<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[The North American — 77: Papers]]></title><description><![CDATA[In-depth essays and analytical papers on the forces shaping North America — trade, policy, identity, and integration across the US, Mexico, and Canada.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/s/na77-papers-on-north-america</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HW_R!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F093f2a6f-93c3-413d-8992-f579c6e3139a_800x800.png</url><title>The North American — 77: Papers</title><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/s/na77-papers-on-north-america</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2026 10:50:08 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[The North American — 77 ]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[na77@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[na77@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[na77@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[na77@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[La Era Física]]></title><description><![CDATA[La IA y el espacio no son magia. Son la construcci&#243;n f&#237;sica m&#225;s grande desde los ferrocarriles &#8212;energ&#237;a, minerales, f&#225;bricas y gente. Quien tenga eso, gana.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/num-24-la-era-fisica</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/num-24-la-era-fisica</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 13:31:44 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/be953d7d-fcfd-4868-a257-e90768aa53d5_2752x1536.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>SERIE LA CARRERA DEL SIGLO &#183; PARTE 2 DE 4</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png" width="1200" height="630" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Cada gran salto de los &#250;ltimos doscientos a&#241;os fue tan f&#237;sico como tecnol&#243;gico.</p><ul><li><p><strong>El ferrocarril</strong> fue acero, tierra y el trabajo de hombres que tendieron v&#237;a cruzando fronteras.</p></li><li><p><strong>Internet</strong> corre por cable en el fondo del mar, por fibra enterrada bajo las carreteras, por torres atornilladas al suelo.</p></li><li><p><strong>El tel&#233;fono inteligente </strong>que traes en la bolsa existe gracias a una gran integraci&#243;n global: es un ensamble &#8212;un chip de un pa&#237;s, una pantalla de otro, una c&#225;mara de un tercero, armados en un cuarto.</p></li><li><p><em>Y muchas de esas piezas pasaron por nuestras manos, en nuestras plantas, de los dos lados de la l&#237;nea.</em></p></li></ul><p>As&#237; que conocemos la regla antes que nadie: </p><blockquote><p><strong>cada salto lo gan&#243; quien construy&#243; la base f&#237;sica &#8212;y la movi&#243; cruzando fronteras. La idea siempre fue gratis. La base siempre pes&#243;, y siempre cost&#243; una fortuna.</strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>La IA y el Espacio son el siguiente salto</strong>, <em>el coraz&#243;n de la cuarta revoluci&#243;n industrial.</em> Y son la base m&#225;s pesada y m&#225;s cara que alguien haya intentado construir. La misma regla aplica. Pero este salto no es como los dem&#225;s. Es una carrera de verdad, y el mundo entero va a vivir dentro del resultado.</p><p>De ah&#237; la pregunta que recorre toda esta serie. Solo que, de este lado, se hace distinta:</p><p><em>El mundo por fin necesita exactamente lo que nosotros tenemos. &#191;Vamos a entrar como due&#241;os, o una vez m&#225;s como manos baratas?</em></p><blockquote><p><strong>Voltea a tu alrededor. Donde Estados Unidos deja un espacio abierto en este hemisferio, China no duda en tomarlo &#8212;y el pa&#237;s que recibe casi siempre necesita demasiado la inversi&#243;n como para decir que no.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Empieza por el mar. <strong>En noviembre de 2024, una naviera estatal china abri&#243; el puerto de aguas profundas m&#225;s grande de la costa del Pac&#237;fico sudamericano, a sesenta kil&#243;metros de Lima.&#185;</strong> Cort&#243; el viaje a Asia a unos veintitr&#233;s d&#237;as, contra treinta y cinco. <strong>Estados Unidos </strong>no lo construy&#243;. <strong>China s&#237;.</strong></p><p><strong>Y no fue un caso aislado: </strong>un estudio en <strong>Washington </strong>cont&#243; treinta y siete proyectos portuarios chinos en <strong>Am&#233;rica Latina y el Caribe</strong>, este marcado como de alto riesgo &#8212;un punto de apoyo para <strong>Pek&#237;n</strong>, cerca de las <strong>costas de Estados Unidos.&#178;</strong></p><p>Ahora voltea al cielo. <strong>En el desierto de la Patagonia argentina hay una estaci&#243;n de espacio profundo con una antena de treinta y cinco metros, operada por un brazo del ej&#233;rcito chino bajo un contrato a cincuenta a&#241;os. </strong>El pa&#237;s anfitri&#243;n usa una d&#233;cima parte del tiempo de la antena; <strong>China opera el resto, casi sin supervisi&#243;n.&#179;</strong> Un pedazo de la carrera espacial, en nuestro propio hemisferio, ya ondeando otra bandera.</p><p>Esa es la versi&#243;n callada. La ruidosa se jug&#243; en nuestra propia cochera.</p><p><strong>Cuando los autos el&#233;ctricos chinos baratos inundaron el mundo</strong>,<strong> Norteam&#233;rica no respondi&#243; como un solo equipo.</strong> <strong>Estados Unidos </strong>amonton&#243; aranceles por arriba del cien por ciento.&#8308; <strong>Canad&#225;</strong> los igual&#243; &#8212;y un a&#241;o despu&#233;s se ech&#243; para atr&#225;s: un trato para dejar entrar decenas de miles de autos el&#233;ctricos chinos a una tasa simb&#243;lica, a cambio de alivio para su canola y sus mariscos.&#8309;</p><p>Su primer ministro habl&#243; en <strong>Davos </strong>de la integraci&#243;n como un camino a la <strong>&#8220;subordinaci&#243;n&#8221;.&#8310;</strong> A <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>lo presionaron por los dos lados, hasta subir su propio arancel y frenar una planta china en su suelo.&#8311;</p><blockquote><p><strong>L&#233;elo otra vez. Tres vecinos, tres respuestas distintas, en dieciocho meses. El bloque no cerr&#243; filas. Se agriet&#243;. Y cada grieta es una puerta.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Esto no es un pron&#243;stico. Pas&#243; este a&#241;o.</p><p>Pero f&#237;jate bien qui&#233;n qued&#243; en el centro de ese tablero. <strong>M&#233;xico.</strong> </p><p>Cortejado por las dos potencias m&#225;s grandes del planeta. </p><p><em><strong>Eso, de nuestro lado, no se lee como amenaza. Se lee como prueba de cu&#225;nto valemos. No somos los que ruegan. Somos los que deciden a qui&#233;n le abren la puerta.</strong></em></p><p>Y aqu&#237; est&#225; la l&#237;nea que protege todo lo dem&#225;s: <strong>ser indispensables no es subordinaci&#243;n.</strong> Es la mayor carta que hemos tenido en la mano. <strong>Estados Unidos </strong>no tiene que confiar en nadie para reconocer lo que ya trae amarrado: <em><strong>tres econom&#237;as entrelazadas por sesenta a&#241;os de f&#225;bricas, familias y dinero que nunca dejaron de cruzar. Las plantas fronterizas llegaron en los sesenta, el tratado en los noventa; el cruce nunca par&#243;.</strong></em></p><p><strong>Y el activo es enorme. Jun</strong>tos somos el segundo bloque comercial del planeta, unos <strong>26 billones de d&#243;lares.&#8312;</strong> <strong>M&#233;xico y Canad&#225;</strong> ya le compran y le venden a <strong>Estados Unidos</strong> a una escala que ning&#250;n otro socio se acerca a igualar.&#8313;</p><p>Esa no es la antesala de la carrera. Es la l&#237;nea de salida. Es la &#250;nica base en el mundo libre lo bastante grande para construir lo m&#225;s caro de la historia. </p><blockquote><p><strong>Estados Unidos solo no la tiene. Con sus vecinos, s&#237;.</strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>Tres autos, una estrategia. </strong>No es un solo pa&#237;s, no son fronteras abiertas, no es una fusi&#243;n &#8212;eso se mantiene, y lo vamos a seguir diciendo. Tres banderas, tres marcos legales, fronteras respetadas y seguras. Un equipo no es una rendici&#243;n.</p><p>Y nadie encarna esto mejor que quien vive en los dos mundos a la vez. El mexicano del otro lado. El m&#233;xico-americano que trabaja en Texas o en California y manda para la casa. El que sue&#241;a en dos idiomas. Ese no es un caso fronterizo: es la prueba viva de que esto funciona. Somos Ambos &#8212;por familia, por trabajo, por escuela, por lo que creemos y sentimos. Esa doble pertenencia, que tanto tiempo nos vendieron como un problema, es justo la ventaja que esta era premia.</p><p><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; es lo que de verdad estorba? No la frontera. No el vecino.</strong></p><p>Los tres gobiernos se sientan este verano a renegociar su tratado con la pol&#237;tica de las tres capitales corriendo en contra del mismo trabajo en equipo que el momento exige. <em><strong>Ese es el obst&#225;culo real: no un rival de afuera, sino un continente peleado consigo mismo.</strong></em></p><p><strong>Un Estados Unidos politizado es un Estados Unidos ciego a lo que ya tiene en su propio continente. </strong>Y de nuestro lado hay una tentaci&#243;n que tambi&#233;n estorba: <strong>quedarnos c&#243;modos </strong>en el papel de las manos baratas, o creernos las narrativas que nos pintan como enemigos de quien comparte nuestra tierra. <strong>Las dos hay que rechazarlas.</strong> </p><p><strong>Nunca ha habido mejor momento para dejar la pol&#237;tica a un lado y ver de frente el riesgo verdadero: </strong>perder la carrera de la IA y el espacio, y despertar con los centros de datos de China, su infraestructura de lanzamiento y su software plantados por todo nuestro hemisferio.</p><p>La base de este siglo ya est&#225; aqu&#237;, repartida en tres pa&#237;ses que nunca han decidido construirla juntos.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/num-24-la-era-fisica?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/num-24-la-era-fisica?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p>El resto de esta serie es esa construcci&#243;n.</p><p><strong>La Parte 3 traza el mapa </strong>&#8212;qui&#233;n tiene la energ&#237;a, los minerales, las f&#225;bricas y la gente&#8212; y muestra que nadie la tiene completa, y que juntos ya la tenemos.</p><p><strong>La Parte 4 pregunta </strong>en qu&#233; se convierte cada naci&#243;n si se queda fuera de la carrera, y c&#243;mo el trabajador deja de ser un costo para volverse due&#241;o.</p><p><strong>Si est&#225;s en una carrera, la corres para ganar &#8212;no para llegar, para ganar. </strong><em>Eso no es una garant&#237;a. Es la postura de cualquiera que se tome en serio el premio. Y el premio no son solo los mercados.</em></p><p><strong>Es si los valores del mundo libre quedan construidos en el pr&#243;ximo siglo:</strong> aqu&#237;, por nosotros, o en otra parte, por alguien que no los comparte.</p><p>El salto siempre fue f&#237;sico. Esta vez gana el pa&#237;s que deja de fingir que puede construir solo.</p><p>La escala se dise&#241;a. La libertad se elige.</p><p>&#9679;</p><p>FUENTES</p><ol><li><p>COSCO Shipping / Reuters &#8212; Chancay, Per&#250;: puerto de aguas profundas operado por la estatal china COSCO, inaugurado el 14 de noviembre de 2024; ruta directa a Asia cercana a 23 d&#237;as, contra ~35.</p></li><li><p>Center for Strategic and International Studies (2025) &#8212; 37 proyectos portuarios chinos en Am&#233;rica Latina y el Caribe; Chancay clasificado de alto riesgo por su valor estrat&#233;gico cerca de las costas de EUA.</p></li><li><p>CSIS / American Security Project / Reuters &#8212; Estaci&#243;n de espacio profundo Espacio Lejano, Neuqu&#233;n, Argentina: operativa desde 2017&#8211;2018, manejada por la CLTC china (bajo el EPL) con un contrato a 50 a&#241;os; Argentina accede a cerca del 10% del tiempo de la antena. Funcionarios de EUA han se&#241;alado preocupaciones de uso militar dual.</p></li><li><p>American Society of International Law / Representante Comercial de EUA &#8212; EUA subi&#243; su arancel Secci&#243;n 301 a los autos el&#233;ctricos chinos al 100% en mayo de 2024; encima se acumula un arancel Secci&#243;n 232 del 25% a veh&#237;culos.</p></li><li><p>Council on Foreign Relations; Detroit News (ene. 2026) &#8212; Canad&#225; impuso un arancel del 100% a los EV chinos a finales de 2024 y, en enero de 2026, acord&#243; admitir ~49,000 EV chinos al a&#241;o al 6.1%, a cambio de alivio para su canola y mariscos.</p></li><li><p>Mark Carney, Foro Econ&#243;mico Mundial, Davos (enero de 2026).</p></li><li><p>Council on Foreign Relations (2025&#8211;26) &#8212; M&#233;xico subi&#243; su arancel a los EV chinos al 50% bajo presi&#243;n de EUA y fren&#243; una planta de BYD en suelo mexicano.</p></li><li><p>Banco Mundial / USTR &#8212; el bloque del T-MEC es el segundo m&#225;s grande del mundo por PIB (~26 billones de d&#243;lares).</p></li><li><p>Chicago Council on Global Affairs &#8212; M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; venden juntos cerca de 785 mil millones de d&#243;lares en bienes a EUA cada a&#241;o.</p></li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Physical Age ]]></title><description><![CDATA[AI and space are not magic. They are the biggest physical build since the railroads &#8212; power, minerals, factories, and people. Whoever holds those, wins.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/part-2-the-physical-age</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/part-2-the-physical-age</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 12:02:30 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6e938af1-0dca-4e29-ad4f-49d780de343e_2752x1536.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>THE RACE OF OUR CENTURY &#183; PART 2 OF 4</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Every leap forward of the last two hundred years was as much physical as it was technological.</p><p><strong>The railroad was</strong><em> steel, ground, and the labor of men who laid track across borders. It moved coal, grain, and ore, and it only paid off when the line reached a port and the goods came off the dock. </em></p><p><strong>The internet was no different. </strong><em>It runs on cable laid across the floor of the ocean, on fiber buried under highways, on towers bolted to the ground.</em> </p><p><strong>The smartphone is less an invention than an assembly</strong> &#8212; <em>a chip from one country, a screen from another, a camera from a third, snapped together in a fourth. </em></p><p><strong>The apps </strong><em>that changed the world only scaled because data centers, power lines, and internet access were already there to carry them.</em></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>So here is the pattern, plainly: every leap was won by whoever built the physical base &#8212; and moved it across borders. The idea was always free. The base was always heavy, and it always cost a fortune.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>AI and space are the next leap</strong> &#8212; <em>the heart of the fourth industrial revolution.</em> They are also the heaviest and most expensive base anyone has ever tried to build. The same rule applies. But this leap is not like the others. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>It is a real race, and the whole world will live inside the result.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Which raises the question that runs through this entire series:</p><p><strong>Can the United States field the full stack alone &#8212; or can it only do it with its neighbors?</strong></p><blockquote><p>Because here is what I keep seeing. Where the United States leaves a space open in this hemisphere, China does not hesitate to take it &#8212; and the country on the receiving end usually needs the infrastructure too badly to say no.</p></blockquote><p>Start at sea. In <strong>November 2024, a Chinese state shipping company opened the largest deep-water port on the Pacific coast of South America</strong>, sixty kilometers north of Lima.&#185; It cut the trip to Asia to roughly twenty-three days, down from thirty-five. </p><p><strong>The United States did not build it. China did.</strong> And it was not a one-off &#8212; one Washington study counted <strong>thirty-seven Chinese port projects across Latin America and the Caribbean</strong>, this one flagged as high-risk: a foothold for Beijing, close to American shores.&#178;</p><p>Then look up. In the <strong>Patagonian desert of Argentina stands a deep-space station with a thirty-five-meter antenna, run by an arm of China&#8217;s military under a fifty-year lease. </strong>The host country gets about a tenth of the antenna&#8217;s time; China runs the rest, with little outside oversight.&#179; A piece of the space race, in our own hemisphere, already flying another flag.</p><p>That is the quiet version. The loud version played out in our own driveway.</p><blockquote><p><strong>When cheap Chinese electric cars flooded the world, North America did not answer as one team.</strong> </p></blockquote><p>The United States stacked tariffs past one hundred percent.&#8308; Canada matched it &#8212; then, a year later, reversed: a deal to let tens of thousands of Chinese EVs in at a token rate, traded for relief on its canola and seafood.&#8309; Its prime minister stood at Davos and called continental integration a road to &#8220;subordination.&#8221;&#8310; Mexico, caught between the two, was pushed to raise its own tariff and to wave off a Chinese plant on its soil.&#8311;</p><blockquote><p>Read that again. Three neighbors, three different answers, in eighteen months. The bloc did not close ranks. It cracked. And every crack is a door.</p></blockquote><p>This is not a forecast. It happened this year.</p><p>Here is the lesson, and it is not the one Washington usually hears. The danger is not that <strong>the United States needs Mexico and Canada</strong>. <em>The danger is that treating them as a problem pushes them toward the only other buyer big enough to matter. Leave the neighbor out, and you do not punish the neighbor. You open the door to your competitor.</em></p><p><strong>The United States </strong>does not have to trust anyone. It already holds the leverage. <strong>Three economies stitched together by sixty years of factories, families, and money that never stopped crossing. </strong><em>The border plants came in the sixties, the treaty in the nineties; the crossing never stopped</em>. That is not a favor anyone is asking for. It is an asset already in hand &#8212; and the only question is whether America uses it or lets someone else pull it apart.</p><blockquote><p><strong>And the asset is enormous. Together, the three of us are the second-largest trading bloc on Earth, worth about twenty-six trillion dollars.&#8312; Mexico and Canada already buy and sell with the United States at a scale no other partner comes close to.&#8313;</strong> </p></blockquote><p>That is not the backdrop to the race. It is the starting line. It is the only base in the free world large enough to build the most expensive thing in history.</p><p><strong>The United States</strong> alone does not have it. <em>With its neighbors, it does.</em></p><p><strong>Three cars, one strategy. </strong><em>Not one country, not open borders, not a merger</em> &#8212; that stays true, and we will keep saying it. <strong>Three flags, three sets of laws, borders respected and secure. A team is not a surrender.</strong></p><p><strong>So what is actually in the way? </strong>Not the border. Not the neighbor.</p><p>The three governments will sit down to rework their trade agreement this summer with the politics in all three capitals running hard against the very teamwork the moment demands. <strong>That is the real obstacle &#8212; not a foreign rival, but a continent arguing with itself.</strong></p><p><strong>A politically divided America is an America blinded to what it already holds on its own continent. </strong></p><blockquote><p><strong>There has never been a better moment to set the politics aside and look hard at the real risk:</strong> losing the AI and space race, and waking up to find China&#8217;s data centers, its launch infrastructure, and its software planted across our own hemisphere.</p></blockquote><p>The base for this century is already here, split across three countries that have never decided to build it together.</p><p>The rest of this series is the build. <strong>Part 3 maps the stack</strong> &#8212; <em>who holds the power, the minerals, the factories, and the people</em> &#8212; and shows that no one holds all of it, and that together we already do. Part 4 asks what each nation becomes if it sits the race out, and how the worker stops being a cost and becomes an owner.</p><p><strong>If you are in a race, you run it to win &#8212; not to place, to win.</strong> That is not a guarantee. It is the posture of anyone serious about the prize. And the prize is not only markets. I<em><strong>t is whether the free world&#8217;s values get built into the next century: here, by us, or somewhere else, by someone who does not share them.</strong></em></p><p>The leap was always physical. This time, the country that wins is the one that stops pretending it can build alone.</p><p>Scale is engineered. Freedom is chosen.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/part-2-the-physical-age?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/part-2-the-physical-age?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p>&#9679;</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><ol><li><p>COSCO Shipping / Reuters &#8212; Chancay, Peru: a deep-water port operated by China&#8217;s state-owned COSCO, inaugurated November 14, 2024; direct Asia routing near 23 days, down from ~35.</p></li><li><p>Center for Strategic and International Studies (2025) &#8212; 37 Chinese port projects across Latin America and the Caribbean; Chancay classified high-risk for strategic leverage close to U.S. shores.</p></li><li><p>CSIS / American Security Project / Reuters &#8212; Espacio Lejano deep-space station, Neuqu&#233;n, Argentina: operational since 2017&#8211;2018, operated by China&#8217;s CLTC (under the PLA) on a 50-year lease; Argentina accesses roughly 10% of antenna time. U.S. officials have flagged dual-use military concerns.</p></li><li><p>American Society of International Law / U.S. Trade Representative &#8212; the U.S. raised its Section 301 tariff on Chinese EVs to 100% in May 2024; a 25% Section 232 auto tariff stacks on top.</p></li><li><p>Council on Foreign Relations; Detroit News (Jan 2026) &#8212; Canada imposed a 100% Chinese-EV tariff in late 2024, then in January 2026 agreed to admit ~49,000 Chinese EVs a year at 6.1%, in exchange for relief on canola and seafood.</p></li><li><p>Mark Carney, World Economic Forum, Davos (January 2026).</p></li><li><p>Council on Foreign Relations (2025&#8211;26) &#8212; Mexico raised its Chinese-EV tariff to 50% under U.S. pressure and stepped back from a BYD plant on Mexican soil.</p></li><li><p>World Bank / USTR &#8212; the USMCA bloc is the world&#8217;s second-largest by GDP (~$26 trillion).</p></li><li><p>Chicago Council on Global Affairs &#8212; Mexico and Canada together sell about $785 billion in goods to the U.S. each year.</p></li></ol><div><hr></div><p><em>Grounding note (not for publication): &#8220;sixty years&#8221; anchors to the 1965 Border Industrialization Program (maquiladoras) and the 1965 U.S.&#8211;Canada Auto Pact; the modern treaty (NAFTA) took effect 1994. Both the 60-year and 30-year figures are defensible as written.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[THE RACE OF OUR CENTURY: SERIES Episodio I: Es Nuestro Momento ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Podemos construir el continente m&#225;s avanzado y pr&#243;spero de la historia &#8212; y ganar la carrera de la IA y el espacio con libertad para todos.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-race-of-our-century-series-episode</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-race-of-our-century-series-episode</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 13:31:27 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="pullquote"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Por Eduardo Joffroy G. (version espa&#241;ol)</strong></p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong><sub>See English version below &#8595;</sub></strong></em></p></div><p><strong>La nueva era &#8212;la IA y el espacio&#8212; parece el futuro.</strong></p><p>Escribes una pregunta y aparece una respuesta. Un cohete aterriza solo sobre una plataforma en medio de la noche. Parece la cosa m&#225;s natural del mundo.</p><p>No lo es.</p><p>Los mayores operadores de centros de datos van camino de gastar cerca de <strong>750 mil millones de d&#243;lares</strong> en construirlo en 2026 &#8212;frente a unos 450 mil millones en 2025&#185;&#8212; seg&#250;n algunos c&#225;lculos, m&#225;s de lo que el mundo entero invierte en encontrar y extraer petr&#243;leo y gas&#178;. Un solo centro de datos de IA puede consumir tanta electricidad como una ciudad peque&#241;a.</p><p>Y lo que hoy los frena no es el dinero, ni son los chips.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Es la energ&#237;a, el acero, los transformadores y la gente &#8212;el mundo f&#237;sico.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Seamos honestos sobre lo que la IA y el espacio realmente son: son los proyectos de construcci&#243;n f&#237;sica m&#225;s grandes desde los ferrocarriles. Y como los ferrocarriles, se construyen con tierra, energ&#237;a, minerales y personas &#8212;o no los construyes t&#250;.</p><p><strong>Partamos del final.</strong></p><p>Imagina una Norteam&#233;rica que deja de comportarse como tres pa&#237;ses en la misma carrera y empieza a correr como un solo equipo con tres autos &#8212;que aprovechan el impulso del otro para despegarse del pelot&#243;n, que se turnan el liderato, y que ganan el campeonato juntos aunque solo un auto levante el trofeo.</p><p>Imag&#237;nalo en concreto:</p><blockquote><p><strong>Un modelo de IA entrenado en Estados Unidos, alimentado con energ&#237;a y minerales de Canad&#225; y M&#233;xico, construido y operado por una fuerza de trabajo joven mexicana. Un cohete dise&#241;ado en un pa&#237;s, que vuela con piezas maquinadas en otro y es observado desde la &#243;rbita por el tercero.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Ahora seamos igual de claros sobre lo que esto <strong>NO</strong> es.</p><p>Un equipo no es un solo pa&#237;s. No son fronteras abiertas, ni una fusi&#243;n. Norteam&#233;rica sigue siendo tres naciones, tres banderas, tres marcos legales, con fronteras respetadas y seguras.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Un equipo de F1 corre tres autos con tres pilotos distintos &#8212;ese es justamente el punto. Comparten una estrategia, no un chasis. Esto es integraci&#243;n inteligente y colaboraci&#243;n real. No es la entrega de la soberan&#237;a, y nunca la pediremos.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Ese es el destino. No un sue&#241;o bonito &#8212;un plan para ganar la carrera del siglo. Todo lo que sigue en esta serie es el camino de regreso desde esa meta hasta donde estamos esta ma&#241;ana.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:115268,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/202227506?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Y aqu&#237; est&#225; el porqu&#233;.</strong></p><p>El mayor salto de poder industrial de nuestra vida no vino de la suerte ni de los recursos naturales. Un pa&#237;s empez&#243; casi sin nada y se convirti&#243; en la f&#225;brica del mundo. Lo hizo eligiendo una sola direcci&#243;n y sosteni&#233;ndola durante cuarenta a&#241;os, sin importar qui&#233;n estuviera al mando.</p><p><strong>Ese pa&#237;s fue China.</strong></p><p><strong>Aprende la lecci&#243;n. Rechaza el precio.</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>La lecci&#243;n: </strong>la escala se construye a prop&#243;sito, en un horizonte m&#225;s largo que el turno de cualquier l&#237;der. </p></li><li><p><strong>El precio:</strong> la construyeron tratando a las personas como piezas &#8212;usadas y reemplazadas.</p></li></ul><p>As&#237; que la verdadera pregunta de nuestro tiempo no es si el mundo libre puede igualar esa escala. Es si podemos construirla y seguir siendo libres.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Escala sin rendici&#243;n.