governed through a patchwork of treaties, compacts, and court decisions built across a century of different political eras.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The seven U.S. basin states had deadlines in November 2025 and February 2026 to agree on how to manage the river once current rules expire (They missed both). </p><p style="text-align: justify;">On July 31, the federal government released its own proposal instead: <strong>Arizona, California, and Nevada</strong> could face combined cuts of up to 3 million acre-feet a year through 2036. <strong>Mexico </strong>is already receiving nearly 6 percent less than its base <strong>Colorado River</strong> allocation this year, an 80,000 acre-foot cut under the new framework.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png" width="1456" height="979" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:979,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:159478,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/211071393?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Every side here believes that waiting protects its own position, and that&#8217;s exactly why voluntary cooperation keeps breaking down. None of this stays regional. Cut farm production in the basin and the price shows up in a supermarket a thousand miles away. Push people out of a community that&#8217;s turned too expensive or too unsafe, and they carry that pressure into someone else&#8217;s housing market. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Canada</strong> never draws a drop from the <strong>Colorado</strong>, and Canadians still eat the food grown with it. A region can&#8217;t keep its water crisis behind its own border. It exports the consequences right along with the produce, on water it no longer has to spare.</p><h2>Beyond Day Zero</h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/major-cities-mexico-water-day-zero">Mexico City</a> </strong>was once warned that parts of its water system could reach <strong><a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/major-cities-mexico-water-day-zero">Day Zero in June 2024</a></strong>. The date arrived, rain came, and the capital did not run dry. <strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town_water_crisis">Cape Town</a></strong> faced a similar countdown in 2018, and avoided disaster through severe conservation, infrastructure work, public cooperation, and eventually, rain.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Don&#8217;t mistake either outcome for proof that things simply work out. <strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray%E2%80%93Darling_basin">Murray-Darling, Austral<span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">ia&#8217;</span></a><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">s</span></strong> own shared basin, had a real plan in place and still collapsed into water theft and political crisis, because enforcement could never match peoples fears &amp; ambitions. A dramatic date can mobilize people. It can also convince them a crisis is one event, so that once the date passes and the tap still runs, the danger looks exaggerated. </p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Scarcity rarely arrives like a switch flipping off. It arrives through higher prices, deeper wells, and unequal access. The real question isn&#8217;t when a system reaches zero. It&#8217;s how much damage we accept before we change course.</strong></em></p></blockquote><h2>The Ledger Comes First</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">Fear is not a water strategy. What comes next in this series is an honest ledger, in the <strong>Colorado basin </strong>and on the <strong>Rio Bravo</strong> alike, of where the water goes and who carries the cost of conserving it. Shorter showers matter, but household discipline cannot replace agricultural reform, infrastructure investment, and real cooperation between governments that don&#8217;t yet trust each other with this.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="813" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:813,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1991781,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/211071393?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>What We Owe the Future</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">The most important fact about the <strong>Colorado River</strong> isn&#8217;t that it might disappear on a particular date. It&#8217;s that we inherited a margin of security we didn&#8217;t build, and inheritance carries an obligation as much as it carries a gift. We didn&#8217;t design the treaties, dams, and incentives that produced this crisis. But we will decide whether to defend them unchanged until the reservoirs fail, or adapt them while adaptation is still possible.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I began paying attention to this at a convention in <strong>Rosarito</strong> eight years ago. It became real to me on an ordinary morning in Monterrey, on the face of someone I knew. Since then, I&#8217;ve watched white rings expand around reservoirs, golf courses turn brown, and data that raises the hairs on my neck.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">What happens next won&#8217;t be decided by the river. It will be decided by whether three countries that already move trade, labor, and capital across these borders can learn to move responsibility across them too, before scarcity decides it for us</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png" width="1456" height="813" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:813,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:6058296,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/211071393?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Sources:</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (<a href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/state-offices/colorado/news/record-low-april-1-snowpack-across-western-us-means-impending-water">nrcs.usda.gov</a>), Bureau of Reclamation, Glen Canyon Dam operations (<a href="https://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/cs/gcd.html">usbr.gov</a>), CNN, August 7, 2026 (<a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2026/08/07/climate/lake-mead-record-low-water-level-colorado-river">cnn.com</a>), Los Angeles Times, December 2022 (<a href="https://www.latimes.com/lifestyle/story/2022-12-08/sink-twice-toilet-tank-cover-to-save-water-review">latimes.com</a>), sinktwice.com, Wikipedia, Treaty relating to the utilization of waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_relating_to_the_utilization_of_waters_of_the_Colorado_and_Tijuana_Rivers_and_of_the_Rio_Grande">en.wikipedia.org</a>), climate-diplomacy.org, Acueducto Independencia case study (<a href="https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/water-conflict-over-acueducto-independencia-mexico">climate-diplomacy.org</a>), Heraldo de Tamaulipas (<a href="https://heraldodetamaulipas.com/crisis-del-agua-golpea-a-12-municipios-de-tamaulipas-frontera-y-victoria-en-semaforo-rojo/">heraldodetamaulipas.com</a>), Texas Public Radio (<a href="https://www.tpr.org/environment/2026-01-22/how-the-rgv-is-preparing-for-when-the-rio-grande-runs-dry">tpr.org</a>), Bureau of Reclamation Final EIS and public statements, CONAGUA, National Geographic (<a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/partner-content-south-africa-danger-of-running-out-of-water">nationalgeographic.com</a>), Crikey, June 2026 (<a href="https://www.crikey.com.au/2026/06/02/murray-darling-basin-plan-water-buybacks/">crikey.com.au</a>), The Conversation (<a href="https://theconversation.com/water-theft-laws-and-penalties-in-the-murray-darling-basin-are-a-dogs-breakfast-heres-how-we-can-fix-them-227862">theconversation.com</a>).</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Paper III de III · La Salida de México]]></title><description><![CDATA[C&#243;mo convertir el acceso a Am&#233;rica del Norte en progreso institucional]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2026 13:03:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>LAS REGLAS DE LA POBREZA / THE RULES OF POVERTY &#183; Paper III de III </p></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png" width="1456" height="813" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:813,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:6129439,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/209835589?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Esta serie empez&#243; con una pregunta que he cargado toda la vida:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#191;Por qu&#233; M&#233;xico es tan distinto de Estados Unidos y Canad&#225;?</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>M&#233;xico se sum&#243; a la econom&#237;a de Am&#233;rica del Norte hace 32 a&#241;os. Nuestras f&#225;bricas, nuestras exportaciones y nuestras cadenas de suministro pasaron a formar parte de un sistema continental; la mayor&#237;a de nuestras instituciones siguieron funcionando como antes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">El</span><a href="https://substack.com/@ejoffroy/p-207362029"><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);"> Paper I</span></a></strong><span> pregunt&#243; c&#243;mo una regi&#243;n con tanta tierra, mar, talento, energ&#237;a y cultura se qued&#243; tan atr&#225;s de pa&#237;ses a los que alguna vez igual&#243;. Lo que encontr&#233; fueron reglas que, una y otra vez, </span><strong><span>premiaron la extracci&#243;n por encima de la inclusi&#243;n</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>y permitieron que el bajo desempe&#241;o de M&#233;xico se prolongara durante generaciones.</span></strong></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>En 1913, Argentina era m&#225;s rica por persona que Alemania o Francia. El ingreso de Am&#233;rica Latina lleg&#243; a su punto m&#225;s alto en 1980, cerca de una quinta parte del ingreso estadounidense, y desde entonces ha perdido terreno, incluso durante los a&#241;os posteriores al TLCAN.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>La regi&#243;n dej&#243; de converger hace 45 a&#241;os. La geograf&#237;a, la cultura y los recursos no pueden explicar esto por s&#237; solos. </span><strong><span>Los dos Nogales est&#225;n en el mismo desierto y comparten las mismas familias, y aun as&#237; sus ingresos guardan una proporci&#243;n aproximada de tres a uno.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://substack.com/@ejoffroy/note/p-208362128?utm_source=notes-share-action&amp;r=6769y"><span>El Paper II</span></a></strong><span> </span><strong><span>pregunt&#243; por qu&#233; esas reglas se sostienen cuando su fracaso es evidente para todos los que viven bajo ellas. La respuesta fue la m&#225;quina de captura.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Quien gana el poder, de izquierda o de derecha, redentor o general, toma el control de los tribunales, las autoridades electorales, las empresas del Estado, los medios, las fuerzas de seguridad, los contratos p&#250;blicos y los monopolios. Con el tiempo, la m&#225;quina se vuelve muy dif&#237;cil de tocar; quienes lo intentan pueden correr verdadero peligro.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Este &#250;ltimo paper trata sobre el pa&#237;s latinoamericano con la ruta m&#225;s clara para salir de ese sistema, gracias a su asociaci&#243;n con Estados Unidos y Canad&#225;:   </span><strong><span>M&#201;XICO</span></strong></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#201;sta es la pregunta que quiero que cada mexicano se detenga a considerar. Nuestros dos vecinos han pasado las &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas elevando su ingreso por persona, su nivel de vida y su acceso al cr&#233;dito, la salud, la seguridad y las oportunidades. Compartimos un continente, un tratado comercial y, en millones de familias como la m&#237;a, la sangre.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Entonces: </span></strong></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#191;por qu&#233; vivimos as&#237;? </span></strong></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#191;C&#243;mo pasaron tantos a&#241;os antes de que acept&#225;ramos que el crecimiento no estaba llegando?</span></strong></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>El estancamiento le convino a algunos, aunque haya sido malo para la mayor&#237;a, y esa es la realidad.</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>M&#233;xico decidi&#243; ignorar las reglas del nuevo orden global, y la soberan&#237;a que conservamos se fue hacia las c&#250;pulas de poder, no hacia la poblaci&#243;n.</span></strong><span> El pa&#237;s hoy lamentablemente no est&#225; dise&#241;ado para mejorarse a traves de sus instituciones.  En Mexico carecemos de cosas muy basicas que toda nacion democractica y capitalista de instituciones tiene.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">Si Mexico fuera un pa&#237;s democr&#225;tico y de instituciones fuertes, entonces porque nos hacemos estas preguntas todas y todos los mexicanos?</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><em><span>&#191;Por qu&#233; hay tanta impunidad y corrupci&#243;n?</span></em></p></li><li><p><em><span>&#191;Por qu&#233; no alcanzamos el nivel educativo de nuestros vecinos del norte?</span></em></p></li><li><p><em><span>&#191;Por qu&#233; no tenemos acceso a cr&#233;dito competitivo?</span></em></p></li><li><p><em><span>&#191;Por qu&#233; hay tanta desigualdad e informalidad?</span></em></p></li><li><p><em><span>&#191;Por qu&#233; hay tanto crimen y tan poca confianza para invertir?</span></em></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Hemos normalizado la impunidad, la mordida, la inseguridad y un sistema de partidos que hasta due&#241;os hay como si fuera empresas privadas, y vemos operar al crimen mientras las autoridades que deber&#237;an enfrentarlo se hacen a un lado. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>A plena luz se ha golpeado a las instituciones que sostienen al pa&#237;s, las que cobran sus impuestos, mueven su comercio y manejan la energia: </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>el SAT, las aduanas, Pemex y CFE. Protegerlas y fortalecerlas deberia de ser una prioridad de nuestro gobierno.</span></strong><span> </span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Debilitamos nuestros contrapesos, dejamos que la escuela les quede a deber a los j&#243;venes, y mantenemos una econom&#237;a hecha para incluir a unos pocos.</span></p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Un pa&#237;s dise&#241;ado as&#237; convence a sus j&#243;venes de irse, y durante d&#233;cadas eso han hecho millones, que hoy nos mandan miles de millones de d&#243;lares en remesas cada a&#241;o desde pa&#237;ses que s&#237; les dieron lo que M&#233;xico nunca les dio. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>No lo digo para avergonzar a nadie que se haya ido; </span><strong><span>lo digo porque quedarnos como estamos no es digno ni es sostenible.</span></strong><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>La salida de M&#233;xico est&#225; clara y la podemos ver en modelos que ya conocemos de paises: </span><em><span>de Europa, de nuestra propia Am&#233;rica del Norte y de Asia.</span></em><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>No hay que copiarlos punto por punto, pero s&#237; podemos emular y probar, y dejar de defender el modelo que nos est&#225; fallando.</span></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Obtuvimos Acceso pero no dimos el paso</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>En 1994, el TLCAN abri&#243; la puerta. La inversi&#243;n extranjera se multiplic&#243;, las exportaciones se dispararon e industrias enteras se instalaron en suelo mexicano.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>M&#233;xico es hoy el principal socio de Estados Unidos en el comercio de bienes. En 2025 se movieron </span><strong><span>casi 872 mil millones de d&#243;lares</span></strong><span> entre los dos pa&#237;ses. Es un logro extraordinario, y uno del que los mexicanos deber&#237;amos sentirnos orgullosos.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Aun as&#237;, entre 1994 y 2025, la producci&#243;n real por persona en M&#233;xico aument&#243; apenas cerca de 19 por ciento, aproximadamente 0.6 por ciento al a&#241;o. Durante el mismo periodo creci&#243; alrededor de 1.6 por ciento anual en Estados Unidos y 1.1 por ciento en Canad&#225;. </span><strong><span>Fueron los mismos 30 a&#241;os, el mismo sistema comercial norteamericano, y M&#233;xico creci&#243; a una tercera parte del ritmo de sus vecinos.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Entre 1960 y 1980, antes del TLCAN, M&#233;xico s&#237; duplic&#243; su producci&#243;n por persona. </span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Aqui lo que paso:</span></strong><span> con un peso fijo y disciplina en los sesenta, una industria protegida que abastec&#237;a el mercado interno, y en los setenta gasto p&#250;blico, deuda y petr&#243;leo. </span><strong><span>No es un modelo que quiera defender</span></strong><span>; </span><em><span>se agot&#243; por dentro y revent&#243; en la crisis de 1982</span></em><span>. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Lo traigo por una sola raz&#243;n: </span></strong><span>aquel crecimiento vino de un empuj&#243;n, no de instituciones fuertes. </span><strong><span>El TLCAN nunca iba a lanzarnos a la modernidad por s&#237; solo.</span></strong><span> Es una ventaja comercial enorme, </span><strong><span>pero era la palanca que debimos usar para transformar a M&#233;xico por dentro:</span></strong><span> su gobierno hacia la inclusi&#243;n y su econom&#237;a hacia la competitividad global. </span><strong><span>Logramos palanca y nunca supimos dar el paso a la modernidad a traves de instituciones fuertes que generen confianza y que protejan a la ciudadania.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Despu&#233;s del tratado conseguimos acceso al mercado m&#225;s grande del mundo, el acceso que cualquier otro pa&#237;s de la regi&#243;n habr&#237;a querido tener. </span><strong><span>Lo que no hicimos fue reconfigurar el pais para alinearnos a los principios, mejores pr&#225;cticas y formas para crecer como lo hizo Canada y Estados Unidos.</span></strong><span> Las personas que entend&#237;an el problema y ten&#237;an la autoridad para actuar nunca hicieron lo suficiente.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Hasta el auge del </span><em><span>nearshoring</span></em><span> que todos celebran merece una lectura m&#225;s fr&#237;a. La inversi&#243;n extranjera alcanz&#243; un r&#233;cord de 40.9 mil millones de d&#243;lares en 2025, pero cerca de 7.4 mil millones &#8212;</span><strong><span>18 centavos de cada d&#243;lar</span></strong><span>&#8212; se clasificaron como inversi&#243;n nueva. Buena parte del resto provino de utilidades reinvertidas.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>La reinversi&#243;n es positiva:</span></strong><span> las empresas suelen reinvertir donde esperan seguir haciendo negocio, y la inversi&#243;n nueva tambi&#233;n aument&#243; con fuerza respecto al a&#241;o anterior. Aun as&#237;, la composici&#243;n plantea una pregunta m&#225;s dif&#237;cil:</span></p><blockquote><p><strong><span>&#191;Cu&#225;ntos mexicanos est&#225;n construyendo patrimonio con esta ola? </span></strong></p><p><strong><span>&#191;Cu&#225;ntas empresas, cu&#225;ntos emprendedores y cu&#225;ntas familias mexicanas la est&#225;n aprovechando de verdad?</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>La respuesta es que menos de los que deber&#237;a. </span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>La inversi&#243;n est&#225; llegando a M&#233;xico sin generar suficiente riqueza que se queda en Mexicanos o en M&#233;xico. Tampoco el valor de las exportaciones de las marcas registradas; somos sobre todo una plataforma de mano de obra barata.  </span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>M&#233;xico y Colombia siguen en el fondo de la OCDE en producci&#243;n por persona, y M&#233;xico es el pa&#237;s que menos impuestos recauda entre todos sus miembros.</span></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Le montamos una plataforma exportadora de primer mundo a una m&#225;quina vieja y, treinta a&#241;os despu&#233;s, la m&#225;quina sigue casi intacta.</span></strong></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>La Maquina de Hoy</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Vamos a nombrar sus partes. Cada una carga un n&#250;mero que podemos revisar.</span></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Impunidad:</span></strong><span> en 2024, el 93.2 por ciento de los delitos no se denunci&#243; o no dio lugar a una carpeta de investigaci&#243;n.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Informalidad:</span></strong><span> el 54.4 por ciento de la poblaci&#243;n ocupada trabaj&#243; en condiciones de informalidad en 2024 y gener&#243; el 25.4 por ciento de la producci&#243;n del pa&#237;s.</span></p></li><li><p><strong>Cr&#233;dito:</strong> prestamos poco y a tasas altas. El cr&#233;dito al sector privado apenas llega al 35 por ciento del PIB, un tercio de lo que se presta en Chile, y eso deja a millones de familias y peque&#241;os negocios sin manera de financiar lo que quieren construir.</p></li><li><p><strong><span>Impuestos:</span></strong><span> la recaudaci&#243;n de M&#233;xico lleg&#243; a 18.3 por ciento del PIB en 2024, el nivel m&#225;s bajo de la OCDE.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Oligopolios:</span></strong><span> durante a&#241;os, un pu&#241;ado de empresas ha vivido de un mercado mexicano enorme mientras nuestras autoridades de competencia batallaban para hacerlas competir. En 2012, la OCDE estim&#243; que la falta de competencia en telecomunicaciones hab&#237;a costado a los consumidores cerca de 1.8 por ciento del PIB al a&#241;o entre 2005 y 2009.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Educaci&#243;n:</span></strong><span> s&#243;lo el 34 por ciento de los estudiantes mexicanos de 15 a&#241;os alcanza al menos el nivel b&#225;sico de competencia en matem&#225;ticas, frente a cerca del 69 por ciento en la OCDE.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Pemex:</span></strong><span> despu&#233;s de a&#241;os con una deuda financiera superior a 100 mil millones de d&#243;lares, todav&#237;a deb&#237;a 85.2 mil millones al final de 2025 y segu&#237;a dependiendo del apoyo del gobierno para cumplir sus obligaciones.</span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>La m&#225;quina, adem&#225;s, se est&#225; concentrando. </span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">Entre finales de 2024 y 2025 se disolvieron siete organismos aut&#243;nomos y la mayor&#237;a de sus responsabilidades pasaron al gobierno.</span></strong><span> La primera elecci&#243;n judicial nacional eligi&#243; a un gran n&#250;mero de jueces federales con una participaci&#243;n cercana al 13%; </span><strong><span>El informe V-Dem 2026 clasifica a M&#233;xico como una autocracia electoral desde 2024.</span></strong><span> Otros monitores lo eval&#250;an de manera distinta, pero la advertencia es demasiado seria para ignorarla.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/la-maquina-de-captura-paper-ii-de?lli=1"><span>En el Paper II</span></a></strong><span> </span><strong><span>describ&#237; los 71 a&#241;os del PRI </span></strong><span>en el poder como parte de la historia del sistema, no como un ataque al gobierno actual. </span><strong><span>Cada sexenio ha tenido la oportunidad de cambiar la misma m&#225;quina, y cada administraci&#243;n ha decidido conservar demasiado de ella.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>La gran apertura democr&#225;tica de M&#233;xico lleg&#243; en el a&#241;o 2000. Despu&#233;s de 71 a&#241;os, el </span><strong><span>PRI finalmente perdi&#243; la presidencia.</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Ernesto Zedillo, el &#250;ltimo presidente del PRI, entreg&#243; el poder a Vicente Fox, del PAN, y el PAN </span></strong><span>lo conserv&#243; durante doce a&#241;os, hasta el final del gobierno de </span><strong><span>Felipe Calder&#243;n.</span></strong><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Cambiar al partido en el poder no cambi&#243; la estructura de fondo. </span><strong><span>Termin&#243; el monopolio del PRI, pero la m&#225;quina continu&#243;, s&#243;lo que en nuevas manos.</span></strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Lo que Espa&#241;a nos ense&#241;a, dos veces</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>He estado leyendo</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Nations_Fail"><span> </span></a><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Nations_Fail"><span>Why Nations Fail</span></a></em><span>, y hay un cap&#237;tulo que no me suelta. </span><strong><span>Cuenta la historia de Espa&#241;a e Inglaterra.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>En el siglo XVI, Espa&#241;a era la superpotencia. La plata de Am&#233;rica pasaba por Sevilla, y la Corona se asegur&#243; de que tambi&#233;n pasara por sus manos. El comercio era un monopolio real</span></strong><span>; </span><em><span>comerciar era un privilegio concedido a un grupo limitado; la riqueza del imperio pertenec&#237;a, en buena medida, a la corte y a las pocas familias que la rodeaban.</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Inglaterra</span></strong><span> estaba lejos de ser incluyente bajo cualquier definici&#243;n moderna. Sus comerciantes, sin embargo, ten&#237;an m&#225;s espacio para negociar por cuenta propia. </span><strong><span>Con el tiempo, el Parlamento limit&#243; la capacidad de la Corona para confiscar, y la propiedad se volvi&#243; m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de arrebatarle a quien la hab&#237;a creado.</span></strong></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Espa&#241;a cay&#243; en suspensi&#243;n de pagos una y otra vez incluso mientras flu&#237;a la plata americana.</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Inglaterra se convirti&#243; despu&#233;s en el centro del mundo industrial. En el arco largo de la historia, el sistema que dio a m&#225;s personas espacio para participar produjo mucha m&#225;s prosperidad.</span></strong></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>M&#233;xico hered&#243; buena parte del viejo manual espa&#241;ol. </span></strong><em><span>El sistema extractivo sembrado aqu&#237; no se fue con los espa&#241;oles; la independencia se lo entreg&#243; a nuevos due&#241;os y, desde entonces, ha pasado de mano en mano, con otro nombre y otra pintura.</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Cinco siglos de experiencia muestran que esto no puede explicarse por la sangre ni reducirse a la cultura o la herencia. </span><strong><span>El mexicano sale adelante cuando vive bajo reglas que protegen su esfuerzo.</span></strong><span> Millones de migrantes mexicanos han demostrado lo que se vuelve posible cuando el trabajo duro est&#225; respaldado por calles m&#225;s seguras, cr&#233;dito m&#225;s profundo e instituciones que permiten construir y conservar lo construido.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Espa&#241;a tambi&#233;n ofrece una lecci&#243;n m&#225;s reciente, y es la que me da esperanza.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Durante buena parte del siglo XX, Espa&#241;a fue pobre</span></strong><span> para los est&#225;ndares europeos, cerrada y autoritaria. </span><strong><span>Despu&#233;s de Franco,</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>el pa&#237;s inici&#243; su transici&#243;n democr&#225;tica, adopt&#243; una nueva constituci&#243;n y se ancl&#243; a sus vecinos.</span></strong><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>La membres&#237;a en la Comunidad Europea, en 1986,</span></strong><span> </span><em><span>dio a esas reformas un ancla externa, las hizo m&#225;s dif&#237;ciles de revertir y llev&#243; al pa&#237;s a aceptar reglas compartidas de comercio, competencia y administraci&#243;n p&#250;blica.</span></em><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Polonia sigui&#243; despu&#233;s una versi&#243;n m&#225;s exigente del mismo proceso, con est&#225;ndares, plazos y monitoreo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Espa&#241;a, el imperio que alguna vez esparci&#243; un sistema extractivo por Am&#233;rica, termin&#243; encontrando su propio camino hacia una mayor inclusi&#243;n. La gravedad de sus vecinos ayud&#243; a jalarla hacia adelante.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>M&#233;xico as&#237; como Espa&#241;a a tenido al oportunidad de cambiar pero ha optado por continuar en un sistema que extrae y que no incluye. Compartimos 3,000 kil&#243;metros de frontera, un tratado comercial y un sistema de producci&#243;n con la econom&#237;a m&#225;s grande del planeta y con Canad&#225;. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Ambos EUA y Canad&#225; </span></strong><span>tienen problemas serios propios, como todos los paises del mundo, sin embargo saben atender sus problemas sin debilitar a sus instituciones o perder su razon de existir. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Tambi&#233;n tienen cr&#233;dito m&#225;s profundo, mayor capacidad para hacer cumplir la ley y algunos de los sistemas institucionales m&#225;s exitosos del mundo moderno. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>La evidencia de que existe otro camino ha estado a un lado toda mi vida.</span></strong></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Instituciones en el papel, exclusi&#243;n en la pr&#225;ctica</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>M&#233;xico es muy bueno para escribir leyes y crear instituciones. La redacci&#243;n nunca ha sido nuestra principal debilidad; </span><strong><span>el problema de fondo es c&#243;mo funcionan nuestras instituciones y a qui&#233;n sirven en la pr&#225;ctica.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Instituciones que deber&#237;an estar ayudando a M&#233;xico a convertirse en un pa&#237;s moderno, seguro e incluyente, siguen recorriendo el viejo camino de la exclusi&#243;n porque demasiados intereses viven de &#233;l: </span><em><strong><span>monopolios, sindicatos soldados a los partidos, contratistas soldados a los presupuestos y pol&#237;ticos soldados a sus franquicias.</span></strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">Estos intereses funcionan como anticuerpos.</span></strong><span> </span><em><span>Cuando una reforma amenaza un centro de poder, el sistema la rodea y la disuelve poco a poco.</span></em><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>El Paper II </span></strong><span>mostr&#243; este mecanismo a lo largo de un continente. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Como naci&#243;n y como sociedad, nunca hemos decidido con suficiente claridad qu&#233; tipo de pa&#237;s queremos. La constituci&#243;n habla de la soberan&#237;a y del pueblo, pero deja mucho espacio para la subjetividad.  Este espacio de ambig&#252;edad en nuestra constituci&#243;n ha sido abusada una y otra vez. </span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Creo que nuestra constituci&#243;n se deberia de re-escribir y afinar a los tiempos de hoy y a lo que m&#225;s le conviene a las o los mexicanos por los proximos 100 a&#241;os.</span></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Quiero ser honesto sobre los l&#237;mites de este ensayo; </span><strong><span>No tengo el mapa completo de la salida, y desconf&#237;o de quien diga tenerlo.</span></strong><span> </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>El primer paso es admitir, como naci&#243;n, que la forma en que nos hemos gobernado no ha producido el progreso ni la riqueza que los mexicanos merecemos.</span></strong><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Cuando dejemos de defender el sistema por costumbre, lealtad partidista, orgullo o miedo, el trabajo ser&#225; m&#225;s f&#225;cil de ver.</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Necesitamos abrir cada instituci&#243;n y observarla de cerca:</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><em><span>&#191;Cu&#225;les son d&#233;biles?</span></em></p></li><li><p><em><span>&#191;Cu&#225;les est&#225;n infladas?</span></em></p></li><li><p><em><span>&#191;Qu&#233; nos falta?</span></em></p></li><li><p><em><span>&#191;D&#243;nde est&#225;n los contrapesos?</span></em></p></li><li><p><em><span>&#191;Qu&#233; instituciones existen porque los ciudadanos las necesitan, y cu&#225;les sobreviven porque benefician a alguien poderoso?</span></em></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Algunas tendr&#225;n que repararse; otras deber&#225;n fortalecerse, rehacerse o cerrarse. </span><strong><span>M&#233;xico necesita instituciones dise&#241;adas para un gobierno moderno y para un mercado libre capaz de competir con el mundo.</span></strong><span> Demasiados de nuestros sistemas todav&#237;a pertenecen al pa&#237;s que &#233;ramos hace 50 a&#241;os.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Ser&#225; dif&#237;cil, pero al menos podemos empezar con la ventaja de tener ejemplos que funcionan cerca de casa.</span></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Lo que debemos hacer ahora</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>La justicia y la seguridad, primero.</span></strong><span> M&#233;xico gast&#243; cerca del 0.5 por ciento del PIB en seguridad interna y justicia en 2025, mientras que una estimaci&#243;n reciente situ&#243; el impacto econ&#243;mico de la violencia en alrededor del 11 por ciento del PIB. Las dos cifras miden cosas diferentes, pero el desbalance es muy dif&#237;cil de defender. </span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Toda reforma importante depende de la seguridad y la justicia, porque el capital, los negocios formales y la gente talentosa se retiran de los lugares donde los contratos valen poco y el delito casi nunca tiene consecuencias.</span></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Educar al pa&#237;s entero, sin esperar al gobierno.</span></strong><span> Una sociedad educada es el suelo sobre el que se sostiene todo lo dem&#225;s: </span><em><span>forma mejores ciudadanos; los que defienden a los &#225;rbitros descritos en el Paper II, y mejores trabajadores; los que pueden capturar el valor de la inversi&#243;n que llega a nuestra frontera en vez de verla pasar de largo.</span></em><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>El gobierno tiene que elevar el piso de cada escuela p&#250;blica</span></strong><span>, pero el reto es demasiado grande y urgente para dej&#225;rselo &#250;nicamente al Estado; </span><strong><span>necesita un compromiso real del sector privado</span></strong><span>. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Empresas, f&#225;bricas, universidades, c&#225;maras y grupos comunitarios pueden abrir sus espacios despu&#233;s de hora y convertirlos en aulas, y </span><strong><span>los mexicanos que ya saben algo pueden ense&#241;&#225;rselo a quienes todav&#237;a no.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Cambiar c&#243;mo escogemos a los &#225;rbitros</span></strong><span> &#8212;tribunales, autoridades electorales y reguladores&#8212;. Los requisitos deben ser p&#250;blicos, exigentes y basados en el m&#233;rito. Los nombramientos deben distribuirse en el tiempo para que un solo gobierno no pueda ocupar todos los puestos a la vez, y remover a un funcionario independiente por razones pol&#237;ticas deber&#237;a ser dif&#237;cil y visible para todos. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Esto protege a cada partido: </span></strong><span>cualquiera que hoy gobierna puede estar ma&#241;ana en la oposici&#243;n, y </span><strong><span>los &#225;rbitros independientes son el mejor seguro que todos los bandos pueden comprar.</span></strong><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Construirlos requerir&#225; la participaci&#243;n de los pol&#237;ticos, porque las instituciones duraderas no pueden imponerse desde fuera del sistema pol&#237;tico.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Transparencia total en el dinero de campa&#241;a.</span></strong><span> M&#233;xico debe mantener un financiamiento p&#250;blico fuerte para que los partidos no dependan de unas cuantas fortunas privadas. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>El p&#250;blico debe saber qui&#233;n aporta el dinero y qui&#233;n se beneficia de &#233;l, sobre todo cuando los donantes tienen v&#237;nculos con contratistas del gobierno. Hay que proteger la autonom&#237;a del INE y fortalecer su capacidad para auditar, investigar e imponer consecuencias reales. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Ning&#250;n ministerio, gobernador, contratista o fortuna privada deber&#237;a poder comprar un partido pol&#237;tico por una puerta que el p&#250;blico no puede ver.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Volverse formal, radicalmente m&#225;s simple.</span></strong><span> Abrir un negocio, pagar impuestos, importar y exportar mercanc&#237;as, contratar a un trabajador y registrar una propiedad son procesos que yo reemplazar&#237;a de fondo, en lugar de administrar peque&#241;as mejoras durante a&#241;os. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Brasil ofrece un ejemplo:</span></strong><span> lanz&#243; </span><strong><span>Pix</span></strong><span> en 2020 y, cinco a&#241;os despu&#233;s, casi 170 millones de brasile&#241;os lo utilizaban. Pix redujo el costo de mover dinero, incorpor&#243; a millones a las finanzas digitales y le dio a los negocios peque&#241;os un sistema de pagos antes reservado a las grandes empresas. </span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>No borr&#243; la informalidad, pero mostr&#243; qu&#233; tan r&#225;pido cambia la gente sus h&#225;bitos cuando un sistema es &#250;til, barato y digno de confianza.</span></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Las y los mexicanos necesitan ver instituciones que trabajen para ellos sin importar qui&#233;n gobierne, y necesitan ver resultados en un plazo razonable. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Algunos cambios podr&#237;an empezar a construirla:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Bancos que compiten.</strong> Crear un ecosistema bancaria altamente competitivo para que ofrezcan m&#225;s al consumidor.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Piso legal y financiamiento para emprender.</strong> Empezar algo en M&#233;xico deber&#237;a sentirse como una decisi&#243;n razonable, no como un acto de fe.</p></li><li><p><strong>Gente joven y capaz en el gobierno.</strong> El exalcalde de San Pedro Garza Garc&#237;a,<a href="https://linktr.ee/miguelbtrevino"> Miguel Trevi&#241;o</a>, ha hablado de atraer talento joven al servicio p&#250;blico y de usar la tecnolog&#237;a para hacer los servicios m&#225;s r&#225;pidos, sencillos y baratos (lo cuenta en su documental<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x77gzVTb7mQ"> </a><em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x77gzVTb7mQ">Construyendo el Norte</a></em>). Demasiados mexicanos talentosos no ven el servicio p&#250;blico como un lugar donde puedan construir una carrera seria, y necesitamos a m&#225;s de ellos dentro del gobierno si esperamos que la maquinaria gubernamental mejore.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Aduana, comercio y talento.</span></strong><span> La aduana y el comercio deben ser simples y eficientes; M&#233;xico deber&#237;a ser reconocido como uno de los pa&#237;ses m&#225;s modernos y favorables al comercio, uno que mueve la actividad leg&#237;tima con verificaci&#243;n y confianza, no tratando a cada persona y empresa como posibles infractores. Y necesitamos recuperar talento y abrir las puertas a gente valiosa de todo el mundo, con un sistema migratorio moderno y eficiente, para que las empresas y las instituciones mexicanas atraigan al mejor talento disponible.</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>El T-MEC como ancla.</span></strong><span> El 1 de julio de 2026, los tres gobiernos hicieron su primera revisi&#243;n conjunta; Estados Unidos no confirm&#243; la extensi&#243;n por diecis&#233;is a&#241;os, y el acuerdo entra en revisiones anuales, vigente hasta 2036, con negociaciones bilaterales ya en marcha. Ese calendario asusta a un pa&#237;s sin preparaci&#243;n y disciplina a uno serio. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>El T-MEC es mucho m&#225;s estrecho que la Uni&#243;n Europea</span></strong><span> y no puede reconstruir nuestra polic&#237;a, escoger a nuestros jueces ni limpiar nuestras cuentas; Washington y Ottawa negociar&#225;n por sus intereses, como todo gobierno. Pero M&#233;xico puede usar la revisi&#243;n para obligarse a cumplir una promesa: publicar nuestros propios est&#225;ndares y plazos &#8212;cu&#225;nto tardan los tribunales en resolver un caso, c&#243;mo se asignan los contratos, qu&#233; tan r&#225;pido libera la aduana el comercio leg&#237;timo, c&#243;mo se nombra a los reguladores, c&#243;mo reportan las empresas del Estado&#8212; y medirlos en p&#250;blico cada a&#241;o. </span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Una naci&#243;n ejerce su soberan&#237;a cuando escoge su propio rumbo y se hace responsable de los resultados.</span></strong><span> Adoptar est&#225;ndares que protejan a los ciudadanos mexicanos fortalecer&#237;a esa soberan&#237;a, no la entregar&#237;a. Espa&#241;a us&#243; a Europa como su ancla; </span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>M&#233;xico puede usar a Am&#233;rica del Norte, siempre que el compromiso empiece aqu&#237;, en casa.</span></strong></p></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Nuestra Casa es M&#233;xico</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>M&#233;xico es una naci&#243;n rica </strong>en territorio, energ&#237;a, geograf&#237;a, cultura y, sobre todo, en gente. Una naci&#243;n rica se debe a s&#237; misma los sistemas que permiten a su gente demostrar de lo que es capaz. <strong>Maximizar el potencial de M&#233;xico significa maximizar a los mexicanos:</strong> su seguridad, su cr&#233;dito, su educaci&#243;n, su libertad para crear y su derecho a construir y conservar lo construido.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nuestros vecinos del norte tienen muchas fallas propias. Aun as&#237;, sus instituciones han producido m&#225;s seguridad, cr&#233;dito m&#225;s profundo, mayor productividad y m&#225;s oportunidades para m&#225;s personas, durante m&#225;s tiempo, que el sistema que hemos defendido en casa. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">La respuesta honesta es reconocer lo que funciona, aprenderlo, adaptarlo a M&#233;xico y ponernos a alcanzarlos. Cinco siglos de evidencia apuntan a lo mismo: <strong>los pa&#237;ses prosperan cuando sus reglas protegen el esfuerzo de la mayor&#237;a, no el privilegio de unos cuantos.</strong></p><p><strong>El futuro de M&#233;xico no est&#225; al sur de sus problemas; est&#225; al norte de sus decisiones.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Aqu&#237; concluye Las Reglas de la Pobreza / The Rules of Poverty.</span></em></p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The North American &#8212; 77! This post is public so feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The North American &#8212; 77 is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Fuentes: Banco Mundial (ingreso per c&#225;pita, d&#243;lares constantes 2015); INEGI / ENOE y ENVIPE 2024; OCDE (recaudaci&#243;n, telecomunicaciones 2012, PISA); Secretar&#237;a de Econom&#237;a (IED 2025); Pemex (deuda, cierre 2025); IEP, &#205;ndice de Paz M&#233;xico (costo de la violencia); V-Dem 2026; Banco Central de Brasil (Pix); Miguel Trevi&#241;o, documental <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x77gzVTb7mQ">Construyendo el Norte</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Nations_Fail">Why Nations Fail</a>, Acemoglu y Robinson.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Paper 3/3: The Mexican Exit ]]></title><description><![CDATA[How Mexico can turn North American access into institutional progress]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-33-the-mexican-exit</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-33-the-mexican-exit</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 14:39:33 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>THE RULES OF POVERTY / LAS REGLAS DE LA POBREZA &#183; Paper III of III </h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png" width="1200" height="630" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:630,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:25793,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/209216509?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><p>This series began with a question I have carried my whole life: <strong>why is Mexico so different from the United States and Canada?</strong></p><p>Mexico joined the North American economy 32 years ago. Our factories, exports and supply chains became part of a continental system; most of our institutions continued working as they had before.</p><p>Paper I asked how a region with this much land, ocean, talent, energy and culture fell so far behind countries it once matched. <strong>I found rules that consistently rewarded extraction over inclusion and allowed Mexico&#8217;s underperformance to continue for generations.</strong></p><p><strong>In 1913, Argentina was richer per person than Germany or France.</strong> <strong>Latin America&#8217;s income peaked at about a fifth of American income in 1980 and has drifted down ever since, including during the years after NAFTA</strong>. </p><p><strong>The region stopped converging 45 years ago. </strong>Geography, culture and resources cannot explain this by themselves. The two Nogales sit in the same desert and share the same families, yet their incomes stand roughly three to one.</p><p>Paper II asked why these rules stay in place when their failure is obvious to everyone who lives under them. <strong>The answer was the capture machine. </strong></p><p><strong>Whoever wins power, left or right, redeemer or general, takes control of the courts, electoral bodies, state companies, media, security forces, government contracts and monopolies.</strong> <em>Over time, the machine becomes very difficult to touch; those who try can face real danger.</em></p><blockquote><p>This final paper is about the Latin American country with the clearest possible route out of that system because of its partnership with the US &amp; Canada: <strong>Mexico.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Here is the question I want every Mexican to sit with. Our two neighbors have spent the last decades growing their income per person, their standard of living and their access to credit, healthcare, security and opportunity. We share a continent, a trade agreement and, in millions of families like mine, blood.</p><p><strong>Why, then, do we live this way? How did so many years pass before we accepted that the growth was not coming?</strong></p><h2>Access without the formula</h2><p>In 1994, NAFTA opened the door. Foreign investment multiplied, exports exploded and entire industries moved to Mexican soil.</p><p>Mexico is now the largest goods-trading partner of the United States. In 2025, nearly $872 billion moved between the two countries. This is an extraordinary achievement, and one that Mexicans should be proud of.</p><blockquote><p>Still, from 1994 to 2025, Mexico&#8217;s real output per person rose by only about 19 percent, which is roughly 0.6 percent a year. Over the same period, it grew by about 1.6 percent a year in the United States and 1.1 percent in Canada. Same thirty years, same open border, and we grew at a third of our neighbors&#8217; pace.</p><p>Between 1960 and 1980, before NAFTA, Mexico doubled its output per person. After NAFTA, we gained access to the largest market in the world; it was the access every other country in the region wanted. </p><p><em><strong>What we did not gain was the formula for turning that access into progress for most Mexicans. The people who understood the problem and had the authority to act never did enough.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Even the nearshoring boom everyone is celebrating deserves a colder read. Foreign investment reached a record $40.9 billion in 2025, while about $7.4 billion, or 18 cents of every dollar, was classified as new investment. <strong>Much of the rest came from reinvested earnings.</strong></p><p>Reinvestment is positive; companies tend to reinvest where they expect to keep doing business, and new investment also rose sharply from the previous year. Even so, the composition raises a harder question: </p><blockquote><p><strong>how many Mexicans are building wealth from this wave? How many Mexican companies, entrepreneurs and families are actually riding it?</strong></p></blockquote><p>The answer is fewer than there should be. Investment is arriving in Mexico without making enough Mexicans wealthy. <strong>Mexico and Colombia remain at the bottom of the OECD in output per person, and Mexico collects the least tax of any member.</strong></p><p>We attached a first-world export platform to an old machine, and thirty years later <strong>the machine remains largely intact.</strong></p><h2>The chassis</h2><p>We should name its parts. Each one carries a number we can check.</p><ul><li><p><strong>Impunity:</strong> in 2024, 93.2 percent of crimes were either never reported or did not result in an investigation file.</p></li><li><p><strong>Informality: </strong>about 55 percent of Mexican workers are informal, and together the informal economy produces only about a quarter of the country&#8217;s output.</p></li><li><p><strong>Credit:</strong> private-sector credit equals about 35 percent of Mexico&#8217;s GDP. In Chile, it is above 100 percent.</p></li><li><p><strong>Tax: </strong>Mexico&#8217;s tax revenue reached 18.3 percent of GDP in 2024, last in the OECD.</p></li><li><p><strong>Oligopolies:</strong> for years, a handful of companies have lived off a huge Mexican market while our competition authorities struggled to make them compete. In 2012, the OECD estimated the loss to consumers in telecommunications at close to 1.8 percent of GDP a year for 2005 to 2009. That estimate is from an earlier period, but it shows how much weak competition can cost ordinary Mexicans.</p></li><li><p><strong>Education:</strong> only 34 percent of Mexican students reach a basic level in mathematics, compared with 69 percent across the OECD.</p></li><li><p><strong>Pemex: </strong>after years with financial debt above $100 billion, Pemex still owed $85.2 billion at the end of 2025 and remained dependent on government support to meet its obligations.</p></li></ul><p><strong>The machine is also becoming more concentrated.</strong> </p><blockquote><p>Between late 2024 and 2025, seven autonomous agencies were dissolved and most of their responsibilities were moved into the government. The first national judicial election chose a large group of federal judges with turnout of about 13 percent. V-Dem now places Mexico in the grey zone of electoral autocracy. Other monitors classify it differently, but the warning is serious.</p></blockquote><p><strong>In Paper II,</strong> I described the PRI&#8217;s 71 years in power as part of the history of the system, not as an attack on today&#8217;s government. </p><p>Every sexenio, the six years each Mexican president governs, has had a chance to change the same machine, and every administration has chosen to preserve too much of it.</p><blockquote><p>Mexico&#8217;s great democratic opening came in the year 2000. After 71 years, the PRI finally lost the presidency. <strong>Ernesto Zedillo, </strong>the last PRI president, handed power to <strong>Vicente Fox of the PAN</strong>, and the PAN held it for twelve years, through <strong>Felipe Calder&#243;n.</strong> </p><p><strong>Changing the party in power did not change the deeper structure. The PRI monopoly ended while the machine continued.</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-33-the-mexican-exit?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-33-the-mexican-exit?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><h2>What Spain teaches us, twice</h2><p><strong>I have been reading </strong><em><strong>Why Nations Fail</strong></em><strong>, and one chapter will not leave me alone. It tells the story of Spain and England.</strong></p><p><strong>In the 1500s, Spain was the superpower.</strong> The silver of the Americas ran through Seville, and the Crown made sure it also ran through the Crown. Trade was a royal monopoly; commerce was a privilege granted to a limited group; the wealth of the empire belonged largely to the court and the few families around it.</p><p>England was far from inclusive by any modern definition. Its merchants, however, had more room to trade on their own account. Parliament eventually limited the Crown&#8217;s power to confiscate, and property became harder to take from the person who had created it.</p><blockquote><p>Spain defaulted repeatedly even while American silver was flowing. England later became the center of the industrial world. Over the long arc of history, the system that gave more people room to participate produced far greater prosperity.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Mexico inherited much of Spain&#8217;s old rulebook. </strong>The extractive system planted here did not leave with the Spaniards; <strong>independence handed it to new owners, </strong>and it has been passed down, renamed and repainted ever since. </p><p><strong>Five hundred years of evidence have shown that this has nothing to do with blood, culture or heritage.</strong> <em>Mexicans get ahead when they live under rules that protect their effort. Millions of Mexican immigrants have shown what becomes possible when hard work is backed by safer streets, deeper credit and institutions that let people build and keep what they build.</em></p><p>Spain also offers a more recent lesson, and this is the one that gives me hope.</p><p>For much of the twentieth century, Spain was poor by European standards, closed and autocratic. After Franco, the country began its democratic transition, adopted a new constitution and anchored itself to its neighbors. Spain had already begun changing before it entered the European Community in 1986. Membership gave those reforms an outside anchor and made them harder to reverse, and Spain agreed to live within shared rules on trade, competition and public administration. Poland later followed a more demanding version of the same process, with standards, deadlines, monitoring and a common body of law.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Spain, the empire that once spread an extractive system across the Americas, eventually found its own way toward greater inclusion. The gravity of its neighbors helped pull it forward.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Mexico has an extraordinary version of that opportunity. We share 3,000 kilometers of border, a trade agreement and a production system with the largest economy on earth and with Canada. </p><p>These countries have serious problems of their own, and their governments will always defend their own interests. They also have deeper credit, stronger enforcement and some of the oldest institutional systems in the world. The evidence that another road exists has been sitting next door my entire life.</p><h2>Institutions on paper, exclusion in practice</h2><p>Mexico is very good at writing laws and creating institutions.<strong> Drafting has never been our main weakness; the deeper problem is how our institutions operate and whom they actually serve.</strong></p><blockquote><p>Institutions that should be helping Mexico become a more inclusive country keep following the old path of exclusion because too many interests live off that path. Monopolies, unions welded to parties, contractors welded to budgets, pol&#237;ticos welded to their franchises.</p><p>These interests work like antibodies. When a reform threatens a center of power, the system surrounds it and slowly dissolves it. Paper II showed this mechanism across a continent. Here I am telling you that it also operates in my country, and that I have watched it work.</p></blockquote><p>As a nation and as a society, we have never clearly decided what kind of country we want and then measured the distance between that vision and the country we have. It may sound like a soft exercise; in practice, it is one of the hardest things an institution can face. Once a society writes its standards down, every institution can be measured against them.</p><blockquote><p>I want to be honest about the limits of this paper. I do not have a full map of the exit, and I distrust anyone who claims to have one. The first step is admitting, as a nation, that the way we have governed ourselves has failed to produce the progress and wealth Mexicans deserve. Once we stop defending the system out of habit, party loyalty or pride, the work becomes easier to see.</p></blockquote><p><strong>We need to open every institution and look closely at it. Which ones are weak? Which ones are bloated? What is missing? Where is the oversight? Which institutions exist because citizens need them, and which ones survive because someone powerful benefits from them? </strong></p><p>Some will need to be repaired, others strengthened, rebuilt or closed. Mexico needs institutions designed for a modern government and a free market that competes with the world. Too many of our systems still belong to the country we were fifty years ago.</p><p>This will be difficult. We can at least begin with the advantage of having working examples close to home.</p><h2>The exit depends on trust</h2><p>Lasting change depends on people believing it will survive the next election. Mexicans need to see institutions working for them regardless of who governs, and they need to see results within a reasonable period.<strong> Trust is what carries real reform across sexenios.</strong></p><p>A few changes could begin building that trust.</p><p><strong>Push the banks</strong> to compete so they grow in size, reach and ambition, and so credit finally reaches ordinary families and businesses at prices that make building possible. Things like open banking and public loan guarantees could get credit to young companies before they are big enough to be safe bets.</p><p><strong>Entrepreneurs and innovators</strong> need clear legal ground and real financing. Starting something in Mexico should feel like a reasonable decision instead of an act of faith.</p><p>Former mayor Miguel Trevi&#241;o has also spoken about bringing young, capable people into government and using technology to make public services faster, simpler and cheaper. Too many talented Mexicans do not see public service as a place where they can build a serious career. We need more of them inside government if we expect the machinery of government to improve.