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Y solo hay un lugar en la Tierra hecho para responder que s&#237;.</p><p>Esta es la verdadera carrera &#8212;no un pa&#237;s contra otro, sino una forma de vida libre y abierta contra una controlada.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>O construimos el futuro con libertad, o alguien lo construye sin ella.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Cada frontera de este siglo &#8212;la IA, el espacio, la energ&#237;a limpia&#8212; necesita la misma lista corta:</strong></p><p>Capital, capacidad de c&#243;mputo, energ&#237;a, minerales, f&#225;bricas y la gente para construirlo y operarlo todo.</p><p><strong>Ning&#250;n pa&#237;s tiene la lista completa.</strong></p><p><strong>Estados Unidos</strong> tiene el cerebro y el dinero &#8212;y casi ninguna de las f&#225;bricas.</p><p><strong>China </strong>est&#225; construyendo ambas cosas a la vez en casa, y envejece r&#225;pido mientras lo hace. La edad media en M&#233;xico es de unos <strong>30</strong> a&#241;os; en <strong>Estados Unidos y China</strong> ronda los <strong>40</strong>s. El &#250;nico recurso que a toda potencia que envejece se le est&#225; acabando, <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> todav&#237;a lo tiene.</p><p><strong>Norteam&#233;rica ya tiene la lista entera.</strong> Solo que nunca hemos cruzado nuestras fronteras de manera estrat&#233;gica &#8212;aunque, en la pr&#225;ctica, las cruzamos todo el d&#237;a.</p><p>Una sola autoparte puede cruzar las fronteras de <strong>Estados Unidos, M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; hasta ocho veces</strong> antes de que el auto est&#233; terminado.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Ya somos una sola econom&#237;a. Simplemente nunca hemos decidido actuar como un solo equipo.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Los n&#250;meros lo dicen sin rodeos.</p><p>M&#233;xico es hoy <strong>el mayor socio comercial de Estados Unidos</strong>&#8310;. Juntos, M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; le venden a Estados Unidos cerca de <strong>785 mil millones de d&#243;lares</strong> en bienes cada a&#241;o &#8212;m&#225;s que <strong>Alemania, Jap&#243;n, Corea del Sur, India, Italia, Francia y el Reino Unido juntos&#8311;.</strong></p><p>Nuestras tres econom&#237;as ya forman <strong>el segundo bloque comercial m&#225;s grande del planeta</strong>, con un valor de unos <strong>26 billones de d&#243;lares</strong>&#8312;.</p><p>Nada de esto funciona sin las reglas correctas &#8212;y se derrumba en el momento en que nos creemos las narrativas pol&#237;ticas que nos dicen que somos enemigos.</p><p><strong>Nuestras diferencias no son el problema. Son la ventaja y por esto no podemos perder esta gran oportunidad que se nos presenta.</strong></p><p><strong>Ser norteamericano es ser m&#225;s de una cosa a la vez </strong>&#8212;p<em>ertenecer por completo a m&#225;s de un mundo al mismo tiempo. Eso no es solo mi historia, la de crecer en la frontera entre M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos con familia de los dos lados. Es la historia continua de todo el continente.</em></p><p><em><strong>Todos somos Ambos:</strong></em><strong> </strong></p><p><em>por herencia familiar, por nuestros negocios, por la educaci&#243;n que escogimos, por los idiomas que hablamos y por nuestras propias creencias y sentimientos.</em></p><p>Compartimos la misma tierra, el mismo oc&#233;ano, el mismo aire, los mismos recursos y los mismos mercados &#8212;y aun as&#237; seguimos operando como tres equipos separados con tres misiones distintas.</p><p><strong>Eso es lo que tiene que cambiar.</strong></p><p>Pero unirse a la vieja usanza ya no va a funcionar. Durante treinta a&#241;os el trato fue simple: dinero del norte, mano de obra barata del sur. La IA termina con ese trato, porque lo primero que reemplaza es la mano de obra barata. Si lo &#250;nico que vendes son tus manos, una m&#225;quina toma el trabajo antes de que te levante.</p><p>As&#237; que la &#250;nica integraci&#243;n que vale la pena construir ahora es una en la que <strong>el trabajador se vuelve due&#241;o</strong> &#8212;de habilidades que la m&#225;quina no puede copiar, y de una parte real de lo que se construye.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico grad&#250;a m&#225;s de 110,000 ingenieros al a&#241;o</strong>, cerca de uno de cada cinco de todos sus egresados universitarios&#8313;. Ese no es un pa&#237;s que deba vender sus manos. Es un pa&#237;s que deber&#237;a ser due&#241;o de una parte de lo que construye.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Eso es exactamente lo que la carrera de la IA y el espacio necesita: no mano de obra m&#225;s barata, sino talento m&#225;s capaz con algo que perder y algo que ganar. El centro de datos que alimenta un modelo de IA, el cohete que lleva sat&#233;lites de observaci&#243;n, la planta que abastece a los tres pa&#237;ses &#8212;ninguno de esos proyectos se construye ni se opera sin ingenieros y emprendedores que se sienten due&#241;os del resultado. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Ah&#237; es donde Norteam&#233;rica puede ganar lo que ning&#250;n pa&#237;s puede ganar solo.</strong></p><p>Un sistema controlado trata a su gente como un costo. Un sistema libre tiene que hacerla due&#241;a. Eso no es bondad. Es el &#250;nico crecimiento que perdura, porque el due&#241;o construye para sus nietos y el pe&#243;n construye para el viernes.</p><p>Y nada de esto vendr&#225; de los gobiernos. Los tres pa&#237;ses se sientan a revisar el T-MEC en <strong>julio de 2026</strong>, se levantan muros, y la pol&#237;tica en las tres capitales corre en contra del mismo trabajo en equipo que el momento exige. As&#237; que se construir&#225; como Norteam&#233;rica siempre se construy&#243; antes de que se firmara ning&#250;n tratado &#8212;por familias, por empresas, por ciudades fronterizas, por los millones que ya viven en ambos mundos y que nunca pidieron permiso para pertenecer a los dos.</p><p>Cada pocas generaciones se abre una puerta. Si la dejas pasar, no pierdes a&#241;os &#8212;pierdes un siglo.</p><p><strong>Creo que esa puerta est&#225; abierta ahora.</strong></p><p>Y esta vez no le pertenece a un solo pa&#237;s para cruzarla o desperdiciarla. Le pertenece a un continente que ha pasado toda su historia actuando como tres.</p><p>La nueva era le pertenecer&#225; a quien pueda construir a plena escala sin renunciar a la libertad del individuo. Norteam&#233;rica es la &#250;nica que puede. </p><p>El resto de esta serie es el c&#243;mo.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La escala se dise&#241;a. La libertad se elige.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="813" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>English version</strong></p></div><h1>THE RACE OF OUR CENTURY:  SERIES    </h1><h1>Episode I: This is our moment </h1><h4>We can build the most advanced and thriving continent in history&#8212; and win the AI and Space race with freedom for all.</h4><div class="pullquote"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>By Eduardo Joffroy G. (English version)</strong></p></div><p><strong>The new age &#8212; AI and space &#8212; looks like the future.</strong></p><p>You type a question and an answer appears. A rocket lands itself on a platform in the dark. It feels like the most natural thing in the world.</p><p>It isn't.</p><p>The largest data-center operators are on track to spend close to <strong>$750 billion</strong> building it in 2026 &#8212; up from about $450 billion in 2025&#185; &#8212; by one count, more than the entire world spends finding and pumping oil and gas&#178;. A single AI data center can use as much electricity as a small city.</p><p>And the thing now slowing them down is not money, and it is not chips.</p><blockquote><p><em>It is power, steel, transformers, and workers &#8212; the physical world.</em></p></blockquote><p>So let's be honest about what AI and space really are: they are the biggest physical building projects since the railroads. And like the railroads, they get built with land, power, minerals, and people &#8212; or they don't get built by you at all.</p><p><strong>Start at the finish line.</strong></p><p>Picture a North America that stops acting like three countries in the same race and starts racing like one team with three cars &#8212; drafting off each other to break from the pack, trading the lead, taking the championship together even when only one car lifts the trophy.</p><p>Picture it plainly:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>An AI model trained in the United States, running on energy and minerals from Canada and Mexico, built and run by a young Mexican workforce. A rocket designed in one country, flying on parts machined in another, watched from orbit by the third.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Now let me be just as clear about what this is <strong>not</strong>.</p><p>One team is not one country. It is not open borders, and it is not a merger. North America stays three nations, three flags, three sets of laws, with borders that are respected and secure.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>An F1 team runs three separate cars with three separate drivers &#8212; that is the entire point. They share a strategy, not a chassis. This is smart integration and real collaboration. It is not the surrender of sovereignty, and we will never ask for that.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>That is the destination. Not a feel-good dream &#8212; a plan to win the race of the century. Everything that follows in this series is the road back from that finish line to where we stand this morning.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:119060,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/202227506?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Here is why it matters.</strong></p><p>The biggest leap in industrial power in our lifetime did not come from luck or natural resources. One country started with almost nothing and became the factory of the world. It did it by choosing one direction and holding it for forty years, no matter who was in charge.</p><p><strong>That country was China.</strong></p><p><strong>Take the lesson. Reject the price.</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>The lesson: </strong>scale is built on purpose, over more years than any one leader gets.</p></li><li><p><strong>The price: </strong>they built it by treating people as parts &#8212; used and replaced.</p></li></ul><p>So the real question of our time is not whether the free world can match that scale. It is whether we can build it and stay free.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Scale without surrender.</strong></p></blockquote><p>And only one place on Earth is built to say yes.</p><p>This is the real race &#8212; not one country against another, but a free and open way of life against a controlled one.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Either we build the future with freedom, or someone builds it without it.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Every frontier of this century &#8212; AI, space, clean energy &#8212; needs the same short list:</strong></p><p>money, computing power, energy, minerals, factories, and the people to build and run it all.</p><p><strong>No single country has the whole list.</strong></p><p><strong>The United States</strong> has the brains and the money &#8212; and almost none of the factories.</p><p><strong>China </strong>is building both at once at home, and growing old fast while it does. Mexico's median age is about <strong>30</strong>; in the<strong> United States and China</strong> it is closer to <strong>40s.</strong> The one resource every aging power is running out of, <strong>Mexico still has.</strong></p><p><strong>North America already holds the entire list.</strong> We have just never crossed our borders strategically &#8212; even though, in practice, we cross them all day long.</p><p>A single car part can cross the <strong>U.S., Mexican, and Canadian </strong>borders <strong>up to eight times</strong> before the car is finished&#8308;.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>We are already one economy. We have simply never decided to act like one team.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The numbers say it plainly.</p><p>Mexico is now the <strong>largest trading partner the United States has</strong>&#8310;. Together, Mexico and Canada sell about <strong>$785 billion</strong> of goods to the U.S. each year &#8212; <strong>more than Germany, Japan, South Korea, India, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom combined&#8311;.</strong></p><p>Our three economies already form the <strong>second-largest trading bloc on Earth</strong>, worth about <strong>$26 trillion</strong>&#8312;.</p><p>None of this works without the right rules in place &#8212; and it falls apart the moment we believe the political narratives that tell us we are enemies.</p><p><strong>Our differences are not the problem. </strong><em><strong>They are the advantage and this is why we must seize this opportunity if the century together.</strong></em></p><p><strong>To be North American is to be more than one thing at a time </strong>&#8212; <em>to belong fully to more than one world at the same time. That is not just my story, growing up on the US&#8211;Mexico border with family on both sides. It is the whole continent's continuous story.</em></p><p><strong>We are all </strong><em><strong>Ambos</strong></em><strong> &#8212; both:</strong> by family heritage, by way of our businesses, through our school years, and in our very own beliefs and feelings.</p><p>We share the same ground, ocean, air, resources, and markets &#8212; yet we still run as three separate teams with three separate missions.</p><p><strong>That is what has to change.</strong></p><p>But teaming up the old way will not work anymore. For thirty years the deal was simple: money from the north, cheap labor from the south. AI ends that deal, because the first thing AI replaces is cheap labor. If all you sell is your hands, a machine takes the job before it ever lifts you up.</p><p>So the only integration worth building now is one where <strong>the worker becomes an owner</strong> &#8212; of skills a machine cannot copy, and of a real share in what gets built.</p><p><strong>Mexico graduates more than 110,000 engineers a year</strong>, close to one in five of all its college graduates&#8313;. That is not a country that should sell its hands. It is a country that should own a piece of what it builds.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>That is exactly what the AI and space race needs: not cheaper labor, but more capable talent with something to lose and something to gain. The data center powering an AI model, the rocket carrying observation satellites, the plant supplying all three countries &#8212; none of those projects get built or operated without engineers and entrepreneurs who feel ownership over the outcome. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>That is where North America can win what no single country can win alone.</strong></p><p>A controlled system treats its people as a cost. A free system has to make them owners. <strong>That is not kindness</strong>. It is the only kind of growth that lasts, because owners build for their grandchildren and hired hands build for Friday.</p><p>And none of this will come from governments. The three countries sit down to review the USMCA in <strong>July 2026</strong>, walls are going up, and the politics in all three capitals is running against the very teamwork the moment demands. </p><p><strong>So it gets built the way North America</strong> was always built before any treaty was signed &#8212; by families, by companies, by border towns, by the millions who already live in both worlds and never asked permission to belong to both.</p><p>Every few generations, a door opens. Miss it, and you do not lose years &#8212; you lose a century.</p><p><strong>I believe that door is open now.</strong></p><p>And this time it does not belong to one country to walk through or to waste. It belongs to a continent that has spent its whole history acting like three.</p><p>The new age will belong to whoever can build at full scale without giving up the freedom of the individual. North America is the only one who can. The rest of this series is how.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Scale is engineered. Freedom is chosen.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>&#9679;</strong></p><h1>Sources</h1><p>1. <a href="https://about.bnef.com/insights/commodities/ai-data-center-build-advances-at-full-speed-five-things-to-know/">BloombergNEF, &#8220;AI Data Center Build Advances at Full Speed&#8221;</a> &#8212; capex of the 14 largest operators near $750B in 2026 vs ~$450B in 2025.</p><p>2. <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/key-questions-on-energy-and-ai/executive-summary">IEA, &#8220;Key Questions on Energy and AI&#8221; (2026)</a> &#8212; a handful of tech firms now out-invest global oil &amp; gas supply.</p><p>3. <a href="https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/mexico-demographics/">UN World Population Prospects 2024 / Worldometer</a> &#8212; median age: Mexico ~30, U.S. ~39, China ~41.</p><p>4. <a href="https://www.cato.org/blog/seven-charts-show-how-us-tariffs-would-harm-american-auto-industry">Cato Institute</a> &#8212; a North American auto part can cross borders seven or eight times.</p><p>5. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/one-auto-part-crosses-border-four-way-car-rcna200706">NBC News (Apr 30, 2025)</a> &#8212; Lanex (Windsor) striker plates cross four times; Ford, GM, Stellantis.</p><p>6. <a href="https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/toppartners.html">U.S. Census Bureau</a> &#8212; Mexico is the #1 U.S. trading partner, third year running (2025).</p><p>7. <a href="https://globalaffairs.org/commentary/analysis/usmca-review-what-keep-mind-and-what-watch-north-american-trade">Chicago Council on Global Affairs</a> &#8212; ~$785B from Mexico+Canada exceeds seven major economies combined.</p><p>8. <a href="https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/united-states-mexico-canada-agreement">World Bank / USTR</a> &#8212; USMCA is the world&#8217;s second-largest bloc by GDP (~$25.8T, 2024).</p><p>9. <a href="https://nearshoreamericas.com/mexico-offers-money-alternative-solve-united-states-stem-talent-shortage/">Nearshore Americas / IVEMSA</a> &#8212; Mexico graduates 110,000+ engineers a year.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Roads Are Built. The Standards Aren’t.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Why North America&#8217;s next integration project is digital, and why we&#8217;re already behind]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-roads-are-built-the-standards</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-roads-are-built-the-standards</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Covarrubias, Ph.D.]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2026 13:01:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>Column 01 I Versi&#243;n Espa&#241;ol abajo </strong></em></p><p><strong>China&#8217;s National Data Administration</strong> <strong>expects to issue more than 30 new data standards in 2026.</strong> Public data, AI agents, data infrastructure, dataset cataloguing. Beijing is building the rulebook other countries will plug into. It tended the fiber, the cables, and the data centers along the <strong>Digital Silk Road</strong> first, then set the terms.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>The country that builds the infrastructure sets the standard. China learned that lesson on physical infrastructure and is now running the same play on the digital layer.</strong></p></div><p><strong>North America </strong>hasn&#8217;t started.</p><p>That&#8217;s the gap I want to spend this column, and the next twelve months, arguing matters more than almost anything else on the trade agenda. The reason is simple. The physical integration is already done, and the digital integration that&#8217;s supposed to ride on top of it doesn&#8217;t exist yet.</p><p>Here&#8217;s what I mean by &#8220;already done.&#8221;</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg" width="1264" height="848" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:848,&quot;width&quot;:1264,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:71787,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/201378965?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>In 2025,</strong> total goods and services trade between the <strong>United States and Mexico</strong> hit <strong>$976.1 billion</strong>, per the <strong>Bureau of Economic Analysis. </strong>Trilateral trade across the three <strong>USMCA </strong>economies ran <strong>$1.93 trillion in 2024</strong>, the most recent year with a published three-country total. At <strong>Port Laredo</strong>, the busiest inland crossing on the <strong>U.S.-Mexico border</strong>, as many as <strong>18,000 commercial trucks</strong> move through on the busiest days; the <strong>Bureau of Transportation Statistics</strong> counted <strong>38.8%</strong> of all trucks entering from <strong>Mexico</strong> crossing here in 2025. The trucks cross. The cargo crosses. The supply chains that build a car across three countries before it&#8217;s sold cross, dozens of times, before the vehicle ever reaches a lot.</p><blockquote><p>The trade crosses the border. The institutions don&#8217;t. And the digital systems that govern the trade don&#8217;t either.</p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>The wall you can&#8217;t see</h2><p><strong>Customs and Border Protection</strong> runs one set of systems. <strong>Mexico&#8217;s customs authority, ANAM</strong>, runs another. <strong>Canada&#8217;s border agency, CBSA</strong>, runs a third. </p><p>None of them share an operational data platform. There&#8217;s no common digital backbone, no interoperable standard for the documentation that moves with every shipment.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg" width="1264" height="848" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:848,&quot;width&quot;:1264,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:33950,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/201378965?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>I&#8217;ve called this the <strong>Digital Wall</strong>. </p><p>It&#8217;s the invisible counterpart to the physical one, and in some ways it&#8217;s more expensive.</p><p>A truck waits at the bridge for two reasons: inspection capacity, and paperwork that lives in two separate systems never designed to recognize each other.</p><p><strong>ECIPE </strong>modeled the cost of data localization rules across seven economies <strong>in 2014 and found GDP losses as high as 1.7%</strong>. For the businesses caught in the middle, the bill is materially higher operating costs. </p><p><strong>That&#8217;s the tax nobody votes on.</strong> It shows up as inventory buffers, redundant filings, and the quiet decision by a mid-sized exporter to not expand because the friction isn&#8217;t worth it.</p><p><strong>We&#8217;ve spent 30 years building physical integration</strong>. </p><p>We built bridges (the newest, the Gordie Howe between Detroit and Windsor, opens to traffic this month), rail lines, warehouses, and the largest inland port in the hemisphere. </p><p><em><strong>We have not built the digital layer that&#8217;s supposed to coordinate it all.</strong></em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>NADICI</strong>, in one sentence</h2><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>The proposal I want to put on the table is the North American Digital Infrastructure Coordination Initiative, or NADICI: shared standards for cybersecurity, data governance, and AI-enabled trade interoperability across the three USMCA borders.</p></div><p>That&#8217;s it. A common set of rules for how data moves across the continent, the same way USMCA set common rules for how goods move. It doesn&#8217;t add a bureaucracy. And I won&#8217;t pretend standards never touch sovereignty: standards are exactly where sovereignty gets contested, which is why Beijing is writing 30 of them. The design answers it this way: each country keeps its own systems, its own data, and its own enforcement. What gets standardized is the plumbing, the rulebook for how those systems recognize each other.</p><p>It&#8217;s the third piece of a framework I&#8217;ve been building with colleagues over the past year. The Binational Customs Agency would handle the operational fusion of customs. The North American Industrial Coordination Council would align industrial policy. NADICI is the digital backbone both would need to run. You can&#8217;t operate a binational customs agency on two incompatible IT systems. You can&#8217;t coordinate continental industrial policy without agreeing on how cross-border data flows.</p><p><em><strong>The digital layer is load-bearing for the whole agreement. It determines whether the deal still works in an economy where AI designs the product, software runs the logistics, and data is the input that matters most.</strong></em></p><div><hr></div><h2>The questions USMCA never had to answer</h2><p>When <strong>NAFTA took effect in 1994</strong>, the hardest question was a rule of origin: how much of a car had to be made in <strong>North America</strong> to cross duty-free. We&#8217;re about to face a much stranger version of that question.</p><p><em><strong>How does a rule of origin work when an AI system designs the product across three borders at once? </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>What does &#8220;worker protection&#8221; mean when the task in question is performed by software, not a person? </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Who&#8217;s liable when an autonomous truck crosses an international bridge, and the decision to brake was made by a model trained on data from a fourth country?</strong></em></p><p>The <strong>2026 USMCA Joint Review</strong> is the moment these questions get asked, whether we&#8217;re ready or not. The agreement&#8217;s digital trade chapter was written for a world of e-commerce and data flows, not agentic AI. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>It&#8217;s a 20th-century agreement governing a 21st-century economy, and the gap is widening every quarter.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>Why this is the security argument too</h2><blockquote><p>I used to keep the technology and security conversations in separate rooms. I don&#8217;t anymore.</p></blockquote><p><strong>The United States is racing China</strong> <strong>for the frontier of artificial intelligence. </strong>That&#8217;s the defining technological competition of the decade. </p><p><em><strong>But if the U.S. reaches that frontier alone, with Mexico and Canada lagging behind on digital infrastructure, that&#8217;s not a North American victory. It&#8217;s a continental vulnerability.</strong></em></p><p><strong>A supply chain is only as secure as its least digitized link.</strong> A continent that shares nearly <strong>$2 trillion in annual trade </strong>but can&#8217;t share a cybersecurity standard has built a single economy with three different locks on the same door.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Security has become the continent&#8217;s new subsidy.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Every dollar kept in <strong>North America </strong>through secure, digitally coordinated trade reduces global risk and builds regional strength. The digital layer is where that logic either holds or breaks.</p><div><hr></div><h2>What I&#8217;ll be writing about here</h2><p><strong>This is the first of a monthly column for The North American &#8212; 77, and the through-line will be </strong><em><strong>Logistechs</strong></em><strong>: </strong><em>the impact exponential technologies have on logistics and on the integration logistics makes possible.</em></p><p>Over the next year, I&#8217;ll get specific. The digital border and what a binational customs agency actually requires. AI and the 9.9 million North American jobs the trade relationship touches. What cross-border trade looks like when sensors, autonomous vehicles, and AI converge. Cybersecurity as the integration risk nobody&#8217;s pricing.</p><p>But it starts here, with the unglamorous foundation. <strong>China is writing 30 standards this year. We haven&#8217;t written the first one.</strong></p><p><strong>The roads are built. The standards aren&#8217;t. That&#8217;s the work.</strong></p><p><em>Daniel Covarrubias, Ph.D., is Director of the Texas Center for Border Economic and Enterprise Development at Texas A&amp;M International University&#8217;s A.R. Sanchez, Jr. School of Business. He writes <a href="http://thebridgedc.substack.com">The Bridge,</a> a data-first Substack on North American trade and exponential technologies.</em></p><div><hr></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Versi&#243;n Espa&#241;ol</strong></p></div><h1>Las carreteras ya est&#225;n. Los est&#225;ndares no.</h1><p><em>Por qu&#233; el pr&#243;ximo proyecto de integraci&#243;n de Norteam&#233;rica es digital, y por qu&#233; ya vamos tarde</em></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>La Administraci&#243;n Nacional de Datos de China</strong> prev&#233; emitir m&#225;s de 30 nuevos est&#225;ndares de datos en 2026. Datos p&#250;blicos, agentes de inteligencia artificial, infraestructura de datos, catalogaci&#243;n de conjuntos de datos. Beijing est&#225; construyendo el reglamento al que otros pa&#237;ses tendr&#225;n que conectarse. Primero tendi&#243; la fibra, los cables y los centros de datos de la Ruta de la Seda Digital, y despu&#233;s fij&#243; las condiciones.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>El pa&#237;s que construye la infraestructura fija el est&#225;ndar. China aprendi&#243; esa lecci&#243;n con la infraestructura f&#237;sica y hoy la repite en la capa digital.</strong></p></div><p><strong>Norteam&#233;rica </strong>ni siquiera ha empezado.</p><p>Esa es la brecha que quiero defender en esta columna, y durante los pr&#243;ximos doce meses, como una de las cosas que m&#225;s importan en toda la agenda comercial. La raz&#243;n es simple. La integraci&#243;n f&#237;sica ya est&#225; hecha, y la integraci&#243;n digital que se supone debe ir montada encima todav&#237;a no existe.</p><p>D&#233;jenme explicar a qu&#233; me refiero con &#8220;ya est&#225; hecha&#8221;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg" width="1264" height="848" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:848,&quot;width&quot;:1264,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:78940,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/201378965?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>En 2025,</strong> el comercio total de bienes y servicios entre <strong>Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico </strong>alcanz&#243; <strong>976,100 millones de d&#243;lares</strong>, seg&#250;n el <strong>Bureau of Economic Analysis. </strong>El comercio trilateral entre las tres econom&#237;as del <strong>T-MEC sum&#243; 1.93 billones de d&#243;lares en 2024</strong>, el a&#241;o m&#225;s reciente con una cifra trilateral publicada. </p><p><strong>En el Puerto de Laredo</strong>, el cruce interior m&#225;s activo de la frontera entre <strong>Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico</strong>, pasan hasta <strong>18,000 camiones</strong> comerciales en los d&#237;as m&#225;s cargados; el <strong>Bureau of Transportation Statistics</strong> cont&#243; que el 38.8% de todos los camiones que entraron desde <strong>M&#233;xico en 2025</strong> cruzaron por aqu&#237;. </p><p>Cruzan los camiones. Cruza la carga. Cruzan las cadenas de suministro que ensamblan un autom&#243;vil entre tres pa&#237;ses decenas de veces antes de que el veh&#237;culo llegue siquiera a una agencia.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>El comercio cruza la frontera. Las instituciones no. Y los sistemas digitales que gobiernan ese comercio tampoco.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>El muro que no se ve</h2><p><strong>La Oficina de Aduanas y Protecci&#243;n Fronteriza de Estados Unidos </strong>opera un conjunto de sistemas.<strong> La Agencia Nacional de Aduanas de M&#233;xico (ANAM)</strong> opera otro. <strong>La agencia fronteriza de Canad&#225;, la CBSA</strong>, opera un tercero. Ninguno comparte una plataforma de datos operativa. No hay una columna vertebral digital com&#250;n, ni un est&#225;ndar interoperable para la documentaci&#243;n que viaja con cada embarque.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg" width="1264" height="848" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:848,&quot;width&quot;:1264,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:31516,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/201378965?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>A esto le he llamado el Muro Digital.</strong> Es la contraparte invisible del muro f&#237;sico, y en ciertos aspectos resulta m&#225;s caro. Un cami&#243;n espera en el puente por dos razones: la capacidad de inspecci&#243;n f&#237;sica, y los documentos que viven en dos sistemas separados que nunca se dise&#241;aron para reconocerse.</p><p><strong>ECIPE model&#243; en 2014</strong> el costo de las reglas de localizaci&#243;n de datos en siete econom&#237;as y encontr&#243; p&#233;rdidas de PIB de hasta 1.7%. Para las empresas atrapadas en medio, la factura son costos operativos sustancialmente m&#225;s altos. Ese es el impuesto por el que nadie vota. Aparece como inventarios de seguridad, tr&#225;mites duplicados, y la decisi&#243;n silenciosa de un exportador mediano de no crecer porque la fricci&#243;n no vale la pena.</p><p>Llevamos 30 a&#241;os construyendo integraci&#243;n f&#237;sica. </p><p><strong>Construimos puentes (el m&#225;s nuevo, el Gordie Howe entre Detroit y Windsor, abre al tr&#225;fico este mes), v&#237;as f&#233;rreas, almacenes, el puerto interior m&#225;s grande del hemisferio. </strong></p><p>No hemos construido la capa digital que se supone que debe coordinarlo todo.</p><div><hr></div><h2>NADICI, en una frase</h2><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>La propuesta que quiero poner sobre la mesa es la <strong>North American Digital Infrastructure Coordination Initiative, o NADICI:</strong> est&#225;ndares compartidos de ciberseguridad, gobernanza de datos e interoperabilidad comercial habilitada por la <strong>inteligencia artificial en las tres fronteras del T-MEC.</strong></p></div><p><strong>Eso es todo. </strong>Es un conjunto com&#250;n de reglas sobre c&#243;mo se mueven los datos en el continente, al igual que el <strong>T-MEC fij&#243; reglas comunes sobre c&#243;mo se mueven los bienes. </strong>No agrega una burocracia. <em>Y no voy a fingir que los est&#225;ndares nunca tocan la soberan&#237;a:</em> los est&#225;ndares son justo el terreno donde la soberan&#237;a se disputa, <strong>por eso Beijing est&#225; escribiendo 30. </strong></p><p><strong>El dise&#241;o lo resuelve as&#237;: </strong>cada pa&#237;s conserva sus propios sistemas, sus propios datos y su propia capacidad de hacer cumplir la ley. Lo que se estandariza es la plomer&#237;a, el reglamento para que esos sistemas se reconozcan entre s&#237;.</p><p>Es la tercera pieza de un marco que he venido construyendo con varios colegas durante el &#250;ltimo a&#241;o. <strong>La Agencia Binacional de Aduana</strong> resolver&#237;a la fusi&#243;n operativa de las aduanas. <strong>El North American Industrial Coordination Council </strong>alinear&#237;a la pol&#237;tica industrial. <strong>NADICI</strong> <strong>es la columna vertebral digital </strong>que ambas necesitan para funcionar. </p><p><em><strong>No se puede operar una agencia binacional de aduana con dos sistemas inform&#225;ticos incompatibles. No se puede coordinar una pol&#237;tica industrial continental sin ponerse de acuerdo sobre c&#243;mo fluyen los datos a trav&#233;s de las fronteras.</strong></em></p><p>La capa digital es el muro de carga de todo el acuerdo. Define si el acuerdo todav&#237;a sirve en una econom&#237;a donde la inteligencia artificial dise&#241;a el producto, el software opera la log&#237;stica, y los datos son el insumo que m&#225;s importa.</p><div><hr></div><h2>Las preguntas que el T-MEC nunca tuvo que responder</h2><p><strong>Cuando el TLCAN entr&#243; en vigor en 1994</strong>, la pregunta m&#225;s dif&#237;cil era la de una regla de origen: cu&#225;nto de un autom&#243;vil ten&#237;a que fabricarse en Norteam&#233;rica para cruzar libre de aranceles. Estamos por enfrentar una versi&#243;n mucho m&#225;s extra&#241;a de esa pregunta.</p><p><em><strong>&#191;C&#243;mo funciona una regla de origen cuando un sistema de inteligencia artificial dise&#241;a el producto en tres fronteras a la vez? </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; significa &#8220;protecci&#243;n al trabajador&#8221; cuando la tarea la realiza un software y no una persona? </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>&#191;Qui&#233;n responde cuando un cami&#243;n aut&#243;nomo cruza un puente internacional y la decisi&#243;n de frenar la tom&#243; un modelo entrenado con datos de un cuarto pa&#237;s?</strong></em></p><p><strong>La Revisi&#243;n Conjunta del T-MEC de 2026 </strong>es el momento en que estas preguntas se plantean, estemos listos o no. El cap&#237;tulo de comercio digital del acuerdo se redact&#243; para un mundo de comercio electr&#243;nico y de flujos de datos, no para el de la IA ag&#233;ntica. </p><blockquote><p><strong>Es un acuerdo del siglo XX que gobierna una econom&#237;a del siglo XXI, y la brecha se ensancha cada trimestre.</strong></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>Por qu&#233; este tambi&#233;n es el argumento de seguridad</h2><blockquote><p>Antes, manten&#237;a la conversaci&#243;n sobre tecnolog&#237;a y la de seguridad en cuartos separados. Ya no.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Estados Unidos compite con China</strong> <strong>en la frontera de la inteligencia artificial.</strong> Esa es la competencia tecnol&#243;gica que define la d&#233;cada. Pero si <strong>Estados Unidos llega solo a esa frontera, con M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; rezagados en infraestructura digital</strong>, eso no es una victoria norteamericana. Es una vulnerabilidad continental.</p><p>Una cadena de suministro es tan segura como su eslab&#243;n menos digitalizado. Un continente que comparte casi <strong>2 billones de d&#243;lares en comercio anual</strong>, pero no puede compartir un est&#225;ndar de<strong> ciberseguridad,</strong> ha construido una sola econom&#237;a con tres cerraduras distintas en la misma puerta.</p><blockquote><p>La seguridad se ha vuelto el nuevo subsidio del continente. </p></blockquote><p>Cada d&#243;lar que se queda en <strong>Norteam&#233;rica</strong>, a trav&#233;s del comercio seguro y coordinado digitalmente, reduce el riesgo global y construye fuerza regional al mismo tiempo. La capa digital es donde esa l&#243;gica se sostiene o se rompe.</p><div><hr></div><h2>Sobre lo que voy a escribir aqu&#237;</h2><p><strong>Esta es la primera de una columna mensual para The North American &#8212; 77, y el hilo conductor va a ser los Logistechs: </strong>el impacto que las tecnolog&#237;as exponenciales tienen sobre la log&#237;stica, y sobre la integraci&#243;n que la log&#237;stica hace posible.</p><p>Durante el pr&#243;ximo a&#241;o entrar&#233; en detalle. <strong>La frontera digital </strong>y lo que realmente exige una <strong>agencia binacional de aduanas</strong>. La IA y los 9.9 millones de empleos norteamericanos que la relaci&#243;n comercial toca. C&#243;mo se ve el comercio transfronterizo cuando convergen los sensores, los veh&#237;culos aut&#243;nomos y la inteligencia artificial. La ciberseguridad como el riesgo de integraci&#243;n que nadie est&#225; cotizando.</p><p>Pero empieza aqu&#237;, con el cimiento poco glamoroso. </p><p><strong>China va a escribir 30 est&#225;ndares este a&#241;o. Nosotros no hemos escrito el primero.</strong></p><p><strong>Las carreteras ya est&#225;n. Los est&#225;ndares no. Ese es el trabajo.</strong></p><p><em>Daniel Covarrubias, Ph.D., dirige el Texas Center for Border Economic and Enterprise Development en la A.R. Sanchez, Jr. School of Business de Texas A&amp;M International University. Escribe <a href="https://thebridgedc.substack.com/">The Bridge</a>, un Substack basado en datos sobre el comercio de Norteam&#233;rica y las tecnolog&#237;as exponenciales.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[CONSTRUYENDO LA CIUDADANÍA]]></title><description><![CDATA[El Trabajo Que Nunca Termina &#8212; Y Por Qu&#233; Ese Es El Punto]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/construyendo-la-ciudadania</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/construyendo-la-ciudadania</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 13:06:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>Papel III de III &#183;</strong> <strong>Los Reflejos de Nuestras Naciones</strong></em> <em>Una trilog&#237;a continental sobre gobernanza, sociedad y la arquitectura de la ciudadan&#237;a</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em><sup>Versiones I y II para ponerse al d&#237;a:</sup></em><sup> </sup></p><ul><li><p><em><sup>Papel I &#8212; </sup><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng"><sup>Los Gobiernos No Son Accidentes. Son Reflejos.</sup></a></em><sup> </sup></p></li><li><p><em><sup>Papel II &#8212; </sup><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/broken-reflections"><sup>Reflexiones Rotas &#8212; EUA y M&#233;xico</sup></a></em></p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg" width="1024" height="572" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p><em><strong><sup>NOTA</sup></strong></em></p><p><em><sup>Este es el tercer y &#250;ltimo papel de la serie. Los papeles I y II nombraron lo que son los gobiernos y documentaron lo que han hecho. Este papel no propone un partido pol&#237;tico, no respalda a ning&#250;n candidato, ni prescribe pol&#237;ticas. Propone algo m&#225;s simple y m&#225;s dif&#237;cil: que la calidad del gobierno es una funci&#243;n de la calidad de la ciudadan&#237;a &#8212; y que la calidad de la ciudadan&#237;a puede construirse.</sup></em></p><div><hr></div><h2>I. Donde Nos Dej&#243; el Papel II</h2><p>El Papel II cerr&#243; con ocho palabras: <em>Los reflejos est&#225;n rotos. Los ciudadanos siguen aqu&#237;.</em></p><p>Esas palabras cargan m&#225;s peso del que parecen.</p><p>&#8220;Siguen aqu&#237;&#8221; no es una condici&#243;n pasiva. Es un punto de partida. Los ciudadanos que siguen aqu&#237; &#8212; los que han visto c&#243;mo la plataforma americana deja de construir para ellos, los que han visto c&#243;mo M&#233;xico incumple una promesa de 100 a&#241;os, los que se quedaron a pesar de todo &#8212; tomaron una decisi&#243;n.</p><p>La pregunta que dej&#243; abierta el Papel II es qu&#233; hacen con ella.</p><p>Quiero ser directo sobre lo que esa pregunta no es. No es una pregunta sobre liderazgo. No es una pregunta sobre qu&#233; partido votar, en qu&#233; candidato confiar, qu&#233; gobierno exigir.</p><p><strong>Es una pregunta sobre ciudadanos. Sobre qu&#233; hacen los ciudadanos cuando el reflejo muestra algo roto. Sobre si esperan un mejor l&#237;der &#8212; o se convierten en el tipo de ciudadan&#237;a que produce uno.</strong></p><p>La respuesta, en todos los casos hist&#243;ricos donde los reflejos rotos fueron reparados, es siempre la misma.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Primero los ciudadanos. Despu&#233;s los l&#237;deres.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Eso no es un eslogan alentador. Es una observaci&#243;n estructural sobre c&#243;mo cambian realmente los sistemas democr&#225;ticos. Y viene con un corolario honesto: el trabajo necesario para convertirse en esa ciudadan&#237;a no es emocionante, no es r&#225;pido, y nunca termina del todo.</p><p>Ese es el argumento de este papel.</p><div><hr></div><h2>II. La Obligaci&#243;n Constitucional</h2><p><strong>Tanto Estados Unidos como M&#233;xico depositaron la soberan&#237;a en sus ciudadanos. </strong>El lenguaje es diferente; la obligaci&#243;n es la misma.</p><p><strong>Estados Unidos:</strong> <em>We the People.</em> </p><p><strong>M&#233;xico:</strong> <em>La soberan&#237;a nacional reside esencial y originariamente en el pueblo.</em></p><p>Estas frases no describen lo que los ciudadanos tienen. Describen lo que los ciudadanos deben.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La soberan&#237;a no es un derecho. Es una obligaci&#243;n. Un pueblo que posee la soberan&#237;a sin ejercerla no permanece libre &#8212; la entrega, de forma incremental, a quien est&#233; dispuesto a llenar el espacio que deja.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Hemos documentado exactamente esa entrega a lo largo de dos papeles.</p><p><strong>El ciudadano estadounidense </strong>vio c&#243;mo la plataforma fue desmantelada, cortafuego por cortafuego, sin encontrar la fuerza organizada para detenerlo. No porque no le importara &#8212; la pasi&#243;n c&#237;vica americana nunca ha sido m&#225;s ruidosa que ahora mismo. <strong>Pero porque importar ruidosamente no es lo mismo que actuar con disciplina.</strong></p><p>El 77 por ciento de los americanos que confiaban en su gobierno en 1964 contaban con organizaciones c&#237;vicas, federaciones laborales, relaciones legislativas bipartidistas y un entorno medi&#225;tico regulado a trav&#233;s del cual esa confianza pod&#237;a organizarse en fuerza pol&#237;tica. </p><p><strong>Lo que reemplaz&#243; esas instituciones fue la indignaci&#243;n &#8212; y la indignaci&#243;n sola nunca ha construido una instituci&#243;n.</strong></p><p><strong>El ciudadano mexicano </strong>vio al estado fallar la promesa constitucional, generaci&#243;n tras generaci&#243;n, sin construir la infraestructura c&#237;vica capaz de exigirle cuentas. No porque sea pasivo &#8212; la sociedad civil mexicana es extraordinariamente vital a nivel comunitario, empresarial y cultural. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Pero porque el modelo pri&#237;sta fue dise&#241;ado, desde su fundaci&#243;n, para organizar la vida c&#237;vica a trav&#233;s del estado en lugar de alrededor de &#233;l.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>La arquitectura corporativa de sindicatos, organizaciones campesinas y sectores populares dio a los ciudadanos un canal. <strong>Era un canal controlado por la misma clase pol&#237;tica que supuestamente deb&#237;a vigilar.</strong></p><p>Esta es la herencia que ambas ciudadan&#237;as cargan. No de fracaso. De desenganche organizado.</p><p><strong>La obligaci&#243;n constitucional es volver a comprometerse &#8212; no de manera ocasional, no en ciclos electorales, sino de forma continua, institucional, a trav&#233;s de generaciones.</strong></p><p>Eso es una exigencia grande. Aqu&#237; est&#225; lo que realmente requiere.</p><div><hr></div><h2>III. Las Cuatro Cosas que Construyen una Ciudadan&#237;a</h2><p>La pregunta de cierre del Papel II fue precisa: <em>&#191;qu&#233; tipo de educaci&#243;n, independencia financiera, infraestructura c&#237;vica y memoria colectiva puede producir gobiernos a la altura de ella?</em></p><p>Estos no son cuatro problemas separados. Son cuatro capacidades interdependientes. Una ciudadan&#237;a que carece de cualquiera de ellas no puede ejercer plenamente las otras tres. Y ninguna sociedad ha reparado jam&#225;s su gobernanza sin invertir en las cuatro.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 848w, 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h3>Educaci&#243;n: El Cimiento Que Precede a Todo Lo Dem&#225;s</h3><p>Hay un hallazgo en la investigaci&#243;n comparativa sobre el desarrollo democr&#225;tico tan consistente que deber&#237;a tratarse como ley:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Todo proceso de renovaci&#243;n democr&#225;tica duradera ha sido precedido por una generaci&#243;n de inversi&#243;n educativa masiva, t&#237;picamente 15 a 25 a&#241;os antes de que aparezcan los resultados pol&#237;ticos.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Finlandia comenz&#243; su reforma escolar integral en 1972</strong>. Produjo sus primeros resultados globales destacados en el a&#241;o 2000 &#8212; <strong>veintiocho a&#241;os despu&#233;s.</strong> <strong>Corea del Sur construy&#243; la educaci&#243;n primaria universal</strong> a lo largo de los a&#241;os sesenta. La clase media que cre&#243; impuls&#243; el levantamiento democr&#225;tico de 1987 <strong>&#8212; veinte a&#241;os despu&#233;s. Irlanda introdujo la educaci&#243;n secundaria gratuita en 1967.</strong> La fuerza laboral educada que atrajo al <strong>Tigre Celta</strong> estaba lista a principios de los noventa &#8212;<strong> veinticinco a&#241;os despu&#233;s.</strong> Las <em><strong>misiones culturales</strong></em><strong> mexicanas </strong>de los a&#241;os veinte produjeron la fuerza laboral alfabetizada que impuls&#243; el <em><strong>milagro mexicano</strong></em><strong> </strong>de los a&#241;os cuarenta y cincuenta.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>En todos los casos, la educaci&#243;n precedi&#243; la prosperidad. Y en todos los casos, la educaci&#243;n no fue meramente vocacional. Fue c&#237;vica.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; significa la educaci&#243;n c&#237;vica? </strong>No el ritual patri&#243;tico. No las constituciones memorizadas.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La educaci&#243;n c&#237;vica es la transmisi&#243;n de tres capacidades espec&#237;ficas: c&#243;mo funciona el poder; c&#243;mo organizar la acci&#243;n colectiva; c&#243;mo exigir cuentas a las instituciones.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><em><strong>Un ciudadano que no entiende c&#243;mo funciona el poder no puede reconocer cu&#225;ndo se abusa de &#233;l. </strong></em>Un ciudadano que no sabe c&#243;mo organizarse no puede construir las coaliciones que hacen efectivas las exigencias. Un ciudadano que no puede exigir cuentas a las instituciones no tiene herramienta cuando esas instituciones fallan.</p><p>Hoy, <strong>solo el 36 por ciento de los americanos puede aprobar el examen de civismo que se exige a los inmigrantes naturalizados</strong> &#8212; el est&#225;ndar m&#237;nimo de conocimiento c&#237;vico que el pa&#237;s pide a quienes no nacieron aqu&#237;. <em>M&#233;xico incluye educaci&#243;n c&#237;vica en su curr&#237;culo oficial, pero la OCDE ubica a los estudiantes de secundaria mexicanos cerca del fondo de sus pa&#237;ses miembro en competencias de pensamiento cr&#237;tico &#8212; que son precisamente las habilidades que la educaci&#243;n c&#237;vica debe producir.</em></p><p><strong>Ninguno de los dos pa&#237;ses est&#225; educando ciudadanos al nivel que el pacto constitucional requiere.</strong></p><p>Esto no es principalmente una falla del gobierno. Es una falla c&#237;vica. Las escuelas p&#250;blicas no mejoran porque el gobierno decida mejorarlas. Mejoran porque padres, maestros, organizaciones comunitarias y sociedad civil sostienen la exigencia de mejora a trav&#233;s de d&#233;cadas y administraciones &#8212; como las organizaciones de padres finlandeses y el <strong>Sindicato de Educaci&#243;n de Finlandia</strong> <strong>sostuvieron la exigencia de educaci&#243;n integral a trav&#233;s de siete cambios de gobierno entre 1972 y 1985.</strong></p><p>El trabajo comienza con esta pregunta, que los ciudadanos deben hacer y seguir haciendo:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>&#191;Las escuelas de nuestra comunidad est&#225;n produciendo personas capaces de gobernarse a s&#237; mismas?</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>Independencia Financiera: La Precondici&#243;n para el Valor C&#237;vico</h3><p>Este es el elemento que se omite con m&#225;s frecuencia en la teor&#237;a pol&#237;tica y que aparece con m&#225;s consistencia en el registro hist&#243;rico.</p><p><strong>Los ciudadanos que est&#225;n econ&#243;micamente en precariedad no pueden permitirse el compromiso c&#237;vico.</strong> La elecci&#243;n entre asistir a una reuni&#243;n del ayuntamiento y tomar un turno extra no es un fracaso moral. Es una respuesta racional a la escasez.</p><p>El Papel II document&#243; c&#243;mo luce esa escasez. En M&#233;xico: sesenta y cinco millones de personas con una riqueza promedio de <strong>$1,803 d&#243;lares</strong>. En Estados Unidos: la mitad inferior de la poblaci&#243;n concentrando apenas el <strong>2.5 por ciento de la riqueza total</strong>. En ambos pa&#237;ses, la mitad inferior de la poblaci&#243;n no est&#225; en posici&#243;n de absorber los riesgos que la acci&#243;n c&#237;vica a veces requiere.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La dependencia econ&#243;mica produce dependencia pol&#237;tica. Esto no es una coincidencia. Es el mecanismo a trav&#233;s del cual la riqueza concentrada se traduce en poder pol&#237;tico concentrado.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><em><strong>El sistema de patronazgo mexicano </strong></em>&#8212; <em>el voto a cambio de una despensa, la transferencia condicionada, el favor pol&#237;tico que garantiza que se apruebe el permiso &#8212; no fue inventado por pol&#237;ticos c&#237;nicos.</em> </p><p><strong>Lo hicieron posible los ciudadanos sin otra fuente de seguridad.</strong> <em>Cuando el estado es lo &#250;nico que se interpone entre t&#250; y el hambre, no votas contra el estado. Votas para mantener tu acceso a &#233;l.</em></p><p><strong>La versi&#243;n americana </strong>es menos directa pero estructuralmente paralela. Un trabajador cuyo seguro de salud depende de su empleador, cuya jubilaci&#243;n depende de una cuenta igualada por su empresa, y cuya hipoteca depende de un sector financiero que el gobierno ha clasificado como demasiado grande para caer, no es un ciudadano independiente en el sentido c&#237;vico. </p><p><strong>Sus compromisos econ&#243;micos lo hacen averso al riesgo ante los cambios que la responsabilidad democr&#225;tica a veces exige.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La independencia financiera &#8212; la capacidad de los ciudadanos ordinarios de acumular suficiente excedente para poder asumir riesgos c&#237;vicos &#8212; no es un lujo. Es una precondici&#243;n para el tipo de ciudadan&#237;a que produce gobiernos responsables.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; significa esto en la pr&#225;ctica?</strong> Que toda expansi&#243;n del acceso a herramientas financieras &#8212; sistemas de ahorro, infraestructura de pensiones, acceso a vivienda, financiamiento para peque&#241;as empresas, educaci&#243;n financiera &#8212; es tambi&#233;n una expansi&#243;n de la capacidad c&#237;vica.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>La Ley G.I. </strong>produjo una generaci&#243;n de americanos educados y propietarios que fundaron asociaciones c&#237;vicas, se postularon para cargos locales y sostuvieron el consenso democr&#225;tico de la posguerra. Pod&#237;an permitirse hacer esas cosas porque la ley les hab&#237;a dado un piso econ&#243;mico.</p><p><em><strong>La independencia financiera no se trata solo de riqueza individual. Se trata de si la arquitectura de la econom&#237;a distribuye las herramientas de independencia de manera suficientemente amplia como para que la mayor&#237;a de los ciudadanos pueda permitirse ser independiente.</strong> </em></p><p><em><strong>En M&#233;xico y en Estados Unidos</strong></em>, actualmente no lo hace. Eso es un problema c&#237;vico antes de ser un problema econ&#243;mico.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Infraestructura C&#237;vica: La Capacidad de Organizarse</h3><p>Este es el elemento m&#225;s deficiente en ambos pa&#237;ses, y el m&#225;s directamente responsable de la crisis actual.</p><p><strong>Una ciudadan&#237;a sin infraestructura c&#237;vica es una colecci&#243;n de individuos con preocupaciones id&#233;nticas que no pueden coordinarlas.</strong> La infraestructura c&#237;vica es lo que transforma la preocupaci&#243;n individual en fuerza colectiva: federaciones laborales, asociaciones empresariales, gremios profesionales, organizaciones comunitarias, medios de comunicaci&#243;n independientes, universidades con genuina libertad intelectual.