</p><p>These are early steps. The heavier work should follow a clear order.</p><h2>What we must do now</h2><p>The police, prosecutors and courts come first. Mexico spends about 0.7 percent of GDP on civilian policing and justice, while a recent estimate placed <strong>the economic cost of violence at around 11 percent of GDP in 2025. </strong>The two numbers measure different things, but the imbalance is very hard to defend. Every major reform depends on security and justice, because capital, formal businesses and talented people all retreat from places where contracts mean little and crime carries almost no consequence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Educate the whole country</strong>, and do not wait for the government to do it alone. An educated society is the ground everything else on this list stands on: it makes better citizens, the ones who defend the referees Paper II described, and better workers, the ones who can capture the value of the investment arriving at our border instead of watching it pass through. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Government has to raise the floor in every public school. But this is too big and too urgent to leave to the state alone; it needs a real commitment from the private side. </p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Companies, factories, universities, chambers and community groups can open their spaces after hours and turn them into classrooms, and the Mexicans who already know something can teach the ones who do not. A country that decides to teach itself, in every space it has, closes the gap between the talent we are born with and the skills the world now pays for.</p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">We also need to <strong>change how we choose the referees: </strong>the courts, the electoral authorities and the regulators. The requirements should be public, demanding and based on merit. Appointments should be spread across time so one government cannot fill every position at once. Removing an independent official for political reasons should be difficult, and visible to everyone. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">This protects every party. Any party governing today may be in opposition tomorrow, and independent referees are the best insurance every side can buy. Building them will take the politicians, because lasting institutions cannot be imposed from outside the political system.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Campaign money should be transparent in real time.</strong> Mexico should keep strong public financing so parties do not become dependent on a few private fortunes. The public should know who is providing campaign money and who benefits from it, especially when donors have connections to government contractors. <strong>The INE already oversees much of this system; its autonomy should be protected, and its power to audit, investigate and impose real consequences should be strengthened.</strong> No ministry, governor, contractor or private fortune should be able to buy a political party through a door the public cannot see.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Becoming formal also needs to be radically simpler.</strong> Opening a business, paying taxes, importing &amp; exporting goods, hiring a worker and registering property are the places where I would replace the process instead of managing small improvements over many years. Brazil offers a useful example. It launched Pix in 2020, and five years later nearly 170 million Brazilians use it. Pix lowered the cost of moving money, brought millions of people into digital finance, and gave small businesses a payment system that had once been much easier for large companies to use. Pix did not erase informality, but it showed how fast people change their habits when a system is useful, cheap and easy to trust.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Customs and trade should be simple and efficient. </strong>Mexico should become known as one of the most modern, trade-forward countries in the world: a country that moves legitimate commerce on verification and trust instead of treating every person and business as a possible offender.  </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mexico needs to bring back talent and start filling up with great, diverse and international people and to do this it needs to transform to an inclusive and highly efficient immigration system to assure that Mexican organizations and institutions are filled with the best talent in the world.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The USMCA review can give this work an outside anchor. This month, the three governments completed their first joint review. The United States declined to confirm the sixteen-year extension. The agreement stays in force until 2036 and now enters annual reviews until the three countries agree to extend it, and bilateral negotiations are already underway. That calendar creates uncertainty for an unprepared country, and it is a discipline for a serious one.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>USMCA is narrower than joining the European Union, and it has no power over us from the outside. </strong>It cannot rebuild our police, choose our judges or clean our public accounts. Washington and Ottawa will negotiate for their own interests, as every government does. </p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Mexico can still use the review to hold itself to a promise. <strong>Alongside the negotiations, we could publish our own standards and deadlines:</strong> <em>how long courts take to resolve a case, how contracts are awarded, how fast customs clears legitimate trade, how regulators are appointed, how state companies report their finances, and how new competitors enter concentrated markets. </em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The results should be public and measured every year</strong>, so Mexican citizens, businesses, universities and civil organizations can see whether the country is moving forward or backward.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A nation exercises its sovereignty when it chooses its own direction and takes responsibility for the results. Adopting standards that protect Mexican citizens would strengthen that sovereignty, not surrender it.</strong> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">We could use access to our largest market as the reason to finally fix what we have postponed for forty years. <strong>Spain used Europe as its anchor; Mexico can use North America, once the commitment begins here at home.</strong></p><h2>Home</h2><p>Mexico is a rich nation in territory, energy, geography, culture and, above all, people. A rich nation owes itself the systems that let its people show what they can do. <strong>Maximizing Mexico&#8217;s potential means maximizing Mexicans: their safety, their credit, their schooling, their freedom to create and their right to build and keep what they build.</strong></p><p>Our northern neighbors have plenty of failures of their own. Their institutions have still produced more security, deeper credit, stronger productivity and more opportunity for more people, over a longer time, than the system we have defended at home. <strong>The honest response is to recognize what works, learn from it, adapt it to Mexico, and start catching up. Five hundred years of experience already showed us which rules give more people a chance to prosper.</strong></p><p>Mexico&#8217;s future is in the decisions we make.</p><blockquote><p>El futuro de M&#233;xico no est&#225; al sur de sus problemas; est&#225; al norte de sus decisiones.</p></blockquote><p><em>This concludes The Rules of Poverty / Las Reglas de la Pobrez</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share The North American &#8212; 77</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[“La Máquina de Captura” Paper II de III]]></title><description><![CDATA[LAS REGLAS DE LA POBREZA / THE RULES OF POVERTY (SERIE)]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/la-maquina-de-captura-paper-ii-de</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/la-maquina-de-captura-paper-ii-de</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 25 Jul 2026 13:03:33 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4e061c51-3f9a-4a38-bcca-824ff7b4ef45_2848x2144.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!STY5!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa84a8a5d-7e54-4065-b4d4-551eb07eb9d8_1456x819.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!STY5!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa84a8a5d-7e54-4065-b4d4-551eb07eb9d8_1456x819.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!STY5!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa84a8a5d-7e54-4065-b4d4-551eb07eb9d8_1456x819.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!STY5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa84a8a5d-7e54-4065-b4d4-551eb07eb9d8_1456x819.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!STY5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa84a8a5d-7e54-4065-b4d4-551eb07eb9d8_1456x819.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!STY5!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa84a8a5d-7e54-4065-b4d4-551eb07eb9d8_1456x819.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!STY5!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa84a8a5d-7e54-4065-b4d4-551eb07eb9d8_1456x819.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!STY5!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa84a8a5d-7e54-4065-b4d4-551eb07eb9d8_1456x819.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!STY5!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa84a8a5d-7e54-4065-b4d4-551eb07eb9d8_1456x819.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>La semana pasada mi sobrino ley&#243; el<a href="https://substack.com/@ejoffroy/p-207362029"> </a><strong><a href="https://substack.com/@ejoffroy/p-207362029">Paper I de esta serie</a> (</strong><em><strong>The Hundred-Year Divergence</strong></em><strong>) y le hizo pensar en </strong><em><strong>Why Nations Fail</strong></em><strong>, de Daron Acemoglu y James A. Robinson.</strong> Ya hab&#237;a escuchado del libro, pero nunca lo hab&#237;a le&#237;do. Por su recomendaci&#243;n, y porque me fascinan estos temas, lo compr&#233; y ya voy muy avanzado, por lo que seguro tendr&#225; impacto en la serie.</p><p>A las pocas p&#225;ginas me encontr&#233; con mi pasado y mi presente: Ambos Nogales.</p><p>Dos ciudades con el mismo nombre, el mismo desierto, el mismo clima y las mismas familias. Por generaciones hemos vivido siendo parte de una sola comunidad, mientras debajo de nosotros operan dos sistemas de gobierno y de econom&#237;a completamente distintos.</p><p>Toda la vida vi la diferencia y nunca pude entender c&#243;mo las cosas m&#225;s b&#225;sicas pod&#237;an ser tan distintas de un lado y del otro.</p><ul><li><p><strong>De un lado</strong>, calles en buen estado, sem&#225;foros que serv&#237;an, se&#241;alizaci&#243;n clara, patrullas modernas y una ciudad pensada a prop&#243;sito.<strong> </strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Del otro lado,</strong> cuadra tras cuadra, faltaban esas mismas cosas b&#225;sicas y mucho mas</p></li></ul><p><strong>Nogales</strong> tiene una topograf&#237;a distinta a cualquier ciudad porque est&#225; llena de cerros, lo cual, hasta cierto punto, es similar a <strong>San Francisco</strong> <em>(pero sin mar y unos detalles mas jajaja)</em>: una ciudad hermosa si se sabe aprovechar, y con un clima muy bueno porque est&#225; alto sobre el nivel del mar.</p><p>En el lado americano aprovecharon esos cerros y dise&#241;aron la ciudad entendiendo su naturaleza. <strong>En Nogales, Sonora</strong>, los cerros se llenaron de &#8220;|paracaidistas&#8221; que fueron aprovechados por grandes terratenientes para obligar al gobierno a meter servicios.   Se ve la pobreza por todos lados, no hay suficientes servicios y no hay calles que conectan bien la ciudad. </p><blockquote><p>Toda la gente de Nogales vive atrapada entre cerros que no se pueden cruzar, el ferrocarril que parti&#243; la ciudad en dos, el tr&#225;fico pesado y la frontera con Estados Unidos.</p></blockquote><p>Lo que el libro me dio fue una explicaci&#243;n muy detallado de algo que no terminaba de entender en mi cabeza.</p><p><strong>Nogales, Arizona, y Nogales, Sonora,</strong> viven bajo sistemas y reglas distintas, y con el tiempo, bajo culturas distintas de ciudadan&#237;a y de trabajo.</p><ul><li><p><strong>De un lado</strong> hay instituciones que funcionan, cr&#233;dito accesible y competitivo, estado de derecho, contratos que se sostienen, cortes que ayudan a resolver un pleito, y una autoridad que respeta y se hace respetar.</p></li><li><p><strong>Del otro lado</strong> est&#225; el mismo talento, la misma &#233;tica de trabajo y las mismas ganas de querer m&#225;s para la vida de uno. Pero ese esfuerzo choca con un sistema que no est&#225; dise&#241;ado para sacarle el m&#225;ximo al ciudadano.</p></li></ul><p>Al paso de los siglos, sin duda esto impacta en el nogalense de Sonora. Es gracias a las inversiones de las maquiladoras que el nogalense se mantiene con buenos salarios y competencias profesionales. Sin embargo, no se comparan las posibilidades que se te ofrecen de un lado con las del otro.</p><blockquote><p>La misma gente. La misma tierra. Reglas distintas.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Esa conexi&#243;n humana, que corre junto a una desconexi&#243;n de instituciones, es la raz&#243;n por la que empec&#233; a escribir. </strong>He pasado la vida viendo a <strong>Am&#233;rica del Norte </strong>funcionar como aliados en el comercio y como mundos muy separados en la vida diaria. </p><p>Un cami&#243;n mueve un producto por todo el continente bajo reglas aduanales y de transporte ya pactadas, mientras la gente que construy&#243;, vendi&#243; y transport&#243; ese producto vive con accesos muy distintos a la seguridad, la justicia, la educaci&#243;n y el capital.</p><p>Comerciamos en billones de d&#243;lares (<em>trillions</em> USD) y aun as&#237; aceptamos esa distancia entre los mismos socios que comercian. Yo me niego a aceptarla como el orden natural de este continente.</p><p><strong>El Paper I </strong>pregunt&#243; c&#243;mo una regi&#243;n con tanto talento, tierra, energ&#237;a, cultura y potencial se qued&#243; tan atr&#225;s. Este paper pregunta&#8230;<em><strong>por qu&#233; las reglas siguen en pie aunque su fracaso ya es evidente para todos los que viven bajo ellas?</strong></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NWxf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5c6722d-07a2-4ea3-b9f7-78d9ec1f5cad_1600x1204.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NWxf!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5c6722d-07a2-4ea3-b9f7-78d9ec1f5cad_1600x1204.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NWxf!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5c6722d-07a2-4ea3-b9f7-78d9ec1f5cad_1600x1204.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NWxf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5c6722d-07a2-4ea3-b9f7-78d9ec1f5cad_1600x1204.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NWxf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5c6722d-07a2-4ea3-b9f7-78d9ec1f5cad_1600x1204.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NWxf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5c6722d-07a2-4ea3-b9f7-78d9ec1f5cad_1600x1204.png" width="1456" height="1096" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Porque le funcionan a quienes las controlan.</strong></p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><h3><strong>La m&#225;quina detr&#225;s de los discursos</strong></h3><p>En mis d&#233;cadas operando negocios he aprendido a detectar fallas en la operaci&#243;n desde el cuello de botella hacia atr&#225;s. Si la carga no se mueve, culpar al chofer o al cami&#243;n no resuelve nada. Uno mapea d&#243;nde se detuvo, identifica a las personas clave, entiende las reglas y el proceso, y revisa si alguien se beneficia de que el flujo est&#233; detenido. </p><p><em>Al final, cuando encuentras c&#243;mo arreglarlo, casi siempre tambi&#233;n encuentras a qui&#233;n le conven&#237;a dejarlo as&#237;.</em></p><blockquote><p><strong>M&#233;xico</strong> est&#225; lleno de sistemas y subsistemas as&#237;. Generan ineficiencias enormes, cuestan oportunidades, no le sirven al ciudadano y s&#237; benefician a unos pocos a costa de los dem&#225;s.</p><p><strong>La mala gobernanza merece la misma disciplina: </strong><em>buscar la causa ra&#237;z y corregirla. </em></p><p><strong>Ning&#250;n pa&#237;s del Top 10 tiene un sistema perfecto.</strong> </p><p>Ni Estados Unidos, ni Francia, ni Canad&#225;, ni Australia, ni Corea del Sur, ni Jap&#243;n. Todos llevan d&#233;cadas o siglos mejorando. La diferencia es que sus sistemas aprendieron a detectar a los que abusan de las reglas, a expulsarlos, y a corregir las reglas para que abusar sea cada vez m&#225;s dif&#237;cil.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Dos ejemplos concretos:</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Corea del Sur</strong> ha metido a la c&#225;rcel a cuatro expresidentes por corrupci&#243;n; a dos de ellos, <strong>Park Geun-hye y Lee Myung-bak</strong>, los sentenciaron en 2018 a 24 y 15 a&#241;os (<a href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/southkorea/politics/20250119/from-roh-to-yoon-history-of-koreas-arrested-presidents">Korea Times</a>).</p></li><li><p><strong>Estados Unidos</strong>, despu&#233;s del esc&#225;ndalo de <strong>Watergate,</strong> forz&#243; la renuncia del <strong>presidente Nixon en 1974 </strong>y aprob&#243; la <strong>Ley de &#201;tica en el Gobierno de 1978</strong>, que obliga a los altos funcionarios a declarar su patrimonio y cre&#243; una oficina permanente de &#233;tica (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_in_Government_Act">Ethics in Government Act</a>).</p></li></ul><p>En ning&#250;n caso el sistema era perfecto. En los dos, el sistema reaccion&#243; y se corrigi&#243;. <strong> </strong><em><strong>Porque no hacemos esto en Mexico cada ves que vemos que el sistema nos falla?</strong></em></p><p><strong>Los fracasos de Am&#233;rica Latina abundan: </strong></p><p><em>Caen presidentes, se reescriben constituciones, desaparecen partidos, los generales se vuelven pol&#237;ticos, los empresarios se vuelven reformadores, y los reformadores terminan due&#241;os del mismo sistema que prometieron desmontar.</em></p><p><em><strong>Es curioso no ver casos de exito en Latinoamerica cuando tenemos ejemplos muy buenos de vecinos. Esto se explica con mucha claridad en Why Nations Fail y no tiene nada que ver con la gente.  </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>El problema se origina desde la conquista de gran parte de Latinoam&#233;rica, la forma en como se llevo a cabo a diferencia de Estados Unidos y Canad&#225;. Aun con todo esto, toda sociedad o pa&#237;s puede decidir reformarse y cambiar de rumbo como lo hizo Corea del Sur y China.</strong></em></p><p>Debajo de todo ese movimiento, siempre aparecen los mismos puntos de control y las mismas fallas de fondo:</p><ul><li><p><em>Los tribunales, porque el poder necesita protegerse de las consecuencias.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Las autoridades electorales, porque el poder necesita controlar c&#243;mo se le puede quitar.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Las empresas del Estado y los contratos p&#250;blicos, porque el poder necesita dinero.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Los medios, porque el poder necesita que la gente solo vea una parte de la historia.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Las fuerzas de seguridad, porque el poder necesita una respuesta cuando se le acaba el apoyo.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Un mercado que no est&#225; dise&#241;ado para incentivar la innovaci&#243;n, la eficiencia y la calidad.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Un sistema bancario con poca o nula competencia, muy involucrado en el cr&#233;dito al gobierno.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Un sistema legal d&#233;bil, que no le da al emprendedor el respaldo legal que necesita.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Un sistema educativo pobre, porque no es prioridad.</em></p></li></ul><p>Lo incre&#237;ble es que la mayor&#237;a de los pa&#237;ses de <strong>Am&#233;rica Latina fallan</strong> en varios de estos puntos y, aun as&#237;, en la foto se presumen como democracias. </p><p>Los congresos sesionan. Hay &#8220;elecciones&#8221;. Hay partidos que representan a las distintas facciones. Los jueces usan la toga. Los peri&#243;dicos siguen imprimiendo. Y la constituci&#243;n se presume en las paredes de los palacios de gobierno.</p><p>Las instituciones conservan el t&#237;tulo de democracia y de capitalismo, pero la realidad es otra. Un sistema pol&#237;tico y econ&#243;mico que no mejora y que no compite por ser mejor que los dem&#225;s es un sistema tomado por intereses de unos cuantos.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Esa es la m&#225;quina de captura.</strong></p></div><p>La ideolog&#237;a es solo la pintura. La usan los revolucionarios y la usan los conservadores. La usan los gobiernos militares y la usan los civiles. Funciona con nacionalizaci&#243;n o con privatizaci&#243;n, con socialismo o con capitalismo de cuates, y con cada mezcla que nuestra regi&#243;n ha inventado.</p><p>A la m&#225;quina no le importa qu&#233; canci&#243;n est&#233; sonando. Solo necesita el acceso a los controles que le aseguran el poder.</p><h3>L<strong>os &#225;rbitros van primero</strong></h3><p><strong>M&#233;xico</strong> vio a la m&#225;quina defenderse a s&#237; misma la noche del <strong>6 de julio de 1988.</strong></p><p>Esa noche el sistema de conteo se apag&#243;. La frase que qued&#243; en nuestra memoria fue <strong>&#8220;se cay&#243; el sistema&#8221;</strong>. Cuando el sistema volvi&#243;, <strong>Carlos Salinas de Gortari</strong> iba camino a la presidencia y <strong>Cuauht&#233;moc C&#225;rdenas no.</strong> Las boletas que hubieran podido aclarar lo ocurrido fueron destruidas despu&#233;s.</p><p>Los mexicanos lo hemos sabido siempre. Ya hay estudios: investigadores revisaron m&#225;s de 53,000 actas de casilla y encontraron alteraciones consistentes con fraude en al menos el 30 por ciento, unas 16,000 actas. </p><p>Las alteraciones fueron m&#225;s frecuentes donde no hab&#237;a representantes de la oposici&#243;n y donde los gobernadores del PRI ten&#237;an la organizaci&#243;n y el motivo para inflar el resultado (<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/fingerprints-of-fraud-evidence-from-mexicos-1988-presidential-election/8F3C1BCA4C53FE85EA48E51321E339E9">American Political Science Review</a>).</p><p>Fue una organizaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica usando al Estado con precisi&#243;n para protegerse a s&#237; misma.  <em>Sin embargo nuestro sistema electoral est&#225; empeorando.</em></p><p>El PRI entendi&#243; algo que toda captura exitosa entiende: el &#225;rbitro importa m&#225;s que la campa&#241;a.</p><ul><li><p><em>Un gobierno que controla el conteo puede aguantar a una oposici&#243;n, porque la gente tarde o temprano se cansa de protestar.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Un gobierno que controla la corte puede darse el lujo de una constituci&#243;n que dice una cosa mientras se hace otra.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Un gobierno que controla al fiscal puede aprobar una ley anticorrupci&#243;n sabiendo que nadie de su equipo va a pisar la c&#225;rcel.</em></p></li></ul><p>O por lo menos as&#237; ha sido hasta hoy.</p><p><strong>Venezuela </strong>sigui&#243; la misma l&#243;gica con otras palabras. Despu&#233;s del paro petrolero de 2002&#8211;03, el gobierno despidi&#243; a unos 18,000 empleados de PDVSA y los reemplaz&#243; por gente leal, no por gente con experiencia, en la empresa que financiaba al Estado. En 2004, la<strong> Asamblea Nacional ampli&#243; el Tribunal Supremo de 20 a 32 magistrados</strong>, llen&#243; los asientos nuevos y aument&#243; su poder para remover jueces (<a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/09/18/decade-under-chavez/political-intolerance-and-lost-opportunities-advancing-human">Human Rights Watch</a>).</p><p>Primero capturaron el dinero. Luego siguieron con el freno legal.</p><p><strong>Bolivia us&#243; un procedimiento con apariencia m&#225;s legal. </strong>En 2016, los votantes rechazaron en un refer&#233;ndum que <strong>Evo Morales</strong> pudiera buscar otro periodo. En 2017, el <strong>Tribunal Constitucional </strong>decidi&#243; que ese l&#237;mite no aplicaba y le permiti&#243; reelegirse de todos modos. En otras palabras, el resultado de una votaci&#243;n directa fue revertido por el mismo tribunal que deb&#237;a proteger la constituci&#243;n. M&#225;s tarde, el sistema interamericano de derechos humanos determin&#243; que la reelecci&#243;n presidencial indefinida no es un derecho humano (<a href="https://www.oas.org/fpdb/press/Informe-Preliminar---MOE-Bolivia-23-10-19.pdf">Organizaci&#243;n de los Estados Americanos</a>).</p><p>Este tipo de captura es la m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de ver, porque sigue todos los pasos legales normales. La corte emite un fallo. La autoridad electoral anuncia un resultado. Por fuera todo se ve en orden, pero la decisi&#243;n ya no refleja lo que la gente vot&#243;.</p><h3><strong>Todos los bandos la han usado</strong></h3><p>Este argumento va a incomodar a los dos lados, y est&#225; bien que as&#237; sea.</p><p><strong>Tanto la izquierda como la derecha</strong> han operado la misma m&#225;quina. Ninguna tiene la conciencia limpia. El problema es que cada bando ve con claridad los abusos del otro y trata los propios como si fueran errores sin importancia.</p><p><strong>El Chile de Augusto Pinochet</strong> mostr&#243; que un gobierno puede predicar el libre mercado mientras reparte la riqueza p&#250;blica entre sus conocidos.<strong> SQM, que era del Estado,</strong> termin&#243; en manos de <strong>Julio Ponce Lerou, exyerno de Pinochet, </strong>mediante operaciones que quedaron como el s&#237;mbolo de la privatizaci&#243;n con dedicatoria (<a href="https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/chiles-embattled-lithium-king/">Americas Quarterly</a>). Cambi&#243; el due&#241;o, pero los mismos de siempre siguieron benefici&#225;ndose del Estado.</p><p><strong>El Per&#250; de Alberto Fujimori y Vladimiro Montesinos </strong>dej&#243; la mejor prueba, porque Montesinos grababa lo que hac&#237;a. En los videos se ve el dinero entregado a pol&#237;ticos, jueces y due&#241;os de medios. Lo que m&#225;s pagaba, por mucho, era la televisi&#243;n: le daba al due&#241;o de un canal cerca de cien veces m&#225;s que a un juez o a un pol&#237;tico, porque le importaba m&#225;s controlar lo que la gente ve&#237;a que controlar un juzgado. Adentro del ej&#233;rcito us&#243; los ascensos para lo mismo. Comprar una sola instituci&#243;n le duraba poco; comprar a todas a la vez, la corte, el congreso, la televisi&#243;n y las fuerzas armadas, le aseguraba el control (<a href="https://web.stanford.edu/class/comm1a/readings/mcmillan-how-to-subvert.pdf">Journal of Economic Perspectives, v&#237;a Stanford</a>).</p><p><strong>Odebrecht convirti&#243; esto en una industria.</strong> La constructora brasile&#241;a cre&#243; una oficina interna, <strong>la Divisi&#243;n de Operaciones Estructuradas,</strong> dedicada a manejar empresas fantasma, cuentas en el extranjero y calendarios de pago para sobornos. <strong>Admiti&#243; haber pagado unos 788 millones de d&#243;lares a funcionarios, intermediarios y partidos en tres continentes. Odebrecht y Braskem aceptaron al menos 3,500 millones de d&#243;lares en sanciones</strong> (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/odebrecht-and-braskem-plead-guilty-and-agree-pay-least-35-billion-global-penalties-resolve">Departamento de Justicia de EE. UU.</a>). El esquema cruz&#243; partidos y fronteras porque un contrato p&#250;blico se firma igual, sin importar la ideolog&#237;a del que firma.</p><p>Aqu&#237; es donde nuestra conversaci&#243;n como regi&#243;n casi siempre falla. Buscamos al culpable que confirma lo que ya pens&#225;bamos. Defendemos al pol&#237;tico que habla como nosotros. Le perdonamos el atajo porque, seg&#250;n nuestro bando, va hacia algo bueno. Y mientras tanto, la m&#225;quina sigue trabajando. Nunca se voltea a ver al sistema fallido, se busca apuntar dedos a las personas, y ese es el grave error.</p><h3><strong>Las Redes que Enredan</strong></h3><p><strong>En Am&#233;rica Latina</strong> s&#237; existen redes pol&#237;ticas reales.<strong> El Foro de S&#227;o Paulo </strong>naci&#243; en 1990 de una reuni&#243;n convocada por el <strong>Partido de los Trabajadores de Brasil y Fidel Castro</strong>, con cuarenta y ocho partidos y organizaciones. Sus reuniones y declaraciones son p&#250;blicas (<a href="https://forodesaopaulo.org/brief-history-and-foundations/">Foro de S&#227;o Paulo</a>). <strong>El Grupo de Puebla,</strong> fundado en 2019, junta a expresidentes, exministros y l&#237;deres pol&#237;ticos, y tiene un brazo jur&#237;dico, <strong>CLAJUD,</strong> que defiende a l&#237;deres de izquierda de lo que llama <em>lawfare</em> (<a href="https://www.grupodepuebla.org/en/clajud/">Grupo de Puebla</a>).</p><p>Estas redes comparten ideas, contactos y defensas entre aliados. Eso est&#225; documentado. Lo que no est&#225; documentado es un centro &#250;nico que d&#233; &#243;rdenes a cada gobierno y controle todo el dinero de la regi&#243;n. Digo las dos cosas a prop&#243;sito, porque el momento en que uno afirma m&#225;s de lo que puede probar, deja de hacer an&#225;lisis y empieza a hacer propaganda.</p><p>La derecha tambi&#233;n tiene sus redes: c&#225;maras empresariales, relaciones militares, capital familiar, alianzas con medios y socios internacionales. Algunas defendieron la democracia y la competencia abierta. Otras defendieron privilegios y aliados autoritarios.</p><p>La regla debe ser la misma para todos: seguir la relaci&#243;n, seguir el dinero, se&#241;alar la decisi&#243;n concreta, y detenerse donde se acaba la prueba.</p><p>La m&#225;quina no necesita un cuartel secreto. Se repite sola porque los mismos incentivos existen en cada capital. A una corte se le presiona. A un regulador se le debilita. Una empresa del Estado esconde transferencias. La publicidad oficial premia al que se porta bien. Un mando policial asciende por lealtad. El molde viaja de un pa&#237;s a otro porque funciona.</p><h3><strong>Lo que s&#237; sobrevive</strong></h3><p><strong>Am&#233;rica Latina</strong> ha tenido buenos reformadores e instituciones serias. Muchas reformas murieron porque se hicieron para ganar un caso, no para aguantar la venganza que ven&#237;a despu&#233;s. Otras s&#237; aguantaron. La diferencia entre unas y otras es el punto central de este paper.</p><p><strong>La CICIG en Guatemala</strong> fue uno de los mejores intentos de la regi&#243;n. Naci&#243; de un acuerdo entre <strong>Guatemala y la ONU </strong>y trabaj&#243; junto a fiscales locales contra redes criminales dentro del Estado. Para 2019 hab&#237;a contribuido a m&#225;s de 660 procesos y 400 condenas, y ayud&#243; a que el presidente<strong> Otto P&#233;rez Molina </strong>renunciara en 2015 por el caso de corrupci&#243;n aduanera La L&#237;nea (<a href="https://news.un.org/es/story/2019/09/1461472">Noticias ONU</a>). Pero cuando las investigaciones llegaron al c&#237;rculo del siguiente presidente, su gobierno no renov&#243; el mandato y la<strong> CICIG termin&#243; en 2019 </strong>(<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/08/31/guatemala-president-sabotages-fight-justice">Human Rights Watch</a>).</p><p><strong>La CICIG gan&#243; muchos casos,</strong> pero depend&#237;a de una sola decisi&#243;n pol&#237;tica para seguir viva. Ah&#237; est&#225; la diferencia entre un buen golpe y una instituci&#243;n que dura.</p><p>Los bancos centrales son el mejor ejemplo de lo que s&#237; dura. <strong>Chile le dio independencia al suyo en 1989, Colombia en 1992, M&#233;xico en 1993 y Per&#250; ese mismo a&#241;o. </strong>Ayudaron otras cosas, pero la evidencia de ocho d&#233;cadas muestra una relaci&#243;n clara: entre m&#225;s independiente el banco central, m&#225;s baja la inflaci&#243;n (<a href="https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/wp/2022/english/wpiea2022186-print-pdf.pdf">Fondo Monetario Internacional</a>).</p><p>Esa reforma sobrevivi&#243; porque ech&#243; ra&#237;ces. Cre&#243; profesionales, carreras, reputaci&#243;n y un p&#250;blico que se acuerda de lo que la inflaci&#243;n destruye. Atacar al banco central se volvi&#243; m&#225;s caro que cambiar una ley o correr a un funcionario.</p><p><strong>Uruguay ense&#241;a algo parecido, </strong>y es de mis ejemplos favoritos. Sus partidos, en competencia real, pasaron poco a poco del favor a unos cuantos a servir a todos, porque el rival pod&#237;a exhibir cualquier exclusi&#243;n y quitarles votos. La competencia justa termin&#243; dando mejores resultados para todos. Es la misma l&#243;gica del libre mercado bien regulado, aplicada a la pol&#237;tica.</p><p><strong>Costa Rica tom&#243; una decisi&#243;n firme en 1948:</strong> aboli&#243; su ej&#233;rcito y con eso cerr&#243; una v&#237;a tradicional hacia el poder. No todas las decisiones sirven para todos los pa&#237;ses, pero fue una apuesta clara que despu&#233;s se pudo ir ajustando.</p><p><strong>Chile sum&#243; otra capa en 2001</strong> con una regla fiscal que oblig&#243; al gobierno a ahorrar el auge del cobre en lugar de gast&#225;rselo, y eso financi&#243; la mejor respuesta de la regi&#243;n a la crisis de 2009. </p><p><strong>Brasil construy&#243; PIX, </strong>un sistema p&#250;blico de pagos instant&#225;neos que hoy usan el 93 por ciento de los adultos, con unas ocho mil millones de operaciones al mes, todas rastreables. </p><p><strong>Colombia lo demuestra en tiempo real:</strong> su corte, creada en 1991, lleva dos a&#241;os frenando decretos de emergencia del gobierno actual, uno de ellos tumbado por seis votos contra dos. Esa corte no le responde al presidente al que hoy le pone freno, porque &#233;l no la construy&#243;.</p><p><strong>Chile, Uruguay, Costa Rica y Colombia </strong>construyeron reglas que sobrevivieron a quienes las crearon. Colombia es el caso m&#225;s claro: la corte qued&#243; lista una generaci&#243;n antes de que existiera el gobierno que hoy la enfrenta.</p><p><strong>Dise&#241;ar para el peor gobernante</strong></p><p>Pasamos demasiado tiempo pidiendo presidentes honestos, jueces valientes, empresarios responsables, periodistas &#233;ticos y soldados patriotas. Ojal&#225; los tuvi&#233;ramos a todos. Pero un pa&#237;s que necesita que todos sean buenos al mismo tiempo para funcionar ya fall&#243; en su dise&#241;o.</p><p>La prueba de una buena instituci&#243;n es simple: tiene que aguantar aunque llegue la peor persona posible a dirigirla. Si no aguanta, est&#225; mal hecha.</p><p>Un pa&#237;s es de sus ciudadanos, y el gobierno les debe cuentas y resultados. De ah&#237; salen unas reglas de sentido com&#250;n. Nadie deber&#237;a poder cambiar a todos los jueces y &#225;rbitros en una sola elecci&#243;n. Las cuentas del Estado, los contratos y los conflictos de inter&#233;s deber&#237;an ser p&#250;blicos y f&#225;ciles de revisar. Un ascenso en la polic&#237;a o el ej&#233;rcito deber&#237;a seguir reglas profesionales que no cambien cada sexenio. Y el dinero p&#250;blico deber&#237;a dejar un rastro que no se borre cuando llega un gobierno nuevo.</p><p><strong>Una idea me la dej&#243;<a href="https://linktr.ee/miguelbtrevino"> Miguel Trevi&#241;o</a>, exalcalde de San Pedro Garza Garc&#237;a, Nuevo Le&#243;n, en su documental<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x77gzVTb7mQ"> Construyendo el Norte</a>:</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;El problema de M&#233;xico es uno&#8230; Los j&#243;venes m&#225;s talentosos y de mayor potencial no ven el servicio p&#250;blico como el camino para desarrollarse profesionalmente. Si no traemos a esos j&#243;venes al espacio de decisi&#243;n, donde est&#225; el dinero p&#250;blico, donde est&#225;n las facultades, donde est&#225; el acceso al micr&#243;fono y a la narrativa, donde se decide la mayor parte del rumbo de este pa&#237;s, este pa&#237;s no tiene futuro. Pero si los traemos&#8230; ah&#237; est&#225; el talento, y ah&#237; es donde nuestro pa&#237;s puede despegar.&#8221;</em></p></blockquote><p>Me dej&#243; un gran mensaje ese video, y me hace todo el sentido del mundo lo que dice Miguel sobre los mejores j&#243;venes y el servicio p&#250;blico. Soy creyente de que la innovaci&#243;n es el camino al progreso. Si los j&#243;venes no participan en nuestras instituciones, en la mejora continua y en la innovaci&#243;n de nuestros sistemas, no vamos a ver a un M&#233;xico diferente.</p><p>La idea de fondo es que capturar el poder salga caro, se vea a la luz y se pueda revertir.</p><p>Ese trabajo no tiene la emoci&#243;n de una campa&#241;a, y qu&#233; bueno. </p><blockquote><p>El drama pol&#237;tico siempre nos empuja a buscar a un salvador o a un enemigo. Arreglar las instituciones hace lo contrario: reparte el poder y le da a m&#225;s gente la capacidad de decir &#8220;no&#8221;.</p></blockquote><p>Por eso tambi&#233;n necesita gente fuera del gobierno que las cuide. El abogado que defiende a una corte independiente aunque el fallo perjudique a su partido. El empresario que defiende la competencia justa aunque le convenga m&#225;s el privilegio. El periodista que revisa incluso al bando que &#233;l prefiere. Y el ciudadano que se preocupa por el &#225;rbitro antes de que el mal fallo le toque a &#233;l.</p><p><em><strong>Hoy tenemos algo que las generaciones anteriores no ten&#237;an: la tecnolog&#237;a para ponernos de acuerdo entre millones. </strong>La mayor&#237;a de la gente vive confundida entre lo que le dicen sus pol&#237;ticos y lo que de verdad necesita</em>. </p><p>Un pa&#237;s exitoso es el que busca lo mejor para sus ciudadanos y los eleva con instituciones fuertes, tanto en lo pol&#237;tico como en lo econ&#243;mico, entendiendo que competimos con el mundo y que no vivimos en una burbuja. </p><p>Llevamos demasiado tiempo esperando a un l&#237;der que salve a instituciones que los ciudadanos no defendimos.</p><h3><strong>Am&#233;rica del Norte necesita un Norte</strong></h3><p>Aqu&#237; el argumento regresa a casa.</p><p><strong>Am&#233;rica del Norte </strong>ya integr&#243; f&#225;bricas, campos, ferrocarriles, energ&#237;a, datos, familias y cadenas de suministro. <strong>M&#233;xico, Estados Unidos y Canad&#225;</strong> pueden fabricar un mismo producto entre los tres. Ya demostramos que la cooperaci&#243;n crea valor a escala de continente. Lo que no hemos aceptado es la responsabilidad institucional que viene con eso.</p><p>Un tratado comercial define de d&#243;nde es un producto, cu&#225;nto paga de arancel y c&#243;mo se resuelve un pleito. Pero un tratado no le da, por s&#237; solo, una buena escuela a un estudiante, cr&#233;dito accesible a un negocio peque&#241;o, seguridad a una familia, ni la certeza a un inversionista de que el &#225;rbitro seguir&#225; en su lugar cuando cambie el marcador.</p><p><strong>Canad&#225;</strong> es la prueba de que s&#237; se puede. Es un pa&#237;s mediano, pegado a la econom&#237;a m&#225;s grande del mundo, que construy&#243; cortes, elecciones limpias y un servicio p&#250;blico profesional. Tiene sus fallas y su corrupci&#243;n, como todos, pero su sistema tiene m&#225;s candados para detener y corregir un abuso.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico </strong>tambi&#233;n ha construido candados as&#237;. <strong>El Banco de M&#233;xico </strong>aut&#243;nomo cerr&#243; la &#233;poca en que un pol&#237;tico pod&#237;a convertir el gasto en inflaci&#243;n de la noche a la ma&#241;ana. Las reformas electorales de los noventa sacaron a las elecciones federales del control del gobierno y por eso fue posible la derrota del PRI en el a&#241;o 2000. Los mexicanos construimos esas instituciones despu&#233;s de vivir lo que hab&#237;a antes. Hoy algunas de esas conquistas est&#225;n bajo presi&#243;n, y eso nos deber&#237;a preocupar a todos en el continente, porque las consecuencias las compartimos.</p><p>Una plataforma de producci&#243;n de primer mundo no se sostiene sobre instituciones d&#233;biles y f&#225;ciles de capturar. El <em>nearshoring</em> necesita integraci&#243;n de verdad. Que empresas de todo el mundo apuesten por <strong>M&#233;xico demuestra que nos ven como un pa&#237;s que quiere modernizarse y fortalecer sus instituciones.</strong> El que <strong>Estados Unidos y Canad&#225;</strong> firmaran un tratado con nosotros le dio al mundo luz verde para confiar en M&#233;xico. Pero no podemos dormirnos en los laureles, porque tarde o temprano se cae el tel&#243;n.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico es la mayor oportunidad todav&#237;a sin cumplir de este continente. </strong>El mexicano que escap&#243; del sistema lo demuestra con las remesas y con el impacto que genera, sobre todo en <strong>Estados Unidos</strong>. Y el mexicano que sigue dentro de una m&#225;quina que no le da lo que necesita para producir, prosperar y crear riqueza es el mayor activo que tiene el pa&#237;s.</p><p>S&#233; esto porque vengo de <strong>Ambos Nogales.</strong></p><p>La l&#237;nea entre las dos ciudades no separa a dos tipos de gente. Separa a dos sistemas. Uno le da a m&#225;s personas una oportunidad justa de construir, recuperarse, competir y quedarse. El otro todav&#237;a deja que demasiado talento pague de m&#225;s en inseguridad, en tr&#225;mites a discreci&#243;n, en impunidad y en privilegios.</p><p>Nosotros, los ciudadanos, debemos darle norte a <strong>Am&#233;rica del Norte.</strong> El gobierno ser&#225; parte del trabajo, pero la responsabilidad no se delega a la pr&#243;xima elecci&#243;n. Las reglas son de todos los que viven bajo ellas.</p><blockquote><p>A la regi&#243;n no le faltan buenas personas. Le faltan instituciones que aguanten a las malas.</p></blockquote><p><em>Sigue:<strong> Paper III, La Salida Mexicana / The Mexican Exit.</strong></em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/la-maquina-de-captura-paper-ii-de?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/la-maquina-de-captura-paper-ii-de?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p>&#8212;</p><p><em>Fuentes: American Political Science Review (Cant&#250;, 2019); Korea Times; Ethics in Government Act (EE. UU., 1978); Human Rights Watch; Organizaci&#243;n de los Estados Americanos; Americas Quarterly; McMillan y Zoido, Journal of Economic Perspectives (2004); Departamento de Justicia de EE. UU.; Foro de S&#227;o Paulo; Grupo de Puebla / CLAJUD; Naciones Unidas; documento de trabajo del Fondo Monetario Internacional (2022); documental &#8220;Construyendo el Norte&#8221; (Miguel Trevi&#241;o); registro de verificaci&#243;n de la serie v0.2 (2026-07-16) para las adiciones de Uruguay, Costa Rica, Chile, Brasil y Colombia.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[“The Capture Machine” Paper II de III]]></title><description><![CDATA[LAS REGLAS DE LA POBREZA / THE RULES OF POVERTY (SERIE)]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-capture-machine-paper-ii-de-iii</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-capture-machine-paper-ii-de-iii</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2026 13:42:41 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2e095fe2-3eaf-4279-8792-9a124ab6f927_1600x900.png" length="0" 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stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">(Version Espanol usando la aplicacion de Substack)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Last week my nephew read <strong><a href="https://substack.com/@ejoffroy/p-207362029">Paper I of this series</a> (</strong><em><strong>The Hundred-Year Divergence</strong></em><strong>)</strong>, and it made him think of <em><strong>Why Nations Fail</strong></em><strong>, by Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson.</strong> I had heard of the book but never read it. On his recommendation, and because these subjects fascinate me, I bought it, and I am well into it, so it will surely leave a mark on this series.</p><p>A few pages in, I ran into my past and my present: <strong>Ambos Nogales.</strong></p><p>Two cities with the same name, the same desert, the same climate, and the same families. For generations we have lived as one community while two completely different systems of government and economy run underneath us.</p><p>All my life I saw the difference, and I could never understand how the most basic things could be so different on one side and the other.</p><p><strong>On one side,</strong> decent streets, working traffic lights, clear signage, modern patrol cars, and a city built on purpose. <strong>On the other side,</strong> block after block, those same basic things were missing.</p><p><strong>Nogales </strong>has a topography unlike any other city, because it is full of hills, which up to a point makes it similar to San Francisco (minus the sea and other things LOL): a beautiful city when you know how to use it, with a very good climate because it sits high above sea level. </p><blockquote><p>The American side they used those hills and designed the city around its nature. <strong>In Nogales, Sonora, the hills filled up with informal settlements. You see poverty everywhere, there are not enough services, and there are no streets that connect the city well. </strong></p><p><strong>Everyone in Nogales lives boxed in by hills you cannot cross, by the railroad that split the city in two, by heavy traffic, and by the border with the United States.</strong></p><p>What the book gave me was a name for a difference I have never accepted.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Nogales, Arizona, and Nogales, Sonora,</strong> <em>live under different systems and rules, and over time, under different cultures of citizenship and work.</em></p><p><strong>One side</strong> has institutions that function, credit that is accessible and competitive, the rule of law, contracts that hold, courts that help settle a dispute, and an authority that respects people and is respected in return.</p><p><strong>The other side</strong> has the same talent, the same work ethic, and the same drive to want more out of life. But that effort runs into a system that is not built to get the most out of its citizens.</p><p><strong>Over centuries, that shapes the person born in Nogales, Sonora. </strong>It is thanks to the investment of the maquiladoras that people there hold on to decent wages and real professional skills. Even so, the opportunities offered on one side do not compare with the other.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Same people. Same land. Different rules.</strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>That human connection, running right next to a disconnection between institutions, is why I started writing. </strong>I have spent my life watching North America work as allies in trade and as very separate worlds in daily life. </p><p>A truck moves a product across the whole continent under customs and transport rules we already agreed on, while the people who built, sold, and moved that product live with very different access to safety, justice, education, and capital.</p><blockquote><p>We trade in the trillions of dollars and still accept that distance between the very partners who trade. I refuse to accept it as the natural order of this continent.</p><p><strong>Paper I </strong>asked how a region with so much talent, land, energy, culture, and potential fell so far behind. This paper takes on the harder question: <strong>why the rules stay in place even after their failure is obvious to everyone living under them.</strong></p></blockquote><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Because they work for the people who control them.</strong></p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><h3><strong>The machine behind the speeches</strong></h3><p>In my decades running businesses, I have learned to inspect a failing operation from the bottleneck backward. If the cargo is not moving, blaming the driver or the truck solves nothing. You map where it stopped, identify the key people, understand the rules and the process, and check whether someone benefits from keeping the flow stuck. </p><p><strong>In the end, when you find how to fix it, you usually also find who wanted it left that way.</strong></p><p><strong>Mexico is full of systems like that.</strong> They create huge inefficiencies, they cost opportunities, they do not serve the citizen, and they do benefit a few at everyone else&#8217;s expense.</p><p><strong>Bad governance deserves the same discipline: </strong>find the root cause and fix it. <strong>No country in the Top 10 has a perfect system.</strong> <strong>Not the United States, not France, not Canada, not Australia, not South Korea, not Japan.</strong> <em>All of them have spent decades or centuries improving. The difference is that their systems learned to detect the people who abuse the rules, to expel them, and to fix the rules so that abuse gets harder each time.</em></p><p>Two concrete examples:</p><ul><li><p><strong>South Korea</strong> has sent four former presidents to prison for corruption; two of them, Park Geun-hye and Lee Myung-bak, were sentenced in 2018 to 24 and 15 years (<a href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/southkorea/politics/20250119/from-roh-to-yoon-history-of-koreas-arrested-presidents">Korea Times</a>).</p></li><li><p><strong>The United States,</strong> after the Watergate scandal, forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 and passed the Ethics in Government Act of 1978, which requires senior officials to disclose their assets and created a permanent ethics office (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_in_Government_Act">Ethics in Government Act</a>).</p></li></ul><blockquote><p>Neither system was perfect. In both, the system reacted and corrected itself.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Latin America&#8217;s failures look chaotic from a distance</strong>. <em>Presidents fall. Constitutions get rewritten. Parties disappear. Generals become politicians, businessmen become reformers, and reformers end up owning the same system they promised to dismantle.</em></p><p><strong>Under all that movement, the same chokepoints and the same underlying failures keep showing up:</strong></p><ul><li><p>The courts, because power needs protection from consequences.</p></li><li><p>The electoral bodies, because power needs to control how it can be removed.</p></li><li><p>The state companies and public contracts, because power needs money.</p></li><li><p>The media, because power needs people to see only part of the story.</p></li><li><p>The security forces, because power needs an answer when its support runs out.</p></li><li><p>A market not designed to incentivize innovation, efficiency, and quality.</p></li><li><p>A banking system with little or no competition that is highly involved in government lending.</p></li><li><p>A weak legal system that does not offer the entrepreneur the legal support they need.</p></li><li><p>A poor education system, because it is not a priority.</p></li></ul><blockquote><p>The remarkable thing is that most Latin American countries fail at several of these and still present themselves as <strong>democracies in the photograph.</strong> </p><p><em>The congresses meet. There are &#8220;elections.&#8221; There are parties representing the different factions. The judges wear robes. The newspapers keep printing. And the constitution is displayed on the walls of government buildings.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>The institutions keep the title of democracy and capitalism</strong>, but the reality is different. A political and economic system that does not improve and does not compete to be better than others is a system taken over by the interests of a few.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>That is the capture machine.</strong></p></div><p>The ideology is only the paint. Revolutionaries use it and conservatives use it. Military governments use it and civilian ones use it. It works under nationalization or privatization, under socialism or crony capitalism, and under every mix our region has invented.</p><p>The machine does not care what song is playing. It only needs access to the controls that keep it in power.</p><p></p><h3><strong>The referees go first</strong></h3><p><strong>Mexico </strong>saw the machine defend itself on the night of <strong>July 6, 1988.</strong></p><p>That night the vote count went dark. The phrase that stayed in our memory was <strong>&#8220;se cay&#243; el sistema,&#8221; </strong>the system crashed. When it came back, <strong>Carlos Salinas de Gortari </strong>was on his way to the presidency and <strong>Cuauht&#233;moc C&#225;rdenas</strong> was not. The ballots that could have cleared it up were destroyed later.</p><p>For years we understood it by instinct. <strong>Now there are studies: </strong>researchers reviewed more than 53,000 polling-station tallies and found alterations consistent with fraud in at least 30 percent, about 16,000 of them.<em> The alterations were more common where the opposition had no representatives present and where PRI governors had the organization and the motive to inflate the result (<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/fingerprints-of-fraud-evidence-from-mexicos-1988-presidential-election/8F3C1BCA4C53FE85EA48E51321E339E9">American Political Science Review</a>).</em></p><p>It was a political organization using the state, with precision, to protect itself.</p><p><strong>The PRI</strong> understood something every successful capture understands: the referee matters more than the campaign.</p><ul><li><p><em>A government that controls the count can put up with an opposition, because people eventually get tired of protesting.</em></p></li><li><p><em>A government that controls the court can afford a constitution that says one thing while it does another.</em></p></li><li><p><em>A government that controls the prosecutor can pass an anti-corruption law knowing no one on its team will see a jail cell.</em></p></li></ul><p>Or at least that is how it has worked until today.</p><p><strong>Venezuela followed</strong> the same logic with different words. After the 2002&#8211;03 oil strike, the government fired around 18,000 PDVSA employees and replaced them with loyal people, not experienced ones, at the company that funded the state. In 2004, the National Assembly expanded the Supreme Court from 20 to 32 justices, filled the new seats, and increased its power to remove judges (<a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/09/18/decade-under-chavez/political-intolerance-and-lost-opportunities-advancing-human">Human Rights Watch</a>).</p><p>First they captured the money. Then came the legal brake.</p><p><strong>Bolivia used a procedure</strong> with a more legal appearance. In 2016, voters rejected a referendum that would have let Evo Morales run for another term. In 2017, the Constitutional Tribunal decided that limit did not apply and let him run anyway. In other words, the result of a direct vote was reversed by the same court that was supposed to protect the constitution. Later, the Inter-American human rights system ruled that indefinite presidential reelection is not a human right (<a href="https://www.oas.org/fpdb/press/Informe-Preliminar---MOE-Bolivia-23-10-19.pdf">Organization of American States</a>).</p><p>This kind of capture is the hardest to see, because it follows all the normal legal steps. The court issues a ruling. The electoral authority announces a result. From the outside everything looks in order, but the decision no longer reflects what people voted.</p><p></p><h3><strong>Every side has used it</strong></h3><p>This argument will make both sides uncomfortable, and that is fine.</p><p><strong>Both the left and the right</strong> have run the same machine. Neither has a clean conscience. The problem is that each side sees the other&#8217;s abuses clearly and treats its own as minor mistakes.</p><p><strong>Pinochet&#8217;s Chile </strong>showed that a government can preach the free market while handing public wealth to its friends. SQM, which belonged to the state, ended up controlled by Julio Ponce Lerou, Pinochet&#8217;s former son-in-law, through deals that became the symbol of privatization with a name already on it (<a href="https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/chiles-embattled-lithium-king/">Americas Quarterly</a>). The owner changed, but the same insiders kept benefiting from the state.</p><p><strong>Fujimori and Montesinos in Peru</strong> left the clearest proof, because <strong>Montesinos filmed what he did.</strong> The videos show cash handed to politicians, judges, and media owners. What he paid the most for, by far, was television: he gave a channel owner about a hundred times what he gave a judge or a politician, because controlling what people saw mattered more to him than controlling a courtroom. Inside the army he used promotions the same way. Buying one institution did not last; buying all of them at once, the court, the congress, television, and the armed forces, is what secured his control (<a href="https://web.stanford.edu/class/comm1a/readings/mcmillan-how-to-subvert.pdf">Journal of Economic Perspectives, via Stanford</a>).</p><p><strong>Odebrecht turned this into an industry.</strong> The Brazilian construction company set up an internal office, the Division of Structured Operations, dedicated to running shell companies, offshore accounts, and payment schedules for bribes. It admitted paying about <strong>$788 million to officials, middlemen, and parties across three continents. Odebrecht and Braskem accepted at least $3.5 billion in penalties</strong> (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/odebrecht-and-braskem-plead-guilty-and-agree-pay-least-35-billion-global-penalties-resolve">U.S. Department of Justice</a>). The scheme crossed parties and borders because a public contract gets signed the same way, whatever the ideology of the person signing.</p><p>This is where our conversation as a region almost always fails. We look for the villain who confirms what we already thought. We defend the politician who talks like us. We forgive the shortcut because, according to our side, it leads somewhere good. And meanwhile, the machine keeps working. </p><blockquote><p>We never turn to look at the failed system; we try to point fingers at people, and that is the serious mistake.</p></blockquote><p></p><h3><strong>Networks that don&#8217;t Work</strong></h3><p><strong>There are real political networks in Latin America.