</p><p><strong>El modelo n&#243;rdico </strong>no surgi&#243; de las buenas intenciones. <strong>Surgi&#243; de d&#233;cadas de construcci&#243;n organizacional: </strong>densidad sindical superior al 60 por ciento, federaciones patronales que pod&#237;an comprometer a sus miembros, y un estado con suficiente capacidad administrativa e integridad para ser un tercer interlocutor cre&#237;ble en la negociaci&#243;n.</p><p><em><strong>El Acuerdo de Saltsj&#246;baden en Suecia (1938), el Compromiso de Septiembre dan&#233;s (1899), el Acuerdo B&#225;sico noruego (1935) &#8212; estos no fueron regalos de gobiernos iluminados. Fueron resultados negociados producidos por trabajo y capital organizados, ambos con la disciplina suficiente para honrar compromisos a trav&#233;s de m&#250;ltiples administraciones.</strong></em></p><p><strong>En Estados Unidos,</strong> la densidad sindical ha ca&#237;do <strong>del 35 por ciento en 1954 al 10 por ciento actual</strong> &#8212; <strong>6 por ciento en el sector privado.</strong> Las asociaciones c&#237;vicas que Alexis de Tocqueville identific&#243; como la base estructural de la democracia americana han declinado significativamente desde los a&#241;os setenta. Los reemplazos &#8212; campa&#241;as en redes sociales, peticiones en l&#237;nea, contenido viral &#8212; generan intensidad y ninguna infraestructura duradera.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Un hilo de Twitter no puede hacer cumplir un acuerdo salarial. Un video viral no puede sostener tres a&#241;os de negociaci&#243;n para un pacto laboral. El compromiso en l&#237;nea, a su nivel actual de organizaci&#243;n, es la apariencia de infraestructura c&#237;vica sin la capacidad funcional.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>En M&#233;xico</strong>, <em><strong>el problema de infraestructura c&#237;vica es m&#225;s antiguo y estructuralmente m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de resolver. </strong></em></p><p><strong>El modelo corporativista</strong> organiz&#243; a la sociedad civil a trav&#233;s del estado, dejando a las organizaciones independientes o dentro de la estructura oficial o perpetuamente peleando por su legitimidad fuera de ella. </p><p>La sociedad civil independiente ha crecido desde el a&#241;o 2000, pero sigue siendo financieramente fr&#225;gil, pol&#237;ticamente vulnerable e institucionalmente aislada de los centros de decisi&#243;n econ&#243;mica.</p><p>La prensa, en ambos pa&#237;ses, est&#225; bajo una presi&#243;n que ha debilitado su capacidad de funcionar como infraestructura c&#237;vica. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>En M&#233;xico, periodistas han sido asesinados, redacciones cerradas y el periodismo local de rendici&#243;n de cuentas destruido en regiones enteras. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>En Estados Unidos,</strong> el periodismo local ha colapsado a una escala y velocidad sin precedentes en la era moderna.</p><p>Sin una prensa que funcione, la infraestructura c&#237;vica de la rendici&#243;n de cuentas no puede operar. Los ciudadanos no pueden exigir cuentas a las instituciones bajo est&#225;ndares que no pueden observar.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Reconstruir la infraestructura c&#237;vica no es una tarea del gobierno. Es una tarea ciudadana. &#218;nase a la organizaci&#243;n. Apoye a la publicaci&#243;n independiente. Construya la asociaci&#243;n profesional. Asista a la reuni&#243;n. Estos no son actos simb&#243;licos. Son la mec&#225;nica real del poder colectivo.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>Memoria Colectiva: Lo Que Transmitimos a Trav&#233;s de las Generaciones</h3><p>Cada sociedad transmite una versi&#243;n de su propia historia. <strong>La elecci&#243;n de qu&#233; transmitir no es neutral.</strong></p><p><em><strong>La Ley Fundamental de Alemania </strong></em>se ense&#241;a en las escuelas alemanas no como un hecho hist&#243;rico sino como una obligaci&#243;n viva. <em>Los estudiantes aprenden no solo lo que dice sino por qu&#233; fue redactada as&#237;, qu&#233; fracaso espec&#237;fico fue dise&#241;ada para prevenir, y qu&#233; responsabilidad eso pone en cada ciudadano alem&#225;n.</em> </p><p><strong>El curr&#237;culo es expl&#237;cito:</strong> <em>esto sucedi&#243;; no debe volver a suceder; tu trabajo es entender ambas cosas.</em> <strong>El resultado es una ciudadan&#237;a con alfabetizaci&#243;n estructural</strong> &#8212; una poblaci&#243;n capaz de reconocer el retroceso democr&#225;tico porque sabe, en detalle institucional, c&#243;mo se ve.</p><p><em><strong>Noruega transmite el Fondo del Petr&#243;leo como una historia de justicia intergeneracional.</strong></em> <strong>Los ni&#241;os noruegos</strong> aprenden que la riqueza bajo el fondo marino no pertenece a ning&#250;n gobierno sino a todos los noruegos a trav&#233;s del tiempo &#8212; incluidos los que a&#250;n no han nacido. </p><p>Esa narrativa hace que el fondo sea pol&#237;ticamente muy dif&#237;cil de saquear &#8212; no solo por las disposiciones constitucionales, sino porque los ciudadanos que conocen la historia lo consideran un patrimonio com&#250;n, no un activo gubernamental.</p><p><strong>Estados Unidos transmite</strong> sus documentos fundacionales como evidencia de la grandeza de la naci&#243;n. Lo que transmite con menos consistencia es la historia completa de qui&#233;n construy&#243; esa grandeza, a qu&#233; costo, y bajo qu&#233; sistemas de exclusi&#243;n. </p><p><strong>Este no es un argumento partidista. Es un argumento c&#237;vico: una ciudadan&#237;a que no sabe lo que hereda no puede hacerse responsable de mantenerlo.</strong></p><p><strong>M&#233;xico transmite la Revoluci&#243;n como mito.</strong> Las fechas. Los murales. El pante&#243;n de h&#233;roes. Lo que transmite con menos consistencia es el an&#225;lisis institucional preciso de por qu&#233; cada ciclo de reforma fue revertido: qu&#233; arquitectura constitucional falt&#243;, qu&#233; mecanismo de anclaje nunca se construy&#243;, qu&#233; procesos espec&#237;ficos permitieron que cada <em>sexenio</em> deshiciera el trabajo del anterior.</p><p>Los estudiantes en las escuelas mexicanas aprenden que ocurrieron las reformas. Rara vez se les ense&#241;a por qu&#233; fueron reversibles &#8212; que es la lecci&#243;n m&#225;s importante.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La memoria colectiva no es nostalgia. Es el sistema de informaci&#243;n mediante el cual cada generaci&#243;n sabe qu&#233; funcion&#243;, qu&#233; fall&#243; y por qu&#233; &#8212; y, por lo tanto, qu&#233; exigir, qu&#233; construir y qu&#233; proteger.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Ambos pa&#237;ses transmiten actualmente versiones de su historia que celebran la fundaci&#243;n y oscurecen los mecanismos del declive. </p><p><strong>El resultado es una ciudadan&#237;a que hereda el orgullo sin la alfabetizaci&#243;n estructural para sostener lo que lo produjo.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2>IV. El Momento 2026 &#8212; Por Qu&#233; Esperar Es M&#225;s Costoso Que Actuar</h2><p>Siempre hay razones para esperar. El momento siempre es complejo. Los adversarios siempre son poderosos. Las instituciones siempre son imperfectas.</p><p><strong>Pero 2026 tiene una cualidad espec&#237;fica que hace que esperar sea m&#225;s costoso de lo habitual.</strong></p><p>La revisi&#243;n del T-MEC ya est&#225; en marcha. La renegociaci&#243;n m&#225;s importante de la arquitectura comercial de <em><strong>Am&#233;rica del Norte desde 1993</strong></em> se est&#225; llevando a cabo ahora mismo, por gobiernos que responden a la presi&#243;n organizada &#8212; o a su ausencia. El marco de minerales cr&#237;ticos que determinar&#225; qui&#233;n controla los insumos para la econom&#237;a de la inteligencia artificial y la energ&#237;a limpia se est&#225; decidiendo ahora. </p><p>El mecanismo de aplicaci&#243;n laboral que, por primera vez, dio a los trabajadores mexicanos un camino directo para impugnar violaciones espec&#237;ficas est&#225; siendo puesto a prueba en tiempo real. Si sobrevive a la revisi&#243;n, si se fortalece o se debilita, se decidir&#225; en los pr&#243;ximos meses.</p><p><em><strong>La transici&#243;n hacia la IA no es un evento futuro</strong>.</em> Est&#225; ocurriendo en los pisos de manufactura en Monterrey, en las redes log&#237;sticas en los tres pa&#237;ses, en los sistemas financieros y legales de las ciudades americanas, en los sistemas de datos agr&#237;colas de las praderas canadienses. </p><p>Las respuestas institucionales que se construyen ahora dar&#225;n forma a la distribuci&#243;n de las ganancias de la econom&#237;a de la IA durante d&#233;cadas.</p><p><em><strong>En ambos pa&#237;ses, los ciudadanos menos protegidos por las instituciones existentes son los m&#225;s expuestos a la disrupci&#243;n. </strong></em>Las decisiones de gobernanza que se toman ahora se toman en gran medida sin participaci&#243;n ciudadana organizada.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Esto no es una falla del gobierno. Es un vac&#237;o dejado por ciudadanos que cedieron el terreno.</strong></p></blockquote><p>La pregunta no es si comprometerse en tiempos complejos. <strong>La pregunta es si los tiempos complejos son cuando usted decide comprometerse &#8212; o cuando cede la decisi&#243;n a alguien m&#225;s.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2>V. El Trabajo Que Nunca Termina</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg" width="1024" height="572" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:572,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:155083,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/200232160?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Quiero cerrar esta serie con honestidad.</p><p><strong>El trabajo de construir una ciudadan&#237;a no es un problema a resolver. Es una condici&#243;n a mantener</strong>. No hay momento en que se complete, no hay generaci&#243;n que lo termine y transmita una herencia estable. </p><p>Cada generaci&#243;n hereda tanto los logros de quienes se organizaron antes que ellos como las nuevas degradaciones introducidas desde entonces.</p><p>Esta no es una observaci&#243;n pesimista. <strong>Es la definici&#243;n precisa de lo que hace a la democracia una democracia.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Una democracia que est&#225; &#8220;arreglada&#8221; ha dejado de ser una democracia. Se ha convertido en algo administrado &#8212; por quien lo arregl&#243;. La necesidad del compromiso ciudadano continuo no es una carga a superar. Es el mecanismo por el cual un pueblo que se gobierna a s&#237; mismo permanece autogobernado.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><em><strong>Estados Unidos tiene la arquitectura institucional necesaria para la renovaci&#243;n</strong></em> &#8212; el marco constitucional, la estructura federal, la tradici&#243;n de sociedad civil, la profundidad financiera. </p><p><em><strong>Lo que necesita</strong></em> son ciudadanos que recuerden para qu&#233; fueron construidas esas instituciones y que est&#233;n dispuestos a hacer el trabajo organizado y disciplinado de reclamarlas para ese prop&#243;sito.</p><p><em><strong>M&#233;xico tiene la energ&#237;a humana y el talento para la renovaci&#243;n </strong></em>&#8212; en las empresas que han competido y ganado en mercados globales a pesar de cada obst&#225;culo estructural, en la producci&#243;n cultural que ha alcanzado alcance global, en los millones que han demostrado, por el simple acto de sobrevivir y construir en un sistema no dise&#241;ado para apoyarlos, <strong>que la capacidad mexicana nunca ha sido el factor limitante.</strong> </p><p><em><strong>Lo que M&#233;xico necesita es la arquitectura institucional que proteja ese talento de la captura pol&#237;tica</strong></em> &#8212; y ciudadanos dispuestos a exigirla y construirla.</p><p><strong>Ambos pa&#237;ses necesitan una generaci&#243;n de ciudadanos que entiendan que el cambio que quieren requiere no solo un gobierno diferente, sino un tipo diferente de ciudadan&#237;a.</strong> </p><p>Una que eduque, organice, exija y sostenga &#8212; no a lo largo de un ciclo electoral, sino a trav&#233;s de d&#233;cadas.</p><p>Ese es el trabajo. No es el trabajo de un l&#237;der. <strong>Nunca lo ha sido.</strong></p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><em>Los reflejos est&#225;n rotos.</em> <em>Los ciudadanos siguen aqu&#237;.</em> <strong>Lo que construyan a continuaci&#243;n &#8212; lo que t&#250; construyas &#8212; es la &#250;nica historia que importa.</strong></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p><sup>Papel III de III &#183; Las Reflexiones de Nuestras Naciones &#8212; una trilog&#237;a continental sobre gobernanza, sociedad y la arquitectura de la ciudadan&#237;a.</sup></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><sup>Eduardo Joffroy es fundador y director editorial de The North American &#8212; 77, una plataforma editorial biling&#252;e sobre la integraci&#243;n norteamericana.</sup></em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><sup>NA77 &#183; UN FUTURO. TRES NACIONES. &#183; </sup><a href="http://thenorthamerican.com"><sup>thenorthamerican.com</sup></a></em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[BUILDING THE CITIZENRY]]></title><description><![CDATA[The Work That Never Ends &#8212; and Why That Is the Point]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/building-the-citizenry</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/building-the-citizenry</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 13:03:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><sup>Paper III of III &#183; The Reflexions of Our Nations</sup></em><sup> </sup><em><sup>A continental trilogy on governance, society, and the architecture of citizenship</sup></em></p><div><hr></div><p><em><strong><sup>Catch up with the series:</sup></strong></em><strong><sup> </sup></strong></p><ul><li><p><em><sup>Paper I &#8212; </sup><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng"><sup>Governments Are Not Accidents. They Are Reflections.</sup></a></em><sup> </sup></p></li><li><p><em><sup>Paper II &#8212; </sup><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/broken-reflections"><sup>Broken Reflextions &#8212; US &amp; Mexico</sup></a></em></p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg" width="1024" height="572" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p><strong><sup>A NOTE ON SCOPE</sup></strong></p><p><em><sup>This is the final paper in the series. Papers I and II named what governments are and documented what they have done. This paper does not propose a political party, endorse a candidate, or prescribe policy. It proposes something simpler and harder: that the quality of government is a function of the quality of citizenship &#8212; and that the quality of citizenship can be built.</sup></em></p><div><hr></div><h2>I. Where Paper II Left Us</h2><p>Paper II closed with eight words: <em><strong>The reflections are broken. The citizens are still here.</strong></em></p><p>Those words carry more weight than they appear to.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>&#8220;Still here&#8221; is not a passive condition. It is a starting point. The citizens who are still here &#8212; who have watched the American platform stop building for them, who have watched Mexico default on a 100-year-old promise, who have stayed in spite of everything &#8212; have made a choice.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The question Paper II left open is what they do with it.</p><p>I want to be direct about what that question is not. It is not a question about leadership. It is not a question about which party to vote for, which candidate to trust, which government to demand.</p><p><strong>It is a question about citizens. About what citizens do when the reflection shows something broken. About whether they wait for a better leader &#8212; or become the kind of citizenry that produces one.</strong></p><p>The answer, from every historical case where broken reflections were repaired, is always the same.</p><p><strong>Citizens first. Leaders second.</strong></p><p>That is not an encouraging slogan. It is a structural observation about how democratic systems actually change. And it comes with an honest corollary: the work required to become that citizenry is not exciting, not fast, and never fully finished.</p><p>That is the argument of this paper.</p><div><hr></div><h2>II. The Constitutional Obligation</h2><p><strong>Both the United States and Mexico</strong> <strong>placed sovereignty in their citizens. </strong>The language is different; the obligation is the same.</p><p><strong>The United States:</strong> <em>We the People.</em> </p><p><strong>Mexico:</strong> <em>La soberan&#237;a nacional reside esencial y originariamente en el pueblo.</em></p><p>These sentences are not descriptions of what citizens have. They are descriptions of what citizens owe.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Sovereignty is not a right. It is an obligation. A people that holds sovereignty without exercising it does not remain free &#8212; it surrenders it, incrementally, to whoever is willing to fill the space it leaves behind.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>We have documented exactly that surrender across two papers.</p><p><strong>The American citizen</strong> watched the platform be dismantled, firewall by firewall, without finding the organized force to stop it. Not because they did not care &#8212; American civic passion has never been louder than it is right now. <strong>But because caring loudly is not the same as acting with discipline.</strong></p><p>The 77 percent of Americans who trusted their government in 1964 had civic organizations, labor federations, bipartisan legislative relationships, and a regulated media environment through which that trust could be organized into political force. </p><blockquote><p><strong>What replaced those institutions was outrage &#8212; and outrage alone has never built an institution.</strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>The Mexican citizen</strong> watched the state fail the constitutional promise, generation after generation, without building the civic infrastructure capable of holding it accountable. <strong>Not because they are passive &#8212; Mexican civil society is extraordinarily vital at the community, business, and cultural levels.</strong> </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>But because the PRI model was designed, at its founding, to organize civic life through the state rather than around it.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The corporatist architecture of unions, farmer associations, and popular sectors gave citizens a channel to operate within. <strong>It was a channel controlled by the same political class it was supposed to check.</strong></p><p>This is the inheritance both citizenries carry. Not of failure. Of organized disengagement.</p><p><strong>The constitutional obligation is to re-engage &#8212; not occasionally, not in electoral cycles, but continuously, institutionally, across generations.</strong></p><p>That is a large demand. Here is what it actually requires.</p><div><hr></div><h2>III. The Four Things That Build a Citizenry</h2><p>Paper II&#8217;s closing question was precise: <em><strong>what kind of education, financial independence, civic infrastructure, and collective memory can produce governments worthy of it?</strong></em></p><p><strong>These are not four separate problems.</strong> They are four interdependent capacities. A citizenry that lacks any one of them cannot fully exercise the other three. And no society has ever repaired its governance without investing in all four.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg" width="1024" height="572" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:572,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:139449,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/200229725?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><div><hr></div><h3>Education: The Foundation That Precedes Everything Else</h3><p>There is a finding in the comparative research on democratic development so consistent it should be treated as a law:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Every durable democratic renewal has been preceded by a generation of mass educational investment, typically 15 to 25 years before the political results appear.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Finland</strong> began its comprehensive school reform in <strong>1972</strong>. It produced its top global outcomes in the year<strong> 2000 </strong>&#8212; <em><strong>twenty-eight years later.</strong></em> <strong>South Korea </strong>built universal primary education through the <strong>1960s. </strong>The middle class it created drove the democratic uprising of <strong>1987 </strong>&#8212;<strong> twenty years later. Ireland</strong> introduced free secondary education in <strong>1967.</strong> The educated workforce that attracted the <strong>Celtic Tiger </strong>investment was ready by the early <strong>1990s </strong>&#8212; <strong>twenty-five years later. Mexico&#8217;s </strong><em><strong>misiones culturales</strong></em><strong> of the 1920s</strong> produced the literate workforce that powered the <em><strong>milagro mexicano</strong></em><strong> of the 1940s and 50s.</strong></p><p>In every case, the education preceded the prosperity. And in every case, the education was not merely vocational. <strong>It was civic.</strong></p><p>What does civic education mean? Not patriotic ritual. Not memorized constitutions.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Civic education is the transmission of three specific capacities: how power works; how to organize collective action; how to hold institutions accountable.</strong></p></blockquote><p>A citizen who does not understand how power works cannot recognize when it is being abused. A citizen who does not know how to organize cannot build the coalitions that make demands effective. A citizen who cannot hold institutions accountable has no tool when those institutions fail.</p><p><strong>Today, only 36 percent of Americans can pass the civics test required of naturalized immigrants</strong> &#8212; the minimum standard of civic knowledge the country asks of people who were not born here. <strong>Mexico&#8217;s </strong>official curriculum includes civic education, but the <strong>OCDE ranks Mexican</strong> secondary students near the bottom of its membership for critical-thinking competencies &#8212; which are the skills civic education is supposed to produce.</p><p><strong>Neither country is educating citizens at the level the constitutional compact requires.</strong></p><p>This is not primarily a government failure. It is a civic one. Government schools do not improve because government decides to improve them. They improve because parents, teachers, community organizations, and civil society sustain the demand for improvement across decades and administrations &#8212; the way Finnish parent organizations and the Finnish Education Union sustained the demand for comprehensive education across seven changes of government between 1972 and 1985.</p><p>The work begins with this question, which citizens must ask and keep asking:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Are the schools in our community producing people capable of governing themselves?</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>Financial Independence: The Precondition for Civic Courage</h3><p>This is the element most frequently omitted from political theory and most consistently present in the historical record.</p><p><strong>Citizens who are economically precarious cannot afford civic engagement.</strong> The choice between attending a city council meeting and picking up an extra shift is not a moral failure. It is a rational response to scarcity.</p><p><strong>Paper II </strong>documented what that scarcity looks like. </p><p><strong>In Mexico: </strong>sixty-five million people with average wealth of <strong>$1,803 USD</strong>. </p><p><strong>In the United States:</strong> the bottom half of earners holding just <strong>2.5 percent of total household wealth</strong>. </p><p>In both countries, the bottom half of the population is not positioned to absorb the risks that civic action sometimes requires.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Economic dependence produces political dependence. This is not a coincidence. It is the mechanism through which concentrated wealth translates into concentrated political power.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>The Mexican patronage system</strong> &#8212; the vote in exchange for a <em>despensa</em>, the conditional <em>transferencia</em>, the political favor that ensures the permit gets approved &#8212; was not invented by cynical politicians. </p><p><strong>It was made possible by citizens with no other source of security.</strong> When the state is the only thing standing between you and hunger, you do not vote against the state. You vote to preserve your access to it.</p><p><strong>The American version</strong> is less direct but structurally parallel. A worker whose health insurance depends on their employer, whose retirement depends on an employer-matched account, and whose mortgage depends on a financial sector the government has classified as too-big-to-fail is not an independent citizen in the civic sense. </p><p><strong>Their economic attachments make them risk-averse about the very disruptions that democratic accountability sometimes requires.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Financial independence &#8212; the capacity of ordinary citizens to accumulate enough surplus that they can afford to take civic risks &#8212; is not a luxury. It is a precondition for the kind of citizenship that produces accountable governments.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>What does this mean in practice?</strong> It means that every expansion of access to financial tools &#8212; savings systems, pension infrastructure, home ownership, small business financing, financial literacy &#8212; is also an expansion of civic capacity. </p><p><strong>The G.I. Bill</strong> produced a generation of educated, propertied Americans who founded civic associations, ran for local office, and sustained the postwar democratic consensus. They could afford to do those things because the bill had given them an economic floor.</p><p><strong>Norway&#8217;s Petroleum Fund</strong> is, among other things, a civic tool: a mechanism through which Norwegian citizens can claim, collectively, that the wealth beneath their territory belongs to all of them across all generations &#8212; not to any single government to spend as political currency. Its existence changes the relationship between the Norwegian citizen and the Norwegian state. </p><p>That is part of why Norway has among the highest institutional trust in the world.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Financial independence is not only about individual wealth. It is about whether the architecture of the economy distributes the tools of independence broadly enough that a majority of citizens can afford to be independent. In Mexico and the United States, it currently does not. That is a civic problem before it is an economic one.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>Civic Infrastructure: The Capacity to Organize</h3><p>This is the most underbuilt element in both countries, and the one most directly responsible for the current crisis.</p><p><strong>A citizenry without civic infrastructure is a collection of individuals with identical concerns who cannot coordinate them.</strong> <strong>Civic infrastructure</strong> is what transforms individual concern into collective force: labor federations, business associations, professional guilds, community organizations, independent media, universities with genuine intellectual freedom, think tanks that are independent of both government and their funders.</p><p><strong>The Nordic model </strong>did not emerge from good intentions. It emerged from decades of organizational construction: union density above 60 percent, encompassing employer federations capable of binding their members, and a state with enough administrative capacity and integrity to function as a credible third party in negotiation.</p><p><em><strong>The Saltsj&#246;baden Agreement in Sweden (1938), the Danish September Compromise (1899), Norway&#8217;s Basic Agreement (1935) </strong></em>&#8212; <strong>these were not gifts from enlightened governments. They were negotiated outcomes produced by organized labor and organized capital</strong>, both disciplined enough to honor commitments across multiple administrations.</p><p><strong>In the United States</strong>, union density has fallen <strong>from 35 percent in 1954 to 10 percent today &#8212; 6 percent in the private sector. </strong>The civic associations that Alexis de Tocqueville identified as the structural foundation of<strong> American democracy</strong> &#8212; the leagues, the societies, the local institutions that constituted the connective tissue of mid-century civic life &#8212; have declined significantly since the 1970s.</p><p>The replacements &#8212; <em><strong>social media campaigns, online petitions, viral content</strong></em> &#8212; generate intensity and no durable infrastructure.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>A Twitter thread cannot enforce a wage agreement. A viral video cannot sustain a three-year negotiation for a labor compact. Online engagement, at its current level of organization, is the appearance of civic infrastructure without the functional capacity.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>In Mexico,</strong> the <strong>civic infrastructure problem</strong> is both older and structurally harder. <strong>The corporatist model</strong> organized civil society through the state, leaving independent organizations either inside the official structure or perpetually fighting for legitimacy outside it. </p><p>Independent civil society has grown since 2000 &#8212; in NGOs, professional networks, community organizations &#8212; but remains financially fragile, politically vulnerable, and institutionally isolated from the centers of economic decision-making.</p><p><strong>The press, in both countries</strong>, is under pressure that has weakened its capacity to function as civic infrastructure. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>In Mexico, journalists have been killed, newsrooms defunded, and local accountability journalism largely destroyed in whole regions.</strong></em> </p></blockquote><p><strong>In the United States,</strong> local news has collapsed at a scale and speed unprecedented in the modern era &#8212; producing, as researchers at <strong>Northwestern University</strong> have documented, entire communities with no consistent source of accountability journalism.</p><p>Without a functioning press, the civic infrastructure for accountability cannot work. Citizens cannot hold institutions to standards they cannot observe.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Rebuilding civic infrastructure is not a government task. It is a citizen task. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Join the organization. Support the independent publication. Build the professional association. Show up to the meeting. These are not symbolic acts. <strong>They are the actual mechanics of collective power.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h3>Collective Memory: What We Transmit Across Generations</h3><p>Every society transmits a version of its own history. <strong>The choice of what to transmit is not neutral.</strong></p><p><strong>Germany&#8217;s Basic Law</strong> is taught in German schools not as historical fact but as a living obligation. Students learn not only what it says but why it was written the way it was, what specific failure it was designed to prevent, and what responsibility that places on <strong>every German citizen.</strong> </p><p>The curriculum is explicit:<em><strong> this happened; it must not happen again; your job is to understand both. </strong></em><strong>The result is a citizenry with structural literacy</strong> &#8212; a population that can recognize democratic backsliding because it knows, in institutional detail, what it looks like.</p><p><em><strong>Norway transmits the Petroleum Fund as a story about intergenerational justice. </strong></em>Norwegian children learn that the wealth beneath the seabed belongs not to any government but to all Norwegians across all time &#8212; including the ones not yet born. </p><p>That narrative makes the fund politically nearly impossible to raid &#8212; not because of constitutional provisions alone, but because the citizens who know the story regard it as a shared heritage rather than a government asset.</p><p><strong>The United States transmits</strong> its founding documents as evidence of the nation&#8217;s greatness. What it transmits less consistently is the full story of who built that greatness, at what cost, and under what systems of exclusion &#8212; and therefore what structural work remains to make the founding promises universally real. This is not a partisan argument. <strong>It is a civic one: a citizenry that does not know what it inherits cannot take responsibility for maintaining it.</strong></p><p><strong>Mexico transmits the Revolution as myth. </strong>The dates. The murals. The pantheon of heroes. What it transmits less consistently is the precise institutional analysis of why each reform cycle was reversed: <em>what constitutional architecture was missing, what lock-in mechanism was never built, what specific mechanisms allowed each sexenio to undo the work of the one before.</em></p><p>Students in Mexican schools learn <em>that</em> the reforms happened. <strong>They are rarely taught </strong><em><strong>why they were reversible</strong></em><strong> &#8212; which is the more important lesson.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Collective memory is not nostalgia. It is the information system through which each generation knows what worked, what failed, and why &#8212; and therefore what to demand, what to build, and what to protect.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Both countries currently transmit versions of their history that celebrate the founding and obscure the mechanisms of decline. <strong>The result is a citizenry that inherits the pride without the structural literacy to sustain what produced it.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2>IV. The 2026 Moment &#8212; Why Waiting Is More Expensive Than Acting</h2><p>There are always reasons to wait. The moment is always complex. The opponents are always powerful. The institutions are always imperfect.</p><p><strong>But 2026 has a specific quality that makes waiting more expensive than it usually is.</strong></p><p><strong>The USMCA</strong> review is already underway. The most consequential renegotiation of North American trade architecture since 1993 is being conducted right now, by governments responding to organized pressure &#8212; or to its absence. The critical-minerals framework that will determine who controls the inputs for the AI and clean energy economy is being decided now. The labor-enforcement mechanism that has, for the first time, given Mexican workers a direct path to challenge specific violations is being stress-tested in real time.</p><p>Whether it survives the review, whether it is strengthened or weakened, will be decided in the next months.</p><p><strong>The AI transition</strong> is not a future event. It is happening in manufacturing operations in Monterrey, in logistics networks across the three countries, in the financial and legal systems of American cities, in the agricultural data systems of Canadian prairies. The institutional responses being built now &#8212; on labor displacement, on data rights, on regulatory architecture &#8212; <em><strong>will shape the distribution of the AI economy&#8217;s gains for decades.</strong></em></p><p>In both countries, the citizens least protected by existing institutions are the ones most exposed to the disruption. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>The governance decisions being made now are being made largely without organized citizen input. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p>They are being made by governments advised primarily by the industries they are supposed to govern.</p><p>This is not a failure of government. <strong>It is a vacuum left by citizens who have ceded the terrain.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>The question is not whether to engage in complex times. The question is whether complex times are when you decide to engage &#8212; or when you surrender the decision to someone else.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>V. The Never-Ending Work</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg" width="1024" height="572" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:572,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:155083,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/200229725?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>I want to close this series honestly.</p><p><em><strong>The work of building a citizenry is not a problem to be solved. It is a condition to be maintained. </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>There is no moment at which it is completed,</strong></em> no generation that finishes it and passes on a stable inheritance. Every generation inherits both the gains of those who organized before them and the new degradations introduced since.</p><p>This is not a pessimistic observation. <strong>It is the precise definition of what makes democracy democracy.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>A democracy that is &#8220;fixed&#8221; has stopped being a democracy. It has become something managed &#8212; by whoever did the fixing. The necessity of continuous citizen engagement is not a burden to be overcome. It is the mechanism by which a self-governing people remains self-governing.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>The United States</strong> has the institutional architecture needed for renewal &#8212; the constitutional framework, the federal structure, the civil society tradition, the financial depth. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>What it needs is citizens who remember what those institutions were built for and who are willing to do the organized, disciplined work of reclaiming them for that purpose.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Mexico</strong> has the human energy and talent for renewal &#8212; in the businesses that have competed and won on global markets against every structural obstacle, in the cultural production that has built global reach, in the millions who have proved, by the simple act of surviving and building in a system not designed to support them, <strong>that Mexican capacity has never been the limiting factor.</strong> </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>What Mexico needs is the institutional architecture to protect that talent from political capture &#8212; and citizens willing to demand and build it.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Both countries need a generation of citizens who understand that the change they want requires not just a different government, but a different kind of citizenship. One that educates, organizes, demands, and sustains &#8212; not across an election cycle, but across decades.</p><p>That is the work. It is not a leader&#8217;s work. <strong>It never has been.</strong></p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><em><strong>The reflections are broken. The citizens are still here. What you build next is the only story that matters.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p><em><strong><sup>Paper III of III &#183; The Reflexions of Our Nations </sup></strong><sup>&#8212; a continental trilogy on governance, society, and the architecture of citizenship.</sup></em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><sup>Eduardo Joffroy is the founder and editor in chief of </sup><strong><sup>The North American &#8212; 77</sup></strong><sup>, a bilingual editorial platform on North American integration.</sup></em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><sup>NA77 &#183; ONE FUTURE. THREE NATIONS. &#183; </sup><a href="http://thenorthamerican.com"><sup>thenorthamerican.com</sup></a></em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[BROKEN REFLECTIONS - US & MEXICO]]></title><description><![CDATA[Governments Are What Citizens Accept and Demand. Here&#8217;s What Two Nations Got. Governments Are Not Accidents. They Are Reflections &#183; Paper II of III]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/broken-reflections</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/broken-reflections</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 13:15:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3><em><strong>Paper I of III of the Series: The Reflexions of Our Nations (Cath up with a Series 1- <a href="https://open.substack.com/pub/eduardojoffroy/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng?r=6769y&amp;utm_campaign=post-expanded-share&amp;utm_medium=web">Governments are not Accidents</a></strong></em></h3><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><strong>A NOTE ON CURRENCY AND SCALE</strong></p><p>All currency amounts in this essay are in United States dollars (USD) unless otherwise noted.</p><p>When millions or billions are referenced, the U.S. convention is used:</p><p><em><strong>$1 million = 1,000,000</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>$1 billion = 1,000,000,000</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>$1 trillion = 1,000,000,000,000</strong></em></p><p>For Mexican peso amounts, USD equivalents are provided for clarity.</p></div><h3><strong>I.  Two Crises; Two Eras; Two Cycles</strong></h3><p><strong>The United States and Mexico appear,</strong> from a distance, to suffer the same disease. Both governments are distrusted by their citizens. Both economies concentrate gains at the top. Both citizenries watch their political class operate at increasing distance from their actual lives.</p><p><strong>Beyond this surface similarity lies a deeper division.</strong> In both nations, citizens are ideologically split. <strong>Political polarization deepens the gap</strong> between what people believe government should be and what government actually delivers. <strong>This ideological fracture </strong>makes it harder for either society to build consensus around what needs to be repaired.</p><p><strong>The appearance of similarity is deceptive.</strong> These are not the same crisis. <em><strong>They are different diseases, in different cycles, in fundamentally different structural positions.</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>A government is not an accident. It is a reflection.</strong></em> It is what a citizenry has accepted. It is what they have allowed. It is what they have stopped demanding.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1204429,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/199271193?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h3>II.  The United States</h3><p><strong>The United States </strong>is losing something it built. For 77 years after the Second World War, the American platform produced the most broadly distributed prosperity any modern society has ever generated. It worked. The middle class thrived and the wealth gap was not even spoken about.</p><p>It is not working as well now &#8212; for reasons we will examine &#8212; but the country was built on a platform that delivered results through opportunities and good wealth distribution.</p><p>The current <strong>American crisis</strong> is the product of a working platform progressively re-engineered to benefit those at the top and abandon the middle and lower classes. Over time, the gains of the platform moved increasingly toward capital and away from labor. The platform was re-engineered around specific economic interest groups whose continual lobbying in Washington achieved their own ambitions. Here are the numbers:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Today, 1 percent of the population owns 30 percent of total U.S. wealth.</strong> More precisely: 905 individuals hold nearly twice as much wealth as 66 million households combined &#8212; <strong>a Federal Reserve and Forbes data point that transcends slogan</strong>. In 2024, the top 1 percent controlled nearly half (49.9 percent) of all equities and mutual fund shares, while the bottom 50 percent held only 1 percent.</em></p></blockquote><p>From 1979 to 2024, average hourly compensation increased just 29.4 percent (after adjusting for inflation) while worker productivity increased 80.9 percent, according to Economic Policy Institute analysis. Between 1980 and 2022, the bottom 90 percent of U.S. earners had wage growth of just 36 percent, compared to 162 percent for the richest 1 percent and 301 percent for the top 0.1 percent.</p><blockquote><p><em>Workers produced roughly 81 percent more in 2024 than in 1979. They were paid 29 percent more. The difference &#8212; roughly 50 percentage points of productivity &#8212; went to capital, not labor.</em></p></blockquote><p>A child born in 1940 had a 92 percent chance of earning more than their parents. A child born in 1980 had a 50 percent chance. Not 60. Not 70. A coin flip. The American Dream, defined as &#8220;your kids will live better than you did,&#8221; has been measurably eroded from near-certainty to near-randomness across three generations.</p><div><hr></div><h3>III.  Mexico</h3><p><strong>Mexico</strong> is craving something it was promised but never fully received. The post-Revolutionary social contract written into the <strong>1917 Constitution </strong>placed the state at the center of national life and committed that state to delivering on behalf of its citizens &#8212; education, land, work, dignity.</p><p>A century later, the state has delivered selectively, partially, and most reliably to those closest to it. <strong>The Mexican crisis</strong> is the crisis of a citizenry that has waited patiently for 100 years for that contract to be honored, and has watched its country be torn apart by the political system, <strong>by interests closest to power,</strong> and by an ever-growing organized crime that now operates at the scale of a parallel state.</p><p><strong>Mexico&#8217;s economic architecture</strong> has never consistently produced a broad middle class, much less a society where wealth creation is widely accessible. But the clearest picture comes not from percentages but from people.</p><p><strong>Mexico&#8217;s wealth architecture </strong>is brutal in its simplicity. At the absolute top: 13 billionaires. Thirteen families. They hold roughly $185 billion USD in combined wealth &#8212; approximately 13 percent of Mexico&#8217;s entire GDP. <em><strong>One of them, Carlos Slim, holds 6.7 percent of the nation&#8217;s GDP alone. Thirteen people. Controlling what a nation produces in a year.</strong></em></p><p><strong>Below that: </strong>approximately 310,000 millionaires. Less than one-quarter of one percent of the population. These are owners of significant businesses, large properties, investment portfolios. Together they control roughly another 15-20 percent of national wealth. So roughly 310,000 people &#8212; 0.24 percent of the population &#8212; control 25-30 percent of everything.</p><p>Then the rest of what economists call the <strong>&#8220;top 10 percent.&#8221; </strong>That is 13 million people. Teachers, doctors, small business owners, successful professionals. They have savings. They have property. They are comfortable. But they are not wealthy. Most do not have $100,000 USD saved. Many have $50,000 or less. They are the middle class that Mexico has managed to build.</p><p>Then everyone else. Sixty-five million people &#8212; the bottom half of Mexico. Their average wealth is $1,803 USD. The majority have far less. Millions have negative wealth: they owe more than they own &#8212; for housing, education, emergencies they could not pay for.</p><p><em><strong>The poverty line is official: 38.5 million Mexicans live below it. They earn roughly $8,000 to $12,000 USD per year. Some work in the formal economy at minimum wage. Half the workforce operates in the informal sector &#8212; no contract, no benefits, no pension, no stability. </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Ten million households receive remittances from family members who left Mexico to work elsewhere. Those remittances average $525 USD per month. For those families, that money is survival.</strong></em></p><p>This is not inequality measured in percentages. This is inequality measured in how many people can afford to eat, to send their children to school, to save for anything at all. Thirteen families have so much they cannot spend it in a generation. Sixty-five million have so little they cannot think beyond next month.</p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share The North American &#8212; 77</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3>IV.  What the Reflections Show</h3><p><strong>Both reflections are broken. </strong>They were broken by different mechanisms, on different timelines, by different actors. The break in the American reflection is recent &#8212; perhaps fifty years old, depending on how you count &#8212; and the country still carries the memory of the platform working as designed.</p><p><strong>The break in the Mexican reflection is older, structural, and inherited. </strong>Many Mexicans alive today have never known the system to work for them at all.</p><p>But underneath those opposite shapes, there is one mechanism the two countries share. In both, at the moment of greatest financial crisis in living memory, the political class chose to protect the institutions that caused the crisis at the direct expense of the citizens who did not. <strong>In the United States, that moment had a name: TARP.</strong> <strong>In Mexico, it had another: FOBAPROA.</strong> </p><blockquote><p><em>Two countries, two crises, two bailouts, one structural decision &#8212; make the citizen pay, so the system can survive.</em></p></blockquote><p>That decision is the clearest single piece of evidence either country has produced about whose interests its government actually serves. It is the argument of this paper.</p><div><hr></div><h3>V.  The American Reflection: How a Platform Stopped Building</h3><p><strong>The American post-war platform</strong> was not an accident. It was a deliberate institutional architecture, built by a generation that had lived through the Depression and the war and had decided &#8212; with bipartisan consensus almost unimaginable today &#8212; that the country would never allow either to happen again.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1115044,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/199271193?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Three pillars held that architecture up.</p><p><strong>The first was the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933</strong>, which separated commercial banking from investment banking. Banks that held the savings of ordinary Americans were not permitted to gamble those savings on speculative trading. The wall was structural, not moral. Congress did not trust bankers to restrain themselves, so Congress restrained them.</p><p><strong>The second was Bretton Woods, the 1944 monetary architecture that pegged the dollar to gold and made the United States the anchor of global finance</strong>. The system was not designed to enrich American capital. It was designed to make sure that the international financial system would never again collapse the way it had in the 1930s, taking democracies with it.</p><p><strong>The third was the postwar social compact &#8212; the GI Bill</strong>, mass home ownership, mass college education, wages that rose with productivity, and a tax structure under which the highest American earners paid marginal rates of 70 percent or more without anyone considering this exceptional.</p><blockquote><p>The compact was not socialist. It was the operating assumption of a country that had concluded, from very recent and very painful experience, that broad prosperity was the foundation of national strength.</p></blockquote><p>For three decades, these three pillars held. The American middle class became the largest, wealthiest, most upwardly mobile population in human history. Black and Latino Americans were not equally included at the start; that fuller story is the subject of its own paper. But the structural fact is that the platform, working as designed, lifted the median American citizen further and faster than any modern society had managed before.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Then, beginning in 1971, the architecture began to be dismantled.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The end of <strong>Bretton Woods </strong>that year unpegged the dollar from gold and gave way to a financial system increasingly governed by capital flows rather than by the productive economy those flows were supposed to serve.</p><p><strong>Through the 1980s and 1990s,</strong> that shift accelerated. Wages and productivity, which had risen together for thirty years, decoupled. Workers kept producing more. Pay stopped following. The gap was captured by capital. Manufacturing began leaving the American heartland &#8212; slowly at first, and then, after <strong>China&#8217;s entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001,</strong> in waves that hollowed out entire regions.</p><p>It is important to be precise about what happened here. <strong>The United States </strong>did not lose its manufacturing base because Americans became lazy or because foreign countries cheated. </p><p><strong>The United States </strong>lost its manufacturing base because the American policy class made a strategic choice &#8212; first to engage <strong>China as a Cold War endgame</strong>, then to integrate China economically as a managed transition &#8212; and accepted the domestic consequences of that choice without ever building the compensatory mechanisms that would have protected the American middle class from absorbing the full cost.</p><p>The asymmetry of that integration deserves attention. Under <strong>NAFTA and later USMCA</strong>, Mexican manufacturing is held to a regional content rule of roughly 60 percent &#8212; meaning a meaningful share of any product traded duty-free across North America must be made on the continent.</p><p><strong>It is also worth stating clearly:</strong> most of those manufacturing plants in Mexico are actually owned and operated by American corporations producing at lower cost within an integrated <strong>North American platform</strong>, then re-exporting to the<strong> United States</strong> where the value is captured. </p><p><em>So when politicians describe Mexican exports as evidence of an unfair trade deficit, the assessment is often incomplete. </em>Mexico receives the labor, the services, and the local investment. <em><strong>The capital and the profit return north. This is not a flaw in the system. It is how the system was designed.</strong></em></p><p>No such discipline &#8212; neither the regional content rule nor the labor and environmental floor &#8212; was imposed on Chinese, Vietnamese, or Southeast Asian manufacturing relative to the American market. <strong>American corporations could offshore to economies </strong>with weaker labor enforcement and lower environmental cost and still enjoy unimpeded access to the American consumer to <strong>maximize their profits</strong> from the end sale of their products.</p><blockquote><p><em>A platform that protects capital also requires mechanisms that return part of that value to the workers, regions, and institutions that make the platform possible. That return did not come. The asymmetry was never rebalanced.</em></p></blockquote><p>The third dismantling was the slow conversion of the American home &#8212; for most of the twentieth century, the single largest store of middle-class wealth &#8212; into a globally traded asset class. <strong>The Glass-Steagall repeal in 1999</strong> removed the wall that had stood for sixty-six years. Within a decade, the mortgages of ordinary Americans were being packaged, sliced, mispriced, and sold into global capital markets at a scale and complexity no regulator fully understood. When the system collapsed in 2008, it took the savings, the homes, and the retirement security of millions of Americans with it.