</strong> The <strong>Foro de S&#227;o Paulo</strong> grew out of a 1990 meeting convened by <strong>Brazil&#8217;s Workers&#8217; Party and Fidel Castro,</strong> with forty-eight parties and organizations. Its meetings and declarations are public (<a href="https://forodesaopaulo.org/brief-history-and-foundations/">Foro de S&#227;o Paulo</a>). <strong>The Grupo de Puebla,</strong> founded in 2019, brings together former presidents, former ministers, and political leaders, and has a legal arm, <strong>CLAJUD,</strong> that defends left-leaning leaders against what it calls <em>lawfare</em> (<a href="https://www.grupodepuebla.org/en/clajud/">Grupo de Puebla</a>).</p><p>These networks share ideas, contacts, and mutual defense among allies. That is documented. What is not documented is a single center giving orders to every government and controlling all the money in the region. I say both parts on purpose, because the moment you claim more than you can prove, you stop doing analysis and start doing propaganda.</p><p><strong>The right has its networks too:</strong> <em>business chambers, military relationships, family capital, media alliances, and international partners. Some defended democracy and open competition. Others defended privilege and authoritarian allies.</em></p><p><strong>The rule has to be the same for everyone: </strong>follow the relationship, follow the money, point to the specific decision, and stop where the proof runs out.</p><blockquote><p>The machine does not need a secret headquarters. It repeats on its own because the same incentives exist in every capital. A court gets pressured. A regulator gets weakened. A state company hides transfers. Official advertising rewards good behavior. A police commander gets promoted for loyalty. The blueprint travels from one country to another because it works.</p></blockquote><p></p><h3><strong>What survives</strong></h3><p><strong>Latin America </strong>has had good reformers and serious institutions. Many reforms died because they were built to win a case, not to survive the retaliation that came after. Others survived. The difference between the two is the whole point of this paper.</p><p><strong>CICIG in Guatemala </strong>was one of the region&#8217;s best attempts. It came out of an agreement between <strong>Guatemala and the UN</strong> and worked alongside local prosecutors against criminal networks inside the state. By 2019 it had contributed to more than 660 prosecutions and 400 convictions, and it helped force <strong>President Otto P&#233;rez Molina</strong> to resign in 2015 over the <strong>La L&#237;nea customs</strong>-<strong>corruption case </strong>(<a href="https://news.un.org/es/story/2019/09/1461472">UN News</a>). But when the investigations reached the next president&#8217;s circle, his government did not renew the mandate, and <strong>CICIG ended in 2019 (<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/08/31/guatemala-president-sabotages-fight-justice">Human Rights Watch</a>).</strong></p><p><strong>CICIG won a lot of cases, </strong>but it depended on a single political decision to stay alive. That is the difference between a good hit and an institution that lasts.</p><p><strong>Central banks are the best example of what does last</strong>. <em>Chile made its central bank independent in 1989, Colombia in 1992, Mexico in 1993, and Peru the same year. Other things helped, but eight decades of evidence show a clear relationship: the more independent the central bank, the lower the inflation </em>(<a href="https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/wp/2022/english/wpiea2022186-print-pdf.pdf">International Monetary Fund</a>).</p><p>That reform survived because it grew roots. It created professionals, careers, reputations, and a public that remembers what inflation destroys. <strong>Attacking the central bank became more expensive than changing a law or firing an official.</strong></p><p><strong>Uruguay teaches something similar</strong>, and it is one of my favorite examples. Its parties, in real competition, moved little by little from favoring a few to serving everyone, because a rival could expose any exclusion and take their votes. Fair competition ended up producing better results for everyone. It is the same logic as a well-regulated free market, applied to politics.</p><p><strong>Costa Rica made a firm decision in 1948: </strong>it abolished its army and closed off a traditional road to power. Not every decision fits every country, but it was a clear bet that could then be adjusted over time.</p><p><strong>Chile added another layer in 2001 </strong>with a fiscal rule that forced the government to save the copper boom instead of spending it, which financed the region&#8217;s best response to the 2009 crisis. </p><p><strong>Brazil built PIX</strong>, a public instant-payment system now used by 93 percent of adults, with about eight billion transactions a month, all traceable. </p><p><strong>Colombia shows it in real time</strong>: its court, created in 1991, has spent two years blocking emergency decrees from the current government, one of them struck down six votes to two. That court does not answer to the president it is now restraining, because he did not build it.</p><p><strong>Chile, Uruguay, Costa Rica, and Colombia</strong> built rules that outlived the people who created them. </p><p><strong>Colombia is the clearest case: </strong>the court was ready a generation before the government now facing it existed.</p><p></p><h3><strong>Design for the worst leader</strong></h3><p>We spend too much time asking for honest presidents, brave judges, responsible businesspeople, ethical journalists, and patriotic soldiers. I wish we had them all. But a country that needs everyone to be good at the same time in order to work has already failed at its design.</p><blockquote><p><strong>The test of a good institution is simple: </strong>it has to hold up even if the worst possible person takes charge of it. If it cannot, it is badly built.</p></blockquote><p>A country belongs to its citizens, and the government owes them accounts and results. From there come a few common-sense rules. No one should be able to replace all the judges and referees in a single election. The state&#8217;s accounts, its contracts, and its conflicts of interest should be public and easy to check. A promotion in the police or the army should follow professional rules that do not change every administration. And public money should leave a trail that does not disappear when a new government arrives.</p><p><strong>An idea I took from <a href="https://linktr.ee/miguelbtrevino">Miguel Trevi&#241;o</a>, former mayor of San Pedro Garza Garc&#237;a, Nuevo Le&#243;n, in his documentary <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x77gzVTb7mQ">Construyendo el Norte</a>:</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;Mexico&#8217;s problem is clear&#8230;The most talented young people, the ones with the most potential, do not see public service as a path to build a professional life. If we do not bring those young people into the rooms where decisions are made, where the public money is, where the authority is, where the microphone and the narrative are, where most of this country&#8217;s direction gets decided, then this country has NO future. </em></p><p><em><strong>But if we do bring them in, that is where the talent is, and that is where our country can take off.&#8221;</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>That short video left a strong message with me, and what Miguel says about the best young people and public service makes complete sense to me. I believe innovation is the road to progress. If young people do not take part in our institutions, in continuous improvement, and in the innovation of our systems, we are not going to see a different Mexico.</p><blockquote><p>The basic idea is to make capturing power expensive, visible, and reversible.</p></blockquote><p>That work has none of the excitement of a campaign, and that is good. Political drama always pushes us to look for a savior or an enemy. <strong>Fixing institutions does the opposite: it spreads power out and gives more people the ability to say &#8220;no.&#8221;</strong></p><blockquote><p><strong>That is why it also needs people outside government to protect it.</strong> The lawyer who defends an independent court even when the ruling hurts his party. The businessperson who defends fair competition even when privilege would pay better. The journalist who scrutinizes even the side he prefers. And the citizen who cares about the referee before the bad call lands on him.</p></blockquote><p>We now have something earlier generations did not:<strong> the technology to reach agreement among millions of us. Most people live confused between what their politicians tell them and what they actually need. </strong></p><p>A successful country is one that seeks the best for its citizens and lifts them up with strong institutions, both political and economic, understanding that we compete with the world and do not live in a bubble. </p><p>We have spent too long waiting for a leader to save institutions that we citizens never defended.</p><p></p><h3><strong>North America needs its North Star</strong></h3><p>This is where the argument comes home.</p><p><strong>North America </strong>has already integrated factories, farms, railroads, energy, data, families, and supply chains. <strong>Mexico, the United States, and Canada</strong> can build one product among the three of them. We have proven that cooperation creates value at continental scale. What we have not accepted is the institutional responsibility that comes with it.</p><p>A trade agreement defines where a product comes from, how much tariff it pays, and how a dispute is settled. <strong>But a trade agreement does not, on its own, give a student a good school, a small business affordable credit, a family security, or an investor the certainty that the referee will still be there when the score changes.</strong></p><p><strong>Canada is the proof that it can be done.</strong> It is a mid-sized country next to the largest economy in the world, and it built courts, clean elections, and a professional civil service. It has its failures and its corruption, like everyone, but its system has more locks to stop and correct an abuse.</p><p><strong>Mexico has built locks like that too.</strong> The autonomous <strong>Bank of Mexico</strong> closed the era when a politician could turn spending into inflation overnight. The electoral reforms of the 1990s took federal elections out of the government&#8217;s control, and that is why the <strong>PRI&#8217;s defeat in 2000 was possible</strong>. We Mexicans built those institutions after living through what came before. Today some of those gains are under pressure, and that should worry all of us on the continent, because we share the consequences.</p><p>A first-world production platform does not hold up on weak institutions that are easy to capture. <strong>Nearshoring needs real integration. The fact that companies from around the world are betting on Mexico shows they see us as a country that wants to modernize and strengthen its institutions</strong>. </p><p><em>When the United States and Canada signed a treaty with us, it gave the world a green light to trust Mexico. But we cannot rest on our laurels, because sooner or later the curtain falls.</em></p><p><strong>Mexico is the greatest still-unfinished opportunity on this continent. </strong>The Mexican who escaped the system proves it with remittances and with the impact he creates, above all in the United States. <strong>And the Mexican still inside a machine that does not give him what he needs to produce, prosper, and build wealth is the country&#8217;s greatest asset.</strong></p><p>I know this because I come from<strong> Ambos Nogales.</strong></p><p>The line between the two cities does not separate two kinds of people. It separates two systems. One gives more people a fair chance to build, recover, compete, and stay. The other still lets too much talent pay extra in insecurity, in discretion, in impunity, and in privilege.</p><p><strong>We, the citizens, need show the way for North America.</strong> <em>Government will be part of the work, but the responsibility is not handed off to the next election. The rules belong to everyone who lives under them.</em></p><blockquote><p>The region does not lack good people. It lacks institutions that can withstand the bad ones.</p></blockquote><p><em>Next: <strong>Paper III, The Mexican Exit / La Salida Mexicana.</strong></em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-capture-machine-paper-ii-de-iii?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-capture-machine-paper-ii-de-iii?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><p>&#8212;</p><p><em>Sources: American Political Science Review (Cant&#250;, 2019); Korea Times; Ethics in Government Act (U.S., 1978); Human Rights Watch; Organization of American States; Americas Quarterly; McMillan &amp; Zoido, Journal of Economic Perspectives (2004); U.S. Department of Justice; Foro de S&#227;o Paulo; Grupo de Puebla / CLAJUD; United Nations; International Monetary Fund working paper (2022); &#8220;Construyendo el Norte&#8221; documentary (Miguel Trevi&#241;o); series verification register v0.2 (2026-07-16) for the Uruguay, Costa Rica, Chile, Brazil, and Colombia additions.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA["The Hundred-Year Divergence" Paper I of III]]></title><description><![CDATA[Latin America did not fail to get rich. It built the machinery that kept it poor.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-hundred-year-divergence-paper</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-hundred-year-divergence-paper</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 13:00:20 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmY2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f06e3ed-8231-4c8a-8fb9-429165ce04c9_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmY2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f06e3ed-8231-4c8a-8fb9-429165ce04c9_1200x630.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmY2!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f06e3ed-8231-4c8a-8fb9-429165ce04c9_1200x630.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmY2!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f06e3ed-8231-4c8a-8fb9-429165ce04c9_1200x630.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmY2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f06e3ed-8231-4c8a-8fb9-429165ce04c9_1200x630.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmY2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f06e3ed-8231-4c8a-8fb9-429165ce04c9_1200x630.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmY2!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f06e3ed-8231-4c8a-8fb9-429165ce04c9_1200x630.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmY2!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f06e3ed-8231-4c8a-8fb9-429165ce04c9_1200x630.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmY2!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f06e3ed-8231-4c8a-8fb9-429165ce04c9_1200x630.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmY2!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f06e3ed-8231-4c8a-8fb9-429165ce04c9_1200x630.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>In 1913, a young man standing on a dock in Genoa with a ticket in his hand faced a choice:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Two ships, two destinations: </span><strong><span>New York or Buenos Aires. </span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>It was not an obvious call. </span><strong><span>Argentina that year was the tenth-richest country on Earth per person</span></strong><span> &#8212; </span><em><span>wealthier than Germany</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>wealthier than France, wealthier than the empire of Austria-Hungary. </span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>It's so easy to forget a past you never lived. This was not so long ago &#8212; and things change fast. During this World Cup I have been reflecting on the nations of the world, and on why Latin America can perform so well on the field, on the world stage, and so poorly when it comes to its economies, governments, and societies.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>What is it that we just dont get right?</span></strong></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Buenos Aires </span></strong><span>was building a subway before Madrid had one. </span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">The phrase <em><strong>riche comme un argentin</strong></em><strong> &#8212; rich as an Argentine &#8212;</strong> was current in Paris, and it was not a joke. The Maddison Project&#8217;s 2023 revision <strong>puts the average Argentine at about 60 percent of American income that year &#8212; estimates vary by revision, some run higher &#8212; but every version places Argentina squarely in Western Europe&#8217;s league.</strong></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Millions of Italians and Spaniards </span></strong><span>looked at the two ships and chose the southern one, and by the standards of 1913 they chose well.  </span><strong><span>Their great-grandchildren are now standing in visa lines.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>That reversal is the single most important economic fact about our hemisphere, and </span><em><span>we almost never look at it directly. We talk around it. We talk about poverty as if it were weather</span></em><span> &#8212; something that happens to a region, an atmospheric condition of the tropics. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>We talk about </span><strong><span>&#8220;developing countries&#8221; </span></strong><span>as if development were a slow train that </span><strong><span>Latin America </span></strong><span>boarded late but will eventually ride to the same station. The data says something much harder. </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Latin America is not converging slowly. </span><strong><span>It stopped converging forty-five years ago, and in most of the region it has been moving backward relative to the rich world ever since.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">This series exists to look at the fact directly. Not to lament it &#8212; to diagnose it, the way an operator diagnoses a failing system: find the mechanism, name it, and fix it. If we can figure out how to get the region back to where Argentina started &#8212; and Mexico to where South Korea and Canada are today &#8212; we might just unleash one of the greatest regions on the globe.  </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>So I will try my best to deliver clarity, value and direction.</span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Paper I will establish what happened</span></strong><span>, with numbers that could survive a fact-check by any central bank on the continent. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Paper II will names the machine that did it.</span></strong><span> </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Paper III will be about the one country that has been offered a way out </span></strong><span>&#8212; </span><strong><span>Mexico </span></strong><span>&#8212; and what it would actually take to walk through that door.</span></p></li></ul><p><strong>The North American- 77 </strong>is a platform that advocates for smarter North American integration&#8212; and we believe that <strong>a modern Mexico</strong> is a key piece of the continent's future and continued success.</p><p></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The gap, measured honestly</span></strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Start with today, World Bank figures, 2024. </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The United States</span></strong><span> produces about $86,000 USD per person per year. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Canada,</span></strong><span> $55,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Germany, </span></strong><span>$56,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Australia, </span></strong><span>$65,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>South Korea, </span></strong><span>$36,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Japan, </span></strong><span>$34,000.</span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Now the other column. </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Uruguay &#8212; the wealthiest economy in Latin America per person</span></strong><span> &#8212; produces about $24,000 USD per year. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Chile, </span></strong><span>$17,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Mexico,</span></strong><span> $14,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Argentina,</span></strong><span> $14,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Brazil, </span></strong><span>$10,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Colombia, </span></strong><span>$8,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Bolivia, </span></strong><span>$4,400. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Venezuela, </span></strong><span>by the best available estimate, $4,200.</span></p></li></ul><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Adjust for purchasing power and the picture softens but does not change: </span><strong><span>the </span></strong><em><strong><span>best-performing</span></strong></em><strong><span> economy in Latin America sits below the </span></strong><em><strong><span>worst-performing</span></strong></em><strong><span> economy of the rich world. </span></strong></p></blockquote><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Uruguay</span></strong><span> at purchasing-power parity reaches about $37,000; </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Japan, </span></strong><span>the least wealthy of the rich comparators, stands at $54,000. </span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>There is no overlap. Between the two columns runs a gap that no Latin American country &#8212; not one, in two centuries of independence &#8212; has fully crossed.</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Defenders of the slow-train theory will say:</span></strong><span> </span><em><span>patience, the region is catching up.</span></em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span> It is not, and this is the number that should end the argument. </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>In 1980, Latin America&#8217;s income per person stood at 19.8 percent of the US level. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>In 2000, 13.9 percent. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Today, 13.3 percent. </span></p></li></ul><h4><em><sup>(Those figures are computed from World Bank data in constant dollars at market exchange rates. Measure the same gap in purchasing-power terms and the levels roughly double &#8212; but the shape of the line does not change: the peak is around 1980, and it points down. Whichever ruler you use, convergence stopped two generations ago.)</sup></em></h4><p><span>The region&#8217;s relative position peaked when Jimmy Carter was president and has eroded for two generations since. </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Meanwhile South Korea </span></strong><span>&#8212; which in 1950 earned less than a third of what Mexico earned per person &#8212; went from 6.5 percent of US income to over 70 percent. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The train exists.</span></strong><span> Korea boarded it. Latin America stood on the platform holding a first-class ticket it never used.</span></p></blockquote><p></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Four collapses, one pattern</span></strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The regional average hides the drama. Go country by country and the divergence stops being a statistic and becomes a series of decisions.</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Argentina</span></strong><span> did not decline; Argentina was dismantled. </span></p></blockquote><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nine sovereign defaults since independence. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Six military coups between 1930 and 1976 &#8212; the armed forces governed twenty-five of the fifty-three years in that span. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>In 1947, a compliant Congress removed nearly the entire Supreme Court, and every government since has understood the lesson: the referee can be fired. </span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The inflationary consequences arrived on schedule &#8212;</span><strong><span> roughly 5,000 percent in 1989, 211 percent as recently as 2023 </span></strong><span>&#8212; </span><em><span>because a state that answers to no court eventually answers to no budget either. </span></em></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The country that was tenth in the world in 1913 had fallen to 31 percent of US income by 2022.</span></strong><span> </span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Whether the current stabilization holds is a live question;</span><strong><span> the historical pattern it must break is a hundred years old.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Venezuela</span></strong><span> is what the endgame looks like. In the late 1990s it pumped 3.2 million barrels of oil a day and sat atop the largest proven reserves on the planet. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Then, in three moves visible to anyone watching, the machinery of extraction was seized: </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>eighteen thousand employees</span></strong><span> of the state oil company purged in 2003 and replaced with loyalists; </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>the Supreme Court</span></strong><span> expanded from twenty justices to thirty-two in 2004 and filled in a single legislative session &#8212; after which, across some forty-five thousand rulings, it never once decided against the government; </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>and finally the electoral authority itself.</span></strong><span> </span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>What followed was the largest peacetime economic collapse in modern history &#8212; </span><strong><span>GDP down more than 75 percent between 2013 and 2021, per the IMF </span></strong><span>&#8212; and </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>the largest displacement in the hemisphere&#8217;s history: 7.9 million people, a quarter of the country, gone. </span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Venezuela in 1950 earned 56 percent of US income per person. </span><strong><span>By 2022, 9 percent.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Cuba</span></strong><span> ran the same experiment with different branding and needed permanent outside financing to survive it &#8212; </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Soviet subsidies </span></strong><span>worth roughly a fifth of national income through the late 1980s</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Venezuelan oil </span></strong><span>on concessionary terms. </span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Both patrons are now gone</span></strong><span>, and the result is visible from space: recurring nationwide blackouts, a rationing system in collapse, and an exodus without precedent &#8212; </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>by official count </span><strong><span>a tenth of the island&#8217;s population left between 2021 and 2023 alone; independent demographers say the true figure is closer to a quarter.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Bolivia</span></strong><span> is the quiet case, and in some ways the most instructive, because it fell without a dictatorship and without a US embargo to blame. </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>It rode the commodity boom</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>banked fifteen billion dollars in reserves by 2014</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>spent the next decade consuming them while gas production</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>starved of investment under state control</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>fell by three-quarters. </span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>When the constitutional court was asked in 2017 whether term limits applied to the president, it overruled a referendum the government had just lost. </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The reserves are now effectively gone, the country imports the fuel it once exported, and inflation is running at its worst level in four decades.</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Four countries, four ideological wardrobes &#8212; </span><strong><span>Peronist, Bolivarian, Communist, plurinational</span></strong><span> &#8212; </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>and underneath, one identical sequence: </span><strong><span>capture the court, capture the referee, capture the cash flow, and ride the machine until it stops.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The exceptions that prove the rule</span></strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Now hold the counterexamples up to the light, because they are the most hopeful data we have.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Uruguay</span></strong><span> &#8212; pa&#237;s chico, ejemplo grande &#8212; is</span><strong><span> today the only full democracy in South America by the Economist&#8217;s measure and ranks thirteenth in the world on perceived integrity of government: ahead of Canada, well ahead of the United States.</span></strong><span> </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>It also happens to have the </span><strong><span>highest income per person in Latin America.</span></strong><span> This is not Scandinavian genetics; </span><strong><span>Uruguayans are the same gallegos and tanos who populated Buenos Aires across the river. </span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The scholarship on Uruguay points to something almost boringly structural: genuinely competitive political parties, over a century old, that </span><strong><span>found they could no longer win elections through clientelism and were forced &#8212; by competition, not by virtue &#8212; to deliver universal goods instead.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Chile</span></strong><span> built the region&#8217;s most serious economic institutions &#8212; </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>an independent central bank in 1989</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>a fiscal rule in 2001 that saved the copper windfall instead of spending it</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>and became the only country in Latin America to gain productivity ground on the United States since 1960. </span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Its social explosion in 2019 and two failed constitutional rewrites since are a warning of a different kind, one this series will return to: institutions can deliver growth and still fail to deliver belonging.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Costa Rica</span></strong><span> abolished its army in 1948, spent the money on teachers and clinics, and today has a life expectancy above the OECD average and a medical-device export sector worth nine billion dollars a year.</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Three societies, same colonial inheritance, same language, same church, same supposed cultural handicaps</span></strong><span> &#8212; and materially different outcomes, achieved through nothing more exotic than institutions that survived their founders.</span></p></blockquote><p></p><h3><strong><span>Killing the comfortable explanations</span></strong></h3><p><span>Every Latin American has heard the alternative theories, usually over dinner, usually delivered with a shrug. They deserve a direct answer, because the shrug is part of the problem.</span></p><p><strong><span>&#8220;It&#8217;s geography &#8212; the tropics, the distance, the terrain., just the way we are, just the way it is&#8221;</span></strong><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Stand on International Street in Ambos Nogales &#8212; the split city where my family has worked the border for four generations. North side: Nogales, Arizona. South side: Nogales, Sonora. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Same desert, same aquifer, same heat, same families &#8212; the same last names on both sides of the fence, cousins waving at cousins. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>When Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson needed one image to open the book that won them the 2024 Nobel Prize in economics</span></strong><span>, they chose these two towns, because household income on the north side is roughly three times the south side and geography explains none of it. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The desert did not change at the boundary line. The rules did.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#8220;It&#8217;s culture &#8212; we are simply like this.&#8221;</span></strong><span> Then explain the diaspora. The Mexican who crosses to Houston, the Venezuelan engineer in Toronto, the Argentine in Madrid &#8212; the same person, with the same culture, the same work ethic, the same abuela &#8212; becomes dramatically more productive within a few years of stepping across a border. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Culture does not evaporate at customs. </span><strong><span>What changes is the system the person plugs into</span></strong><span>: enforceable contracts, functioning courts, credit at survivable rates, a state that shows up. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Latin Americans are among the hardest-working people in the OECD&#8217;s statistics wherever the rules allow work to compound.</span></strong><span> The culture argument is not just wrong; it is the most corrosive idea in the hemisphere, because it teaches two hundred million talented people that the problem is them. </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>No somos el problema. </span><strong><span>El sistema que toleramos, s&#237;.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#8220;It&#8217;s the resources &#8212; the curse of commodities.&#8221;</span></strong><span> Venezuela has more oil than Saudi Arabia and cannot keep the lights on in Maracaibo. </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Meanwhile Australia </span></strong><span>&#8212; a commodity exporter of iron ore, coal, and gas, as dependent on dirt and rock as any Andean republic &#8212; produces $65,000 per person and has not had a recession-driven collapse in a generation. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Norway drowns in oil</span></strong><span> and leads half the world&#8217;s quality-of-life tables. Commodities are not a curse. </span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Commodities are a stress test. Institutions that pass the test turn windfalls into sovereign funds; institutions that fail turn them into PDVSA.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>What survives, after geography, culture, and resources are eliminated, is the thing the 2024 Nobel committee spent its citation on: </span><strong><span>institutions. </span></strong></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The rules that decide whether effort compounds or evaporates. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Whether a court can be packed. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Whether a referendum can be overruled. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Whether a state oil company is a national asset or a political checkbook. </span></p></li></ul><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Economists call the two varieties </span><em><span>inclusive</span></em><span> and </span><em><span>extractive</span></em><span>. An operator would put it more plainly: </span><strong><span>systems built so that everyone&#8217;s work adds up, versus systems built so that a few can skim what everyone else builds.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Latin America inherited the second kind </span></strong><span>&#8212; that is what the encomienda and the mita were, extraction franchises with a royal seal, and modern research can still measure their footprint: districts of Peru subjected to colonial forced mining labor have measurably lower household consumption </span><em><span>today</span></em><span>, five hundred years later. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>But inheritance is not destiny</span></strong><span>, and this is where the comfortable and the honest explanations part ways forever. </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Uruguay inherited the same system and rebuilt it. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Costa Rica inherited it and disarmed it. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Korea inherited something arguably worse &#8212; colonization, war, partition &#8212; and left the entire region behind in a single lifetime. </span></p></li></ul><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The inheritance explains where the region started. </span><strong><span>It does not explain why, one hundred years after that dock in Genoa</span></strong><span>, so much of the region keeps choosing to maintain the machinery it inherited.</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Someone maintains it. Someone staffs it, defends it, modernizes it, repaints it each generation in whatever ideological color sells &#8212; revolutionary red, sustainability green, young orange&#8230;you name it. </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The machinery of extraction did not survive five centuries by accident. </span><strong><span>It survived because it works &#8212; for the people operating it.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>That machine &#8212; how it is built, the five parts it always captures, and the documented cases where societies have actually beaten it &#8212; is Paper II.</span></p><p></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The North American stakes</span></strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A reader in Chicago or Vancouver</strong> may ask why this belongs in a publication about <strong>North America.</strong> Here is why: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The most consequential question on this continent&#8217;s agenda is whether <strong>Mexico &#8212; 130 million people, the United States&#8217; largest trading partner in history, the demographic engine of North America </strong>&#8212; completes its integration as a full institutional &amp; modern partner or remains half-in, half-out: first-world factories bolted onto machinery Paper II will make uncomfortably familiar.</p><p><strong>Canada is the standing proof of what is possible:</strong> a middle power with a modern western  system sharing a border and a market with the American colossus that converged instead of diverging &#8212; <strong>$55,000 per person, courts nobody can pack, elections nobody disputes.</strong></p><p><strong>Mexico is the test </strong>of whether that outcome can be chosen rather than merely inherited. <strong>The Latin American </strong>record laid out above is not someone else&#8217;s story. It is the control group for <strong>the biggest decision North America will make in our lifetime.</strong></p><p><strong>One future, three nations </strong>&#8212; <em>but only if the third one exits the pattern this paper has just described.</em></p><p><strong>The dock in Genoa is gone</strong>, but the choice it represented never went away; it just moved. <em>It sits today in Guadalajara, Monterrey, Leon, Medell&#237;n and C&#243;rdoba, in front of every engineer deciding whether to build at home or leave, every family weighing the visa line.</em></p><p>For a century, the region has answered that question with its feet, and the feet all point north. The work of our generation is to make staying the rational choice &#8212; and that will not be done with speeches about potential.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Latin America&#8217;s shortfall was not fated. It was built </strong>&#8212; law by law, purge by purge, packed court by packed court. And what was built by human hands can be unbuilt by them.</p></blockquote><p><em>Next: Paper II &#8212; <strong>The Capture Machine / La M&#225;quina de Captura.</strong></em><span>&#8212;</span></p><h5 style="text-align: justify;"><span>Sources for every figure in this essay: World Bank WDI (2024), Maddison Project Database 2023, IMF, UNHCR/R4V, OECD, ECLAC, Transparency International CPI 2024, EIU Democracy Index 2024, Dell (Econometrica, 2010), Acemoglu &amp; Robinson (2012; Nobel 2024). Full verification register in the series dossier.</span></h5>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[¿Está Norteamérica lista para la Carrera del Siglo?]]></title><description><![CDATA[La &#250;ltima entrega de esta serie de 4 partes explora las posibilidades de Norteam&#233;rica dentro o fuera de la carrera del Espacio y la IA.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/esta-norteamerica-lista-para-la-carrera</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/esta-norteamerica-lista-para-la-carrera</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2026 13:03:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qc7R!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fd87e90-7def-4e82-bf8f-3b563e5dc6e8_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qc7R!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fd87e90-7def-4e82-bf8f-3b563e5dc6e8_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qc7R!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fd87e90-7def-4e82-bf8f-3b563e5dc6e8_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qc7R!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fd87e90-7def-4e82-bf8f-3b563e5dc6e8_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qc7R!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fd87e90-7def-4e82-bf8f-3b563e5dc6e8_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qc7R!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fd87e90-7def-4e82-bf8f-3b563e5dc6e8_1600x900.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3fd87e90-7def-4e82-bf8f-3b563e5dc6e8_1600x900.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:134295,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/206809296?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fd87e90-7def-4e82-bf8f-3b563e5dc6e8_1600x900.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qc7R!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fd87e90-7def-4e82-bf8f-3b563e5dc6e8_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qc7R!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fd87e90-7def-4e82-bf8f-3b563e5dc6e8_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qc7R!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fd87e90-7def-4e82-bf8f-3b563e5dc6e8_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qc7R!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fd87e90-7def-4e82-bf8f-3b563e5dc6e8_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><strong>Este es el &#8220;paper&#8221; 4 de 4</strong>, dedicado a una tesis y una evaluaci&#243;n de lo que la carrera de la IA y el Espacio puede significar para Norteam&#233;rica. Este es el alegato final:</p><p><strong>Imaginemos a Norteam&#233;rica tal como es en este momento.</strong></p><p>Tres pa&#237;ses con tres pol&#237;ticas exteriores separadas, pleitos arancelarios, fricciones fronterizas, disputas de agua y vientos pol&#237;ticos soplando en direcciones distintas en las tres capitales.</p><p>La confianza en su punto m&#225;s bajo en una generaci&#243;n &#8212; mientras la carrera que definir&#225; este siglo ya est&#225; en marcha, <strong>y el mayor rival econ&#243;mico de Estados Unidos, China, la corre con un plan medido en d&#233;cadas.</strong></p><p>Esa es la fotograf&#237;a real.</p><p>Esta serie dedic&#243; tres ediciones a explicar por qu&#233; esta carrera favorece a una Norteam&#233;rica unida y coordinada:</p><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">La </span><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-race-of-our-century-series-episode"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Parte 1</span></a><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-race-of-our-century-series-episode">dibuj&#243;</a> la meta: </strong>un equipo, tres autos &#8212; tres naciones, tres banderas, tres marcos legales, compartiendo una estrategia, no un chasis.</p><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">La </span><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/num-24-la-era-fisica"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Parte 2</span></a><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> mostr&#243;</span></strong> de qu&#233; est&#225; hecha la carrera: la construcci&#243;n f&#237;sica m&#225;s grande desde los ferrocarriles.</p><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">La </span><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/nadie-lo-tiene-todo"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Parte 3</span></a><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> mape&#243; </span></strong>todo lo que se necesita para ganar y encontr&#243; que ninguna naci&#243;n por s&#237; sola tiene la lista completa. Solo este continente la tiene.</p><p>Este &#250;ltimo paper hace el argumento hacia el que toda la serie ha venido caminando, y es simple:</p><blockquote><p>Primero, seamos claros: <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Norteam&#233;rica puede perder esta carrera.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p>La primera forma en que creo que podemos perderla es seguir divididos como continente frente a la competencia por ganar esta carrera espec&#237;fica, que podr&#237;a impactar a todos en el mundo.</p><p>La segunda es el riesgo de dejar a los norteamericanos fuera de la carrera del siglo.</p><p>La primera pierde la carrera. La segunda pierde a los consumidores y a los constructores del futuro.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="813" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:813,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1960752,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/206399261?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>As&#237; que este paper tiene dos enfoques:</strong></p><ul><li><p>mostrar lo que le cuesta a cada pa&#237;s ir solo.</p></li><li><p>mostrar c&#243;mo debe verse el trato para la gente que hace la construcci&#243;n.</p></li></ul><p>Empecemos con <strong>Estados Unidos</strong> solo. Se pasa los a&#241;os decisivos reconstruyendo, a un costo enorme, lo que ya existe al lado &#8212; porque no tiene suficiente capacidad dom&#233;stica en procesamiento de minerales, manufactura, generaci&#243;n de energ&#237;a y mano de obra calificada para moverse a la velocidad que esta carrera exige.</p><p>Todas las inversiones comprometidas por empresas como <em><strong>OpenAI, Oracle, TSMC, Micron, SpaceX, NVIDIA, Microsoft, Google, Meta, Anthropic</strong></em> y m&#225;s necesitar&#225;n diversificar su base de clientes. <em>Ya estamos viendo aprietos financieros y temores en empresas como Meta sobre sus estrategias de IA.</em> Las inversiones han sido masivas, pero los resultados est&#225;n por verse. Apalancando estas inversiones con el respaldo pleno de M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; como socios en esta carrera, estas inversiones hist&#243;ricas podr&#237;an protegerse de las ca&#237;das.</p><blockquote><p>Como ya lo se&#241;al&#243; la Parte 2, ah&#237; se mostr&#243; lo que pasa con el terreno que<strong> Estados Unidos</strong> deja desatendido: alguien m&#225;s se instala, puerto por puerto, estaci&#243;n por estaci&#243;n.</p></blockquote><p>M&#233;xico es hoy una naci&#243;n por transformar: hist&#243;ricamente ha sido el eslab&#243;n de bajo costo de la cadena de suministro de alguien m&#225;s. A trav&#233;s de la IA, la fuerza laboral mexicana podr&#237;a alcanzar una productividad y un crecimiento nunca antes vistos.</p><p>La gran oportunidad est&#225; en la poblaci&#243;n grande m&#225;s joven del continente &#8212; <strong>130 millones de personas, m&#225;s de 110,000 nuevos ingenieros al a&#241;o </strong>&#8212; que deben ser parte de una estrategia norteamericana de IA para asegurar que sean los constructores y consumidores del futuro en la era de la IA.</p><blockquote><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Un M&#233;xico listo para la IA </span></strong>no es un favor que alguien concede. Es un muro de carga en la propia econom&#237;a de Norteam&#233;rica.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Canad&#225; </strong>solo bien puede triunfar &#8212; y esa es la trampa.</p><p><strong>Miren de cerca c&#243;mo termina un &#233;xito canadiense en solitario: </strong>la investigaci&#243;n la comercializan empresas de otros lados, los minerales se embarcan en bruto y el talento se va al sur. Un Canad&#225; m&#225;s fuerte dentro de un continente m&#225;s d&#233;bil. Bueno para Canad&#225;. <strong>Insuficiente para Norteam&#233;rica.</strong></p><p>Tres pa&#237;ses, tres manos incompletas. Cada vez m&#225;s, la escala pertenece a los bloques coordinados, no a los pa&#237;ses aislados.</p><p>Y el reloj no es neutral: <strong>la fertilidad est&#225; por debajo del nivel de reemplazo en las tres naciones.</strong> La ventana demogr&#225;fica se est&#225; cerrando. No deber&#237;amos desperdiciar la fuerza laboral que tenemos mientras esperamos que otra generaci&#243;n resuelva el problema.</p><p><em>Supongamos que lo construimos todo &#8212; las plantas, las redes el&#233;ctricas, los centros de datos, los sitios de lanzamiento &#8212; y la mayor&#237;a de la gente termina fuera del trato.</em></p><p>El trabajador reemplazado por la IA tambi&#233;n era un cliente. Cada persona automatizada fuera de un ingreso es un comprador restado del mercado. Los economistas han empezado a medir este riesgo: un estudio de 2025 sobre regiones europeas encontr&#243; que donde la innovaci&#243;n en IA se duplic&#243;, la participaci&#243;n del trabajo en el ingreso cay&#243;.&#185; Eso todav&#237;a no es una ley establecida de la econom&#237;a. Es una advertencia que ser&#237;a necio ignorar.</p><blockquote><p>Un continente que automatiza a su gente hasta sacarla del mercado es una f&#225;brica <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">cancelando sus propios pedidos.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p>Esto es algo que deben atender todas las naciones del mundo, pero espec&#237;ficamente Norteam&#233;rica. Compartimos tanto que no podemos ignorar los riesgos de no prepararnos para la era de la IA.</p><blockquote><p>Empezando por las habilidades, para preparar a la gente a trabajar a trav&#233;s de la IA, no solo junto a ella.</p></blockquote><p>Despu&#233;s necesitamos pensar en serio en nuevos modelos de propiedad que protejan al trabajo de quedar desplegado tan lejos del valor que se crear&#225; en la era de la IA.</p><p>Con esto me refiero a que necesitamos pensar en darle a la fuerza laboral un pedazo del pastel; una participaci&#243;n financiera real en el valor que ayuda a crear.</p><p>La capacitaci&#243;n hace al trabajador m&#225;s capaz. La propiedad le da al trabajador un derecho sobre el futuro.</p><p>Y antes de que alguien busque una etiqueta pol&#237;tica, vean qui&#233;n ya lo est&#225; haciendo.<strong> KKR &#8212; capital privado,</strong> no una caridad &#8212; ha otorgado acciones a trabajadores por hora en docenas de las empresas que posee, porque los negocios donde los trabajadores tienen un pedazo rinden mejor y se venden por m&#225;s. Cuando vendi&#243; un fabricante de puertas del Medio Oeste, los choferes de cami&#243;n se fueron con cheques de seis cifras.</p><p><strong>Ronald Reagan</strong> llam&#243; a la propiedad de los empleados<strong> &#8220;un camino digno de un pueblo libre&#8221;</strong>. En Estados Unidos hoy, alrededor de quince millones de trabajadores participan en planes de propiedad accionaria para empleados, con cerca de dos billones de d&#243;lares en activos.&#178; Los empleados-propietarios j&#243;venes muestran un patrimonio familiar neto muy superior al de sus pares.&#179; Las plantas de manufactura que adoptan estos planes miden ganancias de productividad, no p&#233;rdidas.&#8308; <strong>Esto no es redistribuci&#243;n. Es la idea m&#225;s capitalista que existe: m&#225;s capitalistas.</strong></p><p>Imaginen un nuevo centro de datos en Quer&#233;taro. Los t&#233;cnicos est&#225;n capacitados para operar sistemas asistidos por IA y bien pagados por su trabajo. Pero el trato no termina con el cheque. Una peque&#241;a porci&#243;n del proyecto vive en una estructura de propiedad para empleados o de reparto de utilidades. Si la instalaci&#243;n crece en valor, su participaci&#243;n crece tambi&#233;n. No solo le dan mantenimiento al futuro. Son due&#241;os de una parte de &#233;l.</p><p>Ahora seamos honestos sobre el terreno, porque lo conozco de primera mano. La propiedad de los empleados es com&#250;n en<strong> Estados Unidos </strong>&#8212; y se detiene en la frontera. Un trabajador en Ohio recibe un plan de acciones; el trabajador de la misma empresa en su planta de Quer&#233;taro, haciendo un trabajo similar, recibe una n&#243;mina.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico</strong> est&#225; m&#225;s cerca de esta idea de lo que la mayor&#237;a cree &#8212; la ley mexicana ya obliga a las empresas a repartir utilidades entre sus empleados: <strong>diez por ciento, cada a&#241;o, por estatuto.</strong> El h&#225;bito de compartir resultados no es ajeno ah&#237;, pero definitivamente no es lo mismo.</p><p><strong>Lo que falta es la participaci&#243;n que se acumula:</strong> M&#233;xico no tiene un equivalente del ESOP, y la mayor&#237;a de los planes globales de acciones simplemente nunca se extendieron al sur. Eso no es raz&#243;n para abandonar la idea. Es el reto que queremos poner sobre la mesa.</p><p>Creemos que las primeras empresas que crucen la frontera con propiedad real se quedar&#225;n con los mejores ingenieros, la menor rotaci&#243;n y una lealtad que ning&#250;n salario puede comprar. <strong>C&#243;mo construirlo &#8212; las estructuras legales, el tratamiento fiscal, los primeros en moverse &#8212; merece su propio paper, y NA77 lo va a escribir.</strong></p><p>No les estamos pidiendo a los estadounidenses adoptar una idea nueva; les estamos pidiendo exportar la mejor que tienen. <strong>La &#250;nica raz&#243;n por la que esta idea est&#225; sobre la mesa son los efectos transformadores de la IA hacia la desigualdad que hoy por hoy ya es un problema serio.</strong></p><p>Aqu&#237; est&#225; por qu&#233; esto importa estrat&#233;gicamente, no solo moralmente. <strong>La ventaja de China es el mando y control: </strong>puede concentrar capital y dirigir la construcci&#243;n desde arriba, y ha demostrado que puede construir a una escala asombrosa.</p><p><strong>Nuestra ventaja deber&#237;a ser la participaci&#243;n: </strong>combinar la escala con propiedad amplia desde abajo. No es una ventaja que tengamos garantizada. Es una que estamos en posici&#243;n &#250;nica de desarrollar &#8212; si as&#237; lo decidimos. Por eso los modelos abiertos de IA deber&#237;an ser algo a evaluar para Occidente. Algo con lo que China empez&#243; y con lo que ha tenido un &#233;xito tremendo.</p><p><strong>No debemos esperar el gran tratado norteamericano; </strong>los gobiernos terminar&#225;n involucrados, quieran o no &#8212; la energ&#237;a, los minerales, las fronteras, el trabajo y las &#243;rbitas pasan por ellos. Pero la acci&#243;n no tiene que esperar a la alineaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica perfecta.</p><p><strong>Norteam&#233;rica se construy&#243; desde abajo mucho antes de que se firmara acuerdo alguno</strong> &#8212; por familias, empresas y ciudades fronterizas que nunca pidieron permiso para pertenecer a ambos mundos.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Las empresas, las ciudades, los inversionistas, las universidades y los trabajadores pueden empezar ahora: </strong>planta por planta, proyecto por proyecto.</p></blockquote><p>Ahora regresemos a la meta donde empez&#243; esta serie.</p><p><strong>Un equipo, tres autos.</strong></p><p>Un modelo de IA financiado y entrenado en <strong>Estados Unidos</strong>, corriendo con <strong>energ&#237;a y minerales canadienses</strong>, operando en plantas que <strong>ingenieros mexicanos </strong>ayudan a dise&#241;ar y operar &#8212; l<strong>anzado en cohetes cuyos componentes cruzaron dos fronteras</strong> &#8212; y construido por gente que tiene un pedazo de &#233;l: t&#233;cnicos en Quer&#233;taro, linieros en Alberta, fundadores en Austin.</p><p>Cada parte de esa imagen ya existe en alg&#250;n lugar de este continente.</p><p>Lo &#250;nico que nunca ha existido es la decisi&#243;n de correr como un solo equipo.</p><p>La carrera es real. Las piezas est&#225;n aqu&#237;. El equipo es posible. Y el premio nunca fue la m&#225;quina &#8212; era la clase de gente en la que nos convertimos mientras la construimos.</p><p>La escala se dise&#241;a. La libertad se elige.</p><p><strong>Lo que sigue.</strong> La pr&#243;xima construcci&#243;n no parte de una hoja en blanco. El espacio ya carga m&#225;s de un mill&#243;n de piezas de basura orbital, y nuestro continente todav&#237;a carga el da&#241;o de eras industriales anteriores. Pero a&#250;n hay tiempo para no repetir el viejo patr&#243;n a una escala mucho mayor. C&#243;mo construye limpio Norteam&#233;rica &#8212; en la tierra y arriba de ella &#8212; es la pr&#243;xima serie. Esta publicaci&#243;n la tomar&#225; por su nombre.</p><p><strong>Fuentes</strong></p><ol><li><p>Antonio Minniti, Klaus Prettner &amp; Francesco Venturini, &#8220;AI innovation and the labor share in European regions,&#8221; <em>European Economic Review</em> (2025) &#8212; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2025.105043">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2025.105043</a></p></li><li><p>NCEO (National Center for Employee Ownership) &#8212; ~15.1 millones de participantes totales en ESOPs (~11 millones activos); ~$2.06 billones de d&#243;lares en activos de los planes. <a href="https://www.nceo.org/research/research-findings-on-employee-ownership">https://www.nceo.org/research/research-findings-on-employee-ownership</a></p></li><li><p>NCEO / Aspen Institute &#8212; estudio observacional nacional de trabajadores de 28 a 34 a&#241;os: los empleados-propietarios mostraron un patrimonio neto familiar mediano 92% mayor y un ingreso salarial mediano 33% mayor que sus pares. Observacional, no causal. <a href="https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/employee-ownership-and-esops-what-we-know-from-recent-research-2025/">https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/employee-ownership-and-esops-what-we-know-from-recent-research-2025/</a></p></li><li><p>Estudio de 2026 sobre establecimientos manufactureros de EE. UU. &#8212; la adopci&#243;n de un ESOP se asocia con un aumento de productividad total de ~5.6&#8211;6.7% entre periodos de medici&#243;n (no anual). <a href="https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/employee-ownership-and-esops-what-we-know-from-recent-research-2025/">https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/employee-ownership-and-esops-what-we-know-from-recent-research-2025/</a></p></li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Is North America ready for the Race of the Century?]]