</p><p><strong>The 2008 crisis </strong>produced the clearest single piece of evidence in modern American history about whose interests the platform was actually protecting. In October of that year, <strong>Congress passed the Troubled Asset Relief Program &#8212; TARP</strong> &#8212; authorizing the Treasury to spend up to $700 billion USD to stabilize American financial institutions. The disbursed amount ultimately reached approximately $426 billion USD. <strong>The banks were saved. The American taxpayer absorbed the risk the financial system had created. </strong>By 2014, after years of repayments and asset sales, the Treasury was able to claim that TARP had been technically repaid.</p><blockquote><p><strong>That accounting is true and it misses the point.</strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>What was not repaid, and could not be repaid, was the social contract.</strong> Roughly <strong>ten million American families lost their homes to foreclosure</strong> in the years following the crisis.</p><p>The institutions that had created the instruments causing the crisis were preserved, recapitalized, and in many cases emerged larger and more concentrated than before. The principle that no institution should be too large to be allowed to fail &#8212; <strong>the principle Glass-Steagall had been written precisely to enforce &#8212; was inverted. </strong>Too-big-to-fail was not a flaw in the platform. After 2008, it was the operating logic of the platform.</p><p>The deeper truth is that too-big-to-fail was not designed by greedy bankers. It was designed by a <strong>United States Congress</strong> that, over thirty years, removed the structural firewalls that had prevented financial institutions from becoming large enough to take the country down with them. <strong>Glass-Steagall was repealed in 1999.</strong> Within nine years, the system its repeal had freed collapsed and was rescued by the citizens it was supposed to serve. That sequence is not an accident. It is the predictable consequence of removing a wall built, in 1933, precisely because the country had already learned what happens when the wall is not there.</p><p>The American citizen has not forgotten this. <strong>The collapse of trust in the federal government from 77 percent in 1964 to 17 percent today is not a mystery.</strong> It is a receipt. The citizens have watched the platform stop building for them. They have watched their wages decouple from their productivity, their manufacturing base leave for economies that bear less responsibility than their own, their homes become an asset class traded by people who will never visit them, and their savings put at risk by institutions their own government had decided were too large to be allowed to fail.</p><p>They have paid the bill. They have never been repaid.</p><p><strong>That is the American reflection.</strong> It was a platform that worked. It was dismantled, one structural firewall at a time, by the very institutions that were supposed to maintain it.</p><p><em>The pieces are still there. The wealth is still there. The American potential is there. The capacity is still there.</em> <strong>What has broken is the relationship between the platform and the citizens it was originally built to serve.</strong></p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3>VI.  The Mexican Reflection: A Hundred Years of Patience</h3><p><strong>The Mexican story begins where the American story ends </strong>&#8212; at the question of what a citizenry owes its government, and what its government owes back.</p><p><strong>The 1917 Mexican Constitution</strong>, written after a revolution that cost approximately one million lives, made a specific bet. It placed the state at the center of national life. <em><strong>Article 27 vested ownership of land and subsoil in the nation. Article 123 made labor protections a constitutional matter rather than a contractual one.</strong></em></p><blockquote><p><em>The Mexican state was constituted not as a platform for citizens to pursue their own ends, but as an actor charged with delivering, on behalf of its citizens, the outcomes that the revolution had demanded &#8212; education, land, work, dignity.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>This was not a small bet. It was a contract. </strong></p><p><em><strong>The citizen would entrust the state with the largest share of national economic decision-making, and the state, in return, would deliver. That was the promise written into the founding document. Every Mexican born since 1917 has been a party to it.</strong></em></p><p>For three decades, the contract held. <strong>From roughly 1940 to 1970 </strong>&#8212; the period economists came to call <strong>the Mexican Miracle</strong> &#8212; the economy grew at an average of 6.6 percent per year, one of the fastest sustained growth rates anywhere in the world at the time. Inflation held below 3 percent. The population doubled while the economy grew sixfold. Primary school enrollment tripled.</p><p><strong>A real Mexican middle class began to form in Mexico City, Monterrey, and Guadalajara. </strong>The state-as-actor model, under the conditions of mid-century protected-market development, produced the most prosperous Mexico the modern world had seen.</p><p><strong>Then, as the global order shifted, </strong>Mexico encountered the same kind of test the United States encountered at the end of Bretton Woods. <em><strong>The conditions that had made the Mexican Miracle possible &#8212; protected markets, managed currency, a global financial order that tolerated state-led development &#8212; were no longer available.</strong></em></p><p>The 1970s brought the oil shock, the 1980s brought the debt crisis, and the country that had grown at 6.6 percent for three decades entered a period of fiscal emergency from which, by some measures, it has never fully recovered.</p><p>What Mexico did with that pressure is the structural decision that defines everything after.</p><p><strong>In 1982</strong>, facing a debt crisis the state could no longer service, <em><strong>President Jos&#233; L&#243;pez Portillo nationalized the banking system. It was a sovereign act justified by the political logic of the post-revolutionary contract &#8212; when private capital fails, the state steps in on behalf of the citizen.</strong></em></p><p><strong>Eight years later, in 1990</strong>, the Salinas administration reversed that decision and reprivatized the same banks, selling eighteen institutions for approximately $12 billion USD to a small group of well-connected Mexican investors.</p><p>The price was favorable. The supervisory framework around the new private banks was minimal. Loans were extended aggressively. Risk controls were weak.</p><p><strong>In December 1994</strong>, the Tequila Crisis arrived. The peso collapsed. The newly reprivatized banks, holding portfolios of bad loans they could not service, faced insolvency.</p><p><strong>The Mexican government&#8217;s response was FOBAPROA </strong>&#8212; the Fondo Bancario de Protecci&#243;n al Ahorro, originally created in 1990 as a deposit insurance fund. Beginning in 1995, <strong>FOBAPROA</strong> was used to absorb the bad debts of the same banks the government had reprivatized five years earlier. The ultimate absorbed amount reached approximately 552 billion pesos &#8212; roughly 14 to 15 percent of Mexico&#8217;s GDP at the time, a figure proportionally larger than what the United States would later absorb through TARP.</p><p><strong>In 1998</strong>, after years of political debate, <strong>the Mexican Congress converted FOBAPROA&#8217;s liabilities into public debt under a successor institution, IPAB</strong> &#8212; the Instituto para la Protecci&#243;n al Ahorro Bancario.</p><p><strong>That debt has been serviced by Mexican taxpayers ever since. </strong>The difference is the duration of the consequence. The American bailout was paid back in dollars while the social contract decayed. The Mexican bailout was never paid back at all. It was converted into a permanent claim on the future of every Mexican citizen.</p><blockquote><p><em>That is the Mexican parallel to the American story. The mechanism is the same: at the moment of greatest financial crisis, the political class chose to protect the institutions that caused the crisis at the direct expense of the citizens who did not.</em></p></blockquote><p>FOBAPROA did not happen in isolation. It happened inside a power architecture that has, with notable consistency, used moments of crisis and ordinary governance to shift public cost toward citizens while benefits concentrated around politically connected actors.</p><p><strong>The architecture is visible in several places:</strong> the reprivatization of the banks in 1990; the PEMEX contracting system that produced an oil company with roughly $84 billion USD in debt and negative net equity by 2025; the CFE counter-reform in 2024 that removed independent energy regulators. The Dos Bocas refinery, the Tren Maya, and the AIFA airport followed the same pattern &#8212; approved budgets that doubled, environmental costs deferred, independent oversight eliminated.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 424w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><blockquote><p><em>These are not unrelated incidents. They are the same architecture, expressing itself through different decades and different actors.</em></p></blockquote><p>Then there is the binational variant of the architecture &#8212; the one that does not show in the federal budget because it operates against it. Huachicol fiscal, the customs misclassification scheme in which refined fuel imported from the United States is declared at Mexican ports of entry under non-fuel tariff codes to evade import duties and the IEPS fuel tax, has been documented by <strong>Mexican investigative press at an annual cost to the Mexican fisco of approximately $3 to $5 billion USD.</strong></p><p><strong>The architecture is precise:</strong> the official policy was to build Dos Bocas to stop importing gasoline. The unofficial reality, running parallel to that policy, was to import the same gasoline tax-free through customs fraud the government had every administrative means to detect and chose, across multiple administrations, not to dismantle. A scheme of this scale cannot survive without coordinated complicity inside the system that is supposed to police it.</p><p>And underneath all of it, the structural cost to the Mexican economy of organized crime, state capture, lost investment, lost tourism, and talent flight runs into the trillions USD. <strong>Since 2006, when the federal government launched the current security strategy, Mexico has accumulated more than 463,000 homicides and more than 130,000 disappeared. These are the costs of a state unable to monopolize legitimate force.</strong></p><p>It is here, in honesty, that one defensible counter-argument deserves to be acknowledged. The Mexican state&#8217;s protective architecture &#8212; for all its costs &#8212; has prevented the catastrophic populist collapses that have devastated other Latin American economies. <strong>Mexico has not become Venezuela</strong>. Its currency, while volatile, has not hyperinflated. Its institutions, however captured, have continued to function.</p><blockquote><p><em>There is a real argument that the cost of the post-revolutionary contract has been the price of &#8220;stability.&#8221; But if the highest standard is simply avoiding collapse, then a country has accepted too narrow a definition of success. What stability has purchased, over a hundred years, is not the prosperity the contract promised. It is the absence of catastrophe. And the absence of catastrophe is not the same as the fulfillment of a promise.</em></p></blockquote><p>Across every party and every administration since 1990, the same architecture has persisted.</p><p><strong>The Mexican citizen has watched all of this. Voted in every cycle. Built businesses against constantly shifting rules. Educated children at personal cost in a public system the state never modernized. Buried family members lost to a security collapse.</strong></p><p>And, when the country offered them no path forward, <em>sent their best young people north.</em></p><p><strong>This is where the Mexican story arrives at its hardest fact.</strong></p><p><strong>In 2024, remittances from Mexicans living and working in the United States and Canada to families in Mexico reached approximately $63 billion USD. </strong>They were larger than Mexican oil revenue. Larger than foreign direct investment. Larger than tourism. The single largest source of foreign income for the country was the wages of its own working-age citizens, sent home from somewhere else.</p><p><em><strong>Most young Mexicans today help pay their parents&#8217; living expenses. </strong></em>This is not a sentimental observation. It is what $63 billion USD in remittances actually means at the household level. An entire generation has shifted, by necessity, from building their own futures to subsidizing the lives of the generation that raised them &#8212; because the country those parents stayed in did not produce the conditions under which their children could afford to stay, build, and accumulate at the same time.</p><blockquote><p>A country whose largest export is the labor of its own youth has received a silent verdict from its citizenry. It is the most honest measurement available of a contract that was made in 1917 and has not been kept.</p></blockquote><p><strong>That is the Mexican reflection. </strong>A citizenry that has <strong>waited 100 years with extraordinary patience. </strong>A state that has, with equal consistency, honored that patience for the few and not for the many.</p><p>A bailout that the citizen is still paying. A political system that continues to concentrate power and privilege. And a generation of young Mexicans whose answer to the broken promise has been to leave the country and pay the rent of the parents the country left behind.</p><p><strong>In May 2026</strong>, the global capital market priced what this paper has named. <strong>Moody&#8217;s cut Mexico&#8217;s sovereign credit rating to Baa3</strong> &#8212; one notch above junk &#8212; naming weak growth, fiscal rigidity, and continuing support to PEMEX. S&amp;P had moved Mexico&#8217;s outlook to negative eight days earlier. <strong>Fitch reached the equivalent conclusion in 2020.</strong> All three major rating agencies now place Mexico at the threshold of speculative grade &#8212; at a moment when global oil prices should be lifting an oil-exporting economy, not exposing one. </p><p>The architecture is no longer something only Mexicans can see. It is now priced.</p><div><hr></div><h3>VII.  The Broken Reflection</h3><p>What does a broken reflection say about the citizens looking into it?</p><p><strong>The United States shows a reflectio</strong>n of citizens who built something strong and watched it be dismantled without enough resistance. The American citizen saw the platform stop building for them and, for decades, did not find the language or the force to demand it be rebuilt. They accepted it. They allowed it. They stopped demanding the promise be kept.</p><p><strong>Mexico shows a reflection</strong> of citizens who have been promised much and delivered little, yet continued to participate in the system. For a hundred years, the Mexican citizen has voted, has worked, has hoped &#8212; even as the state treated them selectively. They accepted this. They allowed this. They stopped believing the promise would be kept.</p><p><strong>Both reflections show something broken: </strong>a citizenry that has lost the power to demand governments serve them.</p><div><hr></div><h3>VIII.  What Citizens Demand Now</h3><p><strong>The United States and Mexico</strong> face a shared future question, but not yet a shared answer.</p><p><strong>The American challenge</strong> is to redesign a platform that creates opportunity again without abandoning the middle class for a second time. It is to build institutions that serve citizens, not institutions that citizens serve. It is to remember that broad prosperity is not a luxury. It is the foundation of national strength.</p><p><strong>The Mexican challenge</strong> is different but equally urgent: to build citizen capacity, institutional accountability, and trust in state systems after a century of incomplete delivery. It is to transform from a state-as-actor model &#8212; where the government delivers selectively &#8212; to a state-as-platform model where citizens have the tools, information, and stability to build for themselves.</p><p>Both challenges are generational. Both depend on a citizenry that has decided, together, that the work is theirs.</p><p>For now, the diagnosis is on the page. The reflections are broken. The citizens are still here.</p><div><hr></div><h3>IX.  Paper III: Building the Citizenry</h3><p>This paper is the diagnostic. It has named what is broken in each country&#8217;s reflection and what the two breaks share underneath. It has not proposed a repair. That is deliberate. Diagnosis and treatment are different disciplines.</p><p><strong>Paper III &#8212; Re=Building the Citizenry</strong> &#8212; turns from the broken reflections to the harder question: If the political class in both countries has stopped reflecting the citizens they govern, and if the citizenry has not yet organized the response, then what kind of citizen &#8212; what kind of education, financial independence, civic infrastructure, and collective memory &#8212; can produce governments worthy of it?</p><p>The next question is not simply what policy should change. It is what kind of citizenry can produce governments worthy of it.</p><p>For now, the diagnosis is on the page. The reflections are broken. The citizens are still here.</p><p>What they build next is the only story that matters.</p><div><hr></div><p>Eduardo Joffroy is the founder and editor in chief of <strong>The North American &#8212; 77</strong>, a bilingual editorial platform on North American integration.</p><p><strong>This is Paper II of three in Governments Are Not Accidents</strong>. <strong>They Are Reflections. </strong>&#8212; <em>a continental trilogy on governance, society, and the architecture of citizenship.</em></p><p>Catch Up to with Series i:  <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng?r=6769y">Series 1</a></p><p>NA77  &#183;  ONE FUTURE. THREE NATIONS.</p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[REFLEXIONES ROTAS - MÉXICO & USA]]></title><description><![CDATA[Los Gobiernos Son Lo Que los Ciudadanos Aceptan y Exigen. Aqu&#237; Est&#225; Lo Que Dos Naciones Obtuvieron. Los Gobiernos No Son Accidentes. Son Reflexiones &#183; Ensayo II de III]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexiones-rotas-mexico-and-usa</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexiones-rotas-mexico-and-usa</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 13:15:53 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Read in English: <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/publish/post/199271193?back=%2Fpublish%2Fposts%2Fscheduled">Broken Reflexions</a></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><strong>NOTA SOBRE MONEDA Y ESCALA</strong></p><p>Todos los montos de moneda en este ensayo est&#225;n en d&#243;lares estadounidenses (USD) a menos que se indique lo contrario.</p><p>Cuando se hacen referencias a millones o miles de millones, se utiliza la convenci&#243;n estadounidense:</p><p><em><strong>$1 mill&#243;n = 1,000,000</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>$1 mil millones = 1,000,000,000</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>$1 bill&#243;n = 1,000,000,000,000</strong></em></p><p>Para montos en pesos mexicanos, se proporcionan equivalentes en USD para mayor claridad.</p><p></p></div><div><hr></div><h3>I.  Dos Crisis; Dos Eras; Dos Ciclos</h3><p>Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico parecen, a primera vista, sufrir la misma enfermedad. Los gobiernos de ambos pa&#237;ses pierden la confianza de sus ciudadanos. Ambas econom&#237;as concentran sus ganancias en la cima. Los ciudadanos de ambos pa&#237;ses ven a su clase pol&#237;tica operando a una distancia cada vez mayor de sus vidas reales.</p><p>M&#225;s all&#225; de esta similitud superficial hay una divisi&#243;n m&#225;s profunda. En ambas naciones, los ciudadanos est&#225;n divididos ideol&#243;gicamente. La polarizaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica profundiza la brecha entre lo que la gente cree que el gobierno deber&#237;a ser y lo que el gobierno realmente entrega. Esta fractura ideol&#243;gica hace m&#225;s dif&#237;cil que ambas sociedades construyan consenso alrededor de lo que necesita ser reparado.</p><p>La similitud es enga&#241;osa. No es la misma crisis. Son enfermedades diferentes, en ciclos diferentes, en posiciones estructurales fundamentalmente distintas.</p><p>Un gobierno no es un accidente. Es una reflexi&#243;n. Es lo que una ciudadan&#237;a ha aceptado. Es lo que han permitido. Es lo que han dejado de exigir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1204429,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/199276070?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h3>II.  Estados Unidos</h3><p><strong>Estados Unidos </strong>est&#225; perdiendo algo que construy&#243;. <strong>Durante 77 a&#241;os despu&#233;s de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la plataforma estadounidense produjo la prosperidad m&#225;s ampliamente distribuida que cualquier sociedad moderna haya generado. Funcion&#243;. La clase media prosper&#243; y nadie siquiera hablaba de la brecha de riqueza.</strong></p><p><strong>Hoy no funciona tan bien </strong>&#8212; por razones que examinaremos &#8212; pero el pa&#237;s fue construido sobre una plataforma que entregaba resultados a trav&#233;s de oportunidades y una buena distribuci&#243;n de riqueza.</p><p>La crisis estadounidense actual es el producto de una plataforma que funcionaba y fue siendo redise&#241;ada progresivamente para beneficiar a quienes est&#225;n en la cima y abandonar a la clase media y las clases bajas. Con el tiempo, las ganancias de la plataforma se movieron cada vez m&#225;s hacia el capital y se alejaron del trabajo. La plataforma fue redise&#241;ada alrededor de grupos de inter&#233;s econ&#243;mico espec&#237;ficos cuyo cabildeo continuo en Washington logr&#243; sus propias ambiciones. Aqu&#237; est&#225;n los n&#250;meros:</p><blockquote><p><em>Hoy, el 1 por ciento de la poblaci&#243;n estadounidense posee el 30 por ciento de la riqueza total. Para ser m&#225;s precisos: 905 individuos poseen casi el doble de riqueza que 66 millones de hogares &#8212; un dato de la Reserva Federal y Forbes que trasciende cualquier eslogan. En 2024, el 1 por ciento superior controlaba casi la mitad (49.9 por ciento) de todas las acciones y fondos mutuales, mientras que el 50 por ciento inferior pose&#237;a solamente el 1 por ciento.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Entre 1979 y 2024,</strong> la compensaci&#243;n promedio por hora aument&#243; apenas el 29.4 por ciento (despu&#233;s de ajustar por inflaci&#243;n) mientras que la productividad del trabajador aument&#243; el 80.9 por ciento, seg&#250;n an&#225;lisis del <strong>Economic Policy Institute</strong>. </p><p><strong>Entre 1980 y 2022</strong>, el 90 por ciento inferior de los ingresos estadounidenses tuvo un crecimiento salarial de apenas el 36 por ciento, comparado con el 162 por ciento para el 1 por ciento m&#225;s rico y el 301 por ciento para el 0.1 por ciento superior.</p><p>Los trabajadores produjeron aproximadamente un 81 por ciento m&#225;s en 2024 que en 1979. Fueron pagados un 29 por ciento m&#225;s. La diferencia &#8212; <strong>aproximadamente 50 puntos porcentuales de productividad &#8212; fue al capital, no al trabajo.</strong></p><p>Un ni&#241;o nacido en 1940 ten&#237;a una probabilidad del 92 por ciento de ganar m&#225;s que sus padres. Un ni&#241;o nacido en 1980 ten&#237;a una probabilidad del 50 por ciento. No el 60. No el 70. Una moneda al aire. </p><p><strong>El Sue&#241;o Americano</strong>, definido como &#8220;tus hijos vivir&#225;n mejor que t&#250;,&#8221; ha sido mediblemente erosionado de la certeza casi total a la casi aleatoriedad en tres generaciones.</p><div><hr></div><h3>III.  M&#233;xico</h3><p><strong>M&#233;xico est&#225; anhelando</strong> algo que le fue prometido pero nunca completamente recibido. El contrato social posrevolucionario escrito en la <strong>Constituci&#243;n de 1917</strong> <strong>puso al Estado en el centro de la vida nacional y se comprometi&#243; a entregar en nombre de sus ciudadanos &#8212; educaci&#243;n, tierra, trabajo, dignidad.</strong></p><p><strong>Un siglo despu&#233;s,</strong> el Estado ha entregado selectivamente, parcialmente, y m&#225;s confiablemente a quienes est&#225;n m&#225;s cerca de &#233;l. <strong>La crisis mexicana es la crisis de una ciudadan&#237;a que ha esperado pacientemente durante 100 a&#241;os</strong> a que ese contrato sea honrado, y ha visto a su pa&#237;s destrozarse por el sistema pol&#237;tico, por los intereses m&#225;s cercanos al poder, y por el crimen organizado cada vez m&#225;s creciente que hoy opera a la escala de un Estado paralelo.</p><p><em><strong>La arquitectura econ&#243;mica mexicana nunca ha producido consistentemente una clase media amplia,</strong></em> y mucho menos una sociedad donde la creaci&#243;n de riqueza sea ampliamente accesible. Pero el cuadro m&#225;s claro no viene de porcentajes sino de personas.</p><p>La arquitectura de riqueza mexicana es brutal en su simplicidad. </p><p><strong>En la cima absoluta: </strong></p><p>13 multimillonarios. Trece familias. Poseen aproximadamente $185 mil millones USD en riqueza combinada &#8212; aproximadamente el 13 por ciento del PIB entero de M&#233;xico. Uno de ellos, Carlos Slim, posee el 6.7 por ciento del PIB de la naci&#243;n solamente. Trece personas. Controlando lo que una naci&#243;n produce en un a&#241;o.</p><p><strong>Debajo de eso:</strong> </p><p>Aproximadamente 310,000 millonarios. Menos de una cuarta parte del uno por ciento de la poblaci&#243;n. Estos son due&#241;os de negocios significativos, propiedades grandes, portafolios de inversi&#243;n. Juntos controlan aproximadamente otro 15-20 por ciento de la riqueza nacional. As&#237; que aproximadamente 310,000 personas &#8212; 0.24 por ciento de la poblaci&#243;n &#8212; controlan 25-30 por ciento de todo.</p><p><strong>Luego el resto del &#8220;10 por ciento superior.&#8221;</strong> Esos son 13 millones de personas. Maestros, doctores, due&#241;os de peque&#241;os negocios, profesionales exitosos. Tienen ahorros. Tienen propiedades. Son c&#243;modos. Pero no son ricos. La mayor&#237;a no tiene $100,000 USD ahorrados. Muchos tienen $50,000 o menos. Son la clase media que M&#233;xico ha logrado construir.</p><p><strong>Luego:</strong> Sesenta y cinco millones &#8212; la mitad inferior de M&#233;xico. Su riqueza promedio es $1,803 USD. La mayor&#237;a tiene menos. </p><p><strong>Millones deben m&#225;s de lo que poseen: vivie</strong>nda, educaci&#243;n, emergencias impagadas.</p><p><strong>La l&#237;nea de pobreza es oficial:</strong> 38.5 millones de mexicanos viven por debajo de ella. Ganan aproximadamente $8,000 a $12,000 USD por a&#241;o. Algunos trabajan en la econom&#237;a formal a salario m&#237;nimo. </p><p><strong>La mitad de la fuerza laboral opera en el sector informal </strong>&#8212; sin contrato, sin beneficios, sin pensi&#243;n, sin estabilidad. Diez millones de hogares reciben remesas de familiares que se fueron de M&#233;xico a trabajar en otro lugar. Esas remesas promedian $525 USD por mes. Para esas familias, ese dinero es supervivencia.</p><p>Esto no es desigualdad medida en porcentajes. Es desigualdad medida en cu&#225;ntas personas pueden permitirse comer, enviar a sus hijos a la escuela, ahorrar para algo en absoluto. Trece familias tienen tanto que no pueden gastarlo en una generaci&#243;n. <strong>Sesenta y cinco millones tienen tan poco que no pueden pensar m&#225;s all&#225; del pr&#243;ximo mes.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h3>IV.  Lo Que las Reflexiones Muestran</h3><p><strong>Ambas reflexiones est&#225;n rotas.</strong> Fueron rotas por mecanismos diferentes, en cronogramas diferentes, por actores diferentes. </p><p><strong>El quiebre en la reflexi&#243;n estadounidense es reciente</strong> &#8212; quiz&#225; cincuenta a&#241;os atr&#225;s, dependiendo de c&#243;mo cuentes &#8212; y el pa&#237;s a&#250;n conserva la memoria de la plataforma funcionando como fue dise&#241;ada.