></title><description><![CDATA[The last piece of this 4 part series explores the possibilities for North America inside or out of the Space and AI race.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/is-north-america-ready-for-the-race</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/is-north-america-ready-for-the-race</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 13:03:16 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png" width="1456" height="819" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><strong>This is paper 4 of 4 focused on a thesis and assessment on what the AI &amp; Space Race could mean for North America.</strong>  This is the closing argument:</p><p>Picture North America as it actually is right now.</p><blockquote><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Three countries with three separate</span></strong> foreign policies, tariff fights, border frictions, water disputes &amp; political winds blowing in different directions in all three capitals. </p></blockquote><p>Trust at its lowest point in a generation &#8212; while the defining race of this century is already underway, and <strong>the United States&#8217; greatest economic rival, China, is running it with a plan measured in decades.</strong></p><p><strong>That is the actual picture. </strong></p><p>This series spent three papers laying out why this race favors a united and coordinated <strong>North America:</strong></p><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-race-of-our-century-series-episode"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Part 1</span></a> pictured the finish line: </strong>one team, three cars &#8212; three nations, three flags, three sets of laws, sharing a strategy, not a chassis. </p><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/part-2-the-physical-age"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Part 2</span></a><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span>showed what the race is made of:</strong> the biggest physical build since the railroads. </p><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/no-one-holds-it-all"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Part 3</span></a></strong> <strong>mapped everything </strong>it takes to win and found that no single nation holds the complete list. Only this continent does.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="813" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>This last paper makes the argument the whole series has been walking toward, and it is simple:</p><blockquote><p><strong>First</strong>, let&#8217;s be clear that <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">North America can lose this race.</span></strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span></p><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">The first way </span></strong>I believe we can lose it is by remaining divided as a continent in relation to competing to win this specific race that could impact everyone in the world. </p><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">The second </span></strong>is the risk of leaving North Americans outside of the race of the century<strong>. </strong></p><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">The first loses the race. </span></strong>The second loses the consumers and the builders of the future.</p></blockquote><p><strong>So this paper has two focuses:</strong> </p><ul><li><p>show what going alone costs each country.</p></li><li><p>show what the deal must look like for the people doing the building.</p></li></ul><p><strong>Start with the United States alone.</strong> It spends the decisive years rebuilding, at enormous cost, what already exists next door &#8212; because it does not have enough domestic capacity in mineral processing, manufacturing, power generation, and skilled labor to move at the speed this race requires. </p><p>All of the committed investments from companies like <em><strong>OpenAI, Oracle, TSMC, Micron, SpaceX, NVIDIA, Microsoft, Google, Meta, Anthropic</strong></em> and more will need to be diversified in their customer base. We are already seeing financial crunches and fears from companies like <strong>Meta</strong> on their AI strategies.  The investments have been massive but the results are still to be seen.  Through leveraging these investments through a full support from <strong>Mexico &amp; Canada as partners in this race</strong>, these historic investments could be protected from downturns.</p><p><strong>As part 2 already signaled</strong>, it showed what happens to the ground the US leaves unattended: <strong>someone else moves in, port by port, station by station.</strong></p><p><strong>Mexico is today a nation to be transformed: </strong>Historically it has had low-cost tier of someone else&#8217;s supply chain. Through AI, the Mexican labor force could deliver never before seen productivity &amp; growth.</p><p>The great opportunity lies in the country&#8217;s youngest large population of the continent &#8212; <em><strong>130 million people, more than 110,000 new engineers a year </strong></em>&#8212; they should be part of a <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">North American AI strategy</span> </strong>to assure they are <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">future builders and consumers in the AI Age.</span></strong></p><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">An AI-ready Mexico </span></strong>is not a favor anyone grants. It is a load-bearing wall in North America&#8217;s own economy.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/is-north-america-ready-for-the-race?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/is-north-america-ready-for-the-race?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p><strong>Canada alone may well succeed</strong> &#8212; and that is the trap. </p><p><strong>Look closely at how a solo Canadian success ends:</strong> the research gets commercialized by companies elsewhere, the minerals ship out raw, and the talent drifts south. <strong>A stronger Canada</strong> inside a weaker continent. <strong>Good for Canada</strong>. Not enough for <strong>North America.</strong></p><blockquote><p><strong>Three countries, three partial hands. </strong>More and more, scale belongs to coordinated blocs, not isolated countries. </p></blockquote><p><strong>And the clock is not neutral: </strong><em>Fertility is below replacement</em> in all three nations. The demographic window is narrowing. We should not waste the workforce we have while waiting for another generation to solve the problem.</p><p><strong>Suppose we build it all </strong>&#8212; <em>the plants, the grids, the data centers, the launch sites &#8212; and most people end up outside the deal</em>. </p><p>The worker replaced by AI was also a customer. Every person automated out of an income is a buyer subtracted from the market. Economists have begun to measure this risk: a 2025 study of European regions found that where AI innovation doubled, labor&#8217;s share of income fell.&#185; That is not yet a settled law of economics. It is a warning we would be foolish to ignore. </p><blockquote><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">A continent that automates its people</span> </strong>out of the market is a factory canceling its own orders.</p></blockquote><p>This is something that needs to be addressed by all nations of the world but specifically in North America.  We share so much together that we cannot ignore the risks of not preparing for the AI age.</p><p><strong>Beginning with skills to prepare people to work </strong>through AI, not only next to it. </p><p>Then we need to really give some thought to new ownership models that can protect labor from being deployed so far from the value that will be created in the AI age.</p><p><strong>By this I mean that we need to think about giving the workforce a piece of the pie;</strong> a real financial share in the value they help create. </p><blockquote><p>Training makes the worker more capable. <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Ownership gives the worker a claim on the future.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p>And before anyone reaches for a political label, look at who is already doing this. <strong>KKR &#8212; private equity, not a charity </strong>&#8212; has granted equity to hourly workers across dozens of the companies it owns, because businesses where workers hold a piece perform better and sell for more. When it sold one Midwestern door manufacturer, the truck drivers walked away with six-figure checks. </p><p><strong>Ronald Reagan called employee ownership </strong><em>&#8220;a path that befits a free people.&#8221;</em> In <strong>the United States</strong> today, roughly fifteen million workers participate in employee stock ownership plans, holding about two trillion dollars in plan assets.&#178; Young employee-owners show far higher household net worth than their peers.&#179; Manufacturing plants that adopt these plans measure productivity gains, not losses.&#8308; This is not redistribution. It is the most capitalist idea there is: more capitalists.</p><blockquote><p>Imagine a new data center in Quer&#233;taro. The technicians are trained to run AI-assisted systems and paid well for the work. But the deal does not end with the paycheck. <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">A small portion of the project sits in an employee ownership or profit-sharing structure. If the facility grows in value, their stake grows too. </span></strong>They are not only maintaining the future. They own part of it.</p></blockquote><p>Now let&#8217;s be honest about the terrain, because I know it firsthand. <strong>Employee ownership is common in the United States</strong> &#8212; <strong>and it stops at the border.</strong> A worker in Ohio gets a stock plan; the worker at the same company&#8217;s plant in Quer&#233;taro, doing similar work, gets a paycheck. </p><p><strong>Mexico</strong> is closer to this idea than most people think &#8212; <strong>Mexican law already requires companies to share profits with employees, ten percent, every year, by statute. </strong>The habit of sharing results is not foreign there but it&#8217;s definitely not the same. </p><p><strong>What&#8217;s missing is the stake that compounds: </strong>Mexico has no equivalent of the ESOP, and most global stock plans were simply never extended south. <strong>That is not a reason to drop the idea.</strong> It is the challenge that we would like to throw out there.</p><p>We believe that the first companies to carry real ownership across the border will get the best engineers, the lowest turnover, and a loyalty no wage can buy. How to build it &#8212; the legal structures, the tax treatment, the first movers &#8212; deserves its own paper, <strong>and NA77 will write it.</strong></p><p>We are not asking the Americans to adopt a new idea; We are asking them to export their best one.  <strong>The only reason this idea is on the table is because of AI&#8217;s transformative effects on inequality, which is already a serious problem today.</strong></p><p>Here is why this matters strategically, not only morally. <strong>China&#8217;s advantage is command &amp; control:</strong> it can concentrate capital and direct construction from the top, and it has proven it can build at staggering scale. </p><p><strong>Our advantage should be participation: </strong>combining scale with broad ownership from below. That is not an advantage we hold by default. It is one we are uniquely positioned to develop &#8212; if we choose to.  This is why open AI models should be something to assess for the West.  Something that China began with and has had tremendous success with.</p><p><strong>We must not wait for the grand North American treaty</strong>; governments will end up being involved whether they want to or not &#8212; energy, minerals, borders, labor and orbits run through them. But action does not have to wait for perfect political alignment. </p><blockquote><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">North America was built from below</span></strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span>long before any agreement was signed &#8212; <em>by families, companies, and border cities that never asked permission to belong to both worlds.</em> </p></blockquote><p>Companies, cities, investors, universities, and workers can start now: plant by plant, project by project.</p><p>Now go back to the finish line where this series began. </p><p>One team, three cars. </p><p>An <strong>AI model funded and trained in the United States</strong>, running on <strong>Canadian power and minerals,</strong> operating in plants <strong>Mexican engineers help design and run</strong> &#8212; launched on rockets whose components crossed two borders &#8212; and built by people who hold a piece of it: technicians in Quer&#233;taro, linemen in Alberta, founders in Austin. </p><p>Every part of that picture already exists somewhere on this continent. </p><blockquote><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">The only thing that has never existed is the decision to run it as one team.</span></strong></p><p>The race is real. The pieces are here. The team is possible. And the prize was never the machine &#8212; it was the kind of people we become while building it.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Scale is engineered. Freedom is chosen.</strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share The North American &#8212; 77</span></a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p><strong>What comes next.</strong> The next build is not starting from a blank slate. Space already carries more than a million pieces of debris, and our continent still carries the damage of earlier industrial eras. But there is still time to avoid repeating the old pattern at a much larger scale. How North America builds clean &#8212; on the ground and above it &#8212; is the next series. This publication will take it on by name.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/is-north-america-ready-for-the-race/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/is-north-america-ready-for-the-race/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h2>Sources</h2><ol><li><p><strong>Antonio Minniti, Klaus Prettner &amp; Francesco Venturini, &#8220;AI innovation and the labor share in European regions,&#8221;</strong> <em>European Economic Review</em> (2025) &#8212; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2025.105043">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2025.105043</a></p></li><li><p><strong>NCEO (National Center for Employee Ownership) </strong>&#8212; ~15.1M total ESOP participants (~11M active); ~$2.06T in plan assets. <a href="https://www.nceo.org/research/research-findings-on-employee-ownership">https://www.nceo.org/research/research-findings-on-employee-ownership</a></p></li><li><p><strong>NCEO / Aspen Institute</strong> &#8212; national observational study of workers ages 28&#8211;34: employee-owners showed 92% higher median household net worth and 33% higher median wage income than peers. Observational, not causal. <a href="https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/employee-ownership-and-esops-what-we-know-from-recent-research-2025/">https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/employee-ownership-and-esops-what-we-know-from-recent-research-2025/</a></p></li><li><p><strong>2026 study of U.S. manufacturing establishments </strong>&#8212; ESOP adoption associated with a total productivity increase of ~5.6&#8211;6.7% between measurement periods (not annual). <a href="https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/employee-ownership-and-esops-what-we-know-from-recent-research-2025/">https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/employee-ownership-and-esops-what-we-know-from-recent-research-2025/</a></p></li></ol><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[No One Holds It All]]></title><description><![CDATA[AI, space, and energy have become one race &#8212; and no country holds everything it takes to win. Only one place on Earth holds all the pieces and stays free.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/no-one-holds-it-all</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/no-one-holds-it-all</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 04 Jul 2026 14:01:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cBcR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2840aaf0-c270-4683-93fe-8ba6ca471051_1600x900.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cBcR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2840aaf0-c270-4683-93fe-8ba6ca471051_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cBcR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2840aaf0-c270-4683-93fe-8ba6ca471051_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cBcR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2840aaf0-c270-4683-93fe-8ba6ca471051_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cBcR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2840aaf0-c270-4683-93fe-8ba6ca471051_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cBcR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2840aaf0-c270-4683-93fe-8ba6ca471051_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cBcR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2840aaf0-c270-4683-93fe-8ba6ca471051_1600x900.png" width="1456" height="819" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cBcR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2840aaf0-c270-4683-93fe-8ba6ca471051_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cBcR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2840aaf0-c270-4683-93fe-8ba6ca471051_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cBcR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2840aaf0-c270-4683-93fe-8ba6ca471051_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cBcR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2840aaf0-c270-4683-93fe-8ba6ca471051_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p></div><div><hr></div><p>In <strong>February 2026</strong>, a rocket company bought an <strong>artificial-intelligence</strong> company for the largest sum in the history of private business. SpaceX absorbed xAI in a deal that valued the combined firm at about <strong>$1.25 trillion</strong>.&#185; Within months it folded the <strong>AI</strong> in as its own division and filed with the <strong>U.S.</strong> government for permission to put up to <strong>a million satellites</strong> in orbit &#8212; not to carry the internet, but to run data centers in <strong>space</strong>.&#178;</p><p>You do not have to admire the people involved to read the signal. That is real money &#8212; more than the yearly output of most countries &#8212; all moving in one direction. Capital that size does not chase a slogan. It chases a certainty. And the certainty is this: <strong>artificial intelligence</strong> has become a physical build so vast that the most vertically integrated company on Earth is trying to leave the planet to keep building it.</p><p>Here is the tell, though. Even that company cannot do it alone &#8212; not the compute, not the energy, not the machines, not the minerals. If a giant with <strong>a trillion dollars</strong> and its own rockets cannot assemble the whole thing by itself, that is the first clue to the real shape of this <strong>race</strong>. It is bigger than any company. And, as it turns out, bigger than any country.</p><p>Start by seeing the <strong>race</strong> for what it has become. We talk about the <strong>AI</strong> <strong>race</strong>, and separately about a new <strong>space</strong> <strong>race</strong>, and separately again about an energy crunch. They are not three <strong>races</strong>. They are one. <strong>Artificial intelligence</strong> runs on computing power, computing power runs on electricity, and electricity has become the wall everyone hits first. <strong>Space</strong> is both its own frontier and the place that computing may have to go to find the power and cooling the Earth can no longer spare. Energy sits underneath all of it. You do not lead in one of these anymore without leading in all three. Win the whole stack, or win nothing.</p><p>Every one of those frontiers runs on the same short list. Call it the stack: capital to fund it, the best <strong>AI</strong> models, the chips to run them, the compute to house them, the energy to power it, the critical minerals inside every machine, the factories to build the hardware, the rockets to reach orbit, and &#8212; beneath all of it &#8212; the people to design, build, and operate the whole thing.</p><blockquote><p><strong>No nation on Earth holds the entire list</strong>. Not one. Not the <strong>United States</strong>. Not <strong>China</strong>.</p></blockquote><p>The question is not who is ahead this morning. It is who can assemble the complete stack &#8212; and do it without risking the freedom of the human being. Too much has been paid, over too long, to win freedom in this world to now hand all the power of our data to a country that does not believe in it.</p><p>Most of the world&#8217;s great powers are in this <strong>race</strong>. But two are structurally built to reach the end of it: <strong>China</strong> and the <strong>United States</strong>. And they are built in opposite ways.</p><p><strong>China</strong> assembles the stack by command, inside one border. One government, one plan that outlasts any single leader, holding the world&#8217;s manufacturing floor, most of its mineral refining, an enormous buildout of power, and a state-run constellation of <strong>AI</strong> satellites already going up &#8212; <strong>2,800</strong> planned, the first dozen already in orbit, built to process data in <strong>space</strong> itself, edge computing in orbit.&#179; It is the most complete stack any single country has ever tried to build alone. And it is built the way a controlled system builds everything: from the top, by order.</p><p>The <strong>United States</strong> holds the other half of the world&#8217;s advantages &#8212; the frontier <strong>AI</strong> models, the capital, the software, the rockets, and more raw computing power than anyone else on Earth.&#8308; What it does not hold is the physical base. Its industrial spine is thin. Its workforce is aging. It does not fabricate its own most advanced chips; almost all of them come from a single company in <strong>Taiwan</strong>.&#8309; And it does not mine or refine its own critical minerals &#8212; <strong>China</strong> refines more than <strong>70%</strong> of them and controls roughly <strong>90%</strong> of the rare-earth magnets that go into everything from fighter jets to electric motors.&#8310; The brains are American. The body is somewhere else.</p><p><strong>This is not a new discovery in Washington</strong>. The <strong>United States</strong> has spent years trying to pull its supply chains out of <strong>China</strong>, ever since it learned how dependent it had let itself become &#8212; and it is one of the few things both American parties agree on. Tariffs, the CHIPS Act, executive orders, a scramble for nearshoring and for bringing factories home. The direction is set, and it is not reversing.</p><p>But you cannot decouple into thin air. When <strong>China</strong> restricted rare-earth exports in <strong>2025</strong>, it took only weeks for a major American automaker to shut a plant for lack of magnets.&#8311; A stack built entirely at home is a fantasy &#8212; the <strong>United States</strong> does not have the minerals in the ground or the chip factories in the desert to do it, and building them will take <strong>a decade</strong> this <strong>race</strong> will not wait through.&#8312; So the honest question was never whether to decouple. It is: decouple to where?</p><p>There is only one answer that is near, allied, already integrated, and physically complete. Not across an ocean &#8212; on the same landmass. The pieces the <strong>United States</strong> is missing are, most of them, next door. North and south.</p><p>Look at what the neighbors actually hold.</p><p><strong>Canada holds the parts the American stack is short on:</strong> energy at continental scale; critical minerals in the ground from a stable, allied supplier &#8212; exactly the diversification the whole West is now scrambling to find;&#8313; and the continent&#8217;s largest supply of fresh water, a resource that in the age of data centers has stopped being a footnote and become strategic.&#185;&#8308; It holds something less obvious, too. The deep-learning breakthrough that made this entire moment possible was kept alive, through the years most of the world ignored it, largely inside Canadian universities &#8212; by the researchers who went on to win computing&#8217;s highest honor.&#185;&#8304; <strong>Canada</strong> has been in the brains of this <strong>race</strong> from the start.</p><p><strong>Mexico holds the build.</strong> Its factories already make the hardware of North America; its aerospace clusters in Quer&#233;taro and Sonora turn out engines and precision components for the world&#8217;s largest manufacturers, anchored by a dedicated aerospace university and more than <strong>twenty-five thousand</strong> aerospace-related graduates every year.&#185;&#185; These are not cheap hands. They are engineers and builders &#8212; the youngest large workforce on the continent, at a median age <strong>near thirty</strong> while the <strong>United States</strong> and <strong>China</strong> both age <strong>past forty</strong>.&#185;&#178; A country that graduates that many engineers is not built to sell its labor. It is built to own a share of what it makes.</p><p><strong>And the United States holds what it has always held:</strong> the capital, the frontier science, the chip design, the software, and the launch.</p><p>Set them side by side and the arithmetic is almost embarrassingly simple: the piece each one lacks, another one has. Together, the three nations close the gaps each of them carries alone &#8212; water, energy, minerals, access to two oceans, people, and innovation. Apart, three incomplete stacks. Together, the only complete one on Earth that can be built by free people, under three flags, without asking <strong>Beijing</strong>&#8217;s permission for anything.</p><p>Seen this way, what <strong>North America</strong> can secure together has a name: continental security, continental energy, continental water, and the continental talent &#8212; the skilled hands and the trained minds &#8212; to compete with the entire world. None of the three holds it complete on its own. The three together do. That is what this moment is really about: for the first time in a long while, there is a clear, cold case in which together beats apart. Not out of sentiment &#8212; out of self-interest.</p><p>And here is what should end the argument: we already run this machine. North America is already one of the largest integrated economies on the planet &#8212; a single automotive part can cross these borders as many as <strong>eight times</strong> before the car is finished. We built the machine decades ago. We just operate it as three separate shifts instead of one company, and we have never once decided to aim it at the frontier on purpose.</p><p>Which brings up the thing we have to say plainly. <strong>The story of the United States, Mexico, and Canada cannot keep being only a story about drugs, cartels, addiction, migration, and trade deficits. </strong>Those are real. But while the three capitals argue about the border, the border itself is quietly carrying the supply chain that will decide whether a free world or a controlled one writes the rules of this century. The small story is starving the large one of air.</p><p>And there is a contradiction at the center of it that no one should pretend away. The <strong>United States</strong> is trying to decouple from <strong>China</strong> for its own security &#8212; and at the same time picking fights with, and laying tariffs on, the very neighbors who hold the pieces that would complete that decoupling.&#185;&#179; You cannot regionalize away from a rival while treating your own region as a threat. That is not strategy. It is the short-sighted politics that could hand the century to the one bloc that plans in decades.</p><p><strong>And this is where the USMCA renegotiation </strong>&#8212; the one that looks like it is going from bad to worse &#8212; could serve something larger than it appears. It is the table where the three could shield, as a shared security concern for all of them at once, the pieces of the stack that decide the race: <strong>energy, minerals, compute, critical manufacturing.</strong> <em>Not each one invoking &#8220;national security&#8221; against its neighbor </em>&#8212; which is exactly what is happening now &#8212; but the three defining a single continental security. That takes setting the egos and the short-term political strategies aside, and putting first what is actually at stake: <strong>the AI and space race.</strong></p><p>None of this rests on <strong>space</strong> arriving on schedule. Maybe orbit will carry the world&#8217;s computing and power one day; maybe it takes far longer than the announcements suggest, or never fully pays off. That validation is years away, and honest people should say so. </p><p><strong>But that is exactly why the continent matters now. </strong>While we wait to learn whether the answer is above us, the answer is already beside us. <strong>North America is the near-term</strong>, provable base for leadership in <strong>AI</strong>, <strong>space</strong>, and energy &#8212; whether or not the orbital bet ever fully comes in.</p><p><strong>Nobody knows what happens next.</strong> Not who wins, not what the finish line even looks like, not which technology turns out to matter most. That uncertainty is the point. <strong>In a race this long and this unclear, you do not bet on a single genius or a lucky break. You bet on the most complete and resilient base &#8212; the one place that holds every piece and can still build with </strong><em><strong>free hands.</strong></em></p><blockquote><p><strong>That place is North America. </strong>The stack is here. </p></blockquote><p>Setting the egos aside, putting the <strong>AI</strong> and <strong>space</strong> <strong>race</strong> first, and running the machine as one team &#8212; that is what would bring closer the day this <strong>race</strong> is led by our hemisphere, and not another. Whether we secure the stack, or not, is the choice each of our nations still has to make. And that is where this series goes next.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/no-one-holds-it-all?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/no-one-holds-it-all?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><ol><li><p>CNBC &#8212; SpaceX&#8211;xAI merger valued at ~$1.25 trillion (Feb 2026).</p></li><li><p>FCC (Doc DA-26-113) / SpaceNews &#8212; SpaceX &#8220;Orbital Data Center System,&#8221; application for up to one million satellites (filed 30 Jan 2026).</p></li><li><p>SpaceNews; South China Morning Post; Live Science &#8212; China&#8217;s Three-Body Computing Constellation, 2,800 satellites planned, first 12 launched 14 May 2025.</p></li><li><p>War on the Rocks &#8212; US holds ~5&#215; the aggregate AI-training compute of China and leads in high-end GPUs and design software.</p></li><li><p>Forbes; Bruegel &#8212; TSMC produces ~97% of the world&#8217;s most advanced semiconductors.</p></li><li><p>U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission (2025) &#8212; China refines &gt;70% of critical minerals and controls ~90% of rare-earth permanent magnets.</p></li><li><p>GQG Partners; Chicago Council on Global Affairs &#8212; China&#8217;s 2025 rare-earth export restrictions forced a U.S. automaker to idle a plant within weeks.</p></li><li><p>Chicago Council; Andersen Institute / CFR &#8212; meaningful processing independence requires sustained investment &#8220;not yet mobilized&#8221;; a decade-scale effort.</p></li><li><p>FP Analytics; Canada&#8217;s federal Critical Minerals Strategy &#8212; substantial reserves; a stable, allied supplier.</p></li><li><p>CIFAR / Turing Award &#8212; the deep-learning revival was sustained largely in Canadian universities; its leaders won the 2019 A.M. Turing Award.</p></li><li><p>Prodensa; American Industries Group &#8212; Mexico&#8217;s Quer&#233;taro/Sonora aerospace clusters, dedicated aerospace university (UNAQ), 25,000+ aerospace-related graduates per year.</p></li><li><p>UN Population data / national statistics &#8212; median age ~30 (Mexico) vs. ~40 (US and China).</p></li><li><p>U.S. Section 232 tariffs affecting Mexican and Canadian inputs; concurrent trade disputes with both neighbors.</p></li><li><p>Environment Canada; UNU-INWEH &#8212; Canada holds a large share of the world&#8217;s fresh water; the U.S. Southwest (Colorado River, Lake Mead) and northern Mexico face water stress, worsened by data-center water use.</p></li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Nadie lo Tiene Todo]]></title><description><![CDATA[La IA, el espacio y la energ&#237;a se volvieron una sola carrera &#8212; y ning&#250;n pa&#237;s tiene solo todo lo que hace falta para ganarla. Solo un lugar en la Tierra tiene todas las piezas y sigue siendo libre.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/nadie-lo-tiene-todo</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/nadie-lo-tiene-todo</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 03 Jul 2026 15:55:08 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F8pe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbc22e65-de23-42c4-a6e5-22fc3f1f22b0_1600x900.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F8pe!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbc22e65-de23-42c4-a6e5-22fc3f1f22b0_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F8pe!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbc22e65-de23-42c4-a6e5-22fc3f1f22b0_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F8pe!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbc22e65-de23-42c4-a6e5-22fc3f1f22b0_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F8pe!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbc22e65-de23-42c4-a6e5-22fc3f1f22b0_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F8pe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbc22e65-de23-42c4-a6e5-22fc3f1f22b0_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F8pe!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbc22e65-de23-42c4-a6e5-22fc3f1f22b0_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F8pe!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbc22e65-de23-42c4-a6e5-22fc3f1f22b0_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F8pe!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbc22e65-de23-42c4-a6e5-22fc3f1f22b0_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!F8pe!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcbc22e65-de23-42c4-a6e5-22fc3f1f22b0_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;">En febrero de 2026, una empresa de cohetes compr&#243; una empresa de inteligencia artificial por la cifra m&#225;s alta en la historia de los negocios privados. <strong>SpaceX absorbi&#243; a xAI </strong>en una operaci&#243;n que valu&#243; a la compa&#241;&#237;a combinada en unos <strong>1.25 billones de d&#243;lares.</strong>&#185; En cuesti&#243;n de meses integr&#243; la IA como su propia divisi&#243;n y <strong>le pidi&#243; permiso al gobierno de Estados Unidos para poner hasta un mill&#243;n de sat&#233;lites en &#243;rbita</strong> &#8212;<em>no para llevar internet, sino para operar &#8220;data centers&#8221; en el espacio.&#178;</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">No hace falta admirar a los involucrados para leer la se&#241;al. Eso es dinero real &#8212;m&#225;s que la producci&#243;n anual de la mayor&#237;a de los pa&#237;ses&#8212; movi&#233;ndose todo en una sola direcci&#243;n. El capital de ese tama&#241;o no persigue un eslogan; persigue una certeza. Y la certeza es esta: la inteligencia artificial se volvi&#243; una obra f&#237;sica tan grande que la empresa m&#225;s integrada de la Tierra est&#225; tratando de salir del planeta para poder seguir construy&#233;ndola.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Pero aqu&#237; est&#225; el detalle. Ni siquiera esa empresa puede sola &#8212;ni con el &#8220;compute&#8221;, ni con la energ&#237;a, ni con las m&#225;quinas, ni con los minerales.</strong> </p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Si un gigante con un bill&#243;n de d&#243;lares y sus propios cohetes no puede armar todo por s&#237; mismo, esa es la primera pista de la forma real de esta carrera: es m&#225;s grande que cualquier empresa. Y, resulta, m&#225;s grande que cualquier pa&#237;s.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Veamos la carrera como lo que se volvi&#243;. Hablamos de la <strong>carrera de la IA</strong>, y aparte de una nueva <strong>carrera espacial</strong>, y aparte otra vez de una <strong>crisis de energ&#237;a. No son tres carreras. Son una.</strong> <em>La IA corre sobre &#8220;compute&#8221;, el &#8220;compute&#8221; corre sobre electricidad, y la electricidad se volvi&#243; el muro con el que todos chocan primero. El espacio es a la vez su propia frontera y el lugar al que el c&#243;mputo quiz&#225; tenga que mudarse a buscar la energ&#237;a y el enfriamiento que la Tierra ya no puede prestar. La energ&#237;a est&#225; debajo de todo. </em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ya no se lidera en una de estas sin liderar en las tres. Se gana la cadena completa, o no se gana nada.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Cada una de esas fronteras corre sobre la misma lista corta &#8212;<strong>el &#8220;stack&#8221;, la cadena completa: </strong>capital para financiarla, los mejores modelos de IA (los &#8220;frontier models&#8221;), los chips para correrlos, los &#8220;data centers&#8221; para alojarlos, la energ&#237;a para alimentarla, los minerales cr&#237;ticos dentro de cada m&#225;quina, las f&#225;bricas para construir el hardware, los cohetes para llegar a la &#243;rbita y &#8212;debajo de todo&#8212; la gente que dise&#241;a, construye y opera el conjunto.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Ning&#250;n pa&#237;s del mundo tiene la lista entera.</strong> Ninguno. Ni Estados Unidos. Ni China.</p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">La pregunta no es qui&#233;n va adelante esta ma&#241;ana. Es qui&#233;n puede armar la cadena completa &#8212;y hacerlo sin poner en riesgo la libertad del ser humano. Demasiado ha costado conquistarla en el mundo como para entregarle todo el poder de nuestros datos a un pa&#237;s que no cree en ella.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Casi todas las grandes potencias forman parte de la carrera. Pero dos est&#225;n estructuralmente hechas para llegar al final: <strong>China y Estados Unidos.</strong> <em>Y est&#225;n hechas de maneras opuestas.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>China arma la cadena por mandato</strong>, dentro de una sola frontera. Un gobierno, un plan que sobrevive a cualquier l&#237;der, con el piso de manufactura del mundo, la mayor parte de la refinaci&#243;n de minerales, una expansi&#243;n descomunal de energ&#237;a, y una constelaci&#243;n estatal de sat&#233;lites de IA que ya est&#225; subiendo &#8212;2,800 planeados, la primera docena ya en &#243;rbita, hechos para procesar los datos en el espacio mismo, &#8220;edge computing&#8221; en la &#243;rbita.&#179; Es la cadena m&#225;s completa que un solo pa&#237;s haya intentado construir solo. Y est&#225; hecha como un sistema controlado construye todo: desde arriba, por orden.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Estados Unidos tiene la otra mitad</strong> de las ventajas del mundo &#8212;<strong>los &#8220;frontier models&#8221;, el capital, el software, los cohetes, y m&#225;s &#8220;compute&#8221; bruto que nadie en la Tierra.&#8308;</strong> Lo que no tiene es la base f&#237;sica. Su columna industrial est&#225; adelgazada. Su fuerza laboral envejece. No fabrica sus propios chips m&#225;s avanzados; casi todos vienen de una sola empresa en <strong>Taiw&#225;n.</strong>&#8309; Y no extrae ni refina sus propios minerales cr&#237;ticos &#8212;<strong>China refina m&#225;s del 70% y controla cerca del 90% de los imanes de tierras raras que van dentro de todo,</strong> de aviones de combate a motores el&#233;ctricos.&#8310; El cerebro es estadounidense. El cuerpo est&#225; en otra parte.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esto no es un descubrimiento nuevo en <strong>Washington</strong>. <strong>Estados Unidos</strong> lleva a&#241;os tratando de sacar sus <strong>cadenas de suministro de China</strong>, desde que aprendi&#243; qu&#233; tan dependiente se hab&#237;a dejado volver &#8212;y es de las pocas cosas en las que los dos partidos coinciden. <strong>Aranceles, la Ley CHIPS</strong>, &#243;rdenes ejecutivas, la carrera por el <strong>&#8220;nearshoring&#8221;</strong> y por traer las f&#225;bricas de regreso. La direcci&#243;n est&#225; fijada y no se va a revertir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pero no se puede desacoplar hacia el vac&#237;o. Cuando <strong>China restringi&#243; </strong>las exportaciones de tierras raras en 2025, a una gran armadora estadounidense le bastaron unas semanas sin imanes para tener que parar una planta.&#8311; Una cadena construida por completo en casa es una fantas&#237;a &#8212;<strong>Estados Unidos</strong> no tiene los minerales en el suelo ni las f&#225;bricas de chips en el desierto para lograrlo, y construirlos tomar&#225; una d&#233;cada que esta carrera no va a esperar.&#8312; As&#237; que la pregunta honesta nunca fue si desacoplarse. Es: &#191;hacia d&#243;nde?</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Hay una sola respuesta cercana, aliada, ya integrada y f&#237;sicamente completa. No al otro lado de un oc&#233;ano &#8212;en la misma masa de tierra. Las piezas que le faltan a <strong>Estados Unidos </strong>est&#225;n, casi todas, al lado. <strong>Al norte y al sur.</strong></p><p>Veamos lo que los vecinos realmente tienen.</p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Canad&#225; tiene lo que a la cadena estadounidense le falta: </strong>energ&#237;a a escala continental; minerales cr&#237;ticos en el suelo, de un proveedor estable y aliado &#8212;justo la diversificaci&#243;n que hoy todo Occidente busca a las carreras&#8212;;&#8313; y la mayor abundancia de agua dulce del continente, un recurso que en la era de los &#8220;data centers&#8221; dej&#243; de ser un detalle y se volvi&#243; estrat&#233;gico.&#185;&#8308; <strong>Y tiene algo menos obvio: </strong>el avance de aprendizaje profundo que hizo posible este momento se mantuvo vivo, en los a&#241;os en que casi nadie lo volteaba a ver, en buena parte dentro de universidades canadienses &#8212;de la mano de los investigadores que despu&#233;s ganar&#237;an el m&#225;ximo honor de la computaci&#243;n.&#185;&#8304; <em>Canad&#225; ha estado en el cerebro de esta carrera desde el principio.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>M&#233;xico tiene la construcci&#243;n.</strong> Sus f&#225;bricas ya hacen el hardware de Norteam&#233;rica; sus cl&#250;steres aeroespaciales en <strong>Quer&#233;taro y Sonora</strong> producen motores y componentes de precisi&#243;n para los fabricantes m&#225;s grandes del mundo, con una universidad aeron&#225;utica propia y m&#225;s de veinticinco mil egresados del sector cada a&#241;o.&#185;&#185; No son manos baratas. Son ingenieros y constructores &#8212;la fuerza de trabajo joven m&#225;s grande del continente, con una edad media cercana a los treinta mientras <strong>Estados Unidos y China</strong> rebasan los cuarenta.&#185;&#178; Un pa&#237;s que grad&#250;a a tantos ingenieros no est&#225; hecho para vender su mano de obra; est&#225; hecho para ser due&#241;o de una parte de lo que construye.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Y Estados Unidos tiene lo que siempre ha tenido:</strong> el capital, la ciencia de frontera, el dise&#241;o de chips, el software y el lanzamiento.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ponlos lado a lado y la aritm&#233;tica es casi vergonzosa de tan simple: </strong>la pieza que a uno le falta, otro la tiene. Juntas, las tres naciones cierran los huecos que cada una carga sola &#8212;<em>agua, energ&#237;a, minerales, acceso a dos oc&#233;anos, gente e innovaci&#243;n.</em> Por separado, tres cadenas incompletas. Juntas, la &#250;nica completa en la Tierra que puede construirse con gente libre, bajo tres banderas, sin pedirle permiso a <strong>Pek&#237;n</strong> para nada.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Visto as&#237;, lo que Norteam&#233;rica puede asegurar unida tiene nombre: </strong>seguridad continental, energ&#237;a continental, agua continental, y el talento continental &#8212;mano de obra y cerebros calificados&#8212; para competirle al mundo entero. </p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Ninguna de las tres lo tiene completo por su cuenta. <strong>Las tres juntas, s&#237;. </strong>De eso trata este momento: por primera vez en mucho tiempo, hay un caso claro y fr&#237;o en el que unidos nos conviene m&#225;s que separados. No por sentimiento &#8212;por conveniencia.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Y esto deber&#237;a cerrar la discusi&#243;n: ya operamos esta m&#225;quina. <strong>Norteam&#233;rica</strong> ya es una de las econom&#237;as integradas m&#225;s grandes del planeta &#8212;una sola autoparte puede cruzar estas fronteras hasta ocho veces antes de que el auto est&#233; terminado. Construimos la m&#225;quina hace d&#233;cadas. Nada m&#225;s la operamos como tres turnos separados en vez de una sola empresa, y nunca hemos decidido apuntarla a la frontera a prop&#243;sito.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Lo que obliga a decir algo con todas sus letras. <strong>La historia de Estados Unidos, M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; </strong><em>no puede seguir siendo solo una historia de drogas, c&#225;rteles, adicci&#243;n, migraci&#243;n y d&#233;ficits comerciales.</em> Todo eso es real. Pero mientras las tres capitales discuten sobre la frontera, la frontera misma va cargando en silencio la cadena que decidir&#225; si un mundo libre o uno controlado escribe las reglas de este siglo. La historia chica le est&#225; quitando el aire a la grande.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Y hay una contradicci&#243;n en el centro que nadie deber&#237;a fingir que no existe. <strong>Estados Unidos trata de deprenderse de China por su seguridad</strong> &#8212;<em>y al mismo tiempo pelea con, y les pone aranceles a, los mismos vecinos que tienen las piezas que completar&#237;an ese desacoplamiento.&#185;&#179;</em> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">No se puede regionalizar para alejarse de un rival mientras se trata a la propia regi&#243;n como amenaza. Eso no es estrategia; es la pol&#237;tica de corto plazo que podr&#237;a entregarle el siglo al &#250;nico bloque que planea en d&#233;cadas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Y aqu&#237; es donde <strong>la renegociaci&#243;n del T-MEC </strong>&#8212;que hoy parece ir de mal en peor&#8212; podr&#237;a servir para algo m&#225;s grande de lo que aparenta. Es la mesa donde los tres podr&#237;an blindar, como un asunto de seguridad de los tres a la vez, las piezas de la cadena que deciden la carrera: energ&#237;a, minerales, &#8220;compute&#8221;, manufactura cr&#237;tica. <strong>No cada quien invocando &#8220;seguridad nacional&#8221; contra el vecino</strong> &#8212;que es justo lo que hoy pasa&#8212; sino los tres definiendo <strong>una sola seguridad continental. </strong></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Para eso hay que hacer a un lado los egos y las estrategias pol&#237;ticas de corto plazo, y poner por delante lo que de verdad est&#225; en juego: la <strong>&#8220;AI &amp; Space Race&#8221;.</strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Nada de esto depende de que el espacio llegue a tiempo. Quiz&#225; la &#243;rbita cargue alg&#250;n d&#237;a el c&#243;mputo y la energ&#237;a del mundo; quiz&#225; tarde mucho m&#225;s de lo que sugieren los anuncios, o nunca rinda del todo. Esa validaci&#243;n est&#225; a a&#241;os de distancia, y la gente honesta deber&#237;a decirlo. Pero por eso mismo el continente importa ahora: mientras esperamos a saber si la respuesta est&#225; arriba de nosotros, la respuesta ya est&#225; al lado. </p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Norteam&#233;rica</strong> es la base cercana y comprobable para liderar en IA, espacio y energ&#237;a &#8212;rinda o no rinda del todo la apuesta orbital.</p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Nadie sabe qu&#233; pasa despu&#233;s. Ni qui&#233;n gana, ni c&#243;mo se ve siquiera la meta, ni cu&#225;l tecnolog&#237;a terminar&#225; importando m&#225;s. Esa incertidumbre es justo el punto. En una carrera tan larga y tan incierta, no se apuesta por un solo genio ni por un golpe de suerte: se apuesta por la base m&#225;s completa y m&#225;s resistente &#8212;el &#250;nico lugar que tiene todas las piezas y a&#250;n puede construirlas con manos libres.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ese lugar es Norteam&#233;rica.</strong> La cadena est&#225; aqu&#237;. <strong>Hacer a un lado los egos, poner por delante la &#8220;AI &amp; Space Race&#8221; y operar la m&#225;quina como un solo equipo:</strong> eso es lo que acercar&#237;a el d&#237;a en que esta carrera la encabece nuestro hemisferio, y no otro. Asegurar la cadena &#8212;o no&#8212; es la decisi&#243;n que cada una de nuestras naciones todav&#237;a tiene que tomar. Y ah&#237; es a donde va esta serie.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cq9t!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4effe149-aa03-470f-a6c1-ae80d46880ed_2752x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cq9t!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4effe149-aa03-470f-a6c1-ae80d46880ed_2752x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Cq9t!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4effe149-aa03-470f-a6c1-ae80d46880ed_2752x1536.jpeg 848w, 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Feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/nadie-lo-tiene-todo?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/nadie-lo-tiene-todo?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share The North American &#8212; 77</span></a></p><p></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Fuentes</strong></p><ol><li><p>CNBC &#8212; fusi&#243;n SpaceX&#8211;xAI, valuada en ~1.25 billones de d&#243;lares (feb. 2026).</p></li><li><p>FCC (Doc. DA-26-113) / SpaceNews &#8212; &#8220;SpaceX Orbital Data Center System,&#8221; solicitud por hasta un mill&#243;n de sat&#233;lites (presentada el 30 ene. 2026).</p></li><li><p>SpaceNews; South China Morning Post; Live Science &#8212; Constelaci&#243;n de C&#243;mputo Tres Cuerpos de China, 2,800 sat&#233;lites planeados, primeros 12 lanzados el 14 may. 2025.</p></li><li><p>War on the Rocks &#8212; EE. UU. tiene ~5&#215; el &#8220;compute&#8221; agregado de entrenamiento de IA de China y domina en GPUs de gama alta y software de dise&#241;o.</p></li><li><p>Forbes; Bruegel &#8212; TSMC produce ~97% de los semiconductores m&#225;s avanzados del mundo.</p></li><li><p>Comisi&#243;n de Revisi&#243;n Econ&#243;mica y de Seguridad EE. UU.&#8211;China (2025) &#8212; China refina &gt;70% de los minerales cr&#237;ticos y controla ~90% de los imanes permanentes de tierras raras.</p></li><li><p>GQG Partners; Chicago Council on Global Affairs &#8212; las restricciones chinas de tierras raras de 2025 obligaron a una armadora estadounidense a parar una planta en semanas.</p></li><li><p>Chicago Council; Andersen Institute / CFR &#8212; la independencia real en refinaci&#243;n exige una inversi&#243;n sostenida &#8220;a&#250;n no movilizada&#8221;; un esfuerzo de escala de una d&#233;cada.</p></li><li><p>FP Analytics; Estrategia federal de Minerales Cr&#237;ticos de Canad&#225; &#8212; reservas sustanciales; proveedor estable y aliado.</p></li><li><p>CIFAR / Premio Turing &#8212; el renacimiento del aprendizaje profundo se sostuvo en buena parte en universidades canadienses; sus l&#237;deres ganaron el Premio Turing 2019.</p></li><li><p>Prodensa; American Industries Group &#8212; cl&#250;steres aeroespaciales de Quer&#233;taro/Sonora, universidad aeron&#225;utica propia (UNAQ), 25,000+ egresados del sector al a&#241;o.</p></li><li><p>ONU / estad&#237;sticas nacionales &#8212; edad media ~30 (M&#233;xico) vs. ~40 (EE. UU. y China).</p></li><li><p>Aranceles Secci&#243;n 232 de EE. UU. que afectan insumos mexicanos y canadienses; disputas comerciales simult&#225;neas con ambos vecinos.</p></li><li><p>Environment Canada; UNU-INWEH &#8212; Canad&#225; concentra buena parte del agua dulce del mundo; el suroeste de EE. UU. (r&#237;o Colorado, lago Mead) y el norte de M&#233;xico enfrentan estr&#233;s h&#237;drico, agravado por el consumo de agua de los &#8220;data centers&#8221;.</p></li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La Era Física]]></title><description><![CDATA[La IA y el espacio no son magia. Son la construcci&#243;n f&#237;sica m&#225;s grande desde los ferrocarriles &#8212;energ&#237;a, minerales, f&#225;bricas y gente. Quien tenga eso, gana.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/num-24-la-era-fisica</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/num-24-la-era-fisica</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 13:31:44 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/be953d7d-fcfd-4868-a257-e90768aa53d5_2752x1536.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>SERIE LA CARRERA DEL SIGLO &#183; PARTE 2 DE 4</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Cada gran salto de los &#250;ltimos doscientos a&#241;os fue tan f&#237;sico como tecnol&#243;gico.</p><ul><li><p><strong>El ferrocarril</strong> fue acero, tierra y el trabajo de hombres que tendieron v&#237;a cruzando fronteras.</p></li><li><p><strong>Internet</strong> corre por cable en el fondo del mar, por fibra enterrada bajo las carreteras, por torres atornilladas al suelo.</p></li><li><p><strong>El tel&#233;fono inteligente </strong>que traes en la bolsa existe gracias a una gran integraci&#243;n global: es un ensamble &#8212;un chip de un pa&#237;s, una pantalla de otro, una c&#225;mara de un tercero, armados en un cuarto.</p></li><li><p><em>Y muchas de esas piezas pasaron por nuestras manos, en nuestras plantas, de los dos lados de la l&#237;nea.</em></p></li></ul><p>As&#237; que conocemos la regla antes que nadie: </p><blockquote><p><strong>cada salto lo gan&#243; quien construy&#243; la base f&#237;sica &#8212;y la movi&#243; cruzando fronteras. La idea siempre fue gratis. La base siempre pes&#243;, y siempre cost&#243; una fortuna.</strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>La IA y el Espacio son el siguiente salto</strong>, <em>el coraz&#243;n de la cuarta revoluci&#243;n industrial.</em> Y son la base m&#225;s pesada y m&#225;s cara que alguien haya intentado construir. La misma regla aplica. Pero este salto no es como los dem&#225;s. Es una carrera de verdad, y el mundo entero va a vivir dentro del resultado.</p><p>De ah&#237; la pregunta que recorre toda esta serie. Solo que, de este lado, se hace distinta:</p><p><em>El mundo por fin necesita exactamente lo que nosotros tenemos. &#191;Vamos a entrar como due&#241;os, o una vez m&#225;s como manos baratas?</em></p><blockquote><p><strong>Voltea a tu alrededor. Donde Estados Unidos deja un espacio abierto en este hemisferio, China no duda en tomarlo &#8212;y el pa&#237;s que recibe casi siempre necesita demasiado la inversi&#243;n como para decir que no.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Empieza por el mar. <strong>En noviembre de 2024, una naviera estatal china abri&#243; el puerto de aguas profundas m&#225;s grande de la costa del Pac&#237;fico sudamericano, a sesenta kil&#243;metros de Lima.&#185;</strong> Cort&#243; el viaje a Asia a unos veintitr&#233;s d&#237;as, contra treinta y cinco. <strong>Estados Unidos </strong>no lo construy&#243;. <strong>China s&#237;.</strong></p><p><strong>Y no fue un caso aislado: </strong>un estudio en <strong>Washington </strong>cont&#243; treinta y siete proyectos portuarios chinos en <strong>Am&#233;rica Latina y el Caribe</strong>, este marcado como de alto riesgo &#8212;un punto de apoyo para <strong>Pek&#237;n</strong>, cerca de las <strong>costas de Estados Unidos.&#178;</strong></p><p>Ahora voltea al cielo. <strong>En el desierto de la Patagonia argentina hay una estaci&#243;n de espacio profundo con una antena de treinta y cinco metros, operada por un brazo del ej&#233;rcito chino bajo un contrato a cincuenta a&#241;os. </strong>El pa&#237;s anfitri&#243;n usa una d&#233;cima parte del tiempo de la antena; <strong>China opera el resto, casi sin supervisi&#243;n.&#179;</strong> Un pedazo de la carrera espacial, en nuestro propio hemisferio, ya ondeando otra bandera.</p><p>Esa es la versi&#243;n callada. La ruidosa se jug&#243; en nuestra propia cochera.</p><p><strong>Cuando los autos el&#233;ctricos chinos baratos inundaron el mundo</strong>,<strong> Norteam&#233;rica no respondi&#243; como un solo equipo.</strong> <strong>Estados Unidos </strong>amonton&#243; aranceles por arriba del cien por ciento.&#8308; <strong>Canad&#225;</strong> los igual&#243; &#8212;y un a&#241;o despu&#233;s se ech&#243; para atr&#225;s: un trato para dejar entrar decenas de miles de autos el&#233;ctricos chinos a una tasa simb&#243;lica, a cambio de alivio para su canola y sus mariscos.&#8309;</p><p>Su primer ministro habl&#243; en <strong>Davos </strong>de la integraci&#243;n como un camino a la <strong>&#8220;subordinaci&#243;n&#8221;.&#8310;</strong> A <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>lo presionaron por los dos lados, hasta subir su propio arancel y frenar una planta china en su suelo.&#8311;</p><blockquote><p><strong>L&#233;elo otra vez. Tres vecinos, tres respuestas distintas, en dieciocho meses. El bloque no cerr&#243; filas. Se agriet&#243;. Y cada grieta es una puerta.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Esto no es un pron&#243;stico. Pas&#243; este a&#241;o.</p><p>Pero f&#237;jate bien qui&#233;n qued&#243; en el centro de ese tablero. <strong>M&#233;xico.</strong> </p><p>Cortejado por las dos potencias m&#225;s grandes del planeta. </p><p><em><strong>Eso, de nuestro lado, no se lee como amenaza. Se lee como prueba de cu&#225;nto valemos. No somos los que ruegan. Somos los que deciden a qui&#233;n le abren la puerta.</strong></em></p><p>Y aqu&#237; est&#225; la l&#237;nea que protege todo lo dem&#225;s: <strong>ser indispensables no es subordinaci&#243;n.</strong> Es la mayor carta que hemos tenido en la mano. <strong>Estados Unidos </strong>no tiene que confiar en nadie para reconocer lo que ya trae amarrado: <em><strong>tres econom&#237;as entrelazadas por sesenta a&#241;os de f&#225;bricas, familias y dinero que nunca dejaron de cruzar. Las plantas fronterizas llegaron en los sesenta, el tratado en los noventa; el cruce nunca par&#243;.</strong></em></p><p><strong>Y el activo es enorme. Jun</strong>tos somos el segundo bloque comercial del planeta, unos <strong>26 billones de d&#243;lares.&#8312;</strong> <strong>M&#233;xico y Canad&#225;</strong> ya le compran y le venden a <strong>Estados Unidos</strong> a una escala que ning&#250;n otro socio se acerca a igualar.&#8313;</p><p>Esa no es la antesala de la carrera. Es la l&#237;nea de salida. Es la &#250;nica base en el mundo libre lo bastante grande para construir lo m&#225;s caro de la historia. </p><blockquote><p><strong>Estados Unidos solo no la tiene. Con sus vecinos, s&#237;.</strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>Tres autos, una estrategia. </strong>No es un solo pa&#237;s, no son fronteras abiertas, no es una fusi&#243;n &#8212;eso se mantiene, y lo vamos a seguir diciendo. Tres banderas, tres marcos legales, fronteras respetadas y seguras. Un equipo no es una rendici&#243;n.</p><p>Y nadie encarna esto mejor que quien vive en los dos mundos a la vez. El mexicano del otro lado. El m&#233;xico-americano que trabaja en Texas o en California y manda para la casa. El que sue&#241;a en dos idiomas. Ese no es un caso fronterizo: es la prueba viva de que esto funciona. Somos Ambos &#8212;por familia, por trabajo, por escuela, por lo que creemos y sentimos. Esa doble pertenencia, que tanto tiempo nos vendieron como un problema, es justo la ventaja que esta era premia.</p><p><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; es lo que de verdad estorba? No la frontera. No el vecino.</strong></p><p>Los tres gobiernos se sientan este verano a renegociar su tratado con la pol&#237;tica de las tres capitales corriendo en contra del mismo trabajo en equipo que el momento exige. <em><strong>Ese es el obst&#225;culo real: no un rival de afuera, sino un continente peleado consigo mismo.</strong></em></p><p><strong>Un Estados Unidos politizado es un Estados Unidos ciego a lo que ya tiene en su propio continente. </strong>Y de nuestro lado hay una tentaci&#243;n que tambi&#233;n estorba: <strong>quedarnos c&#243;modos </strong>en el papel de las manos baratas, o creernos las narrativas que nos pintan como enemigos de quien comparte nuestra tierra. <strong>Las dos hay que rechazarlas.</strong> </p><p><strong>Nunca ha habido mejor momento para dejar la pol&#237;tica a un lado y ver de frente el riesgo verdadero: </strong>perder la carrera de la IA y el espacio, y despertar con los centros de datos de China, su infraestructura de lanzamiento y su software plantados por todo nuestro hemisferio.</p><p>La base de este siglo ya est&#225; aqu&#237;, repartida en tres pa&#237;ses que nunca han decidido construirla juntos.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/num-24-la-era-fisica?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/num-24-la-era-fisica?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p>El resto de esta serie es esa construcci&#243;n.</p><p><strong>La Parte 3 traza el mapa </strong>&#8212;qui&#233;n tiene la energ&#237;a, los minerales, las f&#225;bricas y la gente&#8212; y muestra que nadie la tiene completa, y que juntos ya la tenemos.</p><p><strong>La Parte 4 pregunta </strong>en qu&#233; se convierte cada naci&#243;n si se queda fuera de la carrera, y c&#243;mo el trabajador deja de ser un costo para volverse due&#241;o.</p><p><strong>Si est&#225;s en una carrera, la corres para ganar &#8212;no para llegar, para ganar. </strong><em>Eso no es una garant&#237;a. Es la postura de cualquiera que se tome en serio el premio. Y el premio no son solo los mercados.</em></p><p><strong>Es si los valores del mundo libre quedan construidos en el pr&#243;ximo siglo:</strong> aqu&#237;, por nosotros, o en otra parte, por alguien que no los comparte.</p><p>El salto siempre fue f&#237;sico. Esta vez gana el pa&#237;s que deja de fingir que puede construir solo.</p><p>La escala se dise&#241;a. La libertad se elige.</p><p>&#9679;</p><p>FUENTES</p><ol><li><p>COSCO Shipping / Reuters &#8212; Chancay, Per&#250;: puerto de aguas profundas operado por la estatal china COSCO, inaugurado el 14 de noviembre de 2024; ruta directa a Asia cercana a 23 d&#237;as, contra ~35.</p></li><li><p>Center for Strategic and International Studies (2025) &#8212; 37 proyectos portuarios chinos en Am&#233;rica Latina y el Caribe; Chancay clasificado de alto riesgo por su valor estrat&#233;gico cerca de las costas de EUA.</p></li><li><p>CSIS / American Security Project / Reuters &#8212; Estaci&#243;n de espacio profundo Espacio Lejano, Neuqu&#233;n, Argentina: operativa desde 2017&#8211;2018, manejada por la CLTC china (bajo el EPL) con un contrato a 50 a&#241;os; Argentina accede a cerca del 10% del tiempo de la antena. Funcionarios de EUA han se&#241;alado preocupaciones de uso militar dual.</p></li><li><p>American Society of International Law / Representante Comercial de EUA &#8212; EUA subi&#243; su arancel Secci&#243;n 301 a los autos el&#233;ctricos chinos al 100% en mayo de 2024; encima se acumula un arancel Secci&#243;n 232 del 25% a veh&#237;culos.</p></li><li><p>Council on Foreign Relations; Detroit News (ene. 2026) &#8212; Canad&#225; impuso un arancel del 100% a los EV chinos a finales de 2024 y, en enero de 2026, acord&#243; admitir ~49,000 EV chinos al a&#241;o al 6.1%, a cambio de alivio para su canola y mariscos.</p></li><li><p>Mark Carney, Foro Econ&#243;mico Mundial, Davos (enero de 2026).</p></li><li><p>Council on Foreign Relations (2025&#8211;26) &#8212; M&#233;xico subi&#243; su arancel a los EV chinos al 50% bajo presi&#243;n de EUA y fren&#243; una planta de BYD en suelo mexicano.</p></li><li><p>Banco Mundial / USTR &#8212; el bloque del T-MEC es el segundo m&#225;s grande del mundo por PIB (~26 billones de d&#243;lares).</p></li><li><p>Chicago Council on Global Affairs &#8212; M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; venden juntos cerca de 785 mil millones de d&#243;lares en bienes a EUA cada a&#241;o.</p></li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Physical Age ]]></title><description><![CDATA[AI and space are not magic. They are the biggest physical build since the railroads &#8212; power, minerals, factories, and people. Whoever holds those, wins.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/part-2-the-physical-age</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/part-2-the-physical-age</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 12:02:30 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6e938af1-0dca-4e29-ad4f-49d780de343e_2752x1536.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>THE RACE OF OUR CENTURY &#183; PART 2 OF 4</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png" width="1456" height="819" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Every leap forward of the last two hundred years was as much physical as it was technological.</p><p><strong>The railroad was</strong><em> steel, ground, and the labor of men who laid track across borders. It moved coal, grain, and ore, and it only paid off when the line reached a port and the goods came off the dock. </em></p><p><strong>The internet was no different. </strong><em>It runs on cable laid across the floor of the ocean, on fiber buried under highways, on towers bolted to the ground.</em> </p><p><strong>The smartphone is less an invention than an assembly</strong> &#8212; <em>a chip from one country, a screen from another, a camera from a third, snapped together in a fourth. </em></p><p><strong>The apps </strong><em>that changed the world only scaled because data centers, power lines, and internet access were already there to carry them.</em></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>So here is the pattern, plainly: </strong>every leap was won by whoever built the physical base &#8212; and moved it across borders. The idea was always free. The base was always heavy, and it always cost a fortune.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>AI and space are the next leap</strong> &#8212; <em>the heart of the fourth industrial revolution.</em> They are also the heaviest and most expensive base anyone has ever tried to build. The same rule applies. But this leap is not like the others. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>It is a real race, and the whole world will live inside the result.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Which raises the question that runs through this entire series:</p><p><strong>Can the United States field the full stack alone &#8212; or can it only do it with its neighbors?</strong></p><blockquote><p>Because here is what I keep seeing. <strong>Where the United States leaves a space open in this hemisphere, China does not hesitate to take it</strong> &#8212; and the country on the receiving end usually needs the infrastructure too badly to say no.</p></blockquote><p>Start at sea. In <strong>November 2024, a Chinese state shipping company opened the largest deep-water port on the Pacific coast of South America</strong>, sixty kilometers north of Lima.&#185; It cut the trip to Asia to roughly twenty-three days, down from thirty-five. </p><p><strong>The United States did not build it. China did.</strong> And it was not a one-off &#8212; one Washington study counted <strong>thirty-seven Chinese port projects across Latin America and the Caribbean</strong>, this one flagged as high-risk: a foothold for Beijing, close to American shores.&#178;</p><p>Then look up. In the <strong>Patagonian desert of Argentina stands a deep-space station with a thirty-five-meter antenna, run by an arm of China&#8217;s military under a fifty-year lease. </strong>The host country gets about a tenth of the antenna&#8217;s time; China runs the rest, with little outside oversight.&#179; A piece of the space race, in our own hemisphere, already flying another flag.</p><p>That is the quiet version. The loud version played out in our own driveway.</p><blockquote><p><strong>When cheap Chinese electric cars flooded the world, North America did not answer as one team. </strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>The United States </strong>stacked tariffs past one hundred percent.&#8308; <strong>Canada matched</strong> it &#8212; then, a year later, reversed: a deal to let tens of thousands of Chinese EVs in at a token rate, traded for relief on its canola and seafood.&#8309; Its prime minister stood at Davos and called continental integration a road to &#8220;subordination.&#8221;&#8310; Mexico, caught between the two, was pushed to raise its own tariff and to wave off a Chinese plant on its soil.&#8311;</p><blockquote><p><strong>Read that again.</strong> Three neighbors, three different answers, in eighteen months. The bloc did not close ranks. It cracked. And every crack is a door.</p></blockquote><p>This is not a forecast. It happened this year.</p><p>Here is the lesson, and it is not the one Washington usually hears. The danger is not that <strong>the United States needs Mexico and Canada</strong>. <em>The danger is that treating them as a problem pushes them toward the only other buyer big enough to matter. Leave the neighbor out, and you do not punish the neighbor. You open the door to your competitor.</em></p><p><strong>The United States </strong>does not have to trust anyone. It already holds the leverage. <strong>Three economies stitched together by sixty years of factories, families, and money that never stopped crossing. </strong><em>The border plants came in the sixties, the treaty in the nineties; the crossing never stopped</em>. That is not a favor anyone is asking for. It is an asset already in hand &#8212; and the only question is whether America uses it or lets someone else pull it apart.</p><blockquote><p><strong>And the asset is enormous. </strong>Together, the three of us are the second-largest trading bloc on Earth, worth about twenty-six trillion dollars.&#8312; Mexico and Canada already buy and sell with the United States at a scale no other partner comes close to.&#8313; </p></blockquote><p>That is not the backdrop to the race. It is the starting line. It is the only base in the free world large enough to build the most expensive thing in history.</p><p><strong>The United States</strong> alone does not have it. <em>With its neighbors, it does.</em></p><p><strong>Three cars, one strategy. </strong><em>Not one country, not open borders, not a merger</em> &#8212; that stays true, and we will keep saying it. <strong>Three flags, three sets of laws, borders respected and secure. A team is not a surrender.</strong></p><p><strong>So what is actually in the way? </strong>Not the border. Not the neighbor.</p><p>The three governments will sit down to rework their trade agreement this summer with the politics in all three capitals running hard against the very teamwork the moment demands. <strong>That is the real obstacle &#8212; not a foreign rival, but a continent arguing with itself.</strong></p><p><strong>A politically divided America is an America blinded to what it already holds on its own continent. </strong></p><blockquote><p><strong>There has never been a better moment to set the politics aside and look hard at the real risk:</strong> losing the AI and space race, and waking up to find China&#8217;s data centers, its launch infrastructure, and its software planted across our own hemisphere.</p></blockquote><p>The base for this century is already here, split across three countries that have never decided to build it together.</p><p>The rest of this series is the build. <strong>Part 3 maps the stack</strong> &#8212; <em>who holds the power, the minerals, the factories, and the people</em> &#8212; and shows that no one holds all of it, and that together we already do. Part 4 asks what each nation becomes if it sits the race out, and how the worker stops being a cost and becomes an owner.</p><p><strong>If you are in a race, you run it to win &#8212; not to place, to win.</strong> That is not a guarantee. It is the posture of anyone serious about the prize. And the prize is not only markets. I<em><strong>t is whether the free world&#8217;s values get built into the next century: here, by us, or somewhere else, by someone who does not share them.</strong></em></p><p>The leap was always physical. This time, the country that wins is the one that stops pretending it can build alone.</p><p>Scale is engineered. Freedom is chosen.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/part-2-the-physical-age?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/part-2-the-physical-age?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><ol><li><p>COSCO Shipping / Reuters &#8212; Chancay, Peru: a deep-water port operated by China&#8217;s state-owned COSCO, inaugurated November 14, 2024; direct Asia routing near 23 days, down from ~35.</p></li><li><p>Center for Strategic and International Studies (2025) &#8212; 37 Chinese port projects across Latin America and the Caribbean; Chancay classified high-risk for strategic leverage close to U.S. shores.</p></li><li><p>CSIS / American Security Project / Reuters &#8212; Espacio Lejano deep-space station, Neuqu&#233;n, Argentina: operational since 2017&#8211;2018, operated by China&#8217;s CLTC (under the PLA) on a 50-year lease; Argentina accesses roughly 10% of antenna time. U.S. officials have flagged dual-use military concerns.</p></li><li><p>American Society of International Law / U.S. Trade Representative &#8212; the U.S. raised its Section 301 tariff on Chinese EVs to 100% in May 2024; a 25% Section 232 auto tariff stacks on top.</p></li><li><p>Council on Foreign Relations; Detroit News (Jan 2026) &#8212; Canada imposed a 100% Chinese-EV tariff in late 2024, then in January 2026 agreed to admit ~49,000 Chinese EVs a year at 6.1%, in exchange for relief on canola and seafood.</p></li><li><p>Mark Carney, World Economic Forum, Davos (January 2026).</p></li><li><p>Council on Foreign Relations (2025&#8211;26) &#8212; Mexico raised its Chinese-EV tariff to 50% under U.S. pressure and stepped back from a BYD plant on Mexican soil.</p></li><li><p>World Bank / USTR &#8212; the USMCA bloc is the world&#8217;s second-largest by GDP (~$26 trillion).</p></li><li><p>Chicago Council on Global Affairs &#8212; Mexico and Canada together sell about $785 billion in goods to the U.S. each year.</p></li></ol><div><hr></div><p><em>Grounding note (not for publication): &#8220;sixty years&#8221; anchors to the 1965 Border Industrialization Program (maquiladoras) and the 1965 U.S.&#8211;Canada Auto Pact; the modern treaty (NAFTA) took effect 1994. Both the 60-year and 30-year figures are defensible as written.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Es Nuestro Momento ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Podemos construir el continente m&#225;s avanzado y pr&#243;spero de la historia &#8212; y ganar la carrera de la IA y el espacio con libertad para todos.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-race-of-our-century-series-episode</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-race-of-our-century-series-episode</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 13:31:27 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>THE RACE OF OUR CENTURY: Series, Episodio I</h3><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong><sub>See English version below &#8595;</sub></strong></em></p></div><p><strong>La nueva era &#8212;la IA y el espacio&#8212; parece el futuro.</strong></p><p>Escribes una pregunta y aparece una respuesta. Un cohete aterriza solo sobre una plataforma en medio de la noche. Parece la cosa m&#225;s natural del mundo.</p><p>No lo es.</p><p>Los mayores operadores de centros de datos van camino de gastar cerca de <strong>750 mil millones de d&#243;lares</strong> en construirlo en 2026 &#8212;frente a unos 450 mil millones en 2025&#185;&#8212; seg&#250;n algunos c&#225;lculos, m&#225;s de lo que el mundo entero invierte en encontrar y extraer petr&#243;leo y gas&#178;. Un solo centro de datos de IA puede consumir tanta electricidad como una ciudad peque&#241;a.</p><p>Y lo que hoy los frena no es el dinero, ni son los chips.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Es la energ&#237;a, el acero, los transformadores y la gente &#8212;el mundo f&#237;sico.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Seamos honestos sobre lo que la IA y el espacio realmente son: son los proyectos de construcci&#243;n f&#237;sica m&#225;s grandes desde los ferrocarriles. Y como los ferrocarriles, se construyen con tierra, energ&#237;a, minerales y personas &#8212;o no los construyes t&#250;.</p><p><strong>Partamos del final.</strong></p><p>Imagina una Norteam&#233;rica que deja de comportarse como tres pa&#237;ses en la misma carrera y empieza a correr como un solo equipo con tres autos &#8212;que aprovechan el impulso del otro para despegarse del pelot&#243;n, que se turnan el liderato, y que ganan el campeonato juntos aunque solo un auto levante el trofeo.</p><p>Imag&#237;nalo en concreto:</p><blockquote><p><strong>Un modelo de IA entrenado en Estados Unidos, alimentado con energ&#237;a y minerales de Canad&#225; y M&#233;xico, construido y operado por una fuerza de trabajo joven mexicana. Un cohete dise&#241;ado en un pa&#237;s, que vuela con piezas maquinadas en otro y es observado desde la &#243;rbita por el tercero.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Ahora seamos igual de claros sobre lo que esto <strong>NO</strong> es.</p><p>Un equipo no es un solo pa&#237;s. No son fronteras abiertas, ni una fusi&#243;n. Norteam&#233;rica sigue siendo tres naciones, tres banderas, tres marcos legales, con fronteras respetadas y seguras.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Un equipo de F1 corre tres autos con tres pilotos distintos &#8212;ese es justamente el punto. Comparten una estrategia, no un chasis. Esto es integraci&#243;n inteligente y colaboraci&#243;n real. No es la entrega de la soberan&#237;a, y nunca la pediremos.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Ese es el destino. No un sue&#241;o bonito &#8212;un plan para ganar la carrera del siglo. Todo lo que sigue en esta serie es el camino de regreso desde esa meta hasta donde estamos esta ma&#241;ana.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png" width="1456" height="819" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><p><strong>Y aqu&#237; est&#225; el porqu&#233;.</strong></p><p>El mayor salto de poder industrial de nuestra vida no vino de la suerte ni de los recursos naturales. Un pa&#237;s empez&#243; casi sin nada y se convirti&#243; en la f&#225;brica del mundo. Lo hizo eligiendo una sola direcci&#243;n y sosteni&#233;ndola durante cuarenta a&#241;os, sin importar qui&#233;n estuviera al mando.</p><p><strong>Ese pa&#237;s fue China.</strong></p><p><strong>Aprende la lecci&#243;n. Rechaza el precio.</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>La lecci&#243;n: </strong>la escala se construye a prop&#243;sito, en un horizonte m&#225;s largo que el turno de cualquier l&#237;der. </p></li><li><p><strong>El precio:</strong> la construyeron tratando a las personas como piezas &#8212;usadas y reemplazadas.</p></li></ul><p>As&#237; que la verdadera pregunta de nuestro tiempo no es si el mundo libre puede igualar esa escala. Es si podemos construirla y seguir siendo libres.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Escala sin rendici&#243;n.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Y solo hay un lugar en la Tierra hecho para responder que s&#237;.</p><p>Esta es la verdadera carrera &#8212;no un pa&#237;s contra otro, sino una forma de vida libre y abierta contra una controlada.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>O construimos el futuro con libertad, o alguien lo construye sin ella.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Cada frontera de este siglo &#8212;la IA, el espacio, la energ&#237;a limpia&#8212; necesita la misma lista corta:</strong></p><p>Capital, capacidad de c&#243;mputo, energ&#237;a, minerales, f&#225;bricas y la gente para construirlo y operarlo todo.</p><p><strong>Ning&#250;n pa&#237;s tiene la lista completa.</strong></p><p><strong>Estados Unidos</strong> tiene el cerebro y el dinero &#8212;y casi ninguna de las f&#225;bricas.</p><p><strong>China </strong>est&#225; construyendo ambas cosas a la vez en casa, y envejece r&#225;pido mientras lo hace. La edad media en M&#233;xico es de unos <strong>30</strong> a&#241;os; en <strong>Estados Unidos y China</strong> ronda los <strong>40</strong>s. El &#250;nico recurso que a toda potencia que envejece se le est&#225; acabando, <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> todav&#237;a lo tiene.</p><p><strong>Norteam&#233;rica ya tiene la lista entera.</strong> Solo que nunca hemos cruzado nuestras fronteras de manera estrat&#233;gica &#8212;aunque, en la pr&#225;ctica, las cruzamos todo el d&#237;a.</p><p>Una sola autoparte puede cruzar las fronteras de <strong>Estados Unidos, M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; hasta ocho veces</strong> antes de que el auto est&#233; terminado.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Ya somos una sola econom&#237;a. Simplemente nunca hemos decidido actuar como un solo equipo.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Los n&#250;meros lo dicen sin rodeos.</p><p>M&#233;xico es hoy <strong>el mayor socio comercial de Estados Unidos</strong>&#8310;. Juntos, M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; le venden a Estados Unidos cerca de <strong>785 mil millones de d&#243;lares</strong> en bienes cada a&#241;o &#8212;m&#225;s que <strong>Alemania, Jap&#243;n, Corea del Sur, India, Italia, Francia y el Reino Unido juntos&#8311;.</strong></p><p>Nuestras tres econom&#237;as ya forman <strong>el segundo bloque comercial m&#225;s grande del planeta</strong>, con un valor de unos <strong>26 billones de d&#243;lares</strong>&#8312;.</p><p>Nada de esto funciona sin las reglas correctas &#8212;y se derrumba en el momento en que nos creemos las narrativas pol&#237;ticas que nos dicen que somos enemigos.</p><p><strong>Nuestras diferencias no son el problema. Son la ventaja y por esto no podemos perder esta gran oportunidad que se nos presenta.</strong></p><p><strong>Ser norteamericano es ser m&#225;s de una cosa a la vez </strong>&#8212;p<em>ertenecer por completo a m&#225;s de un mundo al mismo tiempo. Eso no es solo mi historia, la de crecer en la frontera entre M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos con familia de los dos lados. Es la historia continua de todo el continente.</em></p><p><em><strong>Todos somos Ambos:</strong></em><strong> </strong></p><p><em>por herencia familiar, por nuestros negocios, por la educaci&#243;n que escogimos, por los idiomas que hablamos y por nuestras propias creencias y sentimientos.</em></p><p>Compartimos la misma tierra, el mismo oc&#233;ano, el mismo aire, los mismos recursos y los mismos mercados &#8212;y aun as&#237; seguimos operando como tres equipos separados con tres misiones distintas.</p><p><strong>Eso es lo que tiene que cambiar.</strong></p><p>Pero unirse a la vieja usanza ya no va a funcionar. Durante treinta a&#241;os el trato fue simple: dinero del norte, mano de obra barata del sur. La IA termina con ese trato, porque lo primero que reemplaza es la mano de obra barata. Si lo &#250;nico que vendes son tus manos, una m&#225;quina toma el trabajo antes de que te levante.</p><p>As&#237; que la &#250;nica integraci&#243;n que vale la pena construir ahora es una en la que <strong>el trabajador se vuelve due&#241;o</strong> &#8212;de habilidades que la m&#225;quina no puede copiar, y de una parte real de lo que se construye.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico grad&#250;a m&#225;s de 110,000 ingenieros al a&#241;o</strong>, cerca de uno de cada cinco de todos sus egresados universitarios&#8313;. Ese no es un pa&#237;s que deba vender sus manos. Es un pa&#237;s que deber&#237;a ser due&#241;o de una parte de lo que construye.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Eso es exactamente lo que la carrera de la IA y el espacio necesita: no mano de obra m&#225;s barata, sino talento m&#225;s capaz con algo que perder y algo que ganar. El centro de datos que alimenta un modelo de IA, el cohete que lleva sat&#233;lites de observaci&#243;n, la planta que abastece a los tres pa&#237;ses &#8212;ninguno de esos proyectos se construye ni se opera sin ingenieros y emprendedores que se sienten due&#241;os del resultado. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Ah&#237; es donde Norteam&#233;rica puede ganar lo que ning&#250;n pa&#237;s puede ganar solo.</strong></p><p>Un sistema controlado trata a su gente como un costo. Un sistema libre tiene que hacerla due&#241;a. Eso no es bondad. Es el &#250;nico crecimiento que perdura, porque el due&#241;o construye para sus nietos y el pe&#243;n construye para el viernes.</p><p>Y nada de esto vendr&#225; de los gobiernos. Los tres pa&#237;ses se sientan a revisar el T-MEC en <strong>julio de 2026</strong>, se levantan muros, y la pol&#237;tica en las tres capitales corre en contra del mismo trabajo en equipo que el momento exige. As&#237; que se construir&#225; como Norteam&#233;rica siempre se construy&#243; antes de que se firmara ning&#250;n tratado &#8212;por familias, por empresas, por ciudades fronterizas, por los millones que ya viven en ambos mundos y que nunca pidieron permiso para pertenecer a los dos.</p><p>Cada pocas generaciones se abre una puerta. Si la dejas pasar, no pierdes a&#241;os &#8212;pierdes un siglo.</p><p><strong>Creo que esa puerta est&#225; abierta ahora.</strong></p><p>Y esta vez no le pertenece a un solo pa&#237;s para cruzarla o desperdiciarla. Le pertenece a un continente que ha pasado toda su historia actuando como tres.</p><p>La nueva era le pertenecer&#225; a quien pueda construir a plena escala sin renunciar a la libertad del individuo. Norteam&#233;rica es la &#250;nica que puede. </p><p>El resto de esta serie es el c&#243;mo.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La escala se dise&#241;a. La libertad se elige.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 848w, 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version</strong></h2></div><h1>This is our moment </h1><h4>We can build the most advanced and thriving continent in history&#8212; and win the AI and Space race with freedom for all.</h4><div><hr></div><p><strong>The new age &#8212; AI and space &#8212; looks like the future.</strong></p><p>You type a question and an answer appears. A rocket lands itself on a platform in the dark. It feels like the most natural thing in the world.</p><p>It isn't.</p><p>The largest data-center operators are on track to spend close to <strong>$750 billion</strong> building it in 2026 &#8212; up from about $450 billion in 2025&#185; &#8212; by one count, more than the entire world spends finding and pumping oil and gas&#178;. A single AI data center can use as much electricity as a small city.</p><p>And the thing now slowing them down is not money, and it is not chips.</p><blockquote><p><em>It is power, steel, transformers, and workers &#8212; the physical world.</em></p></blockquote><p>So let's be honest about what AI and space really are: they are the biggest physical building projects since the railroads. And like the railroads, they get built with land, power, minerals, and people &#8212; or they don't get built by you at all.</p><p><strong>Start at the finish line.</strong></p><p>Picture a North America that stops acting like three countries in the same race and starts racing like one team with three cars &#8212; drafting off each other to break from the pack, trading the lead, taking the championship together even when only one car lifts the trophy.</p><p>Picture it plainly:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>An AI model trained in the United States, running on energy and minerals from Canada and Mexico, built and run by a young Mexican workforce. A rocket designed in one country, flying on parts machined in another, watched from orbit by the third.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Now let me be just as clear about what this is <strong>not</strong>.</p><p>One team is not one country. It is not open borders, and it is not a merger. North America stays three nations, three flags, three sets of laws, with borders that are respected and secure.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>An F1 team runs three separate cars with three separate drivers &#8212; that is the entire point. They share a strategy, not a chassis. This is smart integration and real collaboration. It is not the surrender of sovereignty, and we will never ask for that.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>That is the destination. Not a feel-good dream &#8212; a plan to win the race of the century. Everything that follows in this series is the road back from that finish line to where we stand this morning.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 848w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><p><strong>Here is why it matters.</strong></p><p>The biggest leap in industrial power in our lifetime did not come from luck or natural resources. One country started with almost nothing and became the factory of the world. It did it by choosing one direction and holding it for forty years, no matter who was in charge.</p><p><strong>That country was China.</strong></p><p><strong>Take the lesson. Reject the price.</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>The lesson: </strong>scale is built on purpose, over more years than any one leader gets.</p></li><li><p><strong>The price: </strong>they built it by treating people as parts &#8212; used and replaced.</p></li></ul><p>So the real question of our time is not whether the free world can match that scale. It is whether we can build it and stay free.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Scale without surrender.</strong></p></blockquote><p>And only one place on Earth is built to say yes.</p><p>This is the real race &#8212; not one country against another, but a free and open way of life against a controlled one.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Either we build the future with freedom, or someone builds it without it.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Every frontier of this century &#8212; AI, space, clean energy &#8212; needs the same short list:</strong></p><p>money, computing power, energy, minerals, factories, and the people to build and run it all.</p><p><strong>No single country has the whole list.</strong></p><p><strong>The United States</strong> has the brains and the money &#8212; and almost none of the factories.</p><p><strong>China </strong>is building both at once at home, and growing old fast while it does. Mexico's median age is about <strong>30</strong>; in the<strong> United States and China</strong> it is closer to <strong>40s.</strong> The one resource every aging power is running out of, <strong>Mexico still has.</strong></p><p><strong>North America already holds the entire list.</strong> We have just never crossed our borders strategically &#8212; even though, in practice, we cross them all day long.</p><p>A single car part can cross the <strong>U.S., Mexican, and Canadian </strong>borders <strong>up to eight times</strong> before the car is finished&#8308;.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>We are already one economy. We have simply never decided to act like one team.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The numbers say it plainly.</p><p>Mexico is now the <strong>largest trading partner the United States has</strong>&#8310;. Together, Mexico and Canada sell about <strong>$785 billion</strong> of goods to the U.S. each year &#8212; <strong>more than Germany, Japan, South Korea, India, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom combined&#8311;.</strong></p><p>Our three economies already form the <strong>second-largest trading bloc on Earth</strong>, worth about <strong>$26 trillion</strong>&#8312;.</p><p>None of this works without the right rules in place &#8212; and it falls apart the moment we believe the political narratives that tell us we are enemies.</p><p><strong>Our differences are not the problem. </strong><em><strong>They are the advantage and this is why we must seize this opportunity if the century together.</strong></em></p><p><strong>To be North American is to be more than one thing at a time </strong>&#8212; <em>to belong fully to more than one world at the same time. That is not just my story, growing up on the US&#8211;Mexico border with family on both sides. It is the whole continent's continuous story.</em></p><p><strong>We are all </strong><em><strong>Ambos</strong></em><strong> &#8212; both:</strong> by family heritage, by way of our businesses, through our school years, and in our very own beliefs and feelings.</p><p>We share the same ground, ocean, air, resources, and markets &#8212; yet we still run as three separate teams with three separate missions.</p><p><strong>That is what has to change.</strong></p><p>But teaming up the old way will not work anymore. For thirty years the deal was simple: money from the north, cheap labor from the south. AI ends that deal, because the first thing AI replaces is cheap labor. If all you sell is your hands, a machine takes the job before it ever lifts you up.</p><p>So the only integration worth building now is one where <strong>the worker becomes an owner</strong> &#8212; of skills a machine cannot copy, and of a real share in what gets built.</p><p><strong>Mexico graduates more than 110,000 engineers a year</strong>, close to one in five of all its college graduates&#8313;. That is not a country that should sell its hands. It is a country that should own a piece of what it builds.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>That is exactly what the AI and space race needs: not cheaper labor, but more capable talent with something to lose and something to gain. The data center powering an AI model, the rocket carrying observation satellites, the plant supplying all three countries &#8212; none of those projects get built or operated without engineers and entrepreneurs who feel ownership over the outcome. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>That is where North America can win what no single country can win alone.</strong></p><p>A controlled system treats its people as a cost. A free system has to make them owners. <strong>That is not kindness</strong>. It is the only kind of growth that lasts, because owners build for their grandchildren and hired hands build for Friday.</p><p>And none of this will come from governments. The three countries sit down to review the USMCA in <strong>July 2026</strong>, walls are going up, and the politics in all three capitals is running against the very teamwork the moment demands. </p><p><strong>So it gets built the way North America</strong> was always built before any treaty was signed &#8212; by families, by companies, by border towns, by the millions who already live in both worlds and never asked permission to belong to both.</p><p>Every few generations, a door opens. Miss it, and you do not lose years &#8212; you lose a century.</p><p><strong>I believe that door is open now.</strong></p><p>And this time it does not belong to one country to walk through or to waste. It belongs to a continent that has spent its whole history acting like three.</p><p>The new age will belong to whoever can build at full scale without giving up the freedom of the individual. North America is the only one who can. The rest of this series is how.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Scale is engineered. Freedom is chosen.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>&#9679;</strong></p><h1>Sources</h1><p>1. <a href="https://about.bnef.com/insights/commodities/ai-data-center-build-advances-at-full-speed-five-things-to-know/">BloombergNEF, &#8220;AI Data Center Build Advances at Full Speed&#8221;</a> &#8212; capex of the 14 largest operators near $750B in 2026 vs ~$450B in 2025.</p><p>2. <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/key-questions-on-energy-and-ai/executive-summary">IEA, &#8220;Key Questions on Energy and AI&#8221; (2026)</a> &#8212; a handful of tech firms now out-invest global oil &amp; gas supply.</p><p>3. <a href="https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/mexico-demographics/">UN World Population Prospects 2024 / Worldometer</a> &#8212; median age: Mexico ~30, U.S. ~39, China ~41.</p><p>4. <a href="https://www.cato.org/blog/seven-charts-show-how-us-tariffs-would-harm-american-auto-industry">Cato Institute</a> &#8212; a North American auto part can cross borders seven or eight times.</p><p>5. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/one-auto-part-crosses-border-four-way-car-rcna200706">NBC News (Apr 30, 2025)</a> &#8212; Lanex (Windsor) striker plates cross four times; Ford, GM, Stellantis.</p><p>6. <a href="https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/toppartners.html">U.S. Census Bureau</a> &#8212; Mexico is the #1 U.S. trading partner, third year running (2025).</p><p>7. <a href="https://globalaffairs.org/commentary/analysis/usmca-review-what-keep-mind-and-what-watch-north-american-trade">Chicago Council on Global Affairs</a> &#8212; ~$785B from Mexico+Canada exceeds seven major economies combined.</p><p>8. <a href="https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/united-states-mexico-canada-agreement">World Bank / USTR</a> &#8212; USMCA is the world&#8217;s second-largest bloc by GDP (~$25.8T, 2024).</p><p>9. <a href="https://nearshoreamericas.com/mexico-offers-money-alternative-solve-united-states-stem-talent-shortage/">Nearshore Americas / IVEMSA</a> &#8212; Mexico graduates 110,000+ engineers a year.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Roads Are Built. The Standards Aren’t.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Why North America&#8217;s next integration project is digital, and why we&#8217;re already behind]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-roads-are-built-the-standards</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-roads-are-built-the-standards</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Covarrubias, Ph.D.]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2026 13:01:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>Column 01 I Versi&#243;n Espa&#241;ol abajo </strong></em></p><p><strong>China&#8217;s National Data Administration</strong> <strong>expects to issue more than 30 new data standards in 2026.</strong> Public data, AI agents, data infrastructure, dataset cataloguing. Beijing is building the rulebook other countries will plug into. It tended the fiber, the cables, and the data centers along the <strong>Digital Silk Road</strong> first, then set the terms.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>The country that builds the infrastructure sets the standard. China learned that lesson on physical infrastructure and is now running the same play on the digital layer.</strong></p></div><p><strong>North America </strong>hasn&#8217;t started.</p><p>That&#8217;s the gap I want to spend this column, and the next twelve months, arguing matters more than almost anything else on the trade agenda. The reason is simple. The physical integration is already done, and the digital integration that&#8217;s supposed to ride on top of it doesn&#8217;t exist yet.</p><p>Here&#8217;s what I mean by &#8220;already done.&#8221;</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg" width="1264" height="848" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>In 2025,</strong> total goods and services trade between the <strong>United States and Mexico</strong> hit <strong>$976.1 billion</strong>, per the <strong>Bureau of Economic Analysis. </strong>Trilateral trade across the three <strong>USMCA </strong>economies ran <strong>$1.93 trillion in 2024</strong>, the most recent year with a published three-country total. At <strong>Port Laredo</strong>, the busiest inland crossing on the <strong>U.S.-Mexico border</strong>, as many as <strong>18,000 commercial trucks</strong> move through on the busiest days; the <strong>Bureau of Transportation Statistics</strong> counted <strong>38.8%</strong> of all trucks entering from <strong>Mexico</strong> crossing here in 2025. The trucks cross. The cargo crosses. The supply chains that build a car across three countries before it&#8217;s sold cross, dozens of times, before the vehicle ever reaches a lot.</p><blockquote><p>The trade crosses the border. The institutions don&#8217;t. And the digital systems that govern the trade don&#8217;t either.</p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>The wall you can&#8217;t see</h2><p><strong>Customs and Border Protection</strong> runs one set of systems. <strong>Mexico&#8217;s customs authority, ANAM</strong>, runs another. <strong>Canada&#8217;s border agency, CBSA</strong>, runs a third. </p><p>None of them share an operational data platform. There&#8217;s no common digital backbone, no interoperable standard for the documentation that moves with every shipment.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg" width="1264" height="848" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>I&#8217;ve called this the <strong>Digital Wall</strong>. </p><p>It&#8217;s the invisible counterpart to the physical one, and in some ways it&#8217;s more expensive.</p><p>A truck waits at the bridge for two reasons: inspection capacity, and paperwork that lives in two separate systems never designed to recognize each other.</p><p><strong>ECIPE </strong>modeled the cost of data localization rules across seven economies <strong>in 2014 and found GDP losses as high as 1.7%</strong>. For the businesses caught in the middle, the bill is materially higher operating costs. </p><p><strong>That&#8217;s the tax nobody votes on.</strong> It shows up as inventory buffers, redundant filings, and the quiet decision by a mid-sized exporter to not expand because the friction isn&#8217;t worth it.</p><p><strong>We&#8217;ve spent 30 years building physical integration</strong>. </p><p>We built bridges (the newest, the Gordie Howe between Detroit and Windsor, opens to traffic this month), rail lines, warehouses, and the largest inland port in the hemisphere. </p><p><em><strong>We have not built the digital layer that&#8217;s supposed to coordinate it all.</strong></em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>NADICI</strong>, in one sentence</h2><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>The proposal I want to put on the table is the North American Digital Infrastructure Coordination Initiative, or NADICI: shared standards for cybersecurity, data governance, and AI-enabled trade interoperability across the three USMCA borders.</p></div><p>That&#8217;s it. A common set of rules for how data moves across the continent, the same way USMCA set common rules for how goods move. It doesn&#8217;t add a bureaucracy. And I won&#8217;t pretend standards never touch sovereignty: standards are exactly where sovereignty gets contested, which is why Beijing is writing 30 of them. The design answers it this way: each country keeps its own systems, its own data, and its own enforcement. What gets standardized is the plumbing, the rulebook for how those systems recognize each other.</p><p>It&#8217;s the third piece of a framework I&#8217;ve been building with colleagues over the past year. The Binational Customs Agency would handle the operational fusion of customs. The North American Industrial Coordination Council would align industrial policy. NADICI is the digital backbone both would need to run. You can&#8217;t operate a binational customs agency on two incompatible IT systems. You can&#8217;t coordinate continental industrial policy without agreeing on how cross-border data flows.</p><p><em><strong>The digital layer is load-bearing for the whole agreement. It determines whether the deal still works in an economy where AI designs the product, software runs the logistics, and data is the input that matters most.</strong></em></p><div><hr></div><h2>The questions USMCA never had to answer</h2><p>When <strong>NAFTA took effect in 1994</strong>, the hardest question was a rule of origin: how much of a car had to be made in <strong>North America</strong> to cross duty-free. We&#8217;re about to face a much stranger version of that question.</p><p><em><strong>How does a rule of origin work when an AI system designs the product across three borders at once? </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>What does &#8220;worker protection&#8221; mean when the task in question is performed by software, not a person? </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Who&#8217;s liable when an autonomous truck crosses an international bridge, and the decision to brake was made by a model trained on data from a fourth country?</strong></em></p><p>The <strong>2026 USMCA Joint Review</strong> is the moment these questions get asked, whether we&#8217;re ready or not. The agreement&#8217;s digital trade chapter was written for a world of e-commerce and data flows, not agentic AI. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>It&#8217;s a 20th-century agreement governing a 21st-century economy, and the gap is widening every quarter.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>Why this is the security argument too</h2><blockquote><p>I used to keep the technology and security conversations in separate rooms. I don&#8217;t anymore.</p></blockquote><p><strong>The United States is racing China</strong> <strong>for the frontier of artificial intelligence. </strong>That&#8217;s the defining technological competition of the decade. </p><p><em><strong>But if the U.S. reaches that frontier alone, with Mexico and Canada lagging behind on digital infrastructure, that&#8217;s not a North American victory. It&#8217;s a continental vulnerability.</strong></em></p><p><strong>A supply chain is only as secure as its least digitized link.</strong> A continent that shares nearly <strong>$2 trillion in annual trade </strong>but can&#8217;t share a cybersecurity standard has built a single economy with three different locks on the same door.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Security has become the continent&#8217;s new subsidy.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Every dollar kept in <strong>North America </strong>through secure, digitally coordinated trade reduces global risk and builds regional strength. The digital layer is where that logic either holds or breaks.</p><div><hr></div><h2>What I&#8217;ll be writing about here</h2><p><strong>This is the first of a monthly column for The North American &#8212; 77, and the through-line will be </strong><em><strong>Logistechs</strong></em><strong>: </strong><em>the impact exponential technologies have on logistics and on the integration logistics makes possible.</em></p><p>Over the next year, I&#8217;ll get specific. The digital border and what a binational customs agency actually requires. AI and the 9.9 million North American jobs the trade relationship touches. What cross-border trade looks like when sensors, autonomous vehicles, and AI converge. Cybersecurity as the integration risk nobody&#8217;s pricing.</p><p>But it starts here, with the unglamorous foundation. <strong>China is writing 30 standards this year. We haven&#8217;t written the first one.</strong></p><p><strong>The roads are built. The standards aren&#8217;t. That&#8217;s the work.</strong></p><p><em>Daniel Covarrubias, Ph.D., is Director of the Texas Center for Border Economic and Enterprise Development at Texas A&amp;M International University&#8217;s A.R. Sanchez, Jr. School of Business. He writes <a href="http://thebridgedc.substack.com">The Bridge,</a> a data-first Substack on North American trade and exponential technologies.</em></p><div><hr></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Versi&#243;n Espa&#241;ol</strong></p></div><h1>Las carreteras ya est&#225;n. Los est&#225;ndares no.</h1><p><em>Por qu&#233; el pr&#243;ximo proyecto de integraci&#243;n de Norteam&#233;rica es digital, y por qu&#233; ya vamos tarde</em></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>La Administraci&#243;n Nacional de Datos de China</strong> prev&#233; emitir m&#225;s de 30 nuevos est&#225;ndares de datos en 2026. Datos p&#250;blicos, agentes de inteligencia artificial, infraestructura de datos, catalogaci&#243;n de conjuntos de datos. Beijing est&#225; construyendo el reglamento al que otros pa&#237;ses tendr&#225;n que conectarse. Primero tendi&#243; la fibra, los cables y los centros de datos de la Ruta de la Seda Digital, y despu&#233;s fij&#243; las condiciones.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>El pa&#237;s que construye la infraestructura fija el est&#225;ndar. China aprendi&#243; esa lecci&#243;n con la infraestructura f&#237;sica y hoy la repite en la capa digital.</strong></p></div><p><strong>Norteam&#233;rica </strong>ni siquiera ha empezado.</p><p>Esa es la brecha que quiero defender en esta columna, y durante los pr&#243;ximos doce meses, como una de las cosas que m&#225;s importan en toda la agenda comercial. La raz&#243;n es simple. La integraci&#243;n f&#237;sica ya est&#225; hecha, y la integraci&#243;n digital que se supone debe ir montada encima todav&#237;a no existe.</p><p>D&#233;jenme explicar a qu&#233; me refiero con &#8220;ya est&#225; hecha&#8221;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg" width="1264" height="848" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>En 2025,</strong> el comercio total de bienes y servicios entre <strong>Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico </strong>alcanz&#243; <strong>976,100 millones de d&#243;lares</strong>, seg&#250;n el <strong>Bureau of Economic Analysis. </strong>El comercio trilateral entre las tres econom&#237;as del <strong>T-MEC sum&#243; 1.93 billones de d&#243;lares en 2024</strong>, el a&#241;o m&#225;s reciente con una cifra trilateral publicada. </p><p><strong>En el Puerto de Laredo</strong>, el cruce interior m&#225;s activo de la frontera entre <strong>Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico</strong>, pasan hasta <strong>18,000 camiones</strong> comerciales en los d&#237;as m&#225;s cargados; el <strong>Bureau of Transportation Statistics</strong> cont&#243; que el 38.8% de todos los camiones que entraron desde <strong>M&#233;xico en 2025</strong> cruzaron por aqu&#237;. </p><p>Cruzan los camiones. Cruza la carga. Cruzan las cadenas de suministro que ensamblan un autom&#243;vil entre tres pa&#237;ses decenas de veces antes de que el veh&#237;culo llegue siquiera a una agencia.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>El comercio cruza la frontera. Las instituciones no. Y los sistemas digitales que gobiernan ese comercio tampoco.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>El muro que no se ve</h2><p><strong>La Oficina de Aduanas y Protecci&#243;n Fronteriza de Estados Unidos </strong>opera un conjunto de sistemas.<strong> La Agencia Nacional de Aduanas de M&#233;xico (ANAM)</strong> opera otro. <strong>La agencia fronteriza de Canad&#225;, la CBSA</strong>, opera un tercero. Ninguno comparte una plataforma de datos operativa. No hay una columna vertebral digital com&#250;n, ni un est&#225;ndar interoperable para la documentaci&#243;n que viaja con cada embarque.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg" width="1264" height="848" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>A esto le he llamado el Muro Digital.</strong> Es la contraparte invisible del muro f&#237;sico, y en ciertos aspectos resulta m&#225;s caro. Un cami&#243;n espera en el puente por dos razones: la capacidad de inspecci&#243;n f&#237;sica, y los documentos que viven en dos sistemas separados que nunca se dise&#241;aron para reconocerse.</p><p><strong>ECIPE model&#243; en 2014</strong> el costo de las reglas de localizaci&#243;n de datos en siete econom&#237;as y encontr&#243; p&#233;rdidas de PIB de hasta 1.7%. Para las empresas atrapadas en medio, la factura son costos operativos sustancialmente m&#225;s altos. Ese es el impuesto por el que nadie vota. Aparece como inventarios de seguridad, tr&#225;mites duplicados, y la decisi&#243;n silenciosa de un exportador mediano de no crecer porque la fricci&#243;n no vale la pena.</p><p>Llevamos 30 a&#241;os construyendo integraci&#243;n f&#237;sica. </p><p><strong>Construimos puentes (el m&#225;s nuevo, el Gordie Howe entre Detroit y Windsor, abre al tr&#225;fico este mes), v&#237;as f&#233;rreas, almacenes, el puerto interior m&#225;s grande del hemisferio. </strong></p><p>No hemos construido la capa digital que se supone que debe coordinarlo todo.</p><div><hr></div><h2>NADICI, en una frase</h2><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>La propuesta que quiero poner sobre la mesa es la <strong>North American Digital Infrastructure Coordination Initiative, o NADICI:</strong> est&#225;ndares compartidos de ciberseguridad, gobernanza de datos e interoperabilidad comercial habilitada por la <strong>inteligencia artificial en las tres fronteras del T-MEC.</strong></p></div><p><strong>Eso es todo. </strong>Es un conjunto com&#250;n de reglas sobre c&#243;mo se mueven los datos en el continente, al igual que el <strong>T-MEC fij&#243; reglas comunes sobre c&#243;mo se mueven los bienes. </strong>No agrega una burocracia. <em>Y no voy a fingir que los est&#225;ndares nunca tocan la soberan&#237;a:</em> los est&#225;ndares son justo el terreno donde la soberan&#237;a se disputa, <strong>por eso Beijing est&#225; escribiendo 30. </strong></p><p><strong>El dise&#241;o lo resuelve as&#237;: </strong>cada pa&#237;s conserva sus propios sistemas, sus propios datos y su propia capacidad de hacer cumplir la ley. Lo que se estandariza es la plomer&#237;a, el reglamento para que esos sistemas se reconozcan entre s&#237;.</p><p>Es la tercera pieza de un marco que he venido construyendo con varios colegas durante el &#250;ltimo a&#241;o. <strong>La Agencia Binacional de Aduana</strong> resolver&#237;a la fusi&#243;n operativa de las aduanas. <strong>El North American Industrial Coordination Council </strong>alinear&#237;a la pol&#237;tica industrial. <strong>NADICI</strong> <strong>es la columna vertebral digital </strong>que ambas necesitan para funcionar. </p><p><em><strong>No se puede operar una agencia binacional de aduana con dos sistemas inform&#225;ticos incompatibles. No se puede coordinar una pol&#237;tica industrial continental sin ponerse de acuerdo sobre c&#243;mo fluyen los datos a trav&#233;s de las fronteras.</strong></em></p><p>La capa digital es el muro de carga de todo el acuerdo. Define si el acuerdo todav&#237;a sirve en una econom&#237;a donde la inteligencia artificial dise&#241;a el producto, el software opera la log&#237;stica, y los datos son el insumo que m&#225;s importa.</p><div><hr></div><h2>Las preguntas que el T-MEC nunca tuvo que responder</h2><p><strong>Cuando el TLCAN entr&#243; en vigor en 1994</strong>, la pregunta m&#225;s dif&#237;cil era la de una regla de origen: cu&#225;nto de un autom&#243;vil ten&#237;a que fabricarse en Norteam&#233;rica para cruzar libre de aranceles. Estamos por enfrentar una versi&#243;n mucho m&#225;s extra&#241;a de esa pregunta.</p><p><em><strong>&#191;C&#243;mo funciona una regla de origen cuando un sistema de inteligencia artificial dise&#241;a el producto en tres fronteras a la vez? </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; significa &#8220;protecci&#243;n al trabajador&#8221; cuando la tarea la realiza un software y no una persona? </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>&#191;Qui&#233;n responde cuando un cami&#243;n aut&#243;nomo cruza un puente internacional y la decisi&#243;n de frenar la tom&#243; un modelo entrenado con datos de un cuarto pa&#237;s?</strong></em></p><p><strong>La Revisi&#243;n Conjunta del T-MEC de 2026 </strong>es el momento en que estas preguntas se plantean, estemos listos o no. El cap&#237;tulo de comercio digital del acuerdo se redact&#243; para un mundo de comercio electr&#243;nico y de flujos de datos, no para el de la IA ag&#233;ntica. </p><blockquote><p><strong>Es un acuerdo del siglo XX que gobierna una econom&#237;a del siglo XXI, y la brecha se ensancha cada trimestre.</strong></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>Por qu&#233; este tambi&#233;n es el argumento de seguridad</h2><blockquote><p>Antes, manten&#237;a la conversaci&#243;n sobre tecnolog&#237;a y la de seguridad en cuartos separados. Ya no.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Estados Unidos compite con China</strong> <strong>en la frontera de la inteligencia artificial.