</p><p><strong>El quiebre en la reflexi&#243;n mexicana es m&#225;s viejo</strong>, estructural, e heredado. Muchos mexicanos vivos hoy nunca han conocido un sistema que funcionara para ellos en absoluto.</p><p>Pero debajo de esas formas opuestas, hay un mecanismo que los dos pa&#237;ses comparten. En ambos, en el momento de la mayor crisis financiera en la memoria viviente, la clase pol&#237;tica eligi&#243; proteger las instituciones que causaron la crisis a expensas directas de los ciudadanos que no lo hicieron. </p><p><strong>En Estados Unidos, ese momento tuvo un nombre: TARP. </strong></p><p><strong>En M&#233;xico, tuvo otro: FOBAPROA.</strong> </p><p>Dos pa&#237;ses, dos crisis, dos rescates, una decisi&#243;n estructural &#8212; haz que el ciudadano pague, para que el sistema pueda sobrevivir.</p><p>Esa decisi&#243;n es el pedazo m&#225;s claro de evidencia que cualquiera de los dos pa&#237;ses ha producido sobre cuyos intereses su gobierno realmente sirve. Es el argumento de este ensayo.</p><div><hr></div><h3>V.  La Reflexi&#243;n Estadounidense: C&#243;mo una Plataforma Dej&#243; de Construir</h3><p><strong>La plataforma estadounidense de posguerra no fue un accidente. </strong>Fue una arquitectura institucional deliberada, construida por una generaci&#243;n que hab&#237;a vivido la Depresi&#243;n y la guerra y hab&#237;a decidido &#8212; con un consenso bipartidista casi inimaginable hoy &#8212; que el pa&#237;s nunca permitir&#237;a que ninguno de estos ocurriera de nuevo.</p><p><strong>Tres pilares sosten&#237;an esa arquitectura.</strong></p><p><strong>El primero fue la Ley Glass-Steagall de 1933</strong>, que separ&#243; la banca comercial de la banca de inversi&#243;n. Los bancos que manten&#237;an los ahorros de los estadounidenses comunes no ten&#237;an permiso de jugar esos ahorros en operaciones especulativas. El muro era estructural, no moral. El Congreso no confiaba en que los banqueros se contuvieran a s&#237; mismos, as&#237; que el Congreso los contuvo.</p><p><strong>El segundo fue Bretton Woods,</strong> la arquitectura monetaria de 1944 que vincul&#243; el d&#243;lar al oro e hizo de Estados Unidos el ancla de las finanzas globales. El sistema no fue dise&#241;ado para enriquecer al capital estadounidense. Fue dise&#241;ado para asegurar que el sistema financiero internacional nunca volviera a colapsar como lo hizo en los a&#241;os treinta, llevando democracias con &#233;l.</p><p><strong>El tercero fue el pacto social de posguerra &#8212; el GI Bill,</strong> la propiedad de vivienda masiva, la educaci&#243;n universitaria masiva, los salarios que crec&#237;an con la productividad, y una estructura tributaria bajo la cual los estadounidenses mejor pagados ten&#237;an tasas marginales del 70 por ciento o m&#225;s sin que nadie considerara esto excepcional.</p><blockquote><p>El pacto no era socialista. Era el supuesto operativo de un pa&#237;s que hab&#237;a concluido, de una experiencia muy reciente y muy dolorosa, que la prosperidad amplia era la fundaci&#243;n de la fortaleza nacional.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Durante tres d&#233;cadas,</strong> estos tres pilares se mantuvieron. La clase media estadounidense se convirti&#243; en la m&#225;s grande, m&#225;s rica, y m&#225;s m&#243;vil hacia arriba en la historia humana. Los estadounidenses negros y latinos no fueron igualmente incluidos al inicio; esa historia m&#225;s completa es tema para su propio ensayo. Pero el hecho estructural es que la plataforma, funcionando como fue dise&#241;ada, levant&#243; al ciudadano estadounidense promedio m&#225;s lejos y m&#225;s r&#225;pido que cualquier sociedad moderna hab&#237;a logrado.</p><p><strong>Luego, comenzando en 1971, la arquitectura comenz&#243; a ser desmantelada.</strong></p><p><strong>El fin de Bretton Woods </strong>ese a&#241;o desvincul&#243; el d&#243;lar del oro y dio paso a un sistema financiero cada vez m&#225;s gobernado por flujos de capital en lugar de por la econom&#237;a productiva que se supon&#237;a deb&#237;an servir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>A trav&#233;s de los a&#241;os ochenta y noventa, ese cambio se aceler&#243;. Los salarios y la productividad, que hab&#237;an crecido juntos durante treinta a&#241;os, se desacoplaron. Los trabajadores segu&#237;an produciendo m&#225;s. El pago dej&#243; de seguir. <strong>La diferencia fue capturada por el capital.</strong> La manufactura comenz&#243; a abandonar el coraz&#243;n estadounidense &#8212; lentamente al principio, y luego, despu&#233;s de <strong>la entrada de China a la Organizaci&#243;n Mundial del Comercio en 2001</strong>, en olas que vaciaron regiones enteras.</p><p>Es importante ser preciso sobre lo que pas&#243; aqu&#237;. <strong>Estados Unidos </strong>no perdi&#243; su base de manufactura porque los estadounidenses se volvieron perezosos o porque pa&#237;ses extranjeros hicieron trampa. <strong>Estados Unidos perdi&#243; su base de manufactura porque la clase pol&#237;tica estadounidense hizo una opci&#243;n estrat&#233;gica</strong> &#8212; primero de enganchar a China como transici&#243;n final de la Guerra Fr&#237;a, luego de integrar a China econ&#243;micamente como una transici&#243;n manejada &#8212; y acept&#243; las consecuencias dom&#233;sticas de esa opci&#243;n sin nunca construir los mecanismos compensatorios que hubieran protegido a la clase media estadounidense de absorber el costo completo.</p><p>La asimetr&#237;a de esa integraci&#243;n merece atenci&#243;n. <strong>Bajo TLCAN y despu&#233;s TMEC</strong>, la manufactura mexicana se mantiene a una regla de contenido regional de aproximadamente el 60 por ciento &#8212; significando que una parte significativa de cualquier producto comercializado sin aranceles a trav&#233;s de Am&#233;rica del Norte debe ser hecha en el continente.</p><p><strong>Tambi&#233;n vale la pena decirlo claramente: </strong>la mayor&#237;a de esas plantas de manufactura en M&#233;xico son en realidad pose&#237;das y operadas por corporaciones estadounidenses produciendo a menor costo dentro de una plataforma norteamericana integrada, luego reexportadas a Estados Unidos donde se captura el valor. </p><p><strong>As&#237; que cuando pol&#237;ticos describen las exportaciones mexicanas como evidencia de un d&#233;ficit comercial injusto, el analisis es incompleto.</strong> M&#233;xico recibe el trabajo, los servicios, y la inversi&#243;n local. El capital y la ganancia regresan al norte. Esto no es un fallo en el sistema. Es c&#243;mo el sistema fue dise&#241;ado.</p><p>Ninguna tal disciplina &#8212; ni la regla de contenido regional ni el piso laboral y ambiental &#8212; fue impuesta en la manufactura china, vietnamita, o del sudeste asi&#225;tico respecto al mercado estadounidense. Las corporaciones estadounidenses pod&#237;an relocalizarse a econom&#237;as con cumplimiento laboral m&#225;s d&#233;bil y costo ambiental m&#225;s bajo y a&#250;n disfrutar de acceso sin restricci&#243;n al consumidor estadounidense para maximizar sus ganancias de la venta final de sus productos.</p><blockquote><p><em>Una plataforma que protege el capital tambi&#233;n requiere mecanismos que devuelvan parte de ese valor a los trabajadores, regiones, e instituciones que hacen que la plataforma sea posible. Esa devoluci&#243;n no vino. La asimetr&#237;a nunca fue rebalanceada.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>El tercer desmantelamiento fue la conversi&#243;n lenta de la casa estadounidense</strong> &#8212; durante la mayor parte del siglo veinte, la tienda m&#225;s grande de riqueza de la clase media &#8212; en una clase de activo comercializado globalmente. </p><p><strong>La derogaci&#243;n de Glass-Steagall en 1999 </strong>removi&#243; el muro que se hab&#237;a mantenido por sesenta y seis a&#241;os. Dentro de una d&#233;cada, las hipotecas de estadounidenses comunes estaban siendo empaquetadas, rebanadas, misvaloradas, y vendidas a mercados de capital global a una escala y complejidad que ning&#250;n regulador entend&#237;a completamente. </p><p><strong>Cuando el sistema colaps&#243; en 2008</strong>, se llev&#243; los ahorros, las casas, y la seguridad de jubilaci&#243;n de millones de estadounidenses.</p><p><strong>La crisis de 2008 </strong>produjo el pedazo m&#225;s claro de evidencia en la historia estadounidense moderna sobre cuyos intereses la plataforma estaba protegiendo realmente. En octubre de ese a&#241;o, el <strong>Congreso pas&#243; el Troubled Asset Relief Program &#8212; TARP </strong>&#8212; autorizando al Tesoro gastar hasta $700 mil millones USD para estabilizar instituciones financieras estadounidenses. La cantidad desembolsada finalmente alcanz&#243; aproximadamente $426 mil millones USD. Los bancos fueron salvados. El contribuyente estadounidense absorbi&#243; el riesgo que el sistema financiero hab&#237;a creado. Para 2014, despu&#233;s de a&#241;os de repagos y ventas de activos, el Tesoro fue capaz de reclamar que TARP hab&#237;a sido t&#233;cnicamente repagado.</p><blockquote><p><em>Esa contabilidad es verdadera y se pierde el punto.</em></p></blockquote><p>Lo que no fue repagado, y no pudo serlo, fue el contrato social.<strong> Aproximadamente diez millones de familias estadounidenses perdieron sus casas a ejecuciones hipotecarias en los a&#241;os posteriores a la crisis.</strong></p><p>Las instituciones que hab&#237;an creado los instrumentos causando la crisis fueron preservadas, recapitalizadas, y en muchos casos emergieron m&#225;s grandes y m&#225;s concentradas que antes. El principio de que ninguna instituci&#243;n debe ser tan grande que se le permita fallar &#8212; <strong>el principio que Glass-Steagall hab&#237;a sido escrito precisamente para reforzar &#8212; fue invertido.</strong> <strong>Too-big-to-fail</strong> no fue un defecto en la plataforma. Despu&#233;s de 2008, fue la l&#243;gica operativa de la plataforma.</p><p>La verdad m&#225;s profunda es que too-big-to-fail no fue dise&#241;ado por banqueros codiciosos. Fue dise&#241;ado por un Congreso estadounidense que, durante treinta a&#241;os, removi&#243; los cortafuegos estructurales que hab&#237;an prevenido que instituciones financieras se volvieran tan grandes como para llevar al pa&#237;s abajo con ellas. </p><p><strong>Glass-Steagall fue derogada en 1999. </strong>Dentro de nueve a&#241;os, el sistema que su derogaci&#243;n hab&#237;a liberado colaps&#243; y fue rescatado por los ciudadanos a los que se supon&#237;a deb&#237;a servir. Esa secuencia no es un accidente. Es la consecuencia predecible de remover un muro construido, en 1933, precisamente porque el pa&#237;s ya hab&#237;a aprendido qu&#233; pasa cuando el muro no est&#225; all&#237;.</p><p><strong>El ciudadano estadounidense</strong> <strong>no ha olvidado esto. El colapso de la confianza en el gobierno federal del 77 por ciento en 1964 a 17 por ciento hoy no es un misterio.</strong> <em>Es un recibo. </em></p><p>Los ciudadanos han visto la plataforma dejar de construir para ellos. Han visto sus salarios desacoplarse de su productividad, su base de manufactura dejar la regi&#243;n para econom&#237;as que cargan menos responsabilidad que la suya, sus casas convertirse en una clase de activo comercializada por gente que nunca las visitar&#225;, y sus ahorros puestos en riesgo por instituciones que su propio gobierno hab&#237;a decidido que eran demasiado grandes para permitirles fallar.</p><p>Ellos pagaron la cuenta. Nunca fueron repagados.</p><p><strong>Esa es la reflexi&#243;n estadounidense. </strong>Fue una plataforma que funcion&#243;. Fue desmantelada, cortafuego estructural por cortafuego estructural, por las muy instituciones que se supon&#237;a deb&#237;an mantenerlo.</p><p>Los pedazos a&#250;n est&#225;n all&#237;. La riqueza a&#250;n est&#225; all&#237;. El potencial estadounidense est&#225; all&#237;. La capacidad a&#250;n est&#225; all&#237;. Lo que se ha roto es la relaci&#243;n entre la plataforma y los ciudadanos a los que fue originalmente construida para servir.</p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share The North American &#8212; 77</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3>VI.  La Reflexi&#243;n Mexicana: Cien A&#241;os de Paciencia</h3><p><strong>La historia mexicana comienza donde la historia estadounidense termina </strong>&#8212; en la pregunta de qu&#233; es lo que una ciudadan&#237;a debe a su gobierno, y qu&#233; es lo que su gobierno debe devolver.</p><p><strong>La Constituci&#243;n Mexicana de 1917,</strong> escrita despu&#233;s de una revoluci&#243;n que cost&#243; aproximadamente un mill&#243;n de vidas, hizo una apuesta espec&#237;fica. Puso al Estado en el centro de la vida nacional. El Art&#237;culo 27 invisti&#243; la propiedad de la tierra y el subsuelo en la naci&#243;n. El Art&#237;culo 123 hizo de las protecciones laborales un asunto constitucional en lugar de contractual.</p><blockquote><p><em>El Estado mexicano fue constituido no como una plataforma para que los ciudadanos persiguieran sus propios fines, sino como un actor encargado de entregar, en nombre de sus ciudadanos, los resultados que la revoluci&#243;n hab&#237;a demandado &#8212; educaci&#243;n, tierra, trabajo, dignidad.</em></p></blockquote><p>Esto no fue una apuesta peque&#241;a. Fue un contrato. El ciudadano confiar&#237;a al Estado la mayor parte de la toma de decisiones econ&#243;micas nacionales, y el Estado, a cambio, entregar&#237;a. Esa era la promesa escrita en el documento fundacional. Cada mexicano nacido desde 1917 ha sido parte de ello.</p><p>Durante tres d&#233;cadas, el contrato se mantuvo. De aproximadamente 1940 a 1970 &#8212; el per&#237;odo que los economistas vinieron a llamar el Milagro Mexicano &#8212; la econom&#237;a creci&#243; a un promedio del 6.6 por ciento anual, una de las tasas de crecimiento sostenido m&#225;s r&#225;pidas en cualquier parte del mundo en ese momento. La inflaci&#243;n se mantuvo por debajo del 3 por ciento. La poblaci&#243;n se duplic&#243; mientras la econom&#237;a creci&#243; seis veces. La inscripci&#243;n de primaria se triplic&#243;.</p><p>Una clase media mexicana real comenz&#243; a formarse en la <strong>Ciudad de M&#233;xico, Monterrey, y Guadalajara</strong>. El modelo de estado-como-actor, bajo las condiciones de desarrollo de mercado protegido a mitad de siglo, produjo el M&#233;xico m&#225;s pr&#243;spero que el mundo moderno haya visto.</p><p>Luego, cuando el orden global se desplaz&#243;, <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>enfrent&#243; el mismo tipo de prueba que <strong>Estados Unidos</strong> enfrent&#243; al final de <strong>Bretton Woods</strong>. Las condiciones que hab&#237;an hecho posible <strong>el Milagro Mexicano </strong>&#8212; mercados protegidos, moneda manejada, un orden financiero global que toleraba el desarrollo liderado por el estado &#8212; ya no estaban disponibles.</p><p><strong>Los a&#241;os setenta</strong> trajeron el <strong>shock del petr&#243;leo</strong>, los a&#241;os ochenta trajeron la crisis de deuda, y el pa&#237;s que hab&#237;a crecido al 6.6 por ciento durante tres d&#233;cadas entr&#243; en un per&#237;odo de emergencia fiscal del cual, por algunas medidas, nunca se ha recuperado completamente.</p><p>Lo que<strong> M&#233;xico</strong> hizo con esa presi&#243;n es la decisi&#243;n estructural que define todo lo que vino despu&#233;s.</p><p><strong>En 1982</strong>, enfrentando una crisis de deuda que el Estado ya no pod&#237;a cubrir el servicio, <strong>el Presidente Jos&#233; L&#243;pez Portillo nacionaliz&#243; el sistema bancario. Fue un acto soberano justificado por la l&#243;gica pol&#237;tica del contrato posrevolucionario &#8212; cuando el capital privado falla, el Estado interviene en nombre del ciudadano.</strong></p><p>Ocho a&#241;os despu&#233;s, en 1990, la administraci&#243;n <strong>Salinas </strong>revirti&#243; esa decisi&#243;n y reprivatiz&#243; los mismos bancos, vendiendo dieciocho instituciones por aproximadamente <strong>$12 mil millones USD</strong> <strong>a un peque&#241;o grupo de inversionistas mexicanos bien conectados.</strong></p><p>El precio fue favorable. El marco de supervisi&#243;n alrededor de los nuevos bancos privados era m&#237;nimo. Los pr&#233;stamos fueron extendidos agresivamente. <strong>Los controles de riesgo eran d&#233;biles.</strong></p><p><strong>En diciembre de 1994, la Crisis del Tequila lleg&#243;</strong>. El peso colaps&#243;. Los bancos recientemente reprivatizados, teniendo carteras de pr&#233;stamos malos que no pod&#237;an cubrir el servicio, enfrentaron insolvencia.</p><p><strong>La respuesta del gobierno mexicano fue FOBAPROA</strong> &#8212; el Fondo Bancario de Protecci&#243;n al Ahorro, originalmente creado en 1990 como un fondo de seguro de dep&#243;sitos. Comenzando en 1995, FOBAPROA fue utilizado para absorber las deudas malas de los mismos bancos que el gobierno hab&#237;a reprivatizado cinco a&#241;os antes. La cantidad final absorbida alcanz&#243; aproximadamente 552 mil millones de pesos &#8212; aproximadamente 14 a 15 por ciento del PIB de M&#233;xico en ese momento, una cifra proporcionalmente m&#225;s grande que lo que Estados Unidos absorber&#237;a despu&#233;s a trav&#233;s de TARP.</p><p><strong>En 1998, despu&#233;s de a&#241;os de debate pol&#237;tico, el Congreso Mexicano convirti&#243; los pasivos de FOBAPROA en deuda p&#250;blica bajo una instituci&#243;n sucesora, IPAB</strong> &#8212; el Instituto para la Protecci&#243;n al Ahorro Bancario.</p><p>Esa deuda ha sido servida por los contribuyentes mexicanos desde entonces. La diferencia es la duraci&#243;n de la consecuencia. El rescate estadounidense fue repagado en d&#243;lares mientras el contrato social se desintegraba. El rescate mexicano nunca fue repagado en absoluto. Fue convertido en una demanda permanente sobre el futuro de cada ciudadano mexicano.</p><p>Ese es el paralelo mexicano a la historia estadounidense. </p><p><strong>El mecanismo es el mismo: </strong>en el momento de la mayor crisis financiera, la clase pol&#237;tica eligi&#243; proteger las instituciones que causaron la crisis a expensas directas de los ciudadanos que no lo hicieron.</p><p><strong>FOBAPROA no pas&#243; en aislamiento. </strong>Pas&#243; dentro de una arquitectura de poder que ha, con consistencia notable, utilizado momentos de crisis y gobernanza ordinaria para desplazar costo p&#250;blico hacia ciudadanos mientras beneficios se concentraban alrededor de actores pol&#237;ticamente conectados.</p><p><strong>La arquitectura es visible en varios lugares:</strong> la reprivatizaci&#243;n de los bancos en 1990; el sistema de contrataci&#243;n de <strong>PEMEX </strong>que produjo una compa&#241;&#237;a petrolera con aproximadamente $84 mil millones USD en deuda y patrimonio neto negativo para 2025; la contrarreforma de la <strong>CFE</strong> en 2024 que removi&#243; reguladores de energ&#237;a independientes. <strong>La refiner&#237;a Dos Bocas, el Tren Maya, y el aeropuerto AIFA</strong> siguieron el mismo patr&#243;n &#8212; presupuestos aprobados que se duplicaban, costos ambientales diferidos, supervisi&#243;n independiente eliminada.</p><blockquote><p>Estos no son incidentes no relacionados. Son la misma arquitectura, expres&#225;ndose a s&#237; misma a trav&#233;s de d&#233;cadas diferentes y actores diferentes.</p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1309258,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/199276070?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Luego est&#225; la variante binacional de la arquitectura &#8212; la que no muestra en el presupuesto federal porque opera en su contra. Huachicol fiscal, el esquema de clasificaci&#243;n arancelaria indebida en el que combustible refinado importado desde Estados Unidos es declarado en puertos de entrada mexicanos bajo c&#243;digos de arancel no combustible para evadir aranceles de importaci&#243;n e IEPS, ha sido documentado por prensa investigativa mexicana a un costo anual para el fisco mexicano de aproximadamente $3 a $5 mil millones USD.</p><p><strong>La arquitectura es precisa: </strong>la pol&#237;tica oficial fue construir Dos Bocas para dejar de importar gasolina. La realidad no oficial, corriendo paralela a esa pol&#237;tica, era importar la misma gasolina libre de impuestos a trav&#233;s de un fraude aduanal que el gobierno ten&#237;a cada medio administrativo para detectar y eligi&#243;, a trav&#233;s de m&#250;ltiples administraciones, no desmantelar. Un esquema de esta escala no puede sobrevivir sin complicidad coordinada dentro del sistema que se supone debe vigilarlo.</p><p>Y debajo de todo, el costo estructural a la econom&#237;a mexicana del crimen organizado, la captura estatal, la inversi&#243;n perdida, el turismo perdido, y la fuga de talento corre en billones USD. Desde 2006, cuando el gobierno federal lanz&#243; la estrategia de seguridad actual, M&#233;xico ha acumulado m&#225;s de 463,000 homicidios y m&#225;s de 130,000 desaparecidos. Estos son los costos de un Estado incapaz de monopolizar la fuerza leg&#237;tima.</p><p>Es aqu&#237;, en honestidad, que un contraargumento defendible merece ser reconocido. <em><strong>La arquitectura protectora pesada del Estado mexicano &#8212; para todos sus costos &#8212; ha prevenido los colapsos populistas catastr&#243;ficos que han devastado otras econom&#237;as latinoamericanas. M&#233;xico no se ha convertido en Venezuela. </strong></em>Su moneda, aunque vol&#225;til, no ha hiperinflacionado. Sus instituciones, mientras sean capturadas, han continuado funcionando.</p><p>Hay un argumento real que el costo del contrato posrevolucionario ha sido el precio de la &#8220;estabilidad.&#8221; <em><strong>Pero si el est&#225;ndar m&#225;s alto es simplemente evitar el colapso, entonces el pa&#237;s ha aceptado una definici&#243;n demasiado limitada del &#233;xito.</strong></em> Lo que la estabilidad ha comprado, durante cien a&#241;os, no es la prosperidad que el contrato prometi&#243;. <strong>Es la ausencia de cat&#225;strofe. Y la ausencia de cat&#225;strofe no es lo mismo que el cumplimiento de una promesa.</strong></p><p>A trav&#233;s de cada partido y cada administraci&#243;n desde 1990, la misma arquitectura ha persistido.</p><blockquote><p>El ciudadano mexicano ha visto todo esto. Votado en cada ciclo. Construido negocios contra reglas constantemente cambiantes. Educado hijos a costo personal en un sistema p&#250;blico que el Estado nunca moderniz&#243;. Enterrado miembros de familia perdidos a un colapso de seguridad.</p></blockquote><p>Y, cuando el pa&#237;s no les ofreci&#243; camino hacia adelante, envi&#243; a sus mejores j&#243;venes hacia el norte.</p><p><strong>Es aqu&#237; donde la historia mexicana llega a su hecho m&#225;s duro.</strong></p><p><strong>En 2024, las remesas de mexicanos viviendo y trabajando en Estados Unidos y Canad&#225; a familias en M&#233;xico alcanzaron aproximadamente $63 mil millones USD.</strong> Fueron m&#225;s grandes que los ingresos petroleros mexicanos. M&#225;s grandes que la inversi&#243;n extranjera directa. M&#225;s grandes que el turismo. La fuente singular m&#225;s grande de ingresos extranjeros para el pa&#237;s fue los salarios de su propia ciudadan&#237;a en edad de trabajar, enviados a casa desde alg&#250;n otro lugar.</p><p>La mayor&#237;a de j&#243;venes mexicanos hoy ayudan a pagar los gastos de vida de sus padres. Esta no es una observaci&#243;n sentimental. Es lo que $63 mil millones USD en remesas actualmente significa a nivel de hogar. Una generaci&#243;n completa ha cambiado, por necesidad, de construir sus propios futuros a subsidiar las vidas de la generaci&#243;n que los cri&#243; &#8212; porque el pa&#237;s donde esos padres se quedaron no produjo las condiciones bajo las cuales sus hijos pod&#237;an permitirse quedarse, construir, y acumular al mismo tiempo.</p><blockquote><p><em>Un pa&#237;s cuya mayor exportaci&#243;n resulta siendo el trabajo de su propia juventud ha recibido un veredicto silencioso de su ciudadan&#237;a. Es la medici&#243;n m&#225;s honesta disponible de un contrato que fue hecho en 1917 y no ha sido cumplido.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Esa es la reflexi&#243;n mexicana.</strong><em><strong> </strong>Una ciudadan&#237;a que ha esperado 100 a&#241;os con paciencia extraordinaria. </em>Un Estado que ha, con igual consistencia, honrado esa paciencia para los pocos y no para los muchos.</p><p>Un rescate que el ciudadano a&#250;n est&#225; pagando. Un sistema pol&#237;tico que contin&#250;a concentrando poder y privilegio. Y una generaci&#243;n de j&#243;venes mexicanos cuya respuesta a la promesa rota ha sido dejar el pa&#237;s y pagar la renta de los padres que el pa&#237;s dej&#243; atr&#225;s.</p><p><strong>En mayo de 2026,</strong> el mercado de capital global preci&#243; lo que este ensayo ha nombrado. Moody&#8217;s cort&#243; la calificaci&#243;n de cr&#233;dito soberano de M&#233;xico a Baa3 &#8212; una muesca arriba de basura &#8212; nombrando crecimiento d&#233;bil, rigidez fiscal, y apoyo continuo a PEMEX. S&amp;P hab&#237;a movido la perspectiva de M&#233;xico a negativa ocho d&#237;as antes. Fitch lleg&#243; a la conclusi&#243;n equivalente en 2020. Las tres agencias calificadoras principales ahora colocan a M&#233;xico en el umbral de grado especulativo &#8212; en un momento cuando los precios globales de petr&#243;leo deber&#237;an estar levantando una econom&#237;a exportadora de petr&#243;leo, no exponiendo una. La arquitectura ya no es algo que solamente los mexicanos pueden ver. Ahora tiene precio.</p><div><hr></div><h3>VII.  La Reflexi&#243;n Rota</h3><p><strong>Estados Unidos muestra una reflexi&#243;n</strong> de ciudadanos que construyeron algo fuerte y vieron c&#243;mo fue desmantelado sin suficiente resistencia. El ciudadano estadounidense vio la plataforma dejar de construir para ellos y, durante d&#233;cadas, no encontr&#243; el lenguaje o la fuerza para exigir que fuera reconstruida. La aceptaron. La permitieron. <strong>Dejaron de exigir que se cumpliera la promesa.</strong></p><p><strong>M&#233;xico muestra una reflexi&#243;n</strong> de ciudadanos que han sido prometidos mucho y entregados poco, sin embargo han continuado participando en el sistema.<em> Durante cien a&#241;os, el ciudadano mexicano ha votado, ha trabajado, ha esperado</em> &#8212; aunque el Estado los ha tratado selectivamente. <strong>La aceptaron. La permitieron. Dejaron de creer que la promesa ser&#237;a cumplida.</strong></p><p><strong>Ambas reflexiones muestran algo roto: </strong>una ciudadan&#237;a que ha perdido el poder de exigir que los gobiernos los sirvan.</p><div><hr></div><h3>VIII.  Lo Que los Ciudadanos Exigen Ahora</h3><p><strong>Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico</strong> enfrentan una pregunta compartida sobre el futuro, pero no a&#250;n una respuesta compartida.</p><p><strong>El desaf&#237;o estadounidense es redise&#241;ar</strong> una plataforma que cree oportunidad de nuevo sin abandonar la clase media por una segunda vez. Es construir instituciones que sirvan ciudadanos, no instituciones a las que los ciudadanos sirvan. Es recordar que la prosperidad amplia no es un lujo. Es la fundaci&#243;n de la fortaleza nacional.</p><p><strong>El desaf&#237;o mexicano es diferente pero igualmente urgente: </strong>construir capacidad ciudadana, rendici&#243;n de cuentas institucional, y confianza en los sistemas estatales despu&#233;s de un siglo de entrega incompleta. </p><p><em><strong>Es transformarse de un modelo de estado-como-actor &#8212; donde el gobierno entrega selectivamente &#8212; a un modelo de estado-como-plataforma donde los ciudadanos tengan las herramientas, informaci&#243;n, y estabilidad para construir por s&#237; mismos.</strong></em></p><p>Ambos desaf&#237;os son generacionales. Ambos dependen de una ciudadan&#237;a que ha decidido, juntos, que el trabajo es de ellos.</p><p>Por ahora, el diagn&#243;stico est&#225; en la p&#225;gina. Las reflexiones est&#225;n rotas. Los ciudadanos a&#250;n est&#225;n aqu&#237;.</p><div><hr></div><h3>IX.  Ensayo III: Re-Construyendo la Ciudadan&#237;a</h3><p>Este ensayo es el diagn&#243;stico. Ha nombrado lo que est&#225; roto en la reflexi&#243;n de cada pa&#237;s y lo que los dos quiebres comparten debajo. No ha propuesto una reparaci&#243;n. Eso es deliberado. Diagn&#243;stico y tratamiento son disciplinas diferentes.