</strong> Esa es la competencia tecnol&#243;gica que define la d&#233;cada. Pero si <strong>Estados Unidos llega solo a esa frontera, con M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; rezagados en infraestructura digital</strong>, eso no es una victoria norteamericana. Es una vulnerabilidad continental.</p><p>Una cadena de suministro es tan segura como su eslab&#243;n menos digitalizado. Un continente que comparte casi <strong>2 billones de d&#243;lares en comercio anual</strong>, pero no puede compartir un est&#225;ndar de<strong> ciberseguridad,</strong> ha construido una sola econom&#237;a con tres cerraduras distintas en la misma puerta.</p><blockquote><p>La seguridad se ha vuelto el nuevo subsidio del continente. </p></blockquote><p>Cada d&#243;lar que se queda en <strong>Norteam&#233;rica</strong>, a trav&#233;s del comercio seguro y coordinado digitalmente, reduce el riesgo global y construye fuerza regional al mismo tiempo. La capa digital es donde esa l&#243;gica se sostiene o se rompe.</p><div><hr></div><h2>Sobre lo que voy a escribir aqu&#237;</h2><p><strong>Esta es la primera de una columna mensual para The North American &#8212; 77, y el hilo conductor va a ser los Logistechs: </strong>el impacto que las tecnolog&#237;as exponenciales tienen sobre la log&#237;stica, y sobre la integraci&#243;n que la log&#237;stica hace posible.</p><p>Durante el pr&#243;ximo a&#241;o entrar&#233; en detalle. <strong>La frontera digital </strong>y lo que realmente exige una <strong>agencia binacional de aduanas</strong>. La IA y los 9.9 millones de empleos norteamericanos que la relaci&#243;n comercial toca. C&#243;mo se ve el comercio transfronterizo cuando convergen los sensores, los veh&#237;culos aut&#243;nomos y la inteligencia artificial. La ciberseguridad como el riesgo de integraci&#243;n que nadie est&#225; cotizando.</p><p>Pero empieza aqu&#237;, con el cimiento poco glamoroso. </p><p><strong>China va a escribir 30 est&#225;ndares este a&#241;o. Nosotros no hemos escrito el primero.</strong></p><p><strong>Las carreteras ya est&#225;n. Los est&#225;ndares no. Ese es el trabajo.</strong></p><p><em>Daniel Covarrubias, Ph.D., dirige el Texas Center for Border Economic and Enterprise Development en la A.R. Sanchez, Jr. School of Business de Texas A&amp;M International University. Escribe <a href="https://thebridgedc.substack.com/">The Bridge</a>, un Substack basado en datos sobre el comercio de Norteam&#233;rica y las tecnolog&#237;as exponenciales.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[CONSTRUYENDO LA CIUDADANÍA]]></title><description><![CDATA[El Trabajo Que Nunca Termina &#8212; Y Por Qu&#233; Ese Es El Punto]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/construyendo-la-ciudadania</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/construyendo-la-ciudadania</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 13:06:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>Papel III de III &#183;</strong> <strong>Los Reflejos de Nuestras Naciones</strong></em> <em>Una trilog&#237;a continental sobre gobernanza, sociedad y la arquitectura de la ciudadan&#237;a</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em><sup>Versiones I y II para ponerse al d&#237;a:</sup></em><sup> </sup></p><ul><li><p><em><sup>Papel I &#8212; </sup><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng"><sup>Los Gobiernos No Son Accidentes. Son Reflejos.</sup></a></em><sup> </sup></p></li><li><p><em><sup>Papel II &#8212; </sup><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/broken-reflections"><sup>Reflexiones Rotas &#8212; EUA y M&#233;xico</sup></a></em></p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg" width="1024" height="572" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p><em><strong><sup>NOTA</sup></strong></em></p><p><em><sup>Este es el tercer y &#250;ltimo papel de la serie. Los papeles I y II nombraron lo que son los gobiernos y documentaron lo que han hecho. Este papel no propone un partido pol&#237;tico, no respalda a ning&#250;n candidato, ni prescribe pol&#237;ticas. Propone algo m&#225;s simple y m&#225;s dif&#237;cil: que la calidad del gobierno es una funci&#243;n de la calidad de la ciudadan&#237;a &#8212; y que la calidad de la ciudadan&#237;a puede construirse.</sup></em></p><div><hr></div><h2>I. Donde Nos Dej&#243; el Papel II</h2><p>El Papel II cerr&#243; con ocho palabras: <em>Los reflejos est&#225;n rotos. Los ciudadanos siguen aqu&#237;.</em></p><p>Esas palabras cargan m&#225;s peso del que parecen.</p><p>&#8220;Siguen aqu&#237;&#8221; no es una condici&#243;n pasiva. Es un punto de partida. Los ciudadanos que siguen aqu&#237; &#8212; los que han visto c&#243;mo la plataforma americana deja de construir para ellos, los que han visto c&#243;mo M&#233;xico incumple una promesa de 100 a&#241;os, los que se quedaron a pesar de todo &#8212; tomaron una decisi&#243;n.</p><p>La pregunta que dej&#243; abierta el Papel II es qu&#233; hacen con ella.</p><p>Quiero ser directo sobre lo que esa pregunta no es. No es una pregunta sobre liderazgo. No es una pregunta sobre qu&#233; partido votar, en qu&#233; candidato confiar, qu&#233; gobierno exigir.</p><p><strong>Es una pregunta sobre ciudadanos. Sobre qu&#233; hacen los ciudadanos cuando el reflejo muestra algo roto. Sobre si esperan un mejor l&#237;der &#8212; o se convierten en el tipo de ciudadan&#237;a que produce uno.</strong></p><p>La respuesta, en todos los casos hist&#243;ricos donde los reflejos rotos fueron reparados, es siempre la misma.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Primero los ciudadanos. Despu&#233;s los l&#237;deres.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Eso no es un eslogan alentador. Es una observaci&#243;n estructural sobre c&#243;mo cambian realmente los sistemas democr&#225;ticos. Y viene con un corolario honesto: el trabajo necesario para convertirse en esa ciudadan&#237;a no es emocionante, no es r&#225;pido, y nunca termina del todo.</p><p>Ese es el argumento de este papel.</p><div><hr></div><h2>II. La Obligaci&#243;n Constitucional</h2><p><strong>Tanto Estados Unidos como M&#233;xico depositaron la soberan&#237;a en sus ciudadanos. </strong>El lenguaje es diferente; la obligaci&#243;n es la misma.</p><p><strong>Estados Unidos:</strong> <em>We the People.</em> </p><p><strong>M&#233;xico:</strong> <em>La soberan&#237;a nacional reside esencial y originariamente en el pueblo.</em></p><p>Estas frases no describen lo que los ciudadanos tienen. Describen lo que los ciudadanos deben.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La soberan&#237;a no es un derecho. Es una obligaci&#243;n. Un pueblo que posee la soberan&#237;a sin ejercerla no permanece libre &#8212; la entrega, de forma incremental, a quien est&#233; dispuesto a llenar el espacio que deja.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Hemos documentado exactamente esa entrega a lo largo de dos papeles.</p><p><strong>El ciudadano estadounidense </strong>vio c&#243;mo la plataforma fue desmantelada, cortafuego por cortafuego, sin encontrar la fuerza organizada para detenerlo. No porque no le importara &#8212; la pasi&#243;n c&#237;vica americana nunca ha sido m&#225;s ruidosa que ahora mismo. <strong>Pero porque importar ruidosamente no es lo mismo que actuar con disciplina.</strong></p><p>El 77 por ciento de los americanos que confiaban en su gobierno en 1964 contaban con organizaciones c&#237;vicas, federaciones laborales, relaciones legislativas bipartidistas y un entorno medi&#225;tico regulado a trav&#233;s del cual esa confianza pod&#237;a organizarse en fuerza pol&#237;tica. </p><p><strong>Lo que reemplaz&#243; esas instituciones fue la indignaci&#243;n &#8212; y la indignaci&#243;n sola nunca ha construido una instituci&#243;n.</strong></p><p><strong>El ciudadano mexicano </strong>vio al estado fallar la promesa constitucional, generaci&#243;n tras generaci&#243;n, sin construir la infraestructura c&#237;vica capaz de exigirle cuentas. No porque sea pasivo &#8212; la sociedad civil mexicana es extraordinariamente vital a nivel comunitario, empresarial y cultural. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Pero porque el modelo pri&#237;sta fue dise&#241;ado, desde su fundaci&#243;n, para organizar la vida c&#237;vica a trav&#233;s del estado en lugar de alrededor de &#233;l.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>La arquitectura corporativa de sindicatos, organizaciones campesinas y sectores populares dio a los ciudadanos un canal. <strong>Era un canal controlado por la misma clase pol&#237;tica que supuestamente deb&#237;a vigilar.</strong></p><p>Esta es la herencia que ambas ciudadan&#237;as cargan. No de fracaso. De desenganche organizado.</p><p><strong>La obligaci&#243;n constitucional es volver a comprometerse &#8212; no de manera ocasional, no en ciclos electorales, sino de forma continua, institucional, a trav&#233;s de generaciones.</strong></p><p>Eso es una exigencia grande. Aqu&#237; est&#225; lo que realmente requiere.</p><div><hr></div><h2>III. Las Cuatro Cosas que Construyen una Ciudadan&#237;a</h2><p>La pregunta de cierre del Papel II fue precisa: <em>&#191;qu&#233; tipo de educaci&#243;n, independencia financiera, infraestructura c&#237;vica y memoria colectiva puede producir gobiernos a la altura de ella?</em></p><p>Estos no son cuatro problemas separados. Son cuatro capacidades interdependientes. Una ciudadan&#237;a que carece de cualquiera de ellas no puede ejercer plenamente las otras tres. Y ninguna sociedad ha reparado jam&#225;s su gobernanza sin invertir en las cuatro.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg" width="1024" height="572" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:572,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:139449,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/200232160?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h3>Educaci&#243;n: El Cimiento Que Precede a Todo Lo Dem&#225;s</h3><p>Hay un hallazgo en la investigaci&#243;n comparativa sobre el desarrollo democr&#225;tico tan consistente que deber&#237;a tratarse como ley:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Todo proceso de renovaci&#243;n democr&#225;tica duradera ha sido precedido por una generaci&#243;n de inversi&#243;n educativa masiva, t&#237;picamente 15 a 25 a&#241;os antes de que aparezcan los resultados pol&#237;ticos.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Finlandia comenz&#243; su reforma escolar integral en 1972</strong>. Produjo sus primeros resultados globales destacados en el a&#241;o 2000 &#8212; <strong>veintiocho a&#241;os despu&#233;s.</strong> <strong>Corea del Sur construy&#243; la educaci&#243;n primaria universal</strong> a lo largo de los a&#241;os sesenta. La clase media que cre&#243; impuls&#243; el levantamiento democr&#225;tico de 1987 <strong>&#8212; veinte a&#241;os despu&#233;s. Irlanda introdujo la educaci&#243;n secundaria gratuita en 1967.</strong> La fuerza laboral educada que atrajo al <strong>Tigre Celta</strong> estaba lista a principios de los noventa &#8212;<strong> veinticinco a&#241;os despu&#233;s.</strong> Las <em><strong>misiones culturales</strong></em><strong> mexicanas </strong>de los a&#241;os veinte produjeron la fuerza laboral alfabetizada que impuls&#243; el <em><strong>milagro mexicano</strong></em><strong> </strong>de los a&#241;os cuarenta y cincuenta.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>En todos los casos, la educaci&#243;n precedi&#243; la prosperidad. Y en todos los casos, la educaci&#243;n no fue meramente vocacional. Fue c&#237;vica.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; significa la educaci&#243;n c&#237;vica? </strong>No el ritual patri&#243;tico. No las constituciones memorizadas.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La educaci&#243;n c&#237;vica es la transmisi&#243;n de tres capacidades espec&#237;ficas: c&#243;mo funciona el poder; c&#243;mo organizar la acci&#243;n colectiva; c&#243;mo exigir cuentas a las instituciones.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><em><strong>Un ciudadano que no entiende c&#243;mo funciona el poder no puede reconocer cu&#225;ndo se abusa de &#233;l. </strong></em>Un ciudadano que no sabe c&#243;mo organizarse no puede construir las coaliciones que hacen efectivas las exigencias. Un ciudadano que no puede exigir cuentas a las instituciones no tiene herramienta cuando esas instituciones fallan.</p><p>Hoy, <strong>solo el 36 por ciento de los americanos puede aprobar el examen de civismo que se exige a los inmigrantes naturalizados</strong> &#8212; el est&#225;ndar m&#237;nimo de conocimiento c&#237;vico que el pa&#237;s pide a quienes no nacieron aqu&#237;. <em>M&#233;xico incluye educaci&#243;n c&#237;vica en su curr&#237;culo oficial, pero la OCDE ubica a los estudiantes de secundaria mexicanos cerca del fondo de sus pa&#237;ses miembro en competencias de pensamiento cr&#237;tico &#8212; que son precisamente las habilidades que la educaci&#243;n c&#237;vica debe producir.</em></p><p><strong>Ninguno de los dos pa&#237;ses est&#225; educando ciudadanos al nivel que el pacto constitucional requiere.</strong></p><p>Esto no es principalmente una falla del gobierno. Es una falla c&#237;vica. Las escuelas p&#250;blicas no mejoran porque el gobierno decida mejorarlas. Mejoran porque padres, maestros, organizaciones comunitarias y sociedad civil sostienen la exigencia de mejora a trav&#233;s de d&#233;cadas y administraciones &#8212; como las organizaciones de padres finlandeses y el <strong>Sindicato de Educaci&#243;n de Finlandia</strong> <strong>sostuvieron la exigencia de educaci&#243;n integral a trav&#233;s de siete cambios de gobierno entre 1972 y 1985.</strong></p><p>El trabajo comienza con esta pregunta, que los ciudadanos deben hacer y seguir haciendo:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>&#191;Las escuelas de nuestra comunidad est&#225;n produciendo personas capaces de gobernarse a s&#237; mismas?</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>Independencia Financiera: La Precondici&#243;n para el Valor C&#237;vico</h3><p>Este es el elemento que se omite con m&#225;s frecuencia en la teor&#237;a pol&#237;tica y que aparece con m&#225;s consistencia en el registro hist&#243;rico.</p><p><strong>Los ciudadanos que est&#225;n econ&#243;micamente en precariedad no pueden permitirse el compromiso c&#237;vico.</strong> La elecci&#243;n entre asistir a una reuni&#243;n del ayuntamiento y tomar un turno extra no es un fracaso moral. Es una respuesta racional a la escasez.</p><p>El Papel II document&#243; c&#243;mo luce esa escasez. En M&#233;xico: sesenta y cinco millones de personas con una riqueza promedio de <strong>$1,803 d&#243;lares</strong>. En Estados Unidos: la mitad inferior de la poblaci&#243;n concentrando apenas el <strong>2.5 por ciento de la riqueza total</strong>. En ambos pa&#237;ses, la mitad inferior de la poblaci&#243;n no est&#225; en posici&#243;n de absorber los riesgos que la acci&#243;n c&#237;vica a veces requiere.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La dependencia econ&#243;mica produce dependencia pol&#237;tica. Esto no es una coincidencia. Es el mecanismo a trav&#233;s del cual la riqueza concentrada se traduce en poder pol&#237;tico concentrado.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><em><strong>El sistema de patronazgo mexicano </strong></em>&#8212; <em>el voto a cambio de una despensa, la transferencia condicionada, el favor pol&#237;tico que garantiza que se apruebe el permiso &#8212; no fue inventado por pol&#237;ticos c&#237;nicos.</em> </p><p><strong>Lo hicieron posible los ciudadanos sin otra fuente de seguridad.</strong> <em>Cuando el estado es lo &#250;nico que se interpone entre t&#250; y el hambre, no votas contra el estado. Votas para mantener tu acceso a &#233;l.</em></p><p><strong>La versi&#243;n americana </strong>es menos directa pero estructuralmente paralela. Un trabajador cuyo seguro de salud depende de su empleador, cuya jubilaci&#243;n depende de una cuenta igualada por su empresa, y cuya hipoteca depende de un sector financiero que el gobierno ha clasificado como demasiado grande para caer, no es un ciudadano independiente en el sentido c&#237;vico. </p><p><strong>Sus compromisos econ&#243;micos lo hacen averso al riesgo ante los cambios que la responsabilidad democr&#225;tica a veces exige.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La independencia financiera &#8212; la capacidad de los ciudadanos ordinarios de acumular suficiente excedente para poder asumir riesgos c&#237;vicos &#8212; no es un lujo. Es una precondici&#243;n para el tipo de ciudadan&#237;a que produce gobiernos responsables.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; significa esto en la pr&#225;ctica?</strong> Que toda expansi&#243;n del acceso a herramientas financieras &#8212; sistemas de ahorro, infraestructura de pensiones, acceso a vivienda, financiamiento para peque&#241;as empresas, educaci&#243;n financiera &#8212; es tambi&#233;n una expansi&#243;n de la capacidad c&#237;vica.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>La Ley G.I. </strong>produjo una generaci&#243;n de americanos educados y propietarios que fundaron asociaciones c&#237;vicas, se postularon para cargos locales y sostuvieron el consenso democr&#225;tico de la posguerra. Pod&#237;an permitirse hacer esas cosas porque la ley les hab&#237;a dado un piso econ&#243;mico.</p><p><em><strong>La independencia financiera no se trata solo de riqueza individual. Se trata de si la arquitectura de la econom&#237;a distribuye las herramientas de independencia de manera suficientemente amplia como para que la mayor&#237;a de los ciudadanos pueda permitirse ser independiente.</strong> </em></p><p><em><strong>En M&#233;xico y en Estados Unidos</strong></em>, actualmente no lo hace. Eso es un problema c&#237;vico antes de ser un problema econ&#243;mico.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Infraestructura C&#237;vica: La Capacidad de Organizarse</h3><p>Este es el elemento m&#225;s deficiente en ambos pa&#237;ses, y el m&#225;s directamente responsable de la crisis actual.</p><p><strong>Una ciudadan&#237;a sin infraestructura c&#237;vica es una colecci&#243;n de individuos con preocupaciones id&#233;nticas que no pueden coordinarlas.</strong> La infraestructura c&#237;vica es lo que transforma la preocupaci&#243;n individual en fuerza colectiva: federaciones laborales, asociaciones empresariales, gremios profesionales, organizaciones comunitarias, medios de comunicaci&#243;n independientes, universidades con genuina libertad intelectual.</p><p><strong>El modelo n&#243;rdico </strong>no surgi&#243; de las buenas intenciones. <strong>Surgi&#243; de d&#233;cadas de construcci&#243;n organizacional: </strong>densidad sindical superior al 60 por ciento, federaciones patronales que pod&#237;an comprometer a sus miembros, y un estado con suficiente capacidad administrativa e integridad para ser un tercer interlocutor cre&#237;ble en la negociaci&#243;n.</p><p><em><strong>El Acuerdo de Saltsj&#246;baden en Suecia (1938), el Compromiso de Septiembre dan&#233;s (1899), el Acuerdo B&#225;sico noruego (1935) &#8212; estos no fueron regalos de gobiernos iluminados. Fueron resultados negociados producidos por trabajo y capital organizados, ambos con la disciplina suficiente para honrar compromisos a trav&#233;s de m&#250;ltiples administraciones.</strong></em></p><p><strong>En Estados Unidos,</strong> la densidad sindical ha ca&#237;do <strong>del 35 por ciento en 1954 al 10 por ciento actual</strong> &#8212; <strong>6 por ciento en el sector privado.</strong> Las asociaciones c&#237;vicas que Alexis de Tocqueville identific&#243; como la base estructural de la democracia americana han declinado significativamente desde los a&#241;os setenta. Los reemplazos &#8212; campa&#241;as en redes sociales, peticiones en l&#237;nea, contenido viral &#8212; generan intensidad y ninguna infraestructura duradera.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Un hilo de Twitter no puede hacer cumplir un acuerdo salarial. Un video viral no puede sostener tres a&#241;os de negociaci&#243;n para un pacto laboral. El compromiso en l&#237;nea, a su nivel actual de organizaci&#243;n, es la apariencia de infraestructura c&#237;vica sin la capacidad funcional.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>En M&#233;xico</strong>, <em><strong>el problema de infraestructura c&#237;vica es m&#225;s antiguo y estructuralmente m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de resolver. </strong></em></p><p><strong>El modelo corporativista</strong> organiz&#243; a la sociedad civil a trav&#233;s del estado, dejando a las organizaciones independientes o dentro de la estructura oficial o perpetuamente peleando por su legitimidad fuera de ella. </p><p>La sociedad civil independiente ha crecido desde el a&#241;o 2000, pero sigue siendo financieramente fr&#225;gil, pol&#237;ticamente vulnerable e institucionalmente aislada de los centros de decisi&#243;n econ&#243;mica.</p><p>La prensa, en ambos pa&#237;ses, est&#225; bajo una presi&#243;n que ha debilitado su capacidad de funcionar como infraestructura c&#237;vica. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>En M&#233;xico, periodistas han sido asesinados, redacciones cerradas y el periodismo local de rendici&#243;n de cuentas destruido en regiones enteras. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>En Estados Unidos,</strong> el periodismo local ha colapsado a una escala y velocidad sin precedentes en la era moderna.</p><p>Sin una prensa que funcione, la infraestructura c&#237;vica de la rendici&#243;n de cuentas no puede operar. Los ciudadanos no pueden exigir cuentas a las instituciones bajo est&#225;ndares que no pueden observar.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Reconstruir la infraestructura c&#237;vica no es una tarea del gobierno. Es una tarea ciudadana. &#218;nase a la organizaci&#243;n. Apoye a la publicaci&#243;n independiente. Construya la asociaci&#243;n profesional. Asista a la reuni&#243;n. Estos no son actos simb&#243;licos. Son la mec&#225;nica real del poder colectivo.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>Memoria Colectiva: Lo Que Transmitimos a Trav&#233;s de las Generaciones</h3><p>Cada sociedad transmite una versi&#243;n de su propia historia. <strong>La elecci&#243;n de qu&#233; transmitir no es neutral.</strong></p><p><em><strong>La Ley Fundamental de Alemania </strong></em>se ense&#241;a en las escuelas alemanas no como un hecho hist&#243;rico sino como una obligaci&#243;n viva. <em>Los estudiantes aprenden no solo lo que dice sino por qu&#233; fue redactada as&#237;, qu&#233; fracaso espec&#237;fico fue dise&#241;ada para prevenir, y qu&#233; responsabilidad eso pone en cada ciudadano alem&#225;n.</em> </p><p><strong>El curr&#237;culo es expl&#237;cito:</strong> <em>esto sucedi&#243;; no debe volver a suceder; tu trabajo es entender ambas cosas.</em> <strong>El resultado es una ciudadan&#237;a con alfabetizaci&#243;n estructural</strong> &#8212; una poblaci&#243;n capaz de reconocer el retroceso democr&#225;tico porque sabe, en detalle institucional, c&#243;mo se ve.</p><p><em><strong>Noruega transmite el Fondo del Petr&#243;leo como una historia de justicia intergeneracional.</strong></em> <strong>Los ni&#241;os noruegos</strong> aprenden que la riqueza bajo el fondo marino no pertenece a ning&#250;n gobierno sino a todos los noruegos a trav&#233;s del tiempo &#8212; incluidos los que a&#250;n no han nacido. </p><p>Esa narrativa hace que el fondo sea pol&#237;ticamente muy dif&#237;cil de saquear &#8212; no solo por las disposiciones constitucionales, sino porque los ciudadanos que conocen la historia lo consideran un patrimonio com&#250;n, no un activo gubernamental.</p><p><strong>Estados Unidos transmite</strong> sus documentos fundacionales como evidencia de la grandeza de la naci&#243;n. Lo que transmite con menos consistencia es la historia completa de qui&#233;n construy&#243; esa grandeza, a qu&#233; costo, y bajo qu&#233; sistemas de exclusi&#243;n. </p><p><strong>Este no es un argumento partidista. Es un argumento c&#237;vico: una ciudadan&#237;a que no sabe lo que hereda no puede hacerse responsable de mantenerlo.</strong></p><p><strong>M&#233;xico transmite la Revoluci&#243;n como mito.</strong> Las fechas. Los murales. El pante&#243;n de h&#233;roes. Lo que transmite con menos consistencia es el an&#225;lisis institucional preciso de por qu&#233; cada ciclo de reforma fue revertido: qu&#233; arquitectura constitucional falt&#243;, qu&#233; mecanismo de anclaje nunca se construy&#243;, qu&#233; procesos espec&#237;ficos permitieron que cada <em>sexenio</em> deshiciera el trabajo del anterior.</p><p>Los estudiantes en las escuelas mexicanas aprenden que ocurrieron las reformas. Rara vez se les ense&#241;a por qu&#233; fueron reversibles &#8212; que es la lecci&#243;n m&#225;s importante.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La memoria colectiva no es nostalgia. Es el sistema de informaci&#243;n mediante el cual cada generaci&#243;n sabe qu&#233; funcion&#243;, qu&#233; fall&#243; y por qu&#233; &#8212; y, por lo tanto, qu&#233; exigir, qu&#233; construir y qu&#233; proteger.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Ambos pa&#237;ses transmiten actualmente versiones de su historia que celebran la fundaci&#243;n y oscurecen los mecanismos del declive. </p><p><strong>El resultado es una ciudadan&#237;a que hereda el orgullo sin la alfabetizaci&#243;n estructural para sostener lo que lo produjo.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2>IV. El Momento 2026 &#8212; Por Qu&#233; Esperar Es M&#225;s Costoso Que Actuar</h2><p>Siempre hay razones para esperar. El momento siempre es complejo. Los adversarios siempre son poderosos. Las instituciones siempre son imperfectas.</p><p><strong>Pero 2026 tiene una cualidad espec&#237;fica que hace que esperar sea m&#225;s costoso de lo habitual.</strong></p><p>La revisi&#243;n del T-MEC ya est&#225; en marcha. La renegociaci&#243;n m&#225;s importante de la arquitectura comercial de <em><strong>Am&#233;rica del Norte desde 1993</strong></em> se est&#225; llevando a cabo ahora mismo, por gobiernos que responden a la presi&#243;n organizada &#8212; o a su ausencia. El marco de minerales cr&#237;ticos que determinar&#225; qui&#233;n controla los insumos para la econom&#237;a de la inteligencia artificial y la energ&#237;a limpia se est&#225; decidiendo ahora. </p><p>El mecanismo de aplicaci&#243;n laboral que, por primera vez, dio a los trabajadores mexicanos un camino directo para impugnar violaciones espec&#237;ficas est&#225; siendo puesto a prueba en tiempo real. Si sobrevive a la revisi&#243;n, si se fortalece o se debilita, se decidir&#225; en los pr&#243;ximos meses.</p><p><em><strong>La transici&#243;n hacia la IA no es un evento futuro</strong>.</em> Est&#225; ocurriendo en los pisos de manufactura en Monterrey, en las redes log&#237;sticas en los tres pa&#237;ses, en los sistemas financieros y legales de las ciudades americanas, en los sistemas de datos agr&#237;colas de las praderas canadienses. </p><p>Las respuestas institucionales que se construyen ahora dar&#225;n forma a la distribuci&#243;n de las ganancias de la econom&#237;a de la IA durante d&#233;cadas.</p><p><em><strong>En ambos pa&#237;ses, los ciudadanos menos protegidos por las instituciones existentes son los m&#225;s expuestos a la disrupci&#243;n. </strong></em>Las decisiones de gobernanza que se toman ahora se toman en gran medida sin participaci&#243;n ciudadana organizada.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Esto no es una falla del gobierno. Es un vac&#237;o dejado por ciudadanos que cedieron el terreno.</strong></p></blockquote><p>La pregunta no es si comprometerse en tiempos complejos. <strong>La pregunta es si los tiempos complejos son cuando usted decide comprometerse &#8212; o cuando cede la decisi&#243;n a alguien m&#225;s.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2>V. El Trabajo Que Nunca Termina</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg" width="1024" height="572" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:572,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:155083,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/200232160?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Quiero cerrar esta serie con honestidad.</p><p><strong>El trabajo de construir una ciudadan&#237;a no es un problema a resolver. Es una condici&#243;n a mantener</strong>. No hay momento en que se complete, no hay generaci&#243;n que lo termine y transmita una herencia estable. </p><p>Cada generaci&#243;n hereda tanto los logros de quienes se organizaron antes que ellos como las nuevas degradaciones introducidas desde entonces.</p><p>Esta no es una observaci&#243;n pesimista. <strong>Es la definici&#243;n precisa de lo que hace a la democracia una democracia.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Una democracia que est&#225; &#8220;arreglada&#8221; ha dejado de ser una democracia. Se ha convertido en algo administrado &#8212; por quien lo arregl&#243;. La necesidad del compromiso ciudadano continuo no es una carga a superar. Es el mecanismo por el cual un pueblo que se gobierna a s&#237; mismo permanece autogobernado.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><em><strong>Estados Unidos tiene la arquitectura institucional necesaria para la renovaci&#243;n</strong></em> &#8212; el marco constitucional, la estructura federal, la tradici&#243;n de sociedad civil, la profundidad financiera. </p><p><em><strong>Lo que necesita</strong></em> son ciudadanos que recuerden para qu&#233; fueron construidas esas instituciones y que est&#233;n dispuestos a hacer el trabajo organizado y disciplinado de reclamarlas para ese prop&#243;sito.</p><p><em><strong>M&#233;xico tiene la energ&#237;a humana y el talento para la renovaci&#243;n </strong></em>&#8212; en las empresas que han competido y ganado en mercados globales a pesar de cada obst&#225;culo estructural, en la producci&#243;n cultural que ha alcanzado alcance global, en los millones que han demostrado, por el simple acto de sobrevivir y construir en un sistema no dise&#241;ado para apoyarlos, <strong>que la capacidad mexicana nunca ha sido el factor limitante.</strong> </p><p><em><strong>Lo que M&#233;xico necesita es la arquitectura institucional que proteja ese talento de la captura pol&#237;tica</strong></em> &#8212; y ciudadanos dispuestos a exigirla y construirla.</p><p><strong>Ambos pa&#237;ses necesitan una generaci&#243;n de ciudadanos que entiendan que el cambio que quieren requiere no solo un gobierno diferente, sino un tipo diferente de ciudadan&#237;a.</strong> </p><p>Una que eduque, organice, exija y sostenga &#8212; no a lo largo de un ciclo electoral, sino a trav&#233;s de d&#233;cadas.</p><p>Ese es el trabajo. No es el trabajo de un l&#237;der. <strong>Nunca lo ha sido.</strong></p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><em>Los reflejos est&#225;n rotos.</em> <em>Los ciudadanos siguen aqu&#237;.</em> <strong>Lo que construyan a continuaci&#243;n &#8212; lo que t&#250; construyas &#8212; es la &#250;nica historia que importa.</strong></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p><sup>Papel III de III &#183; Las Reflexiones de Nuestras Naciones &#8212; una trilog&#237;a continental sobre gobernanza, sociedad y la arquitectura de la ciudadan&#237;a.</sup></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><sup>Eduardo Joffroy es fundador y director editorial de The North American &#8212; 77, una plataforma editorial biling&#252;e sobre la integraci&#243;n norteamericana.</sup></em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><sup>NA77 &#183; UN FUTURO. TRES NACIONES. &#183; </sup><a href="http://thenorthamerican.com"><sup>thenorthamerican.com</sup></a></em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[BUILDING THE CITIZENRY]]></title><description><![CDATA[The Work That Never Ends &#8212; and Why That Is the Point]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/building-the-citizenry</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/building-the-citizenry</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 13:03:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><sup>Paper III of III &#183; The Reflexions of Our Nations</sup></em><sup> </sup><em><sup>A continental trilogy on governance, society, and the architecture of citizenship</sup></em></p><div><hr></div><p><em><strong><sup>Catch up with the series:</sup></strong></em><strong><sup> </sup></strong></p><ul><li><p><em><sup>Paper I &#8212; </sup><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng"><sup>Governments Are Not Accidents. They Are Reflections.</sup></a></em><sup> </sup></p></li><li><p><em><sup>Paper II &#8212; </sup><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/broken-reflections"><sup>Broken Reflextions &#8212; US &amp; Mexico</sup></a></em></p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg" width="1024" height="572" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:572,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:61326,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/200229725?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p><strong><sup>A NOTE ON SCOPE</sup></strong></p><p><em><sup>This is the final paper in the series. Papers I and II named what governments are and documented what they have done. This paper does not propose a political party, endorse a candidate, or prescribe policy. It proposes something simpler and harder: that the quality of government is a function of the quality of citizenship &#8212; and that the quality of citizenship can be built.</sup></em></p><div><hr></div><h2>I. Where Paper II Left Us</h2><p>Paper II closed with eight words: <em><strong>The reflections are broken. The citizens are still here.</strong></em></p><p>Those words carry more weight than they appear to.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>&#8220;Still here&#8221; is not a passive condition. It is a starting point. The citizens who are still here &#8212; who have watched the American platform stop building for them, who have watched Mexico default on a 100-year-old promise, who have stayed in spite of everything &#8212; have made a choice.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The question Paper II left open is what they do with it.</p><p>I want to be direct about what that question is not. It is not a question about leadership. It is not a question about which party to vote for, which candidate to trust, which government to demand.</p><p><strong>It is a question about citizens. About what citizens do when the reflection shows something broken. About whether they wait for a better leader &#8212; or become the kind of citizenry that produces one.</strong></p><p>The answer, from every historical case where broken reflections were repaired, is always the same.</p><p><strong>Citizens first. Leaders second.</strong></p><p>That is not an encouraging slogan. It is a structural observation about how democratic systems actually change. And it comes with an honest corollary: the work required to become that citizenry is not exciting, not fast, and never fully finished.</p><p>That is the argument of this paper.</p><div><hr></div><h2>II. The Constitutional Obligation</h2><p><strong>Both the United States and Mexico</strong> <strong>placed sovereignty in their citizens. </strong>The language is different; the obligation is the same.</p><p><strong>The United States:</strong> <em>We the People.</em> </p><p><strong>Mexico:</strong> <em>La soberan&#237;a nacional reside esencial y originariamente en el pueblo.</em></p><p>These sentences are not descriptions of what citizens have. They are descriptions of what citizens owe.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Sovereignty is not a right. It is an obligation. A people that holds sovereignty without exercising it does not remain free &#8212; it surrenders it, incrementally, to whoever is willing to fill the space it leaves behind.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>We have documented exactly that surrender across two papers.</p><p><strong>The American citizen</strong> watched the platform be dismantled, firewall by firewall, without finding the organized force to stop it. Not because they did not care &#8212; American civic passion has never been louder than it is right now. <strong>But because caring loudly is not the same as acting with discipline.</strong></p><p>The 77 percent of Americans who trusted their government in 1964 had civic organizations, labor federations, bipartisan legislative relationships, and a regulated media environment through which that trust could be organized into political force. </p><blockquote><p><strong>What replaced those institutions was outrage &#8212; and outrage alone has never built an institution.</strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>The Mexican citizen</strong> watched the state fail the constitutional promise, generation after generation, without building the civic infrastructure capable of holding it accountable. <strong>Not because they are passive &#8212; Mexican civil society is extraordinarily vital at the community, business, and cultural levels.</strong> </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>But because the PRI model was designed, at its founding, to organize civic life through the state rather than around it.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The corporatist architecture of unions, farmer associations, and popular sectors gave citizens a channel to operate within. <strong>It was a channel controlled by the same political class it was supposed to check.</strong></p><p>This is the inheritance both citizenries carry. Not of failure. Of organized disengagement.</p><p><strong>The constitutional obligation is to re-engage &#8212; not occasionally, not in electoral cycles, but continuously, institutionally, across generations.</strong></p><p>That is a large demand. Here is what it actually requires.</p><div><hr></div><h2>III. The Four Things That Build a Citizenry</h2><p>Paper II&#8217;s closing question was precise: <em><strong>what kind of education, financial independence, civic infrastructure, and collective memory can produce governments worthy of it?</strong></em></p><p><strong>These are not four separate problems.</strong> They are four interdependent capacities. A citizenry that lacks any one of them cannot fully exercise the other three. And no society has ever repaired its governance without investing in all four.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg" width="1024" height="572" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:572,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:139449,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/200229725?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><div><hr></div><h3>Education: The Foundation That Precedes Everything Else</h3><p>There is a finding in the comparative research on democratic development so consistent it should be treated as a law:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Every durable democratic renewal has been preceded by a generation of mass educational investment, typically 15 to 25 years before the political results appear.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Finland</strong> began its comprehensive school reform in <strong>1972</strong>. It produced its top global outcomes in the year<strong> 2000 </strong>&#8212; <em><strong>twenty-eight years later.</strong></em> <strong>South Korea </strong>built universal primary education through the <strong>1960s. </strong>The middle class it created drove the democratic uprising of <strong>1987 </strong>&#8212;<strong> twenty years later. Ireland</strong> introduced free secondary education in <strong>1967.</strong> The educated workforce that attracted the <strong>Celtic Tiger </strong>investment was ready by the early <strong>1990s </strong>&#8212; <strong>twenty-five years later. Mexico&#8217;s </strong><em><strong>misiones culturales</strong></em><strong> of the 1920s</strong> produced the literate workforce that powered the <em><strong>milagro mexicano</strong></em><strong> of the 1940s and 50s.</strong></p><p>In every case, the education preceded the prosperity. And in every case, the education was not merely vocational. <strong>It was civic.</strong></p><p>What does civic education mean? Not patriotic ritual. Not memorized constitutions.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Civic education is the transmission of three specific capacities: how power works; how to organize collective action; how to hold institutions accountable.</strong></p></blockquote><p>A citizen who does not understand how power works cannot recognize when it is being abused. A citizen who does not know how to organize cannot build the coalitions that make demands effective. A citizen who cannot hold institutions accountable has no tool when those institutions fail.</p><p><strong>Today, only 36 percent of Americans can pass the civics test required of naturalized immigrants</strong> &#8212; the minimum standard of civic knowledge the country asks of people who were not born here. <strong>Mexico&#8217;s </strong>official curriculum includes civic education, but the <strong>OCDE ranks Mexican</strong> secondary students near the bottom of its membership for critical-thinking competencies &#8212; which are the skills civic education is supposed to produce.</p><p><strong>Neither country is educating citizens at the level the constitutional compact requires.</strong></p><p>This is not primarily a government failure. It is a civic one. Government schools do not improve because government decides to improve them. They improve because parents, teachers, community organizations, and civil society sustain the demand for improvement across decades and administrations &#8212; the way Finnish parent organizations and the Finnish Education Union sustained the demand for comprehensive education across seven changes of government between 1972 and 1985.</p><p>The work begins with this question, which citizens must ask and keep asking:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Are the schools in our community producing people capable of governing themselves?</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>Financial Independence: The Precondition for Civic Courage</h3><p>This is the element most frequently omitted from political theory and most consistently present in the historical record.</p><p><strong>Citizens who are economically precarious cannot afford civic engagement.</strong> The choice between attending a city council meeting and picking up an extra shift is not a moral failure. It is a rational response to scarcity.</p><p><strong>Paper II </strong>documented what that scarcity looks like. </p><p><strong>In Mexico: </strong>sixty-five million people with average wealth of <strong>$1,803 USD</strong>. </p><p><strong>In the United States:</strong> the bottom half of earners holding just <strong>2.5 percent of total household wealth</strong>. </p><p>In both countries, the bottom half of the population is not positioned to absorb the risks that civic action sometimes requires.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Economic dependence produces political dependence. This is not a coincidence. It is the mechanism through which concentrated wealth translates into concentrated political power.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>The Mexican patronage system</strong> &#8212; the vote in exchange for a <em>despensa</em>, the conditional <em>transferencia</em>, the political favor that ensures the permit gets approved &#8212; was not invented by cynical politicians. </p><p><strong>It was made possible by citizens with no other source of security.</strong> When the state is the only thing standing between you and hunger, you do not vote against the state. You vote to preserve your access to it.</p><p><strong>The American version</strong> is less direct but structurally parallel. A worker whose health insurance depends on their employer, whose retirement depends on an employer-matched account, and whose mortgage depends on a financial sector the government has classified as too-big-to-fail is not an independent citizen in the civic sense. </p><p><strong>Their economic attachments make them risk-averse about the very disruptions that democratic accountability sometimes requires.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Financial independence &#8212; the capacity of ordinary citizens to accumulate enough surplus that they can afford to take civic risks &#8212; is not a luxury. It is a precondition for the kind of citizenship that produces accountable governments.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>What does this mean in practice?</strong> It means that every expansion of access to financial tools &#8212; savings systems, pension infrastructure, home ownership, small business financing, financial literacy &#8212; is also an expansion of civic capacity. </p><p><strong>The G.I. Bill</strong> produced a generation of educated, propertied Americans who founded civic associations, ran for local office, and sustained the postwar democratic consensus. They could afford to do those things because the bill had given them an economic floor.</p><p><strong>Norway&#8217;s Petroleum Fund</strong> is, among other things, a civic tool: a mechanism through which Norwegian citizens can claim, collectively, that the wealth beneath their territory belongs to all of them across all generations &#8212; not to any single government to spend as political currency. Its existence changes the relationship between the Norwegian citizen and the Norwegian state. </p><p>That is part of why Norway has among the highest institutional trust in the world.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Financial independence is not only about individual wealth. It is about whether the architecture of the economy distributes the tools of independence broadly enough that a majority of citizens can afford to be independent. In Mexico and the United States, it currently does not. That is a civic problem before it is an economic one.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>Civic Infrastructure: The Capacity to Organize</h3><p>This is the most underbuilt element in both countries, and the one most directly responsible for the current crisis.</p><p><strong>A citizenry without civic infrastructure is a collection of individuals with identical concerns who cannot coordinate them.</strong> <strong>Civic infrastructure</strong> is what transforms individual concern into collective force: labor federations, business associations, professional guilds, community organizations, independent media, universities with genuine intellectual freedom, think tanks that are independent of both government and their funders.</p><p><strong>The Nordic model </strong>did not emerge from good intentions. It emerged from decades of organizational construction: union density above 60 percent, encompassing employer federations capable of binding their members, and a state with enough administrative capacity and integrity to function as a credible third party in negotiation.</p><p><em><strong>The Saltsj&#246;baden Agreement in Sweden (1938), the Danish September Compromise (1899), Norway&#8217;s Basic Agreement (1935) </strong></em>&#8212; <strong>these were not gifts from enlightened governments. They were negotiated outcomes produced by organized labor and organized capital</strong>, both disciplined enough to honor commitments across multiple administrations.</p><p><strong>In the United States</strong>, union density has fallen <strong>from 35 percent in 1954 to 10 percent today &#8212; 6 percent in the private sector. </strong>The civic associations that Alexis de Tocqueville identified as the structural foundation of<strong> American democracy</strong> &#8212; the leagues, the societies, the local institutions that constituted the connective tissue of mid-century civic life &#8212; have declined significantly since the 1970s.</p><p>The replacements &#8212; <em><strong>social media campaigns, online petitions, viral content</strong></em> &#8212; generate intensity and no durable infrastructure.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>A Twitter thread cannot enforce a wage agreement. A viral video cannot sustain a three-year negotiation for a labor compact. Online engagement, at its current level of organization, is the appearance of civic infrastructure without the functional capacity.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>In Mexico,</strong> the <strong>civic infrastructure problem</strong> is both older and structurally harder. <strong>The corporatist model</strong> organized civil society through the state, leaving independent organizations either inside the official structure or perpetually fighting for legitimacy outside it. </p><p>Independent civil society has grown since 2000 &#8212; in NGOs, professional networks, community organizations &#8212; but remains financially fragile, politically vulnerable, and institutionally isolated from the centers of economic decision-making.</p><p><strong>The press, in both countries</strong>, is under pressure that has weakened its capacity to function as civic infrastructure. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>In Mexico, journalists have been killed, newsrooms defunded, and local accountability journalism largely destroyed in whole regions.</strong></em> </p></blockquote><p><strong>In the United States,</strong> local news has collapsed at a scale and speed unprecedented in the modern era &#8212; producing, as researchers at <strong>Northwestern University</strong> have documented, entire communities with no consistent source of accountability journalism.</p><p>Without a functioning press, the civic infrastructure for accountability cannot work. Citizens cannot hold institutions to standards they cannot observe.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Rebuilding civic infrastructure is not a government task. It is a citizen task. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Join the organization. Support the independent publication. Build the professional association. Show up to the meeting. These are not symbolic acts. <strong>They are the actual mechanics of collective power.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h3>Collective Memory: What We Transmit Across Generations</h3><p>Every society transmits a version of its own history. <strong>The choice of what to transmit is not neutral.</strong></p><p><strong>Germany&#8217;s Basic Law</strong> is taught in German schools not as historical fact but as a living obligation. Students learn not only what it says but why it was written the way it was, what specific failure it was designed to prevent, and what responsibility that places on <strong>every German citizen.</strong> </p><p>The curriculum is explicit:<em><strong> this happened; it must not happen again; your job is to understand both. </strong></em><strong>The result is a citizenry with structural literacy</strong> &#8212; a population that can recognize democratic backsliding because it knows, in institutional detail, what it looks like.</p><p><em><strong>Norway transmits the Petroleum Fund as a story about intergenerational justice. </strong></em>Norwegian children learn that the wealth beneath the seabed belongs not to any government but to all Norwegians across all time &#8212; including the ones not yet born. </p><p>That narrative makes the fund politically nearly impossible to raid &#8212; not because of constitutional provisions alone, but because the citizens who know the story regard it as a shared heritage rather than a government asset.</p><p><strong>The United States transmits</strong> its founding documents as evidence of the nation&#8217;s greatness. What it transmits less consistently is the full story of who built that greatness, at what cost, and under what systems of exclusion &#8212; and therefore what structural work remains to make the founding promises universally real. This is not a partisan argument. <strong>It is a civic one: a citizenry that does not know what it inherits cannot take responsibility for maintaining it.</strong></p><p><strong>Mexico transmits the Revolution as myth. </strong>The dates. The murals. The pantheon of heroes. What it transmits less consistently is the precise institutional analysis of why each reform cycle was reversed: <em>what constitutional architecture was missing, what lock-in mechanism was never built, what specific mechanisms allowed each sexenio to undo the work of the one before.</em></p><p>Students in Mexican schools learn <em>that</em> the reforms happened. <strong>They are rarely taught </strong><em><strong>why they were reversible</strong></em><strong> &#8212; which is the more important lesson.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Collective memory is not nostalgia. It is the information system through which each generation knows what worked, what failed, and why &#8212; and therefore what to demand, what to build, and what to protect.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Both countries currently transmit versions of their history that celebrate the founding and obscure the mechanisms of decline. <strong>The result is a citizenry that inherits the pride without the structural literacy to sustain what produced it.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2>IV. The 2026 Moment &#8212; Why Waiting Is More Expensive Than Acting</h2><p>There are always reasons to wait. The moment is always complex. The opponents are always powerful. The institutions are always imperfect.</p><p><strong>But 2026 has a specific quality that makes waiting more expensive than it usually is.</strong></p><p><strong>The USMCA</strong> review is already underway. The most consequential renegotiation of North American trade architecture since 1993 is being conducted right now, by governments responding to organized pressure &#8212; or to its absence. The critical-minerals framework that will determine who controls the inputs for the AI and clean energy economy is being decided now. The labor-enforcement mechanism that has, for the first time, given Mexican workers a direct path to challenge specific violations is being stress-tested in real time.</p><p>Whether it survives the review, whether it is strengthened or weakened, will be decided in the next months.</p><p><strong>The AI transition</strong> is not a future event. It is happening in manufacturing operations in Monterrey, in logistics networks across the three countries, in the financial and legal systems of American cities, in the agricultural data systems of Canadian prairies. The institutional responses being built now &#8212; on labor displacement, on data rights, on regulatory architecture &#8212; <em><strong>will shape the distribution of the AI economy&#8217;s gains for decades.</strong></em></p><p>In both countries, the citizens least protected by existing institutions are the ones most exposed to the disruption. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>The governance decisions being made now are being made largely without organized citizen input. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p>They are being made by governments advised primarily by the industries they are supposed to govern.</p><p>This is not a failure of government. <strong>It is a vacuum left by citizens who have ceded the terrain.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>The question is not whether to engage in complex times. The question is whether complex times are when you decide to engage &#8212; or when you surrender the decision to someone else.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>V. The Never-Ending Work</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg" width="1024" height="572" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:572,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:155083,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/200229725?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>I want to close this series honestly.</p><p><em><strong>The work of building a citizenry is not a problem to be solved. It is a condition to be maintained. </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>There is no moment at which it is completed,</strong></em> no generation that finishes it and passes on a stable inheritance. Every generation inherits both the gains of those who organized before them and the new degradations introduced since.</p><p>This is not a pessimistic observation. <strong>It is the precise definition of what makes democracy democracy.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>A democracy that is &#8220;fixed&#8221; has stopped being a democracy. It has become something managed &#8212; by whoever did the fixing. The necessity of continuous citizen engagement is not a burden to be overcome. It is the mechanism by which a self-governing people remains self-governing.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>The United States</strong> has the institutional architecture needed for renewal &#8212; the constitutional framework, the federal structure, the civil society tradition, the financial depth. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>What it needs is citizens who remember what those institutions were built for and who are willing to do the organized, disciplined work of reclaiming them for that purpose.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Mexico</strong> has the human energy and talent for renewal &#8212; in the businesses that have competed and won on global markets against every structural obstacle, in the cultural production that has built global reach, in the millions who have proved, by the simple act of surviving and building in a system not designed to support them, <strong>that Mexican capacity has never been the limiting factor.</strong> </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>What Mexico needs is the institutional architecture to protect that talent from political capture &#8212; and citizens willing to demand and build it.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Both countries need a generation of citizens who understand that the change they want requires not just a different government, but a different kind of citizenship. One that educates, organizes, demands, and sustains &#8212; not across an election cycle, but across decades.</p><p>That is the work. It is not a leader&#8217;s work. <strong>It never has been.</strong></p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><em><strong>The reflections are broken. The citizens are still here. What you build next is the only story that matters.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p><em><strong><sup>Paper III of III &#183; The Reflexions of Our Nations </sup></strong><sup>&#8212; a continental trilogy on governance, society, and the architecture of citizenship.</sup></em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><sup>Eduardo Joffroy is the founder and editor in chief of </sup><strong><sup>The North American &#8212; 77</sup></strong><sup>, a bilingual editorial platform on North American integration.</sup></em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><sup>NA77 &#183; ONE FUTURE. THREE NATIONS. &#183; </sup><a href="http://thenorthamerican.com"><sup>thenorthamerican.com</sup></a></em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[BROKEN REFLECTIONS - US & MEXICO]]></title><description><![CDATA[Governments Are What Citizens Accept and Demand. Here&#8217;s What Two Nations Got. Governments Are Not Accidents. They Are Reflections &#183; Paper II of III]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/broken-reflections</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/broken-reflections</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 13:15:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3><em><strong>Paper I of III of the Series: The Reflexions of Our Nations (Cath up with a Series 1- <a href="https://open.substack.com/pub/eduardojoffroy/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng?r=6769y&amp;utm_campaign=post-expanded-share&amp;utm_medium=web">Governments are not Accidents</a></strong></em></h3><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><strong>A NOTE ON CURRENCY AND SCALE</strong></p><p>All currency amounts in this essay are in United States dollars (USD) unless otherwise noted.</p><p>When millions or billions are referenced, the U.S. convention is used:</p><p><em><strong>$1 million = 1,000,000</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>$1 billion = 1,000,000,000</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>$1 trillion = 1,000,000,000,000</strong></em></p><p>For Mexican peso amounts, USD equivalents are provided for clarity.</p></div><h3><strong>I.  Two Crises; Two Eras; Two Cycles</strong></h3><p><strong>The United States and Mexico appear,</strong> from a distance, to suffer the same disease. Both governments are distrusted by their citizens. Both economies concentrate gains at the top. Both citizenries watch their political class operate at increasing distance from their actual lives.</p><p><strong>Beyond this surface similarity lies a deeper division.</strong> In both nations, citizens are ideologically split. <strong>Political polarization deepens the gap</strong> between what people believe government should be and what government actually delivers. <strong>This ideological fracture </strong>makes it harder for either society to build consensus around what needs to be repaired.</p><p><strong>The appearance of similarity is deceptive.</strong> These are not the same crisis. <em><strong>They are different diseases, in different cycles, in fundamentally different structural positions.</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>A government is not an accident. It is a reflection.</strong></em> It is what a citizenry has accepted. It is what they have allowed. It is what they have stopped demanding.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1204429,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/199271193?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h3>II.  The United States</h3><p><strong>The United States </strong>is losing something it built. For 77 years after the Second World War, the American platform produced the most broadly distributed prosperity any modern society has ever generated. It worked. The middle class thrived and the wealth gap was not even spoken about.</p><p>It is not working as well now &#8212; for reasons we will examine &#8212; but the country was built on a platform that delivered results through opportunities and good wealth distribution.</p><p>The current <strong>American crisis</strong> is the product of a working platform progressively re-engineered to benefit those at the top and abandon the middle and lower classes. Over time, the gains of the platform moved increasingly toward capital and away from labor. The platform was re-engineered around specific economic interest groups whose continual lobbying in Washington achieved their own ambitions. Here are the numbers:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Today, 1 percent of the population owns 30 percent of total U.S. wealth.</strong> More precisely: 905 individuals hold nearly twice as much wealth as 66 million households combined &#8212; <strong>a Federal Reserve and Forbes data point that transcends slogan</strong>. In 2024, the top 1 percent controlled nearly half (49.9 percent) of all equities and mutual fund shares, while the bottom 50 percent held only 1 percent.</em></p></blockquote><p>From 1979 to 2024, average hourly compensation increased just 29.4 percent (after adjusting for inflation) while worker productivity increased 80.9 percent, according to Economic Policy Institute analysis. Between 1980 and 2022, the bottom 90 percent of U.S. earners had wage growth of just 36 percent, compared to 162 percent for the richest 1 percent and 301 percent for the top 0.1 percent.</p><blockquote><p><em>Workers produced roughly 81 percent more in 2024 than in 1979. They were paid 29 percent more. The difference &#8212; roughly 50 percentage points of productivity &#8212; went to capital, not labor.</em></p></blockquote><p>A child born in 1940 had a 92 percent chance of earning more than their parents. A child born in 1980 had a 50 percent chance. Not 60. Not 70. A coin flip. The American Dream, defined as &#8220;your kids will live better than you did,&#8221; has been measurably eroded from near-certainty to near-randomness across three generations.</p><div><hr></div><h3>III.  Mexico</h3><p><strong>Mexico</strong> is craving something it was promised but never fully received. The post-Revolutionary social contract written into the <strong>1917 Constitution </strong>placed the state at the center of national life and committed that state to delivering on behalf of its citizens &#8212; education, land, work, dignity.</p><p>A century later, the state has delivered selectively, partially, and most reliably to those closest to it. <strong>The Mexican crisis</strong> is the crisis of a citizenry that has waited patiently for 100 years for that contract to be honored, and has watched its country be torn apart by the political system, <strong>by interests closest to power,</strong> and by an ever-growing organized crime that now operates at the scale of a parallel state.</p><p><strong>Mexico&#8217;s economic architecture</strong> has never consistently produced a broad middle class, much less a society where wealth creation is widely accessible. But the clearest picture comes not from percentages but from people.</p><p><strong>Mexico&#8217;s wealth architecture </strong>is brutal in its simplicity. At the absolute top: 13 billionaires. Thirteen families. They hold roughly $185 billion USD in combined wealth &#8212; approximately 13 percent of Mexico&#8217;s entire GDP. <em><strong>One of them, Carlos Slim, holds 6.7 percent of the nation&#8217;s GDP alone. Thirteen people. Controlling what a nation produces in a year.</strong></em></p><p><strong>Below that: </strong>approximately 310,000 millionaires. Less than one-quarter of one percent of the population. These are owners of significant businesses, large properties, investment portfolios. Together they control roughly another 15-20 percent of national wealth. So roughly 310,000 people &#8212; 0.24 percent of the population &#8212; control 25-30 percent of everything.</p><p>Then the rest of what economists call the <strong>&#8220;top 10 percent.&#8221; </strong>That is 13 million people. Teachers, doctors, small business owners, successful professionals. They have savings. They have property. They are comfortable. But they are not wealthy. Most do not have $100,000 USD saved. Many have $50,000 or less. They are the middle class that Mexico has managed to build.</p><p>Then everyone else. Sixty-five million people &#8212; the bottom half of Mexico. Their average wealth is $1,803 USD. The majority have far less. Millions have negative wealth: they owe more than they own &#8212; for housing, education, emergencies they could not pay for.</p><p><em><strong>The poverty line is official: 38.5 million Mexicans live below it. They earn roughly $8,000 to $12,000 USD per year. Some work in the formal economy at minimum wage. Half the workforce operates in the informal sector &#8212; no contract, no benefits, no pension, no stability. </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Ten million households receive remittances from family members who left Mexico to work elsewhere. Those remittances average $525 USD per month. For those families, that money is survival.</strong></em></p><p>This is not inequality measured in percentages. This is inequality measured in how many people can afford to eat, to send their children to school, to save for anything at all. Thirteen families have so much they cannot spend it in a generation. Sixty-five million have so little they cannot think beyond next month.</p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share The North American &#8212; 77</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3>IV.  What the Reflections Show</h3><p><strong>Both reflections are broken. </strong>They were broken by different mechanisms, on different timelines, by different actors. The break in the American reflection is recent &#8212; perhaps fifty years old, depending on how you count &#8212; and the country still carries the memory of the platform working as designed.</p><p><strong>The break in the Mexican reflection is older, structural, and inherited. </strong>Many Mexicans alive today have never known the system to work for them at all.</p><p>But underneath those opposite shapes, there is one mechanism the two countries share. In both, at the moment of greatest financial crisis in living memory, the political class chose to protect the institutions that caused the crisis at the direct expense of the citizens who did not. <strong>In the United States, that moment had a name: TARP.</strong> <strong>In Mexico, it had another: FOBAPROA.</strong> </p><blockquote><p><em>Two countries, two crises, two bailouts, one structural decision &#8212; make the citizen pay, so the system can survive.</em></p></blockquote><p>That decision is the clearest single piece of evidence either country has produced about whose interests its government actually serves. It is the argument of this paper.</p><div><hr></div><h3>V.  The American Reflection: How a Platform Stopped Building</h3><p><strong>The American post-war platform</strong> was not an accident. It was a deliberate institutional architecture, built by a generation that had lived through the Depression and the war and had decided &#8212; with bipartisan consensus almost unimaginable today &#8212; that the country would never allow either to happen again.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1115044,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/199271193?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Three pillars held that architecture up.</p><p><strong>The first was the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933</strong>, which separated commercial banking from investment banking. Banks that held the savings of ordinary Americans were not permitted to gamble those savings on speculative trading. The wall was structural, not moral. Congress did not trust bankers to restrain themselves, so Congress restrained them.</p><p><strong>The second was Bretton Woods, the 1944 monetary architecture that pegged the dollar to gold and made the United States the anchor of global finance</strong>. The system was not designed to enrich American capital. It was designed to make sure that the international financial system would never again collapse the way it had in the 1930s, taking democracies with it.</p><p><strong>The third was the postwar social compact &#8212; the GI Bill</strong>, mass home ownership, mass college education, wages that rose with productivity, and a tax structure under which the highest American earners paid marginal rates of 70 percent or more without anyone considering this exceptional.</p><blockquote><p>The compact was not socialist. It was the operating assumption of a country that had concluded, from very recent and very painful experience, that broad prosperity was the foundation of national strength.</p></blockquote><p>For three decades, these three pillars held. The American middle class became the largest, wealthiest, most upwardly mobile population in human history. Black and Latino Americans were not equally included at the start; that fuller story is the subject of its own paper. But the structural fact is that the platform, working as designed, lifted the median American citizen further and faster than any modern society had managed before.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Then, beginning in 1971, the architecture began to be dismantled.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The end of <strong>Bretton Woods </strong>that year unpegged the dollar from gold and gave way to a financial system increasingly governed by capital flows rather than by the productive economy those flows were supposed to serve.</p><p><strong>Through the 1980s and 1990s,</strong> that shift accelerated. Wages and productivity, which had risen together for thirty years, decoupled. Workers kept producing more. Pay stopped following. The gap was captured by capital. Manufacturing began leaving the American heartland &#8212; slowly at first, and then, after <strong>China&#8217;s entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001,</strong> in waves that hollowed out entire regions.</p><p>It is important to be precise about what happened here. <strong>The United States </strong>did not lose its manufacturing base because Americans became lazy or because foreign countries cheated. </p><p><strong>The United States </strong>lost its manufacturing base because the American policy class made a strategic choice &#8212; first to engage <strong>China as a Cold War endgame</strong>, then to integrate China economically as a managed transition &#8212; and accepted the domestic consequences of that choice without ever building the compensatory mechanisms that would have protected the American middle class from absorbing the full cost.</p><p>The asymmetry of that integration deserves attention. Under <strong>NAFTA and later USMCA</strong>, Mexican manufacturing is held to a regional content rule of roughly 60 percent &#8212; meaning a meaningful share of any product traded duty-free across North America must be made on the continent.</p><p><strong>It is also worth stating clearly:</strong> most of those manufacturing plants in Mexico are actually owned and operated by American corporations producing at lower cost within an integrated <strong>North American platform</strong>, then re-exporting to the<strong> United States</strong> where the value is captured. </p><p><em>So when politicians describe Mexican exports as evidence of an unfair trade deficit, the assessment is often incomplete. </em>Mexico receives the labor, the services, and the local investment. <em><strong>The capital and the profit return north. This is not a flaw in the system. It is how the system was designed.</strong></em></p><p>No such discipline &#8212; neither the regional content rule nor the labor and environmental floor &#8212; was imposed on Chinese, Vietnamese, or Southeast Asian manufacturing relative to the American market. <strong>American corporations could offshore to economies </strong>with weaker labor enforcement and lower environmental cost and still enjoy unimpeded access to the American consumer to <strong>maximize their profits</strong> from the end sale of their products.</p><blockquote><p><em>A platform that protects capital also requires mechanisms that return part of that value to the workers, regions, and institutions that make the platform possible. That return did not come. The asymmetry was never rebalanced.</em></p></blockquote><p>The third dismantling was the slow conversion of the American home &#8212; for most of the twentieth century, the single largest store of middle-class wealth &#8212; into a globally traded asset class. <strong>The Glass-Steagall repeal in 1999</strong> removed the wall that had stood for sixty-six years. Within a decade, the mortgages of ordinary Americans were being packaged, sliced, mispriced, and sold into global capital markets at a scale and complexity no regulator fully understood. When the system collapsed in 2008, it took the savings, the homes, and the retirement security of millions of Americans with it.</p><p><strong>The 2008 crisis </strong>produced the clearest single piece of evidence in modern American history about whose interests the platform was actually protecting. In October of that year, <strong>Congress passed the Troubled Asset Relief Program &#8212; TARP</strong> &#8212; authorizing the Treasury to spend up to $700 billion USD to stabilize American financial institutions. The disbursed amount ultimately reached approximately $426 billion USD. <strong>The banks were saved. The American taxpayer absorbed the risk the financial system had created. </strong>By 2014, after years of repayments and asset sales, the Treasury was able to claim that TARP had been technically repaid.</p><blockquote><p><strong>That accounting is true and it misses the point.</strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>What was not repaid, and could not be repaid, was the social contract.</strong> Roughly <strong>ten million American families lost their homes to foreclosure</strong> in the years following the crisis.</p><p>The institutions that had created the instruments causing the crisis were preserved, recapitalized, and in many cases emerged larger and more concentrated than before. The principle that no institution should be too large to be allowed to fail &#8212; <strong>the principle Glass-Steagall had been written precisely to enforce &#8212; was inverted. </strong>Too-big-to-fail was not a flaw in the platform. After 2008, it was the operating logic of the platform.</p><p>The deeper truth is that too-big-to-fail was not designed by greedy bankers. It was designed by a <strong>United States Congress</strong> that, over thirty years, removed the structural firewalls that had prevented financial institutions from becoming large enough to take the country down with them. <strong>Glass-Steagall was repealed in 1999.</strong> Within nine years, the system its repeal had freed collapsed and was rescued by the citizens it was supposed to serve. That sequence is not an accident. It is the predictable consequence of removing a wall built, in 1933, precisely because the country had already learned what happens when the wall is not there.</p><p>The American citizen has not forgotten this. <strong>The collapse of trust in the federal government from 77 percent in 1964 to 17 percent today is not a mystery.</strong> It is a receipt. The citizens have watched the platform stop building for them. They have watched their wages decouple from their productivity, their manufacturing base leave for economies that bear less responsibility than their own, their homes become an asset class traded by people who will never visit them, and their savings put at risk by institutions their own government had decided were too large to be allowed to fail.</p><p>They have paid the bill. They have never been repaid.</p><p><strong>That is the American reflection.</strong> It was a platform that worked. It was dismantled, one structural firewall at a time, by the very institutions that were supposed to maintain it.</p><p><em>The pieces are still there. The wealth is still there. The American potential is there. The capacity is still there.</em> <strong>What has broken is the relationship between the platform and the citizens it was originally built to serve.</strong></p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3>VI.  The Mexican Reflection: A Hundred Years of Patience</h3><p><strong>The Mexican story begins where the American story ends </strong>&#8212; at the question of what a citizenry owes its government, and what its government owes back.</p><p><strong>The 1917 Mexican Constitution</strong>, written after a revolution that cost approximately one million lives, made a specific bet. It placed the state at the center of national life. <em><strong>Article 27 vested ownership of land and subsoil in the nation. Article 123 made labor protections a constitutional matter rather than a contractual one.</strong></em></p><blockquote><p><em>The Mexican state was constituted not as a platform for citizens to pursue their own ends, but as an actor charged with delivering, on behalf of its citizens, the outcomes that the revolution had demanded &#8212; education, land, work, dignity.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>This was not a small bet. It was a contract. </strong></p><p><em><strong>The citizen would entrust the state with the largest share of national economic decision-making, and the state, in return, would deliver. That was the promise written into the founding document. Every Mexican born since 1917 has been a party to it.</strong></em></p><p>For three decades, the contract held. <strong>From roughly 1940 to 1970 </strong>&#8212; the period economists came to call <strong>the Mexican Miracle</strong> &#8212; the economy grew at an average of 6.6 percent per year, one of the fastest sustained growth rates anywhere in the world at the time. Inflation held below 3 percent. The population doubled while the economy grew sixfold. Primary school enrollment tripled.</p><p><strong>A real Mexican middle class began to form in Mexico City, Monterrey, and Guadalajara. </strong>The state-as-actor model, under the conditions of mid-century protected-market development, produced the most prosperous Mexico the modern world had seen.</p><p><strong>Then, as the global order shifted, </strong>Mexico encountered the same kind of test the United States encountered at the end of Bretton Woods. <em><strong>The conditions that had made the Mexican Miracle possible &#8212; protected markets, managed currency, a global financial order that tolerated state-led development &#8212; were no longer available.</strong></em></p><p>The 1970s brought the oil shock, the 1980s brought the debt crisis, and the country that had grown at 6.6 percent for three decades entered a period of fiscal emergency from which, by some measures, it has never fully recovered.</p><p>What Mexico did with that pressure is the structural decision that defines everything after.</p><p><strong>In 1982</strong>, facing a debt crisis the state could no longer service, <em><strong>President Jos&#233; L&#243;pez Portillo nationalized the banking system. It was a sovereign act justified by the political logic of the post-revolutionary contract &#8212; when private capital fails, the state steps in on behalf of the citizen.</strong></em></p><p><strong>Eight years later, in 1990</strong>, the Salinas administration reversed that decision and reprivatized the same banks, selling eighteen institutions for approximately $12 billion USD to a small group of well-connected Mexican investors.</p><p>The price was favorable. The supervisory framework around the new private banks was minimal. Loans were extended aggressively. Risk controls were weak.</p><p><strong>In December 1994</strong>, the Tequila Crisis arrived. The peso collapsed. The newly reprivatized banks, holding portfolios of bad loans they could not service, faced insolvency.</p><p><strong>The Mexican government&#8217;s response was FOBAPROA </strong>&#8212; the Fondo Bancario de Protecci&#243;n al Ahorro, originally created in 1990 as a deposit insurance fund. Beginning in 1995, <strong>FOBAPROA</strong> was used to absorb the bad debts of the same banks the government had reprivatized five years earlier. The ultimate absorbed amount reached approximately 552 billion pesos &#8212; roughly 14 to 15 percent of Mexico&#8217;s GDP at the time, a figure proportionally larger than what the United States would later absorb through TARP.</p><p><strong>In 1998</strong>, after years of political debate, <strong>the Mexican Congress converted FOBAPROA&#8217;s liabilities into public debt under a successor institution, IPAB</strong> &#8212; the Instituto para la Protecci&#243;n al Ahorro Bancario.</p><p><strong>That debt has been serviced by Mexican taxpayers ever since. </strong>The difference is the duration of the consequence. The American bailout was paid back in dollars while the social contract decayed. The Mexican bailout was never paid back at all. It was converted into a permanent claim on the future of every Mexican citizen.</p><blockquote><p><em>That is the Mexican parallel to the American story. The mechanism is the same: at the moment of greatest financial crisis, the political class chose to protect the institutions that caused the crisis at the direct expense of the citizens who did not.</em></p></blockquote><p>FOBAPROA did not happen in isolation. It happened inside a power architecture that has, with notable consistency, used moments of crisis and ordinary governance to shift public cost toward citizens while benefits concentrated around politically connected actors.</p><p><strong>The architecture is visible in several places:</strong> the reprivatization of the banks in 1990; the PEMEX contracting system that produced an oil company with roughly $84 billion USD in debt and negative net equity by 2025; the CFE counter-reform in 2024 that removed independent energy regulators. The Dos Bocas refinery, the Tren Maya, and the AIFA airport followed the same pattern &#8212; approved budgets that doubled, environmental costs deferred, independent oversight eliminated.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1309258,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/199271193?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><blockquote><p><em>These are not unrelated incidents. They are the same architecture, expressing itself through different decades and different actors.</em></p></blockquote><p>Then there is the binational variant of the architecture &#8212; the one that does not show in the federal budget because it operates against it. Huachicol fiscal, the customs misclassification scheme in which refined fuel imported from the United States is declared at Mexican ports of entry under non-fuel tariff codes to evade import duties and the IEPS fuel tax, has been documented by <strong>Mexican investigative press at an annual cost to the Mexican fisco of approximately $3 to $5 billion USD.</strong></p><p><strong>The architecture is precise:</strong> the official policy was to build Dos Bocas to stop importing gasoline. The unofficial reality, running parallel to that policy, was to import the same gasoline tax-free through customs fraud the government had every administrative means to detect and chose, across multiple administrations, not to dismantle. A scheme of this scale cannot survive without coordinated complicity inside the system that is supposed to police it.</p><p>And underneath all of it, the structural cost to the Mexican economy of organized crime, state capture, lost investment, lost tourism, and talent flight runs into the trillions USD. <strong>Since 2006, when the federal government launched the current security strategy, Mexico has accumulated more than 463,000 homicides and more than 130,000 disappeared. These are the costs of a state unable to monopolize legitimate force.</strong></p><p>It is here, in honesty, that one defensible counter-argument deserves to be acknowledged. The Mexican state&#8217;s protective architecture &#8212; for all its costs &#8212; has prevented the catastrophic populist collapses that have devastated other Latin American economies. <strong>Mexico has not become Venezuela</strong>. Its currency, while volatile, has not hyperinflated. Its institutions, however captured, have continued to function.</p><blockquote><p><em>There is a real argument that the cost of the post-revolutionary contract has been the price of &#8220;stability.&#8221; But if the highest standard is simply avoiding collapse, then a country has accepted too narrow a definition of success. What stability has purchased, over a hundred years, is not the prosperity the contract promised. It is the absence of catastrophe. And the absence of catastrophe is not the same as the fulfillment of a promise.</em></p></blockquote><p>Across every party and every administration since 1990, the same architecture has persisted.</p><p><strong>The Mexican citizen has watched all of this. Voted in every cycle. Built businesses against constantly shifting rules. Educated children at personal cost in a public system the state never modernized. Buried family members lost to a security collapse.</strong></p><p>And, when the country offered them no path forward, <em>sent their best young people north.</em></p><p><strong>This is where the Mexican story arrives at its hardest fact.</strong></p><p><strong>In 2024, remittances from Mexicans living and working in the United States and Canada to families in Mexico reached approximately $63 billion USD. </strong>They were larger than Mexican oil revenue. Larger than foreign direct investment. Larger than tourism. The single largest source of foreign income for the country was the wages of its own working-age citizens, sent home from somewhere else.</p><p><em><strong>Most young Mexicans today help pay their parents&#8217; living expenses. </strong></em>This is not a sentimental observation. It is what $63 billion USD in remittances actually means at the household level. An entire generation has shifted, by necessity, from building their own futures to subsidizing the lives of the generation that raised them &#8212; because the country those parents stayed in did not produce the conditions under which their children could afford to stay, build, and accumulate at the same time.</p><blockquote><p>A country whose largest export is the labor of its own youth has received a silent verdict from its citizenry. It is the most honest measurement available of a contract that was made in 1917 and has not been kept.</p></blockquote><p><strong>That is the Mexican reflection. </strong>A citizenry that has <strong>waited 100 years with extraordinary patience. </strong>A state that has, with equal consistency, honored that patience for the few and not for the many.</p><p>A bailout that the citizen is still paying. A political system that continues to concentrate power and privilege. And a generation of young Mexicans whose answer to the broken promise has been to leave the country and pay the rent of the parents the country left behind.</p><p><strong>In May 2026</strong>, the global capital market priced what this paper has named. <strong>Moody&#8217;s cut Mexico&#8217;s sovereign credit rating to Baa3</strong> &#8212; one notch above junk &#8212; naming weak growth, fiscal rigidity, and continuing support to PEMEX. S&amp;P had moved Mexico&#8217;s outlook to negative eight days earlier. <strong>Fitch reached the equivalent conclusion in 2020.</strong> All three major rating agencies now place Mexico at the threshold of speculative grade &#8212; at a moment when global oil prices should be lifting an oil-exporting economy, not exposing one. </p><p>The architecture is no longer something only Mexicans can see. It is now priced.</p><div><hr></div><h3>VII.  The Broken Reflection</h3><p>What does a broken reflection say about the citizens looking into it?</p><p><strong>The United States shows a reflectio</strong>n of citizens who built something strong and watched it be dismantled without enough resistance. The American citizen saw the platform stop building for them and, for decades, did not find the language or the force to demand it be rebuilt. They accepted it. They allowed it. They stopped demanding the promise be kept.</p><p><strong>Mexico shows a reflection</strong> of citizens who have been promised much and delivered little, yet continued to participate in the system. For a hundred years, the Mexican citizen has voted, has worked, has hoped &#8212; even as the state treated them selectively. They accepted this. They allowed this. They stopped believing the promise would be kept.</p><p><strong>Both reflections show something broken: </strong>a citizenry that has lost the power to demand governments serve them.</p><div><hr></div><h3>VIII.  What Citizens Demand Now</h3><p><strong>The United States and Mexico</strong> face a shared future question, but not yet a shared answer.</p><p><strong>The American challenge</strong> is to redesign a platform that creates opportunity again without abandoning the middle class for a second time. It is to build institutions that serve citizens, not institutions that citizens serve. It is to remember that broad prosperity is not a luxury. It is the foundation of national strength.</p><p><strong>The Mexican challenge</strong> is different but equally urgent: to build citizen capacity, institutional accountability, and trust in state systems after a century of incomplete delivery. It is to transform from a state-as-actor model &#8212; where the government delivers selectively &#8212; to a state-as-platform model where citizens have the tools, information, and stability to build for themselves.</p><p>Both challenges are generational. Both depend on a citizenry that has decided, together, that the work is theirs.</p><p>For now, the diagnosis is on the page. The reflections are broken. The citizens are still here.</p><div><hr></div><h3>IX.  Paper III: Building the Citizenry</h3><p>This paper is the diagnostic. It has named what is broken in each country&#8217;s reflection and what the two breaks share underneath. It has not proposed a repair. That is deliberate. Diagnosis and treatment are different disciplines.</p><p><strong>Paper III &#8212; Re=Building the Citizenry</strong> &#8212; turns from the broken reflections to the harder question: If the political class in both countries has stopped reflecting the citizens they govern, and if the citizenry has not yet organized the response, then what kind of citizen &#8212; what kind of education, financial independence, civic infrastructure, and collective memory &#8212; can produce governments worthy of it?</p><p>The next question is not simply what policy should change. It is what kind of citizenry can produce governments worthy of it.</p><p>For now, the diagnosis is on the page. The reflections are broken. The citizens are still here.</p><p>What they build next is the only story that matters.</p><div><hr></div><p>Eduardo Joffroy is the founder and editor in chief of <strong>The North American &#8212; 77</strong>, a bilingual editorial platform on North American integration.</p><p><strong>This is Paper II of three in Governments Are Not Accidents</strong>. <strong>They Are Reflections. </strong>&#8212; <em>a continental trilogy on governance, society, and the architecture of citizenship.</em></p><p>Catch Up to with Series i:  <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng?r=6769y">Series 1</a></p><p>NA77  &#183;  ONE FUTURE. THREE NATIONS.</p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[REFLEXIONES ROTAS - MÉXICO & USA]]></title><description><![CDATA[Los Gobiernos Son Lo Que los Ciudadanos Aceptan y Exigen. Aqu&#237; Est&#225; Lo Que Dos Naciones Obtuvieron. Los Gobiernos No Son Accidentes. Son Reflexiones &#183; Ensayo II de III]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexiones-rotas-mexico-and-usa</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexiones-rotas-mexico-and-usa</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 13:15:53 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Read in English: <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/publish/post/199271193?back=%2Fpublish%2Fposts%2Fscheduled">Broken Reflexions</a></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><strong>NOTA SOBRE MONEDA Y ESCALA</strong></p><p>Todos los montos de moneda en este ensayo est&#225;n en d&#243;lares estadounidenses (USD) a menos que se indique lo contrario.</p><p>Cuando se hacen referencias a millones o miles de millones, se utiliza la convenci&#243;n estadounidense:</p><p><em><strong>$1 mill&#243;n = 1,000,000</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>$1 mil millones = 1,000,000,000</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>$1 bill&#243;n = 1,000,000,000,000</strong></em></p><p>Para montos en pesos mexicanos, se proporcionan equivalentes en USD para mayor claridad.</p><p></p></div><div><hr></div><h3>I.  Dos Crisis; Dos Eras; Dos Ciclos</h3><p>Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico parecen, a primera vista, sufrir la misma enfermedad. Los gobiernos de ambos pa&#237;ses pierden la confianza de sus ciudadanos. Ambas econom&#237;as concentran sus ganancias en la cima. Los ciudadanos de ambos pa&#237;ses ven a su clase pol&#237;tica operando a una distancia cada vez mayor de sus vidas reales.</p><p>M&#225;s all&#225; de esta similitud superficial hay una divisi&#243;n m&#225;s profunda. En ambas naciones, los ciudadanos est&#225;n divididos ideol&#243;gicamente. La polarizaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica profundiza la brecha entre lo que la gente cree que el gobierno deber&#237;a ser y lo que el gobierno realmente entrega. Esta fractura ideol&#243;gica hace m&#225;s dif&#237;cil que ambas sociedades construyan consenso alrededor de lo que necesita ser reparado.</p><p>La similitud es enga&#241;osa. No es la misma crisis. Son enfermedades diferentes, en ciclos diferentes, en posiciones estructurales fundamentalmente distintas.</p><p>Un gobierno no es un accidente. Es una reflexi&#243;n. Es lo que una ciudadan&#237;a ha aceptado. Es lo que han permitido. Es lo que han dejado de exigir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1204429,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/199276070?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h3>II.  Estados Unidos</h3><p><strong>Estados Unidos </strong>est&#225; perdiendo algo que construy&#243;. <strong>Durante 77 a&#241;os despu&#233;s de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la plataforma estadounidense produjo la prosperidad m&#225;s ampliamente distribuida que cualquier sociedad moderna haya generado. Funcion&#243;. La clase media prosper&#243; y nadie siquiera hablaba de la brecha de riqueza.</strong></p><p><strong>Hoy no funciona tan bien </strong>&#8212; por razones que examinaremos &#8212; pero el pa&#237;s fue construido sobre una plataforma que entregaba resultados a trav&#233;s de oportunidades y una buena distribuci&#243;n de riqueza.</p><p>La crisis estadounidense actual es el producto de una plataforma que funcionaba y fue siendo redise&#241;ada progresivamente para beneficiar a quienes est&#225;n en la cima y abandonar a la clase media y las clases bajas. Con el tiempo, las ganancias de la plataforma se movieron cada vez m&#225;s hacia el capital y se alejaron del trabajo. La plataforma fue redise&#241;ada alrededor de grupos de inter&#233;s econ&#243;mico espec&#237;ficos cuyo cabildeo continuo en Washington logr&#243; sus propias ambiciones. Aqu&#237; est&#225;n los n&#250;meros:</p><blockquote><p><em>Hoy, el 1 por ciento de la poblaci&#243;n estadounidense posee el 30 por ciento de la riqueza total. Para ser m&#225;s precisos: 905 individuos poseen casi el doble de riqueza que 66 millones de hogares &#8212; un dato de la Reserva Federal y Forbes que trasciende cualquier eslogan. En 2024, el 1 por ciento superior controlaba casi la mitad (49.9 por ciento) de todas las acciones y fondos mutuales, mientras que el 50 por ciento inferior pose&#237;a solamente el 1 por ciento.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Entre 1979 y 2024,</strong> la compensaci&#243;n promedio por hora aument&#243; apenas el 29.4 por ciento (despu&#233;s de ajustar por inflaci&#243;n) mientras que la productividad del trabajador aument&#243; el 80.9 por ciento, seg&#250;n an&#225;lisis del <strong>Economic Policy Institute</strong>. </p><p><strong>Entre 1980 y 2022</strong>, el 90 por ciento inferior de los ingresos estadounidenses tuvo un crecimiento salarial de apenas el 36 por ciento, comparado con el 162 por ciento para el 1 por ciento m&#225;s rico y el 301 por ciento para el 0.1 por ciento superior.</p><p>Los trabajadores produjeron aproximadamente un 81 por ciento m&#225;s en 2024 que en 1979. Fueron pagados un 29 por ciento m&#225;s. La diferencia &#8212; <strong>aproximadamente 50 puntos porcentuales de productividad &#8212; fue al capital, no al trabajo.</strong></p><p>Un ni&#241;o nacido en 1940 ten&#237;a una probabilidad del 92 por ciento de ganar m&#225;s que sus padres. Un ni&#241;o nacido en 1980 ten&#237;a una probabilidad del 50 por ciento. No el 60. No el 70. Una moneda al aire. </p><p><strong>El Sue&#241;o Americano</strong>, definido como &#8220;tus hijos vivir&#225;n mejor que t&#250;,&#8221; ha sido mediblemente erosionado de la certeza casi total a la casi aleatoriedad en tres generaciones.</p><div><hr></div><h3>III.  M&#233;xico</h3><p><strong>M&#233;xico est&#225; anhelando</strong> algo que le fue prometido pero nunca completamente recibido. El contrato social posrevolucionario escrito en la <strong>Constituci&#243;n de 1917</strong> <strong>puso al Estado en el centro de la vida nacional y se comprometi&#243; a entregar en nombre de sus ciudadanos &#8212; educaci&#243;n, tierra, trabajo, dignidad.</strong></p><p><strong>Un siglo despu&#233;s,</strong> el Estado ha entregado selectivamente, parcialmente, y m&#225;s confiablemente a quienes est&#225;n m&#225;s cerca de &#233;l. <strong>La crisis mexicana es la crisis de una ciudadan&#237;a que ha esperado pacientemente durante 100 a&#241;os</strong> a que ese contrato sea honrado, y ha visto a su pa&#237;s destrozarse por el sistema pol&#237;tico, por los intereses m&#225;s cercanos al poder, y por el crimen organizado cada vez m&#225;s creciente que hoy opera a la escala de un Estado paralelo.</p><p><em><strong>La arquitectura econ&#243;mica mexicana nunca ha producido consistentemente una clase media amplia,</strong></em> y mucho menos una sociedad donde la creaci&#243;n de riqueza sea ampliamente accesible. Pero el cuadro m&#225;s claro no viene de porcentajes sino de personas.</p><p>La arquitectura de riqueza mexicana es brutal en su simplicidad. </p><p><strong>En la cima absoluta: </strong></p><p>13 multimillonarios. Trece familias. Poseen aproximadamente $185 mil millones USD en riqueza combinada &#8212; aproximadamente el 13 por ciento del PIB entero de M&#233;xico. Uno de ellos, Carlos Slim, posee el 6.7 por ciento del PIB de la naci&#243;n solamente. Trece personas. Controlando lo que una naci&#243;n produce en un a&#241;o.</p><p><strong>Debajo de eso:</strong> </p><p>Aproximadamente 310,000 millonarios. Menos de una cuarta parte del uno por ciento de la poblaci&#243;n. Estos son due&#241;os de negocios significativos, propiedades grandes, portafolios de inversi&#243;n. Juntos controlan aproximadamente otro 15-20 por ciento de la riqueza nacional. As&#237; que aproximadamente 310,000 personas &#8212; 0.24 por ciento de la poblaci&#243;n &#8212; controlan 25-30 por ciento de todo.</p><p><strong>Luego el resto del &#8220;10 por ciento superior.&#8221;</strong> Esos son 13 millones de personas. Maestros, doctores, due&#241;os de peque&#241;os negocios, profesionales exitosos. Tienen ahorros. Tienen propiedades. Son c&#243;modos. Pero no son ricos. La mayor&#237;a no tiene $100,000 USD ahorrados. Muchos tienen $50,000 o menos. Son la clase media que M&#233;xico ha logrado construir.</p><p><strong>Luego:</strong> Sesenta y cinco millones &#8212; la mitad inferior de M&#233;xico. Su riqueza promedio es $1,803 USD. La mayor&#237;a tiene menos. </p><p><strong>Millones deben m&#225;s de lo que poseen: vivie</strong>nda, educaci&#243;n, emergencias impagadas.</p><p><strong>La l&#237;nea de pobreza es oficial:</strong> 38.5 millones de mexicanos viven por debajo de ella. Ganan aproximadamente $8,000 a $12,000 USD por a&#241;o. Algunos trabajan en la econom&#237;a formal a salario m&#237;nimo. </p><p><strong>La mitad de la fuerza laboral opera en el sector informal </strong>&#8212; sin contrato, sin beneficios, sin pensi&#243;n, sin estabilidad. Diez millones de hogares reciben remesas de familiares que se fueron de M&#233;xico a trabajar en otro lugar. Esas remesas promedian $525 USD por mes. Para esas familias, ese dinero es supervivencia.</p><p>Esto no es desigualdad medida en porcentajes. Es desigualdad medida en cu&#225;ntas personas pueden permitirse comer, enviar a sus hijos a la escuela, ahorrar para algo en absoluto. Trece familias tienen tanto que no pueden gastarlo en una generaci&#243;n. <strong>Sesenta y cinco millones tienen tan poco que no pueden pensar m&#225;s all&#225; del pr&#243;ximo mes.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h3>IV.  Lo Que las Reflexiones Muestran</h3><p><strong>Ambas reflexiones est&#225;n rotas.</strong> Fueron rotas por mecanismos diferentes, en cronogramas diferentes, por actores diferentes. </p><p><strong>El quiebre en la reflexi&#243;n estadounidense es reciente</strong> &#8212; quiz&#225; cincuenta a&#241;os atr&#225;s, dependiendo de c&#243;mo cuentes &#8212; y el pa&#237;s a&#250;n conserva la memoria de la plataforma funcionando como fue dise&#241;ada.</p><p><strong>El quiebre en la reflexi&#243;n mexicana es m&#225;s viejo</strong>, estructural, e heredado. Muchos mexicanos vivos hoy nunca han conocido un sistema que funcionara para ellos en absoluto.</p><p>Pero debajo de esas formas opuestas, hay un mecanismo que los dos pa&#237;ses comparten. En ambos, en el momento de la mayor crisis financiera en la memoria viviente, la clase pol&#237;tica eligi&#243; proteger las instituciones que causaron la crisis a expensas directas de los ciudadanos que no lo hicieron. </p><p><strong>En Estados Unidos, ese momento tuvo un nombre: TARP. </strong></p><p><strong>En M&#233;xico, tuvo otro: FOBAPROA.</strong> </p><p>Dos pa&#237;ses, dos crisis, dos rescates, una decisi&#243;n estructural &#8212; haz que el ciudadano pague, para que el sistema pueda sobrevivir.</p><p>Esa decisi&#243;n es el pedazo m&#225;s claro de evidencia que cualquiera de los dos pa&#237;ses ha producido sobre cuyos intereses su gobierno realmente sirve. Es el argumento de este ensayo.</p><div><hr></div><h3>V.  La Reflexi&#243;n Estadounidense: C&#243;mo una Plataforma Dej&#243; de Construir</h3><p><strong>La plataforma estadounidense de posguerra no fue un accidente. </strong>Fue una arquitectura institucional deliberada, construida por una generaci&#243;n que hab&#237;a vivido la Depresi&#243;n y la guerra y hab&#237;a decidido &#8212; con un consenso bipartidista casi inimaginable hoy &#8212; que el pa&#237;s nunca permitir&#237;a que ninguno de estos ocurriera de nuevo.</p><p><strong>Tres pilares sosten&#237;an esa arquitectura.</strong></p><p><strong>El primero fue la Ley Glass-Steagall de 1933</strong>, que separ&#243; la banca comercial de la banca de inversi&#243;n. Los bancos que manten&#237;an los ahorros de los estadounidenses comunes no ten&#237;an permiso de jugar esos ahorros en operaciones especulativas. El muro era estructural, no moral. El Congreso no confiaba en que los banqueros se contuvieran a s&#237; mismos, as&#237; que el Congreso los contuvo.</p><p><strong>El segundo fue Bretton Woods,</strong> la arquitectura monetaria de 1944 que vincul&#243; el d&#243;lar al oro e hizo de Estados Unidos el ancla de las finanzas globales. El sistema no fue dise&#241;ado para enriquecer al capital estadounidense. Fue dise&#241;ado para asegurar que el sistema financiero internacional nunca volviera a colapsar como lo hizo en los a&#241;os treinta, llevando democracias con &#233;l.</p><p><strong>El tercero fue el pacto social de posguerra &#8212; el GI Bill,</strong> la propiedad de vivienda masiva, la educaci&#243;n universitaria masiva, los salarios que crec&#237;an con la productividad, y una estructura tributaria bajo la cual los estadounidenses mejor pagados ten&#237;an tasas marginales del 70 por ciento o m&#225;s sin que nadie considerara esto excepcional.</p><blockquote><p>El pacto no era socialista. Era el supuesto operativo de un pa&#237;s que hab&#237;a concluido, de una experiencia muy reciente y muy dolorosa, que la prosperidad amplia era la fundaci&#243;n de la fortaleza nacional.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Durante tres d&#233;cadas,</strong> estos tres pilares se mantuvieron. La clase media estadounidense se convirti&#243; en la m&#225;s grande, m&#225;s rica, y m&#225;s m&#243;vil hacia arriba en la historia humana. Los estadounidenses negros y latinos no fueron igualmente incluidos al inicio; esa historia m&#225;s completa es tema para su propio ensayo. Pero el hecho estructural es que la plataforma, funcionando como fue dise&#241;ada, levant&#243; al ciudadano estadounidense promedio m&#225;s lejos y m&#225;s r&#225;pido que cualquier sociedad moderna hab&#237;a logrado.</p><p><strong>Luego, comenzando en 1971, la arquitectura comenz&#243; a ser desmantelada.</strong></p><p><strong>El fin de Bretton Woods </strong>ese a&#241;o desvincul&#243; el d&#243;lar del oro y dio paso a un sistema financiero cada vez m&#225;s gobernado por flujos de capital en lugar de por la econom&#237;a productiva que se supon&#237;a deb&#237;an servir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>A trav&#233;s de los a&#241;os ochenta y noventa, ese cambio se aceler&#243;. Los salarios y la productividad, que hab&#237;an crecido juntos durante treinta a&#241;os, se desacoplaron. Los trabajadores segu&#237;an produciendo m&#225;s. El pago dej&#243; de seguir. <strong>La diferencia fue capturada por el capital.</strong> La manufactura comenz&#243; a abandonar el coraz&#243;n estadounidense &#8212; lentamente al principio, y luego, despu&#233;s de <strong>la entrada de China a la Organizaci&#243;n Mundial del Comercio en 2001</strong>, en olas que vaciaron regiones enteras.</p><p>Es importante ser preciso sobre lo que pas&#243; aqu&#237;. <strong>Estados Unidos </strong>no perdi&#243; su base de manufactura porque los estadounidenses se volvieron perezosos o porque pa&#237;ses extranjeros hicieron trampa. <strong>Estados Unidos perdi&#243; su base de manufactura porque la clase pol&#237;tica estadounidense hizo una opci&#243;n estrat&#233;gica</strong> &#8212; primero de enganchar a China como transici&#243;n final de la Guerra Fr&#237;a, luego de integrar a China econ&#243;micamente como una transici&#243;n manejada &#8212; y acept&#243; las consecuencias dom&#233;sticas de esa opci&#243;n sin nunca construir los mecanismos compensatorios que hubieran protegido a la clase media estadounidense de absorber el costo completo.</p><p>La asimetr&#237;a de esa integraci&#243;n merece atenci&#243;n. <strong>Bajo TLCAN y despu&#233;s TMEC</strong>, la manufactura mexicana se mantiene a una regla de contenido regional de aproximadamente el 60 por ciento &#8212; significando que una parte significativa de cualquier producto comercializado sin aranceles a trav&#233;s de Am&#233;rica del Norte debe ser hecha en el continente.</p><p><strong>Tambi&#233;n vale la pena decirlo claramente: </strong>la mayor&#237;a de esas plantas de manufactura en M&#233;xico son en realidad pose&#237;das y operadas por corporaciones estadounidenses produciendo a menor costo dentro de una plataforma norteamericana integrada, luego reexportadas a Estados Unidos donde se captura el valor. </p><p><strong>As&#237; que cuando pol&#237;ticos describen las exportaciones mexicanas como evidencia de un d&#233;ficit comercial injusto, el analisis es incompleto.</strong> M&#233;xico recibe el trabajo, los servicios, y la inversi&#243;n local. El capital y la ganancia regresan al norte. Esto no es un fallo en el sistema. Es c&#243;mo el sistema fue dise&#241;ado.</p><p>Ninguna tal disciplina &#8212; ni la regla de contenido regional ni el piso laboral y ambiental &#8212; fue impuesta en la manufactura china, vietnamita, o del sudeste asi&#225;tico respecto al mercado estadounidense. Las corporaciones estadounidenses pod&#237;an relocalizarse a econom&#237;as con cumplimiento laboral m&#225;s d&#233;bil y costo ambiental m&#225;s bajo y a&#250;n disfrutar de acceso sin restricci&#243;n al consumidor estadounidense para maximizar sus ganancias de la venta final de sus productos.</p><blockquote><p><em>Una plataforma que protege el capital tambi&#233;n requiere mecanismos que devuelvan parte de ese valor a los trabajadores, regiones, e instituciones que hacen que la plataforma sea posible. Esa devoluci&#243;n no vino. La asimetr&#237;a nunca fue rebalanceada.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>El tercer desmantelamiento fue la conversi&#243;n lenta de la casa estadounidense</strong> &#8212; durante la mayor parte del siglo veinte, la tienda m&#225;s grande de riqueza de la clase media &#8212; en una clase de activo comercializado globalmente. </p><p><strong>La derogaci&#243;n de Glass-Steagall en 1999 </strong>removi&#243; el muro que se hab&#237;a mantenido por sesenta y seis a&#241;os. Dentro de una d&#233;cada, las hipotecas de estadounidenses comunes estaban siendo empaquetadas, rebanadas, misvaloradas, y vendidas a mercados de capital global a una escala y complejidad que ning&#250;n regulador entend&#237;a completamente. </p><p><strong>Cuando el sistema colaps&#243; en 2008</strong>, se llev&#243; los ahorros, las casas, y la seguridad de jubilaci&#243;n de millones de estadounidenses.</p><p><strong>La crisis de 2008 </strong>produjo el pedazo m&#225;s claro de evidencia en la historia estadounidense moderna sobre cuyos intereses la plataforma estaba protegiendo realmente. En octubre de ese a&#241;o, el <strong>Congreso pas&#243; el Troubled Asset Relief Program &#8212; TARP </strong>&#8212; autorizando al Tesoro gastar hasta $700 mil millones USD para estabilizar instituciones financieras estadounidenses. La cantidad desembolsada finalmente alcanz&#243; aproximadamente $426 mil millones USD. Los bancos fueron salvados. El contribuyente estadounidense absorbi&#243; el riesgo que el sistema financiero hab&#237;a creado. Para 2014, despu&#233;s de a&#241;os de repagos y ventas de activos, el Tesoro fue capaz de reclamar que TARP hab&#237;a sido t&#233;cnicamente repagado.</p><blockquote><p><em>Esa contabilidad es verdadera y se pierde el punto.</em></p></blockquote><p>Lo que no fue repagado, y no pudo serlo, fue el contrato social.<strong> Aproximadamente diez millones de familias estadounidenses perdieron sus casas a ejecuciones hipotecarias en los a&#241;os posteriores a la crisis.</strong></p><p>Las instituciones que hab&#237;an creado los instrumentos causando la crisis fueron preservadas, recapitalizadas, y en muchos casos emergieron m&#225;s grandes y m&#225;s concentradas que antes. El principio de que ninguna instituci&#243;n debe ser tan grande que se le permita fallar &#8212; <strong>el principio que Glass-Steagall hab&#237;a sido escrito precisamente para reforzar &#8212; fue invertido.</strong> <strong>Too-big-to-fail</strong> no fue un defecto en la plataforma. Despu&#233;s de 2008, fue la l&#243;gica operativa de la plataforma.</p><p>La verdad m&#225;s profunda es que too-big-to-fail no fue dise&#241;ado por banqueros codiciosos. Fue dise&#241;ado por un Congreso estadounidense que, durante treinta a&#241;os, removi&#243; los cortafuegos estructurales que hab&#237;an prevenido que instituciones financieras se volvieran tan grandes como para llevar al pa&#237;s abajo con ellas. </p><p><strong>Glass-Steagall fue derogada en 1999. </strong>Dentro de nueve a&#241;os, el sistema que su derogaci&#243;n hab&#237;a liberado colaps&#243; y fue rescatado por los ciudadanos a los que se supon&#237;a deb&#237;a servir. Esa secuencia no es un accidente. Es la consecuencia predecible de remover un muro construido, en 1933, precisamente porque el pa&#237;s ya hab&#237;a aprendido qu&#233; pasa cuando el muro no est&#225; all&#237;.</p><p><strong>El ciudadano estadounidense</strong> <strong>no ha olvidado esto. El colapso de la confianza en el gobierno federal del 77 por ciento en 1964 a 17 por ciento hoy no es un misterio.</strong> <em>Es un recibo. </em></p><p>Los ciudadanos han visto la plataforma dejar de construir para ellos. Han visto sus salarios desacoplarse de su productividad, su base de manufactura dejar la regi&#243;n para econom&#237;as que cargan menos responsabilidad que la suya, sus casas convertirse en una clase de activo comercializada por gente que nunca las visitar&#225;, y sus ahorros puestos en riesgo por instituciones que su propio gobierno hab&#237;a decidido que eran demasiado grandes para permitirles fallar.</p><p>Ellos pagaron la cuenta. Nunca fueron repagados.</p><p><strong>Esa es la reflexi&#243;n estadounidense. </strong>Fue una plataforma que funcion&#243;. Fue desmantelada, cortafuego estructural por cortafuego estructural, por las muy instituciones que se supon&#237;a deb&#237;an mantenerlo.</p><p>Los pedazos a&#250;n est&#225;n all&#237;. La riqueza a&#250;n est&#225; all&#237;. El potencial estadounidense est&#225; all&#237;. La capacidad a&#250;n est&#225; all&#237;. Lo que se ha roto es la relaci&#243;n entre la plataforma y los ciudadanos a los que fue originalmente construida para servir.</p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share The North American &#8212; 77</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3>VI.  La Reflexi&#243;n Mexicana: Cien A&#241;os de Paciencia</h3><p><strong>La historia mexicana comienza donde la historia estadounidense termina </strong>&#8212; en la pregunta de qu&#233; es lo que una ciudadan&#237;a debe a su gobierno, y qu&#233; es lo que su gobierno debe devolver.</p><p><strong>La Constituci&#243;n Mexicana de 1917,</strong> escrita despu&#233;s de una revoluci&#243;n que cost&#243; aproximadamente un mill&#243;n de vidas, hizo una apuesta espec&#237;fica. Puso al Estado en el centro de la vida nacional. El Art&#237;culo 27 invisti&#243; la propiedad de la tierra y el subsuelo en la naci&#243;n. El Art&#237;culo 123 hizo de las protecciones laborales un asunto constitucional en lugar de contractual.</p><blockquote><p><em>El Estado mexicano fue constituido no como una plataforma para que los ciudadanos persiguieran sus propios fines, sino como un actor encargado de entregar, en nombre de sus ciudadanos, los resultados que la revoluci&#243;n hab&#237;a demandado &#8212; educaci&#243;n, tierra, trabajo, dignidad.</em></p></blockquote><p>Esto no fue una apuesta peque&#241;a. Fue un contrato. El ciudadano confiar&#237;a al Estado la mayor parte de la toma de decisiones econ&#243;micas nacionales, y el Estado, a cambio, entregar&#237;a. Esa era la promesa escrita en el documento fundacional. Cada mexicano nacido desde 1917 ha sido parte de ello.</p><p>Durante tres d&#233;cadas, el contrato se mantuvo. De aproximadamente 1940 a 1970 &#8212; el per&#237;odo que los economistas vinieron a llamar el Milagro Mexicano &#8212; la econom&#237;a creci&#243; a un promedio del 6.6 por ciento anual, una de las tasas de crecimiento sostenido m&#225;s r&#225;pidas en cualquier parte del mundo en ese momento. La inflaci&#243;n se mantuvo por debajo del 3 por ciento. La poblaci&#243;n se duplic&#243; mientras la econom&#237;a creci&#243; seis veces. La inscripci&#243;n de primaria se triplic&#243;.</p><p>Una clase media mexicana real comenz&#243; a formarse en la <strong>Ciudad de M&#233;xico, Monterrey, y Guadalajara</strong>. El modelo de estado-como-actor, bajo las condiciones de desarrollo de mercado protegido a mitad de siglo, produjo el M&#233;xico m&#225;s pr&#243;spero que el mundo moderno haya visto.</p><p>Luego, cuando el orden global se desplaz&#243;, <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>enfrent&#243; el mismo tipo de prueba que <strong>Estados Unidos</strong> enfrent&#243; al final de <strong>Bretton Woods</strong>. Las condiciones que hab&#237;an hecho posible <strong>el Milagro Mexicano </strong>&#8212; mercados protegidos, moneda manejada, un orden financiero global que toleraba el desarrollo liderado por el estado &#8212; ya no estaban disponibles.</p><p><strong>Los a&#241;os setenta</strong> trajeron el <strong>shock del petr&#243;leo</strong>, los a&#241;os ochenta trajeron la crisis de deuda, y el pa&#237;s que hab&#237;a crecido al 6.6 por ciento durante tres d&#233;cadas entr&#243; en un per&#237;odo de emergencia fiscal del cual, por algunas medidas, nunca se ha recuperado completamente.</p><p>Lo que<strong> M&#233;xico</strong> hizo con esa presi&#243;n es la decisi&#243;n estructural que define todo lo que vino despu&#233;s.</p><p><strong>En 1982</strong>, enfrentando una crisis de deuda que el Estado ya no pod&#237;a cubrir el servicio, <strong>el Presidente Jos&#233; L&#243;pez Portillo nacionaliz&#243; el sistema bancario. Fue un acto soberano justificado por la l&#243;gica pol&#237;tica del contrato posrevolucionario &#8212; cuando el capital privado falla, el Estado interviene en nombre del ciudadano.</strong></p><p>Ocho a&#241;os despu&#233;s, en 1990, la administraci&#243;n <strong>Salinas </strong>revirti&#243; esa decisi&#243;n y reprivatiz&#243; los mismos bancos, vendiendo dieciocho instituciones por aproximadamente <strong>$12 mil millones USD</strong> <strong>a un peque&#241;o grupo de inversionistas mexicanos bien conectados.</strong></p><p>El precio fue favorable. El marco de supervisi&#243;n alrededor de los nuevos bancos privados era m&#237;nimo. Los pr&#233;stamos fueron extendidos agresivamente. <strong>Los controles de riesgo eran d&#233;biles.</strong></p><p><strong>En diciembre de 1994, la Crisis del Tequila lleg&#243;</strong>. El peso colaps&#243;. Los bancos recientemente reprivatizados, teniendo carteras de pr&#233;stamos malos que no pod&#237;an cubrir el servicio, enfrentaron insolvencia.</p><p><strong>La respuesta del gobierno mexicano fue FOBAPROA</strong> &#8212; el Fondo Bancario de Protecci&#243;n al Ahorro, originalmente creado en 1990 como un fondo de seguro de dep&#243;sitos. Comenzando en 1995, FOBAPROA fue utilizado para absorber las deudas malas de los mismos bancos que el gobierno hab&#237;a reprivatizado cinco a&#241;os antes. La cantidad final absorbida alcanz&#243; aproximadamente 552 mil millones de pesos &#8212; aproximadamente 14 a 15 por ciento del PIB de M&#233;xico en ese momento, una cifra proporcionalmente m&#225;s grande que lo que Estados Unidos absorber&#237;a despu&#233;s a trav&#233;s de TARP.</p><p><strong>En 1998, despu&#233;s de a&#241;os de debate pol&#237;tico, el Congreso Mexicano convirti&#243; los pasivos de FOBAPROA en deuda p&#250;blica bajo una instituci&#243;n sucesora, IPAB</strong> &#8212; el Instituto para la Protecci&#243;n al Ahorro Bancario.</p><p>Esa deuda ha sido servida por los contribuyentes mexicanos desde entonces. La diferencia es la duraci&#243;n de la consecuencia. El rescate estadounidense fue repagado en d&#243;lares mientras el contrato social se desintegraba. El rescate mexicano nunca fue repagado en absoluto. Fue convertido en una demanda permanente sobre el futuro de cada ciudadano mexicano.</p><p>Ese es el paralelo mexicano a la historia estadounidense. </p><p><strong>El mecanismo es el mismo: </strong>en el momento de la mayor crisis financiera, la clase pol&#237;tica eligi&#243; proteger las instituciones que causaron la crisis a expensas directas de los ciudadanos que no lo hicieron.</p><p><strong>FOBAPROA no pas&#243; en aislamiento. </strong>Pas&#243; dentro de una arquitectura de poder que ha, con consistencia notable, utilizado momentos de crisis y gobernanza ordinaria para desplazar costo p&#250;blico hacia ciudadanos mientras beneficios se concentraban alrededor de actores pol&#237;ticamente conectados.</p><p><strong>La arquitectura es visible en varios lugares:</strong> la reprivatizaci&#243;n de los bancos en 1990; el sistema de contrataci&#243;n de <strong>PEMEX </strong>que produjo una compa&#241;&#237;a petrolera con aproximadamente $84 mil millones USD en deuda y patrimonio neto negativo para 2025; la contrarreforma de la <strong>CFE</strong> en 2024 que removi&#243; reguladores de energ&#237;a independientes. <strong>La refiner&#237;a Dos Bocas, el Tren Maya, y el aeropuerto AIFA</strong> siguieron el mismo patr&#243;n &#8212; presupuestos aprobados que se duplicaban, costos ambientales diferidos, supervisi&#243;n independiente eliminada.</p><blockquote><p>Estos no son incidentes no relacionados. Son la misma arquitectura, expres&#225;ndose a s&#237; misma a trav&#233;s de d&#233;cadas diferentes y actores diferentes.</p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1309258,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/199276070?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Luego est&#225; la variante binacional de la arquitectura &#8212; la que no muestra en el presupuesto federal porque opera en su contra. Huachicol fiscal, el esquema de clasificaci&#243;n arancelaria indebida en el que combustible refinado importado desde Estados Unidos es declarado en puertos de entrada mexicanos bajo c&#243;digos de arancel no combustible para evadir aranceles de importaci&#243;n e IEPS, ha sido documentado por prensa investigativa mexicana a un costo anual para el fisco mexicano de aproximadamente $3 a $5 mil millones USD.</p><p><strong>La arquitectura es precisa: </strong>la pol&#237;tica oficial fue construir Dos Bocas para dejar de importar gasolina. La realidad no oficial, corriendo paralela a esa pol&#237;tica, era importar la misma gasolina libre de impuestos a trav&#233;s de un fraude aduanal que el gobierno ten&#237;a cada medio administrativo para detectar y eligi&#243;, a trav&#233;s de m&#250;ltiples administraciones, no desmantelar. Un esquema de esta escala no puede sobrevivir sin complicidad coordinada dentro del sistema que se supone debe vigilarlo.</p><p>Y debajo de todo, el costo estructural a la econom&#237;a mexicana del crimen organizado, la captura estatal, la inversi&#243;n perdida, el turismo perdido, y la fuga de talento corre en billones USD. Desde 2006, cuando el gobierno federal lanz&#243; la estrategia de seguridad actual, M&#233;xico ha acumulado m&#225;s de 463,000 homicidios y m&#225;s de 130,000 desaparecidos. Estos son los costos de un Estado incapaz de monopolizar la fuerza leg&#237;tima.</p><p>Es aqu&#237;, en honestidad, que un contraargumento defendible merece ser reconocido. <em><strong>La arquitectura protectora pesada del Estado mexicano &#8212; para todos sus costos &#8212; ha prevenido los colapsos populistas catastr&#243;ficos que han devastado otras econom&#237;as latinoamericanas. M&#233;xico no se ha convertido en Venezuela. </strong></em>Su moneda, aunque vol&#225;til, no ha hiperinflacionado. Sus instituciones, mientras sean capturadas, han continuado funcionando.</p><p>Hay un argumento real que el costo del contrato posrevolucionario ha sido el precio de la &#8220;estabilidad.&#8221; <em><strong>Pero si el est&#225;ndar m&#225;s alto es simplemente evitar el colapso, entonces el pa&#237;s ha aceptado una definici&#243;n demasiado limitada del &#233;xito.</strong></em> Lo que la estabilidad ha comprado, durante cien a&#241;os, no es la prosperidad que el contrato prometi&#243;. <strong>Es la ausencia de cat&#225;strofe. Y la ausencia de cat&#225;strofe no es lo mismo que el cumplimiento de una promesa.</strong></p><p>A trav&#233;s de cada partido y cada administraci&#243;n desde 1990, la misma arquitectura ha persistido.</p><blockquote><p>El ciudadano mexicano ha visto todo esto. Votado en cada ciclo. Construido negocios contra reglas constantemente cambiantes. Educado hijos a costo personal en un sistema p&#250;blico que el Estado nunca moderniz&#243;. Enterrado miembros de familia perdidos a un colapso de seguridad.</p></blockquote><p>Y, cuando el pa&#237;s no les ofreci&#243; camino hacia adelante, envi&#243; a sus mejores j&#243;venes hacia el norte.</p><p><strong>Es aqu&#237; donde la historia mexicana llega a su hecho m&#225;s duro.</strong></p><p><strong>En 2024, las remesas de mexicanos viviendo y trabajando en Estados Unidos y Canad&#225; a familias en M&#233;xico alcanzaron aproximadamente $63 mil millones USD.</strong> Fueron m&#225;s grandes que los ingresos petroleros mexicanos. M&#225;s grandes que la inversi&#243;n extranjera directa. M&#225;s grandes que el turismo. La fuente singular m&#225;s grande de ingresos extranjeros para el pa&#237;s fue los salarios de su propia ciudadan&#237;a en edad de trabajar, enviados a casa desde alg&#250;n otro lugar.</p><p>La mayor&#237;a de j&#243;venes mexicanos hoy ayudan a pagar los gastos de vida de sus padres. Esta no es una observaci&#243;n sentimental. Es lo que $63 mil millones USD en remesas actualmente significa a nivel de hogar. Una generaci&#243;n completa ha cambiado, por necesidad, de construir sus propios futuros a subsidiar las vidas de la generaci&#243;n que los cri&#243; &#8212; porque el pa&#237;s donde esos padres se quedaron no produjo las condiciones bajo las cuales sus hijos pod&#237;an permitirse quedarse, construir, y acumular al mismo tiempo.</p><blockquote><p><em>Un pa&#237;s cuya mayor exportaci&#243;n resulta siendo el trabajo de su propia juventud ha recibido un veredicto silencioso de su ciudadan&#237;a. Es la medici&#243;n m&#225;s honesta disponible de un contrato que fue hecho en 1917 y no ha sido cumplido.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Esa es la reflexi&#243;n mexicana.</strong><em><strong> </strong>Una ciudadan&#237;a que ha esperado 100 a&#241;os con paciencia extraordinaria. </em>Un Estado que ha, con igual consistencia, honrado esa paciencia para los pocos y no para los muchos.</p><p>Un rescate que el ciudadano a&#250;n est&#225; pagando. Un sistema pol&#237;tico que contin&#250;a concentrando poder y privilegio. Y una generaci&#243;n de j&#243;venes mexicanos cuya respuesta a la promesa rota ha sido dejar el pa&#237;s y pagar la renta de los padres que el pa&#237;s dej&#243; atr&#225;s.</p><p><strong>En mayo de 2026,</strong> el mercado de capital global preci&#243; lo que este ensayo ha nombrado. Moody&#8217;s cort&#243; la calificaci&#243;n de cr&#233;dito soberano de M&#233;xico a Baa3 &#8212; una muesca arriba de basura &#8212; nombrando crecimiento d&#233;bil, rigidez fiscal, y apoyo continuo a PEMEX. S&amp;P hab&#237;a movido la perspectiva de M&#233;xico a negativa ocho d&#237;as antes. Fitch lleg&#243; a la conclusi&#243;n equivalente en 2020. Las tres agencias calificadoras principales ahora colocan a M&#233;xico en el umbral de grado especulativo &#8212; en un momento cuando los precios globales de petr&#243;leo deber&#237;an estar levantando una econom&#237;a exportadora de petr&#243;leo, no exponiendo una. La arquitectura ya no es algo que solamente los mexicanos pueden ver. Ahora tiene precio.</p><div><hr></div><h3>VII.  La Reflexi&#243;n Rota</h3><p><strong>Estados Unidos muestra una reflexi&#243;n</strong> de ciudadanos que construyeron algo fuerte y vieron c&#243;mo fue desmantelado sin suficiente resistencia. El ciudadano estadounidense vio la plataforma dejar de construir para ellos y, durante d&#233;cadas, no encontr&#243; el lenguaje o la fuerza para exigir que fuera reconstruida. La aceptaron. La permitieron. <strong>Dejaron de exigir que se cumpliera la promesa.</strong></p><p><strong>M&#233;xico muestra una reflexi&#243;n</strong> de ciudadanos que han sido prometidos mucho y entregados poco, sin embargo han continuado participando en el sistema.<em> Durante cien a&#241;os, el ciudadano mexicano ha votado, ha trabajado, ha esperado</em> &#8212; aunque el Estado los ha tratado selectivamente. <strong>La aceptaron. La permitieron. Dejaron de creer que la promesa ser&#237;a cumplida.</strong></p><p><strong>Ambas reflexiones muestran algo roto: </strong>una ciudadan&#237;a que ha perdido el poder de exigir que los gobiernos los sirvan.</p><div><hr></div><h3>VIII.  Lo Que los Ciudadanos Exigen Ahora</h3><p><strong>Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico</strong> enfrentan una pregunta compartida sobre el futuro, pero no a&#250;n una respuesta compartida.</p><p><strong>El desaf&#237;o estadounidense es redise&#241;ar</strong> una plataforma que cree oportunidad de nuevo sin abandonar la clase media por una segunda vez. Es construir instituciones que sirvan ciudadanos, no instituciones a las que los ciudadanos sirvan. Es recordar que la prosperidad amplia no es un lujo. Es la fundaci&#243;n de la fortaleza nacional.</p><p><strong>El desaf&#237;o mexicano es diferente pero igualmente urgente: </strong>construir capacidad ciudadana, rendici&#243;n de cuentas institucional, y confianza en los sistemas estatales despu&#233;s de un siglo de entrega incompleta. </p><p><em><strong>Es transformarse de un modelo de estado-como-actor &#8212; donde el gobierno entrega selectivamente &#8212; a un modelo de estado-como-plataforma donde los ciudadanos tengan las herramientas, informaci&#243;n, y estabilidad para construir por s&#237; mismos.</strong></em></p><p>Ambos desaf&#237;os son generacionales. Ambos dependen de una ciudadan&#237;a que ha decidido, juntos, que el trabajo es de ellos.</p><p>Por ahora, el diagn&#243;stico est&#225; en la p&#225;gina. Las reflexiones est&#225;n rotas. Los ciudadanos a&#250;n est&#225;n aqu&#237;.</p><div><hr></div><h3>IX.  Ensayo III: Re-Construyendo la Ciudadan&#237;a</h3><p>Este ensayo es el diagn&#243;stico. Ha nombrado lo que est&#225; roto en la reflexi&#243;n de cada pa&#237;s y lo que los dos quiebres comparten debajo. No ha propuesto una reparaci&#243;n. Eso es deliberado. Diagn&#243;stico y tratamiento son disciplinas diferentes.</p><p><strong>El Ensayo III &#8212; Re-Construyendo la Ciudadan&#237;a </strong>&#8212; se gira de las reflexiones rotas a la pregunta m&#225;s dif&#237;cil: </p><p><em>Si la clase pol&#237;tica en ambos pa&#237;ses ha dejado de reflejar a los ciudadanos que gobiernan, y si la ciudadan&#237;a a&#250;n no ha organizado la respuesta, entonces &#191;qu&#233; tipo de ciudadano &#8212; qu&#233; tipo de educaci&#243;n, independencia financiera, infraestructura c&#237;vica, y memoria colectiva &#8212; puede producir gobiernos dignos de ello?</em></p><p>La siguiente pregunta no es simplemente qu&#233; pol&#237;tica debe cambiar. Es qu&#233; tipo de ciudadan&#237;a puede producir gobiernos dignos de ello.</p><p>Por ahora, el diagn&#243;stico est&#225; en la p&#225;gina. Las reflexiones est&#225;n rotas. Los ciudadanos a&#250;n est&#225;n aqu&#237;.</p><p>Lo que construyan despu&#233;s es la &#250;nica historia que importa.</p><div><hr></div><p>Eduardo Joffroy es el fundador y editor de <strong>The North American &#8212; 77</strong>, una plataforma editorial biling&#252;e sobre integraci&#243;n norteamericana.</p><p>Este es el Ensayo II de tres en <strong>Los Gobiernos No Son Accidentes. Son Reflexiones. </strong>&#8212; una trilog&#237;a continental sobre gobernanza, sociedad, y la arquitectura de la ciudadan&#237;a.<br></p><p>Leer version 1: <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexiones-de-nuestras-nacione?r=6769y">Los Gobiernos no son Accidentes</a></p><p>NA77  &#183;  UN FUTURO. TRES NACIONES.</p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Governments Are Not Accidents. They Are Reflections.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Governments Are Mirrors of Societies; Why societies produce the leaders they produce &#8212; and why North America cannot afford another generation of pretending. Paper 1 of II.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 19 May 2026 13:00:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>By Eduardo Joffroy G</strong></p><h3><em>Paper I of III of the Series: The Reflexions of Our Nations </em></h3><p><em><strong>Leer en Espanol: </strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/2a1aad23-f938-454a-884c-36f8a50197ec?postPreview=paid&amp;updated=2026-05-19T22%3A27%3A31.692Z&amp;audience=everyone&amp;free_preview=false&amp;freemail=true">Los Gobiernos son Reflejos de la Sociedad</a></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg" width="1456" height="1102" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p>From Clinton to Trump. From Fox to Sheinbaum. Thirty years of watching North American politics from both sides of a single line.</p><p>A note on scope. I have lived these years primarily from the U.S.&#8211;Mexico seam. Canadian politics, I have observed from outside; my understanding is informed but not lived. This essay focuses on the two democracies I know in my bones. Canada will receive its own treatment, on its own terms, in a future paper of this series.</p><p>The pattern that came out of those decades was not partisan, and not even particularly national. It was structural.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Governments are not accidents. They are reflections.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>The leaders a nation produces &#8212; and the leaders it tolerates &#8212; are a measure of the nation itself: of what it believes, what it has been taught, what it can still imagine.</strong></p><p>Good leaders do exist. Some of them have given decades of their lives to public service, often at real personal cost, and have shaped their countries for the better. But even the best leader cannot give a country something its citizenry has not yet built. The country we have, in the end, is the country we are building together &#8212; day by day, election by election, conversation by conversation.</p><p>This is not a moral claim. It is an observation.</p><div><hr></div><p>I grew up crossing the U.S.&#8211;Mexico border every day for thirteen years of childhood. By the time I was twelve, I had spent more hours of my life standing in border lines than most people will spend in a lifetime.</p><p>What the border taught me, more than anything else, was that the difference between the two countries was not geography or weather or even economy. <strong>It was a difference of </strong><em><strong>expectations.</strong></em></p><p>On the U.S. side, the city was always clean, the police enforced the law, and citizens and visitors alike respected the rules, the laws, and the culture &#8212; because if you didn&#8217;t, there were consequences. The rule of law was less a written code than a daily habit of mind.</p><p>On the Mexican side, meters away in distance and miles away in reality; the expectations inverted. The streets were always dirty and nobody did anything about it. The city lights were never uniform and nobody complained. The streets were disorderly, without signage &#8212; and that was just how things were. You ran red lights and there were no consequences. If a police officer did happen to stop you, before writing a ticket he would offer you a quick way out. You did not expect the rule that was written to be the rule that was applied. And so the everyday behavior of ordinary citizens adjusted.</p><p>Mexicans did not collectively <em>fail</em> to keep order. Mexicans, in the absence of any expectation that the state would keep order, organized our daily lives around its absence.</p><blockquote><p><em>This is the deepest layer of the mirror. A government reflects the behaviors, customs, and habits of its citizens &#8212; and the behaviors, customs, and habits of its citizens reflect the government they have learned to expect.</em></p></blockquote><p>The relationship is bidirectional. It produces, over generations, a civic equilibrium &#8212; a society and its state shaping one another into the form they will both have to live with.</p><div><hr></div><p>Before either country had its first president, each had its first sentence. Those sentences predicted everything that followed.</p><p><strong>The United States declared itself into existence in 1776:</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Mexico declared itself in 1917, after a revolution that had cost a million lives. Article 39 of the new constitution:</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>La soberan&#237;a nacional reside esencial y originariamente en el pueblo. Todo poder p&#250;blico dimana del pueblo y se instituye para beneficio de &#233;ste.</em></p></blockquote><p>Both texts place sovereignty in the people. </p><p>But the countries they constituted are differently configured. </p><p><strong>The American framers</strong> wrote a state designed to guarantee the conditions under which citizens would pursue their own ends. </p><p><strong>The Mexican framers</strong> wrote a state designed to deliver outcomes &#8212; education, land, work, dignity &#8212; directly to its citizens.</p><ol><li><p><strong>The American state was constituted as a platform.</strong> </p></li><li><p><strong>The Mexican state was constituted as an actor.</strong></p></li></ol><p><strong>Two opposite bets,</strong> written into the founding documents. Each country has spent a century living out the consequences.</p><div><hr></div><div class="install-substack-app-embed install-substack-app-embed-web" data-component-name="InstallSubstackAppToDOM"><img class="install-substack-app-embed-img" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hmIS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ddf0ccf-2eee-404f-852f-0514e511e0f2_512x512.png"><div class="install-substack-app-embed-text"><div class="install-substack-app-header">Get more from Eduardo Joffroy G in the Substack app</div><div class="install-substack-app-text">Available for iOS and Android</div></div><a href="https://substack.com/app/app-store-redirect?utm_campaign=app-marketing&amp;utm_content=author-post-insert&amp;utm_source=eduardojoffroy" target="_blank" class="install-substack-app-embed-link"><button class="install-substack-app-embed-btn button primary">Get the app</button></a></div><div><hr></div><h2>What each country built &#8212; and what each one became</h2><p>The bet either country made at its founding did not produce results immediately. Both took roughly a century to produce their peaks.</p><p>The American peak ran from the end of the Second World War to the mid-1970s. Three decades during which the country built the conditions of modern life as the world now knows it. </p><p>The interstate highway system rebuilt the country&#8217;s geography. The G.I. Bill produced the most educated generation in human history. Mass home ownership was broadly distributed for the first time anywhere on earth. Wages and productivity rose together &#8212; meaning a worker&#8217;s pay grew with the value the worker produced, the basic mechanism of a functioning middle class. American universities became the destination of the world&#8217;s best minds. </p><p>American science put humans on the moon. American culture &#8212; Hollywood, jazz, rock and roll, Broadway, the novel &#8212; became, for the first time in modern history, a culture exported globally on its own merits rather than imposed by empire. American corporations built the consumer goods, the airliners, the computers, the pharmaceuticals, and eventually the software that shaped twentieth-century life everywhere.</p><p>And underneath all of that, quieter but more consequential than any single industry, the United States built something no other country in history has built at scale: <strong>a financial system designed to allow ordinary citizens to accumulate wealth alongside the country itself. </strong></p><p>Wall Street made it possible for a worker with a regular paycheck to own a piece of the American economy through bonds, mutual funds, and eventually the S&amp;P 500 &#8212; an index that has compounded at roughly ten percent annually since 1957. Warren Buffett, who has spent a lifetime watching this system from inside it, has said that the only thing he holds true is to never bet against the American economy. </p><p>The reason that line carries weight is that the system has, for seventy years, allowed any American with the discipline to save to participate in the wealth of the country. That is not an accident of culture. <em><strong>That is the platform working precisely as the founding bet intended.</strong></em></p><p>It is true that this prosperity was not equally available to every American at the same moment. Black, Native, Latino, and Asian Americans confronted barriers that white Americans did not &#8212; barriers that took the civil-rights movement, generations of legal reform, and ongoing social work to begin dismantling. We will examine that fuller story in the next paper of this series. </p><p><strong>But the structural fact holds: </strong><em>the platform model, working as designed, produced the most powerful civilization the modern world had seen.</em> The wealth was real. The opportunities were real. The trajectory was upward.</p><p>Mexico&#8217;s peak was shorter and less internationally recognized &#8212; but inside its own borders, no less real. <em><strong>From roughly 1940 to 1970 &#8212; the period economists came to call the Mexican Miracle &#8212; Mexico grew at an average of 6.6 percent annually for three decades, one of the fastest sustained growth rates anywhere in the world during that period. Industrial production expanded at eight percent a year. </strong></em>Inflation held at three percent. The population doubled while the economy grew sixfold. Primary-school enrollment tripled. The Instituto Polit&#233;cnico Nacional and the Tec de Monterrey were founded. Mexican manufacturing diversified into steel, automobiles, textiles, consumer goods. </p><p><strong>A real Mexican middle class began to form</strong> in Mexico City, Monterrey, Guadalajara &#8212; smaller than the American version, but visible. The state-as-actor model, working as designed under the conditions of mid-century state-led development, produced the most prosperous Mexico the modern world had seen.</p><p>But Mexico never built the equivalent of the American financial platform. The Bolsa Mexicana de Valores has, today, roughly 130 listed companies. The New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ have more than 6,000 between them. The Mexican stock market exists, but it is not the wealth-creation engine for ordinary Mexicans that Wall Street has been for ordinary Americans &#8212; because it was never designed to be, and because the Mexican majority has never had the surplus income that would have made the question of investing relevant. Mexican culture has not been a culture of saving, investing and compounding. <em><strong>Not because Mexicans are different. Because the system did not produce the conditions in which a culture of compounding could form.</strong></em></p><p>Here too, the opportunity was not equally distributed. But the Mexican story of inequality is structurally different from the American one, and it is important to name precisely. </p><p>In Mexico, the citizens who built businesses and wealth during these decades were the smart and the determined &#8212; Mexican families who fought through a system whose rules changed constantly, sometimes from one presidency to the next. </p><p>Echeverr&#237;a in the 1970s took private land. Salinas in the 1990s privatized public assets. Pe&#241;a Nieto in 2013 opened the energy and telecommunications sectors to private capital. AMLO from 2018 closed those reforms and rebuilt the state&#8217;s central role. Each abrupt reversal destroyed the patient long-horizon investment that lasting prosperity requires. </p><p>The Mexicans who succeeded did so <em>despite</em> the constant rule-changing, not because the system was open to them. They built around the instability. They paid its price. The families behind <em><strong>Bimbo, Cemex, Femsa, Modelo, Gruma </strong></em>&#8212; and the <em><strong>directors and chefs and engineers</strong></em> who carried Mexico&#8217;s name onto world stages &#8212; proved that Mexican talent and ambition could compete at the highest global level when the work was done in the open, in real markets, against real competitors, without political shortcuts.</p><p>The Mexicans who did not succeed were not blocked by their fellow citizens. <em>They were blocked by a system designed, from the founding constitution onward, to place the largest opportunities in political hands &#8212; to be distributed through political networks, to political clients, on political timelines.</em></p><p>This is the precise diagnosis. Mexico&#8217;s problem is not its haves and its have-nots. <em><strong>Mexico&#8217;s problem is a state that has always been the gatekeeper of the largest opportunities</strong></em>, and a political class that has always treated those opportunities as currency to be traded rather than as a public commons to be built for everyone. </p><blockquote><p><em>Whether by design or by accumulated political convenience, the result has been the same. A majority that cannot save cannot accumulate. A majority that cannot accumulate cannot become independent of political patronage. A majority that is not independent of political patronage votes the way patronage requires.</em></p></blockquote><p>Then the world changed, and the two models adapted differently.</p><p>The American model bent toward financialization. Beginning in the late 1970s, the share of corporate profits going to finance began to climb. Wages decoupled from productivity &#8212; workers continued to produce more, but the gains began flowing increasingly to capital rather than to labor. Manufacturing left the heartland. The promise of college as a path to middle-class life began to require debt that the resulting wages could no longer service. The platform that had once secured broad citizen prosperity became, by degrees, a platform for capital extraction. The original bet still works for the top of the American distribution. It has stopped working, in any reliable way, for the middle.</p><p>The Mexican model did not adapt &#8212; because it could not adapt without rebuilding its underlying assumption. The state-led, inward-looking development strategy that had worked under conditions of protected markets and managed currencies broke against the realities of the 1980s &#8212; the oil shock, the debt crisis of 1982, the collapse of import substitution as a global development strategy. Mexico spent that decade in fiscal emergency. NAFTA in 1994 opened the Mexican economy to North American integration but did not reform the underlying state-centric architecture. The democratic opening from 1988 to 2000 modernized Mexico&#8217;s political institutions without changing its economic ones. Pemex and CFE, the engines of Mexican Miracle-era growth, became fiscal anchors instead. <em><strong>Today, Mexico&#8217;s economy grows at one to two percent in a good year. The country that grew at 6.6 percent for three decades now struggles to grow at two percent for one.</strong></em></p><p>Both countries, in other words, are operating today at a fraction of their own historical peaks. <em>This is not the story of nations that failed. This is the story of nations that succeeded, brilliantly, under one set of conditions &#8212; and have not yet figured out how to renew themselves under another.</em> </p><p>The American renewal will require rebuilding the platform so that prosperity flows broadly again, not only to the top. </p><p>The Mexican renewal will require something harder &#8212; a citizenry that decides, together, to build a system in which opportunity is open to everyone, not concentrated in political hands and distributed through political favor.</p><p>That is not a fight between Mexicans. That is a fight every Mexican has a stake in winning.</p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share The North American &#8212; 77</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>The playing fields of the United States and Mexico are far from similar.</strong> It is much harder to earn in <strong>Mexico </strong>than it is in the <strong>United States</strong>, and the evidence is one of the most consequential migrations of the modern era. <strong>More than ten million Mexicans have built their lives in the country next door. </strong>The money they send home &#8212; <em><strong>las remesas (Remitencies)</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; <strong>has become the single largest source of foreign income for Mexico, surpassing oil, surpassing foreign investment, surpassing tourism. </strong></p><p>Roughly <strong>sixty-three billion dollars in 2024 alone.</strong> A nation&#8217;s largest export is its own working-age citizens. No statistic captures the playing-field gap more honestly than that one.</p><div><hr></div><p>There is a popular saying across Mexico &#8212; <em><strong>tenemos el gobierno que nos merecemos.</strong></em><strong> </strong>It was first written by <strong>Joseph de Maistre,</strong> an eighteenth-century French monarchist who used it to argue that revolution against tyranny was futile. In his hands, it was a justification for political passivity.</p><p>That use is wrong. But the structural observation underneath is not. Societies produce their governments. The question is whether the producing is conscious or unconscious &#8212; whether a society is <em>building</em> the conditions of its political life or merely <em>suffering</em> them.</p><p>This is the question North America cannot afford to keep avoiding.</p><div><hr></div><p>We are two democracies in two different kinds of crisis. The United States has, over the past seventy-plus years, watched the system it built to make its private sector great become extractive of its own middle class. <strong>Trust in the federal government has collapsed from 77 percent in 1964 to 17 percent today. </strong>The ordinary American citizen is exhausted by a system that no longer lets him retire in peace.</p><p><strong>Mexico </strong>has, over the same period, watched its state become the <strong>central actor in everything </strong>&#8212; politically, economically, increasingly militarily &#8212; while individual Mexican excellence has flourished anyway, despite the state rather than through it. The Mexican citizen who stayed is, by most measures, afraid.</p><p>Both crises are real. Both could send their countries back decades if they are not addressed. Both, addressed honestly, hold the possibility of the largest renewal North America has seen in a century.</p><p><strong>The next piece in this series &#8212; </strong><em><strong>Paper II &#8212; The Broken Reflection</strong></em> &#8212; examines both nations in depth: how the United States got to seventeen-percent trust, how Mexico got to a state-centric democracy with an electorate that keeps voting for more of it, and what these two paths have in common underneath their opposite shapes.</p><p><strong>The third &#8212; </strong><em><strong>Paper III &#8212; Building the Citizenry</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; examines what each country can actually do about it. The honest version. Not left, not right. Not partisan, not utopian. The patient, generational work of becoming the kind of countries that produce the governments their citizens deserve.</p><div><hr></div><p>For now, the foundation.</p><p><strong>Governments are mirrors. </strong>The reflection we see is the reflection we built. Mirrors do not crack from the front. They crack from the back, slowly, in places we do not look &#8212; in the daily expectations we set for our governments, and in the daily standards we set for ourselves.</p><p>The mirror is not somewhere out there. The mirror is us.</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Eduardo Joffroy is the founder &amp; editor in chief of The North American &#8212; 77, a bilingual editorial platform on North America Integration. </em></p><h3><em>Paper I of III of the Series: The Reflexions of Our Nations a continental trilogy on governance, society, and the architecture of citizenship.</em></h3>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Los Gobiernos No Son Accidentes. Son Reflejos.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Los Gobiernos Son Espejos de las Sociedades Por qu&#233; las sociedades producen los l&#237;deres que producen &#8212; y por qu&#233; Norteam&#233;rica no puede permitirse otra generaci&#243;n de fingir lo contrario.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexiones-de-nuestras-nacione</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexiones-de-nuestras-nacione</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 19 May 2026 08:45:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Por Eduardo Joffroy G</strong></p><p><em>Reflejos de Nuestras Naciones &#183; Ensayo I</em></p><p><em><strong>Leer en ingl&#233;s: </strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/644bc7c2-48d6-475a-baad-2ea25a2d1ec1?postPreview=paid&amp;updated=2026-05-19T22%3A28%3A43.550Z&amp;audience=everyone&amp;free_preview=false&amp;freemail=true">Governments are not Accidents. They are Reflexions.</a></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg" width="1456" height="1102" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1102,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3358221,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/198379064?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p>De Clinton a Trump. De Fox a Sheinbaum. Treinta a&#241;os observando la pol&#237;tica norteamericana desde ambos lados de una sola l&#237;nea.</p><p>Una nota sobre el alcance. He vivido estos a&#241;os principalmente desde la costura entre Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico. La pol&#237;tica canadiense la he observado desde afuera; mi entendimiento es informado, pero no vivido. Este ensayo se enfoca en las dos democracias que conozco en los huesos. Canad&#225; recibir&#225; su propio tratamiento, en sus propios t&#233;rminos, en un ensayo futuro de esta serie.</p><p>El patr&#243;n que vino de esas d&#233;cadas no era partidista, ni siquiera particularmente nacional. Era estructural.</p><div><hr></div><p><em><strong>Los gobiernos no son accidentes. Son reflejos.</strong></em></p><blockquote><p>Los l&#237;deres que una naci&#243;n produce &#8212; y los l&#237;deres que tolera &#8212; son una medida de la naci&#243;n misma: de lo que cree, de lo que se le ha ense&#241;ado, de lo que es capaz de imaginar.</p></blockquote><p>Existen los buenos l&#237;deres. Algunos han entregado d&#233;cadas de su vida al servicio p&#250;blico, con frecuencia a un costo personal real, y han contribuido a moldear sus pa&#237;ses para mejor. Pero ni el mejor l&#237;der puede regalarle a un pa&#237;s algo que su ciudadan&#237;a a&#250;n no ha construido. El pa&#237;s que tenemos, al final, es el pa&#237;s que estamos construyendo juntos &#8212; d&#237;a a d&#237;a, elecci&#243;n por elecci&#243;n, conversaci&#243;n por conversaci&#243;n.</p><p>Esto no es una afirmaci&#243;n moral. Es una observaci&#243;n.</p><div><hr></div><p>Cruc&#233; la frontera entre M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos todos los d&#237;as durante trece a&#241;os de mi infancia. A los doce a&#241;os ya hab&#237;a acumulado m&#225;s horas en filas de aduana que las que la mayor&#237;a de las personas pasar&#225;n en toda su vida.</p><p>Lo que la frontera me ense&#241;&#243;, m&#225;s que cualquier otra cosa, fue que la diferencia entre los dos pa&#237;ses no era geogr&#225;fica, ni clim&#225;tica, ni siquiera econ&#243;mica. Era una diferencia de <em>expectativas.</em></p><p><strong>Del lado de Estados Unidos</strong>, la ciudad siempre estaba limpia, los polic&#237;as aplicaban la ley, los ciudadanos y visitantes respet&#225;bamos las normas, las leyes y la cultura &#8212; porque si no lo hac&#237;as, hab&#237;a consecuencias. El estado de derecho era menos un c&#243;digo escrito que un h&#225;bito diario de la mente.</p><p><strong>Del lado mexicano</strong>, a metros de distancia y a kil&#243;metros en la realidad, las expectativas se invert&#237;an. Las calles siempre sucias y nadie hac&#237;a nada. Las luces de la ciudad nunca uniformes y nadie reclamaba. Las calles desordenadas, sin se&#241;alizaci&#243;n &#8212; y simplemente as&#237; eran las cosas. Te pasabas los altos y no hab&#237;a consecuencias. Si te llegaba a parar un polic&#237;a, antes de levantarte una multa te ofrec&#237;a una salida r&#225;pida. No esperabas que la regla escrita fuera la regla aplicada. Y, en consecuencia, el comportamiento cotidiano de los ciudadanos comunes se ajustaba.</p><p>Los mexicanos no <em>fallamos</em> colectivamente en mantener el orden. Los mexicanos, en ausencia de cualquier expectativa de que el Estado lo mantuviera, organizamos nuestra vida diaria alrededor de su ausencia.</p><blockquote><p>Esta es la capa m&#225;s profunda del espejo. Un gobierno refleja las conductas, las costumbres y los h&#225;bitos de sus ciudadanos &#8212; y las conductas, costumbres y h&#225;bitos de los ciudadanos reflejan al gobierno que han aprendido a esperar.</p></blockquote><p>La relaci&#243;n es bidireccional. Produce, a lo largo de generaciones, un equilibrio c&#237;vico &#8212; una sociedad y su Estado molde&#225;ndose mutuamente en la forma con la que ambos tendr&#225;n que vivir.</p><div><hr></div><p>Antes de que cualquiera de los dos pa&#237;ses tuviera su primer presidente, cada uno ten&#237;a su primera frase. Esas frases anticiparon todo lo que vino despu&#233;s.</p><p><strong>Estados Unidos se declar&#243; a s&#237; mismo en existencia en 1776:</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>M&#233;xico se declar&#243; a s&#237; mismo en 1917, despu&#233;s de una revoluci&#243;n que hab&#237;a costado un mill&#243;n de vidas. El Art&#237;culo 39 de la nueva Constituci&#243;n:</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>La soberan&#237;a nacional reside esencial y originariamente en el pueblo. Todo poder p&#250;blico dimana del pueblo y se instituye para beneficio de &#233;ste.</em></p></blockquote><p>Ambos textos colocan la soberan&#237;a en el pueblo. </p><p>Pero los pa&#237;ses que constituyeron est&#225;n configurados de manera distinta. </p><p><strong>Los constituyentes estadounidenses escribieron un Estado dise&#241;ado para garantizar las </strong><em><strong>condiciones</strong></em><strong> bajo las cuales sus ciudadanos perseguir&#237;an sus propios fines. </strong></p><p><strong>Los constituyentes mexicanos escribieron un Estado dise&#241;ado para </strong><em><strong>entregar resultados</strong></em><strong> &#8212; educaci&#243;n, tierra, trabajo, dignidad &#8212; directamente a sus ciudadanos.</strong></p><ol><li><p><strong>El Estado estadounidense se constituy&#243; como plataforma.</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>El Estado mexicano se constituy&#243; como actor.</strong></p></li></ol><p>Dos apuestas opuestas, escritas en los documentos fundacionales. Cada pa&#237;s lleva un siglo viviendo las consecuencias.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Lo que cada pa&#237;s construy&#243; &#8212; y en lo que cada uno se convirti&#243;</h3><p>La apuesta que cada pa&#237;s hizo en su fundaci&#243;n no produjo resultados inmediatamente. A ambos les tom&#243; aproximadamente un siglo producir sus apogeos.</p><p><strong>El apogeo estadounidense corri&#243; desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta mediados de los a&#241;os setenta.</strong> Tres d&#233;cadas durante las cuales el pa&#237;s construy&#243; las condiciones de la vida moderna tal como el mundo la conoce hoy.</p><p>El sistema de autopistas interestatales reh&#237;zo la geograf&#237;a del pa&#237;s. La G.I. Bill produjo la generaci&#243;n m&#225;s educada de la historia humana. La propiedad masiva de vivienda se distribuy&#243; ampliamente por primera vez en cualquier lugar del planeta. Los salarios y la productividad subieron juntos &#8212; es decir, el sueldo de un trabajador crec&#237;a con el valor que el trabajador produc&#237;a, el mecanismo b&#225;sico de una clase media funcional. Las universidades estadounidenses se convirtieron en el destino de las mejores mentes del mundo.</p><p>La ciencia estadounidense puso humanos en la Luna. La cultura estadounidense &#8212; Hollywood, el jazz, el rock and roll, Broadway, la novela &#8212; se convirti&#243;, por primera vez en la historia moderna, en una cultura exportada globalmente por sus propios m&#233;ritos y no impuesta por imperio. Las empresas estadounidenses construyeron los bienes de consumo, los aviones, las computadoras, las farmac&#233;uticas y, eventualmente, el software que dieron forma a la vida del siglo XX en todas partes.</p><p>Y por debajo de todo eso, m&#225;s callado pero m&#225;s consecuente que cualquier industria individual, Estados Unidos construy&#243; algo que ning&#250;n otro pa&#237;s en la historia ha construido a escala: un sistema financiero dise&#241;ado para permitir que los ciudadanos comunes acumularan riqueza junto con el pa&#237;s mismo. </p><p>Wall Street hizo posible que un trabajador con un sueldo regular fuera due&#241;o de una parte de la econom&#237;a estadounidense a trav&#233;s de bonos, fondos mutuos y, eventualmente, el S&amp;P 500 &#8212; un &#237;ndice que se ha capitalizado a aproximadamente diez por ciento anual desde 1957. Warren Buffett, que ha pasado una vida observando este sistema desde adentro, ha dicho que lo &#250;nico en lo que cree con certeza es nunca apostar contra la econom&#237;a estadounidense.</p><p>La raz&#243;n por la que esa frase tiene peso es que el sistema, durante setenta a&#241;os, ha permitido que cualquier estadounidense con la disciplina de ahorrar participe en la riqueza del pa&#237;s. Eso no es un accidente cultural. Es la plataforma funcionando precisamente como la apuesta fundacional lo previ&#243;.</p><p>Es cierto que esta prosperidad no estuvo igualmente disponible para todos los estadounidenses al mismo tiempo. Los afroamericanos, los pueblos originarios, los latinos y los asi&#225;tico-americanos enfrentaron barreras que los estadounidenses blancos no enfrentaron &#8212; barreras que tomaron el movimiento de los derechos civiles, generaciones de reforma legal y un trabajo social que contin&#250;a, para comenzar a desmantelarse. Examinaremos esa historia m&#225;s completa en el siguiente ensayo de esta serie.</p><p>Pero el hecho estructural se sostiene: el modelo de plataforma, funcionando como fue dise&#241;ado, produjo la civilizaci&#243;n m&#225;s poderosa que el mundo moderno ha visto. La riqueza fue real. Las oportunidades fueron reales. La trayectoria fue ascendente.</p><p><strong>El apogeo de M&#233;xico fue m&#225;s corto y menos reconocido internacionalmente </strong>&#8212; pero dentro de sus propias fronteras, no menos real. Aproximadamente entre 1940 y 1970 &#8212; el per&#237;odo que los economistas llamaron el <em>Milagro Mexicano</em> &#8212; M&#233;xico creci&#243; a un promedio de 6.6 por ciento anual durante tres d&#233;cadas, una de las tasas de crecimiento sostenido m&#225;s r&#225;pidas en cualquier parte del mundo en ese per&#237;odo. La producci&#243;n industrial se expandi&#243; ocho por ciento al a&#241;o. </p><p>La inflaci&#243;n se mantuvo en tres por ciento. La poblaci&#243;n se duplic&#243; mientras la econom&#237;a creci&#243; seis veces. La matr&#237;cula en escuelas primarias se triplic&#243;. Se fundaron el Instituto Polit&#233;cnico Nacional y el Tec de Monterrey. La manufactura mexicana se diversific&#243; en acero, autom&#243;viles, textiles, bienes de consumo. Una clase media mexicana real comenz&#243; a formarse en la Ciudad de M&#233;xico, Monterrey, Guadalajara &#8212; m&#225;s peque&#241;a que la versi&#243;n estadounidense, pero visible. </p><p>El modelo de Estado-como-actor, funcionando como fue dise&#241;ado bajo las condiciones del desarrollo estatal de mediados del siglo XX, produjo el M&#233;xico m&#225;s pr&#243;spero que el mundo moderno hab&#237;a visto.</p><p><strong>Pero M&#233;xico nunca construy&#243; el equivalente de la plataforma financiera estadounidense. </strong>La Bolsa Mexicana de Valores tiene, hoy, aproximadamente 130 empresas listadas. La Bolsa de Nueva York y NASDAQ tienen m&#225;s de 6,000 entre ambas. El mercado de valores mexicano existe, pero no es el motor de creaci&#243;n de riqueza para los mexicanos comunes que Wall Street ha sido para los estadounidenses comunes &#8212; porque nunca fue dise&#241;ado para serlo, y porque la mayor&#237;a mexicana nunca ha tenido el ingreso excedente que habr&#237;a hecho relevante la pregunta de invertir. </p><p><em><strong>La cultura mexicana no ha sido una cultura de ahorrar, invertir y capitalizar. No porque los mexicanos seamos diferentes. Porque el sistema no produjo las condiciones en las que una cultura de capitalizaci&#243;n pudiera formarse.</strong></em></p><p>Aqu&#237; tambi&#233;n, la oportunidad no se distribuy&#243; por igual. Pero la historia mexicana de la desigualdad es estructuralmente diferente de la estadounidense, y es importante nombrarla con precisi&#243;n.</p><p>En M&#233;xico, los ciudadanos que construyeron negocios y riqueza durante esas d&#233;cadas fueron los inteligentes y los determinados &#8212; familias mexicanas que pelearon a trav&#233;s de un sistema cuyas reglas cambiaban constantemente, a veces de una presidencia a la siguiente.</p><blockquote><p>Echeverr&#237;a en los setenta tom&#243; tierra privada. Salinas en los noventa privatiz&#243; activos p&#250;blicos. Pe&#241;a Nieto en 2013 abri&#243; los sectores de energ&#237;a y telecomunicaciones al capital privado. AMLO desde 2018 cerr&#243; esas reformas y reconstruy&#243; el papel central del Estado. Cada reversa abrupta destruy&#243; la inversi&#243;n paciente de largo plazo que requiere la prosperidad duradera.</p></blockquote><p>Los mexicanos que tuvieron &#233;xito lo hicieron <em>a pesar</em> del cambio constante de reglas, no porque el sistema estuviera abierto a ellos. <em><strong>Construyeron alrededor de la inestabilidad. Pagaron su precio. Las familias detr&#225;s de Bimbo, Cemex, Femsa, Modelo, Gruma &#8212; y los directores, chefs e ingenieros que llevaron el nombre de M&#233;xico a los escenarios del mundo &#8212; demostraron que el talento y la ambici&#243;n mexicanos pod&#237;an competir al m&#225;s alto nivel global cuando el trabajo se hac&#237;a a la vista, en mercados reales, contra competidores reales, sin atajos pol&#237;ticos.</strong></em></p><p>Los mexicanos que no tuvieron &#233;xito no fueron bloqueados por sus compatriotas. Fueron bloqueados por un sistema dise&#241;ado, desde la Constituci&#243;n fundacional en adelante, para colocar las mayores oportunidades en manos pol&#237;ticas &#8212; para ser distribuidas a trav&#233;s de redes pol&#237;ticas, a clientes pol&#237;ticos, en tiempos pol&#237;ticos.</p><blockquote><p>Este es el diagn&#243;stico preciso. El problema de M&#233;xico no son sus <em>que tienen</em> y sus <em>que no tienen.</em> El problema de M&#233;xico es un Estado que siempre ha sido el guardi&#225;n de las mayores oportunidades, y una clase pol&#237;tica que siempre ha tratado esas oportunidades como moneda de cambio en vez de como un bien p&#250;blico para construirse para todos.</p></blockquote><p>Ya sea por dise&#241;o o por conveniencia pol&#237;tica acumulada, el resultado ha sido el mismo. Una mayor&#237;a que no puede ahorrar no puede acumular. Una mayor&#237;a que no puede acumular no puede volverse independiente del patrocinio pol&#237;tico. Una mayor&#237;a que no es independiente del patrocinio pol&#237;tico vota como el patrocinio lo requiere.</p><p>Entonces el mundo cambi&#243;, y los dos modelos se adaptaron de manera distinta.</p><p><strong>El modelo estadounidense </strong>se inclin&#243; hacia la financiarizaci&#243;n. A partir de finales de los a&#241;os setenta, la proporci&#243;n de las ganancias corporativas que iban a las finanzas comenz&#243; a subir. Los salarios se desacoplaron de la productividad &#8212; los trabajadores siguieron produciendo m&#225;s, pero las ganancias comenzaron a fluir cada vez m&#225;s al capital en lugar de al trabajo. </p><p>La manufactura abandon&#243; el coraz&#243;n industrial del pa&#237;s. La promesa de la universidad como camino a la vida de clase media comenz&#243; a requerir una deuda que los salarios resultantes ya no pod&#237;an sostener. La plataforma que alguna vez hab&#237;a asegurado la prosperidad amplia de los ciudadanos se convirti&#243;, gradualmente, en una plataforma de extracci&#243;n de capital. La apuesta original sigue funcionando para los de arriba de la distribuci&#243;n estadounidense. Ha dejado de funcionar, de manera confiable, para los del medio.</p><p><strong>El modelo mexicano no se adapt&#243;</strong> &#8212; porque no pod&#237;a adaptarse sin reconstruir su supuesto fundamental. La estrategia de desarrollo dirigida por el Estado y enfocada hacia adentro, que hab&#237;a funcionado bajo condiciones de mercados protegidos y monedas administradas, se rompi&#243; contra las realidades de los a&#241;os ochenta &#8212; el choque petrolero, la crisis de la deuda de 1982, el colapso de la sustituci&#243;n de importaciones como estrategia global de desarrollo. </p><p>M&#233;xico pas&#243; esa d&#233;cada en emergencia fiscal. El TLCAN en 1994 abri&#243; la econom&#237;a mexicana a la integraci&#243;n norteamericana pero no reform&#243; la arquitectura estatal subyacente. La apertura democr&#225;tica de 1988 a 2000 moderniz&#243; las instituciones pol&#237;ticas mexicanas sin cambiar las econ&#243;micas. Pemex y CFE, los motores del crecimiento de la era del Milagro Mexicano, se convirtieron en anclas fiscales. Hoy, la econom&#237;a mexicana crece uno o dos por ciento en un buen a&#241;o. El pa&#237;s que creci&#243; a 6.6 por ciento durante tres d&#233;cadas hoy lucha por crecer al dos por ciento durante uno.</p><blockquote><p>Ambos pa&#237;ses, en otras palabras, est&#225;n operando hoy a una fracci&#243;n de sus propios apogeos hist&#243;ricos. Esta no es la historia de naciones que fracasaron. Es la historia de naciones que tuvieron &#233;xito, brillantemente, bajo un conjunto de condiciones &#8212; y que a&#250;n no han descubierto c&#243;mo renovarse bajo otro.</p></blockquote><p><strong>La renovaci&#243;n estadounidense</strong> requerir&#225; reconstruir la plataforma de manera que la prosperidad fluya ampliamente otra vez, no s&#243;lo hacia arriba.</p><p><strong>La renovaci&#243;n mexicana </strong>requerir&#225; algo m&#225;s dif&#237;cil &#8212; una ciudadan&#237;a que decida, juntos, construir un sistema en el que la oportunidad est&#233; abierta para todos, no concentrada en manos pol&#237;ticas y distribuida a trav&#233;s del favor pol&#237;tico.</p><p>Esa no es una pelea entre mexicanos. Es una pelea en la que cada mexicano tiene algo que ganar.</p><div><hr></div><p>Las canchas de juego de Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico est&#225;n lejos de ser similares. Es mucho m&#225;s dif&#237;cil ganarse la vida en M&#233;xico que en Estados Unidos, y la evidencia es una de las migraciones m&#225;s consecuentes de la era moderna. M&#225;s de diez millones de mexicanos han construido sus vidas en el pa&#237;s de al lado. </p><p>El dinero que env&#237;an a casa &#8212; <em>las remesas</em> &#8212; se ha convertido en la fuente m&#225;s grande de ingreso extranjero para M&#233;xico, superando al petr&#243;leo, superando a la inversi&#243;n extranjera, superando al turismo. Aproximadamente sesenta y tres mil millones de d&#243;lares solamente en 2024. La mayor exportaci&#243;n de una naci&#243;n son sus propios ciudadanos en edad de trabajar. Ninguna estad&#237;stica captura m&#225;s honestamente la brecha entre las canchas de juego que esa.</p><div><hr></div><p>Existe un dicho popular en M&#233;xico &#8212; <em><strong>tenemos el gobierno que nos merecemos</strong>.</em> Su autor original fue <strong>Joseph de Maistre</strong>, un monarquista franc&#233;s del siglo XVIII que us&#243; la frase para argumentar que la revoluci&#243;n contra la tiran&#237;a era in&#250;til. En sus manos, fue una justificaci&#243;n de la pasividad pol&#237;tica.</p><p>Ese uso es falso. Pero la observaci&#243;n estructural que est&#225; debajo no lo es. Las sociedades producen sus gobiernos. La pregunta es si la producci&#243;n es consciente o inconsciente &#8212; si una sociedad est&#225; <em>construyendo</em> las condiciones de su vida pol&#237;tica o simplemente <em>sufri&#233;ndolas.</em></p><p>Esta es la pregunta que Norteam&#233;rica ya no puede seguir evadiendo.</p><div><hr></div><p>Somos dos democracias en dos tipos distintos de crisis. <strong>Estados Unidos </strong>ha visto, durante los &#250;ltimos setenta y tantos a&#241;os, c&#243;mo el sistema que construy&#243; para hacer grande a su sector privado se ha vuelto extractivo de su propia clase media. La confianza en el gobierno federal se ha desplomado del 77 por ciento en 1964 al 17 por ciento de hoy. El ciudadano estadounidense com&#250;n est&#225; agotado por un sistema que ya no le permite retirarse en paz.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico ha visto, durante el mismo per&#237;odo, c&#243;mo su Estado se convierte en el actor central de todo </strong>&#8212; pol&#237;tica, econ&#243;mica y crecientemente militarmente &#8212; mientras la excelencia individual mexicana ha florecido a pesar del Estado, no a trav&#233;s de &#233;l. El ciudadano mexicano que se qued&#243; est&#225;, por la mayor&#237;a de las medidas, asustado.</p><p>Ambas crisis son reales. Ambas podr&#237;an enviar a sus pa&#237;ses d&#233;cadas hacia atr&#225;s si no se atienden. Ambas, atendidas con honestidad, contienen la posibilidad de la renovaci&#243;n m&#225;s grande que Norteam&#233;rica haya visto en un siglo.</p><p><strong>La siguiente pieza de esta serie &#8212; </strong><em><strong>Ensayo II &#8212; El Reflejo Roto</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; examina a fondo ambas naciones: c&#243;mo Estados Unidos lleg&#243; al 17 por ciento de confianza, c&#243;mo M&#233;xico lleg&#243; a una democracia centrada en el Estado con un electorado que sigue votando por m&#225;s de lo mismo, y qu&#233; tienen estos dos caminos en com&#250;n por debajo de sus formas opuestas.</p><p><strong>El tercero &#8212; </strong><em><strong>Ensayo III &#8212; Construyendo la Ciudadan&#237;a</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; examina lo que cada pa&#237;s realmente puede hacer al respecto. La versi&#243;n honesta. Sin izquierda, sin derecha. Sin partidismo, sin utopismo. El trabajo paciente y generacional de convertirse en el tipo de pa&#237;ses que producen los gobiernos que sus ciudadanos merecen.</p><div><hr></div><p>Por ahora, la fundaci&#243;n.</p><blockquote><p>Los gobiernos son espejos. El reflejo que vemos es el reflejo que construimos. Los espejos no se rompen por el frente. Se rompen por detr&#225;s, lentamente, en los lugares que no miramos &#8212; en las expectativas diarias que tenemos de nuestros gobiernos, y en los est&#225;ndares diarios que tenemos de nosotros mismos.</p></blockquote><p>El espejo no est&#225; all&#225; afuera. El espejo somos nosotros.</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Eduardo Joffroy es el fundador de The North American &#8212; 77, una plataforma editorial biling&#252;e sobre Norteam&#233;rica como un proyecto continental.</em></p><p><em>Este es el <strong>Ensayo I</strong> de tres en <strong>Los Gobiernos No Son Accidentes. Son Reflejos</strong>. &#8212; una trilog&#237;a continental sobre gobernanza, sociedad y la arquitectura de la ciudadan&#237;a.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>