</p><p><strong>El Ensayo III &#8212; Re-Construyendo la Ciudadan&#237;a </strong>&#8212; se gira de las reflexiones rotas a la pregunta m&#225;s dif&#237;cil: </p><p><em>Si la clase pol&#237;tica en ambos pa&#237;ses ha dejado de reflejar a los ciudadanos que gobiernan, y si la ciudadan&#237;a a&#250;n no ha organizado la respuesta, entonces &#191;qu&#233; tipo de ciudadano &#8212; qu&#233; tipo de educaci&#243;n, independencia financiera, infraestructura c&#237;vica, y memoria colectiva &#8212; puede producir gobiernos dignos de ello?</em></p><p>La siguiente pregunta no es simplemente qu&#233; pol&#237;tica debe cambiar. Es qu&#233; tipo de ciudadan&#237;a puede producir gobiernos dignos de ello.</p><p>Por ahora, el diagn&#243;stico est&#225; en la p&#225;gina. Las reflexiones est&#225;n rotas. Los ciudadanos a&#250;n est&#225;n aqu&#237;.</p><p>Lo que construyan despu&#233;s es la &#250;nica historia que importa.</p><div><hr></div><p>Eduardo Joffroy es el fundador y editor de <strong>The North American &#8212; 77</strong>, una plataforma editorial biling&#252;e sobre integraci&#243;n norteamericana.</p><p>Este es el Ensayo II de tres en <strong>Los Gobiernos No Son Accidentes. Son Reflexiones. </strong>&#8212; una trilog&#237;a continental sobre gobernanza, sociedad, y la arquitectura de la ciudadan&#237;a.<br></p><p>Leer version 1: <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexiones-de-nuestras-nacione?r=6769y">Los Gobiernos no son Accidentes</a></p><p>NA77  &#183;  UN FUTURO. TRES NACIONES.</p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Governments Are Not Accidents. They Are Reflections.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Governments Are Mirrors of Societies; Why societies produce the leaders they produce &#8212; and why North America cannot afford another generation of pretending. Paper 1 of II.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 19 May 2026 13:00:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>By Eduardo Joffroy G</strong></p><h3><em>Paper I of III of the Series: The Reflexions of Our Nations </em></h3><p><em><strong>Leer en Espanol: </strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/2a1aad23-f938-454a-884c-36f8a50197ec?postPreview=paid&amp;updated=2026-05-19T22%3A27%3A31.692Z&amp;audience=everyone&amp;free_preview=false&amp;freemail=true">Los Gobiernos son Reflejos de la Sociedad</a></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg 848w, 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p>From Clinton to Trump. From Fox to Sheinbaum. Thirty years of watching North American politics from both sides of a single line.</p><p>A note on scope. I have lived these years primarily from the U.S.&#8211;Mexico seam. Canadian politics, I have observed from outside; my understanding is informed but not lived. This essay focuses on the two democracies I know in my bones. Canada will receive its own treatment, on its own terms, in a future paper of this series.</p><p>The pattern that came out of those decades was not partisan, and not even particularly national. It was structural.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Governments are not accidents. They are reflections.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>The leaders a nation produces &#8212; and the leaders it tolerates &#8212; are a measure of the nation itself: of what it believes, what it has been taught, what it can still imagine.</strong></p><p>Good leaders do exist. Some of them have given decades of their lives to public service, often at real personal cost, and have shaped their countries for the better. But even the best leader cannot give a country something its citizenry has not yet built. The country we have, in the end, is the country we are building together &#8212; day by day, election by election, conversation by conversation.</p><p>This is not a moral claim. It is an observation.</p><div><hr></div><p>I grew up crossing the U.S.&#8211;Mexico border every day for thirteen years of childhood. By the time I was twelve, I had spent more hours of my life standing in border lines than most people will spend in a lifetime.</p><p>What the border taught me, more than anything else, was that the difference between the two countries was not geography or weather or even economy. <strong>It was a difference of </strong><em><strong>expectations.</strong></em></p><p>On the U.S. side, the city was always clean, the police enforced the law, and citizens and visitors alike respected the rules, the laws, and the culture &#8212; because if you didn&#8217;t, there were consequences. The rule of law was less a written code than a daily habit of mind.</p><p>On the Mexican side, meters away in distance and miles away in reality; the expectations inverted. The streets were always dirty and nobody did anything about it. The city lights were never uniform and nobody complained. The streets were disorderly, without signage &#8212; and that was just how things were. You ran red lights and there were no consequences. If a police officer did happen to stop you, before writing a ticket he would offer you a quick way out. You did not expect the rule that was written to be the rule that was applied. And so the everyday behavior of ordinary citizens adjusted.</p><p>Mexicans did not collectively <em>fail</em> to keep order. Mexicans, in the absence of any expectation that the state would keep order, organized our daily lives around its absence.</p><blockquote><p><em>This is the deepest layer of the mirror. A government reflects the behaviors, customs, and habits of its citizens &#8212; and the behaviors, customs, and habits of its citizens reflect the government they have learned to expect.</em></p></blockquote><p>The relationship is bidirectional. It produces, over generations, a civic equilibrium &#8212; a society and its state shaping one another into the form they will both have to live with.</p><div><hr></div><p>Before either country had its first president, each had its first sentence. Those sentences predicted everything that followed.</p><p><strong>The United States declared itself into existence in 1776:</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Mexico declared itself in 1917, after a revolution that had cost a million lives. Article 39 of the new constitution:</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>La soberan&#237;a nacional reside esencial y originariamente en el pueblo. Todo poder p&#250;blico dimana del pueblo y se instituye para beneficio de &#233;ste.</em></p></blockquote><p>Both texts place sovereignty in the people. </p><p>But the countries they constituted are differently configured. </p><p><strong>The American framers</strong> wrote a state designed to guarantee the conditions under which citizens would pursue their own ends. </p><p><strong>The Mexican framers</strong> wrote a state designed to deliver outcomes &#8212; education, land, work, dignity &#8212; directly to its citizens.</p><ol><li><p><strong>The American state was constituted as a platform.</strong> </p></li><li><p><strong>The Mexican state was constituted as an actor.</strong></p></li></ol><p><strong>Two opposite bets,</strong> written into the founding documents. Each country has spent a century living out the consequences.</p><div><hr></div><div class="install-substack-app-embed install-substack-app-embed-web" data-component-name="InstallSubstackAppToDOM"><img class="install-substack-app-embed-img" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hmIS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ddf0ccf-2eee-404f-852f-0514e511e0f2_512x512.png"><div class="install-substack-app-embed-text"><div class="install-substack-app-header">Get more from Eduardo Joffroy G in the Substack app</div><div class="install-substack-app-text">Available for iOS and Android</div></div><a href="https://substack.com/app/app-store-redirect?utm_campaign=app-marketing&amp;utm_content=author-post-insert&amp;utm_source=eduardojoffroy" target="_blank" class="install-substack-app-embed-link"><button class="install-substack-app-embed-btn button primary">Get the app</button></a></div><div><hr></div><h2>What each country built &#8212; and what each one became</h2><p>The bet either country made at its founding did not produce results immediately. Both took roughly a century to produce their peaks.</p><p>The American peak ran from the end of the Second World War to the mid-1970s. Three decades during which the country built the conditions of modern life as the world now knows it. </p><p>The interstate highway system rebuilt the country&#8217;s geography. The G.I. Bill produced the most educated generation in human history. Mass home ownership was broadly distributed for the first time anywhere on earth. Wages and productivity rose together &#8212; meaning a worker&#8217;s pay grew with the value the worker produced, the basic mechanism of a functioning middle class. American universities became the destination of the world&#8217;s best minds. </p><p>American science put humans on the moon. American culture &#8212; Hollywood, jazz, rock and roll, Broadway, the novel &#8212; became, for the first time in modern history, a culture exported globally on its own merits rather than imposed by empire. American corporations built the consumer goods, the airliners, the computers, the pharmaceuticals, and eventually the software that shaped twentieth-century life everywhere.</p><p>And underneath all of that, quieter but more consequential than any single industry, the United States built something no other country in history has built at scale: <strong>a financial system designed to allow ordinary citizens to accumulate wealth alongside the country itself. </strong></p><p>Wall Street made it possible for a worker with a regular paycheck to own a piece of the American economy through bonds, mutual funds, and eventually the S&amp;P 500 &#8212; an index that has compounded at roughly ten percent annually since 1957. Warren Buffett, who has spent a lifetime watching this system from inside it, has said that the only thing he holds true is to never bet against the American economy. </p><p>The reason that line carries weight is that the system has, for seventy years, allowed any American with the discipline to save to participate in the wealth of the country. That is not an accident of culture. <em><strong>That is the platform working precisely as the founding bet intended.</strong></em></p><p>It is true that this prosperity was not equally available to every American at the same moment. Black, Native, Latino, and Asian Americans confronted barriers that white Americans did not &#8212; barriers that took the civil-rights movement, generations of legal reform, and ongoing social work to begin dismantling. We will examine that fuller story in the next paper of this series. </p><p><strong>But the structural fact holds: </strong><em>the platform model, working as designed, produced the most powerful civilization the modern world had seen.</em> The wealth was real. The opportunities were real. The trajectory was upward.</p><p>Mexico&#8217;s peak was shorter and less internationally recognized &#8212; but inside its own borders, no less real. <em><strong>From roughly 1940 to 1970 &#8212; the period economists came to call the Mexican Miracle &#8212; Mexico grew at an average of 6.6 percent annually for three decades, one of the fastest sustained growth rates anywhere in the world during that period. Industrial production expanded at eight percent a year. </strong></em>Inflation held at three percent. The population doubled while the economy grew sixfold. Primary-school enrollment tripled. The Instituto Polit&#233;cnico Nacional and the Tec de Monterrey were founded. Mexican manufacturing diversified into steel, automobiles, textiles, consumer goods. </p><p><strong>A real Mexican middle class began to form</strong> in Mexico City, Monterrey, Guadalajara &#8212; smaller than the American version, but visible. The state-as-actor model, working as designed under the conditions of mid-century state-led development, produced the most prosperous Mexico the modern world had seen.</p><p>But Mexico never built the equivalent of the American financial platform. The Bolsa Mexicana de Valores has, today, roughly 130 listed companies. The New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ have more than 6,000 between them. The Mexican stock market exists, but it is not the wealth-creation engine for ordinary Mexicans that Wall Street has been for ordinary Americans &#8212; because it was never designed to be, and because the Mexican majority has never had the surplus income that would have made the question of investing relevant. Mexican culture has not been a culture of saving, investing and compounding. <em><strong>Not because Mexicans are different. Because the system did not produce the conditions in which a culture of compounding could form.</strong></em></p><p>Here too, the opportunity was not equally distributed. But the Mexican story of inequality is structurally different from the American one, and it is important to name precisely. </p><p>In Mexico, the citizens who built businesses and wealth during these decades were the smart and the determined &#8212; Mexican families who fought through a system whose rules changed constantly, sometimes from one presidency to the next. </p><p>Echeverr&#237;a in the 1970s took private land. Salinas in the 1990s privatized public assets. Pe&#241;a Nieto in 2013 opened the energy and telecommunications sectors to private capital. AMLO from 2018 closed those reforms and rebuilt the state&#8217;s central role. Each abrupt reversal destroyed the patient long-horizon investment that lasting prosperity requires. </p><p>The Mexicans who succeeded did so <em>despite</em> the constant rule-changing, not because the system was open to them. They built around the instability. They paid its price. The families behind <em><strong>Bimbo, Cemex, Femsa, Modelo, Gruma </strong></em>&#8212; and the <em><strong>directors and chefs and engineers</strong></em> who carried Mexico&#8217;s name onto world stages &#8212; proved that Mexican talent and ambition could compete at the highest global level when the work was done in the open, in real markets, against real competitors, without political shortcuts.</p><p>The Mexicans who did not succeed were not blocked by their fellow citizens. <em>They were blocked by a system designed, from the founding constitution onward, to place the largest opportunities in political hands &#8212; to be distributed through political networks, to political clients, on political timelines.</em></p><p>This is the precise diagnosis. Mexico&#8217;s problem is not its haves and its have-nots. <em><strong>Mexico&#8217;s problem is a state that has always been the gatekeeper of the largest opportunities</strong></em>, and a political class that has always treated those opportunities as currency to be traded rather than as a public commons to be built for everyone. </p><blockquote><p><em>Whether by design or by accumulated political convenience, the result has been the same. A majority that cannot save cannot accumulate. A majority that cannot accumulate cannot become independent of political patronage. A majority that is not independent of political patronage votes the way patronage requires.</em></p></blockquote><p>Then the world changed, and the two models adapted differently.</p><p>The American model bent toward financialization. Beginning in the late 1970s, the share of corporate profits going to finance began to climb. Wages decoupled from productivity &#8212; workers continued to produce more, but the gains began flowing increasingly to capital rather than to labor. Manufacturing left the heartland. The promise of college as a path to middle-class life began to require debt that the resulting wages could no longer service. The platform that had once secured broad citizen prosperity became, by degrees, a platform for capital extraction. The original bet still works for the top of the American distribution. It has stopped working, in any reliable way, for the middle.</p><p>The Mexican model did not adapt &#8212; because it could not adapt without rebuilding its underlying assumption. The state-led, inward-looking development strategy that had worked under conditions of protected markets and managed currencies broke against the realities of the 1980s &#8212; the oil shock, the debt crisis of 1982, the collapse of import substitution as a global development strategy. Mexico spent that decade in fiscal emergency. NAFTA in 1994 opened the Mexican economy to North American integration but did not reform the underlying state-centric architecture. The democratic opening from 1988 to 2000 modernized Mexico&#8217;s political institutions without changing its economic ones. Pemex and CFE, the engines of Mexican Miracle-era growth, became fiscal anchors instead. <em><strong>Today, Mexico&#8217;s economy grows at one to two percent in a good year. The country that grew at 6.6 percent for three decades now struggles to grow at two percent for one.</strong></em></p><p>Both countries, in other words, are operating today at a fraction of their own historical peaks. <em>This is not the story of nations that failed. This is the story of nations that succeeded, brilliantly, under one set of conditions &#8212; and have not yet figured out how to renew themselves under another.</em> </p><p>The American renewal will require rebuilding the platform so that prosperity flows broadly again, not only to the top. </p><p>The Mexican renewal will require something harder &#8212; a citizenry that decides, together, to build a system in which opportunity is open to everyone, not concentrated in political hands and distributed through political favor.</p><p>That is not a fight between Mexicans. That is a fight every Mexican has a stake in winning.</p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share The North American &#8212; 77</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>The playing fields of the United States and Mexico are far from similar.</strong> It is much harder to earn in <strong>Mexico </strong>than it is in the <strong>United States</strong>, and the evidence is one of the most consequential migrations of the modern era. <strong>More than ten million Mexicans have built their lives in the country next door. </strong>The money they send home &#8212; <em><strong>las remesas (Remitencies)</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; <strong>has become the single largest source of foreign income for Mexico, surpassing oil, surpassing foreign investment, surpassing tourism. </strong></p><p>Roughly <strong>sixty-three billion dollars in 2024 alone.</strong> A nation&#8217;s largest export is its own working-age citizens. No statistic captures the playing-field gap more honestly than that one.</p><div><hr></div><p>There is a popular saying across Mexico &#8212; <em><strong>tenemos el gobierno que nos merecemos.</strong></em><strong> </strong>It was first written by <strong>Joseph de Maistre,</strong> an eighteenth-century French monarchist who used it to argue that revolution against tyranny was futile. In his hands, it was a justification for political passivity.</p><p>That use is wrong. But the structural observation underneath is not. Societies produce their governments. The question is whether the producing is conscious or unconscious &#8212; whether a society is <em>building</em> the conditions of its political life or merely <em>suffering</em> them.</p><p>This is the question North America cannot afford to keep avoiding.</p><div><hr></div><p>We are two democracies in two different kinds of crisis. The United States has, over the past seventy-plus years, watched the system it built to make its private sector great become extractive of its own middle class. <strong>Trust in the federal government has collapsed from 77 percent in 1964 to 17 percent today. </strong>The ordinary American citizen is exhausted by a system that no longer lets him retire in peace.</p><p><strong>Mexico </strong>has, over the same period, watched its state become the <strong>central actor in everything </strong>&#8212; politically, economically, increasingly militarily &#8212; while individual Mexican excellence has flourished anyway, despite the state rather than through it. The Mexican citizen who stayed is, by most measures, afraid.</p><p>Both crises are real. Both could send their countries back decades if they are not addressed. Both, addressed honestly, hold the possibility of the largest renewal North America has seen in a century.</p><p><strong>The next piece in this series &#8212; </strong><em><strong>Paper II &#8212; The Broken Reflection</strong></em> &#8212; examines both nations in depth: how the United States got to seventeen-percent trust, how Mexico got to a state-centric democracy with an electorate that keeps voting for more of it, and what these two paths have in common underneath their opposite shapes.</p><p><strong>The third &#8212; </strong><em><strong>Paper III &#8212; Building the Citizenry</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; examines what each country can actually do about it. The honest version. Not left, not right. Not partisan, not utopian. The patient, generational work of becoming the kind of countries that produce the governments their citizens deserve.</p><div><hr></div><p>For now, the foundation.</p><p><strong>Governments are mirrors. </strong>The reflection we see is the reflection we built. Mirrors do not crack from the front. They crack from the back, slowly, in places we do not look &#8212; in the daily expectations we set for our governments, and in the daily standards we set for ourselves.</p><p>The mirror is not somewhere out there. The mirror is us.</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Eduardo Joffroy is the founder &amp; editor in chief of The North American &#8212; 77, a bilingual editorial platform on North America Integration. </em></p><h3><em>Paper I of III of the Series: The Reflexions of Our Nations a continental trilogy on governance, society, and the architecture of citizenship.</em></h3>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Los Gobiernos No Son Accidentes. Son Reflejos.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Los Gobiernos Son Espejos de las Sociedades Por qu&#233; las sociedades producen los l&#237;deres que producen &#8212; y por qu&#233; Norteam&#233;rica no puede permitirse otra generaci&#243;n de fingir lo contrario.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexiones-de-nuestras-nacione</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexiones-de-nuestras-nacione</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 19 May 2026 08:45:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Por Eduardo Joffroy G</strong></p><p><em>Reflejos de Nuestras Naciones &#183; Ensayo I</em></p><p><em><strong>Leer en ingl&#233;s: </strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/644bc7c2-48d6-475a-baad-2ea25a2d1ec1?postPreview=paid&amp;updated=2026-05-19T22%3A28%3A43.550Z&amp;audience=everyone&amp;free_preview=false&amp;freemail=true">Governments are not Accidents. They are Reflexions.</a></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg" width="1456" height="1102" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1102,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3358221,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/198379064?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p>De Clinton a Trump. De Fox a Sheinbaum. Treinta a&#241;os observando la pol&#237;tica norteamericana desde ambos lados de una sola l&#237;nea.</p><p>Una nota sobre el alcance. He vivido estos a&#241;os principalmente desde la costura entre Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico. La pol&#237;tica canadiense la he observado desde afuera; mi entendimiento es informado, pero no vivido. Este ensayo se enfoca en las dos democracias que conozco en los huesos. Canad&#225; recibir&#225; su propio tratamiento, en sus propios t&#233;rminos, en un ensayo futuro de esta serie.</p><p>El patr&#243;n que vino de esas d&#233;cadas no era partidista, ni siquiera particularmente nacional. Era estructural.</p><div><hr></div><p><em><strong>Los gobiernos no son accidentes. Son reflejos.</strong></em></p><blockquote><p>Los l&#237;deres que una naci&#243;n produce &#8212; y los l&#237;deres que tolera &#8212; son una medida de la naci&#243;n misma: de lo que cree, de lo que se le ha ense&#241;ado, de lo que es capaz de imaginar.</p></blockquote><p>Existen los buenos l&#237;deres. Algunos han entregado d&#233;cadas de su vida al servicio p&#250;blico, con frecuencia a un costo personal real, y han contribuido a moldear sus pa&#237;ses para mejor. Pero ni el mejor l&#237;der puede regalarle a un pa&#237;s algo que su ciudadan&#237;a a&#250;n no ha construido. El pa&#237;s que tenemos, al final, es el pa&#237;s que estamos construyendo juntos &#8212; d&#237;a a d&#237;a, elecci&#243;n por elecci&#243;n, conversaci&#243;n por conversaci&#243;n.</p><p>Esto no es una afirmaci&#243;n moral. Es una observaci&#243;n.</p><div><hr></div><p>Cruc&#233; la frontera entre M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos todos los d&#237;as durante trece a&#241;os de mi infancia. A los doce a&#241;os ya hab&#237;a acumulado m&#225;s horas en filas de aduana que las que la mayor&#237;a de las personas pasar&#225;n en toda su vida.</p><p>Lo que la frontera me ense&#241;&#243;, m&#225;s que cualquier otra cosa, fue que la diferencia entre los dos pa&#237;ses no era geogr&#225;fica, ni clim&#225;tica, ni siquiera econ&#243;mica. Era una diferencia de <em>expectativas.</em></p><p><strong>Del lado de Estados Unidos</strong>, la ciudad siempre estaba limpia, los polic&#237;as aplicaban la ley, los ciudadanos y visitantes respet&#225;bamos las normas, las leyes y la cultura &#8212; porque si no lo hac&#237;as, hab&#237;a consecuencias. El estado de derecho era menos un c&#243;digo escrito que un h&#225;bito diario de la mente.</p><p><strong>Del lado mexicano</strong>, a metros de distancia y a kil&#243;metros en la realidad, las expectativas se invert&#237;an. Las calles siempre sucias y nadie hac&#237;a nada. Las luces de la ciudad nunca uniformes y nadie reclamaba. Las calles desordenadas, sin se&#241;alizaci&#243;n &#8212; y simplemente as&#237; eran las cosas. Te pasabas los altos y no hab&#237;a consecuencias. Si te llegaba a parar un polic&#237;a, antes de levantarte una multa te ofrec&#237;a una salida r&#225;pida. No esperabas que la regla escrita fuera la regla aplicada. Y, en consecuencia, el comportamiento cotidiano de los ciudadanos comunes se ajustaba.</p><p>Los mexicanos no <em>fallamos</em> colectivamente en mantener el orden. Los mexicanos, en ausencia de cualquier expectativa de que el Estado lo mantuviera, organizamos nuestra vida diaria alrededor de su ausencia.</p><blockquote><p>Esta es la capa m&#225;s profunda del espejo. Un gobierno refleja las conductas, las costumbres y los h&#225;bitos de sus ciudadanos &#8212; y las conductas, costumbres y h&#225;bitos de los ciudadanos reflejan al gobierno que han aprendido a esperar.</p></blockquote><p>La relaci&#243;n es bidireccional. Produce, a lo largo de generaciones, un equilibrio c&#237;vico &#8212; una sociedad y su Estado molde&#225;ndose mutuamente en la forma con la que ambos tendr&#225;n que vivir.</p><div><hr></div><p>Antes de que cualquiera de los dos pa&#237;ses tuviera su primer presidente, cada uno ten&#237;a su primera frase. Esas frases anticiparon todo lo que vino despu&#233;s.</p><p><strong>Estados Unidos se declar&#243; a s&#237; mismo en existencia en 1776:</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>M&#233;xico se declar&#243; a s&#237; mismo en 1917, despu&#233;s de una revoluci&#243;n que hab&#237;a costado un mill&#243;n de vidas. El Art&#237;culo 39 de la nueva Constituci&#243;n:</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>La soberan&#237;a nacional reside esencial y originariamente en el pueblo. Todo poder p&#250;blico dimana del pueblo y se instituye para beneficio de &#233;ste.</em></p></blockquote><p>Ambos textos colocan la soberan&#237;a en el pueblo. </p><p>Pero los pa&#237;ses que constituyeron est&#225;n configurados de manera distinta. </p><p><strong>Los constituyentes estadounidenses escribieron un Estado dise&#241;ado para garantizar las </strong><em><strong>condiciones</strong></em><strong> bajo las cuales sus ciudadanos perseguir&#237;an sus propios fines. </strong></p><p><strong>Los constituyentes mexicanos escribieron un Estado dise&#241;ado para </strong><em><strong>entregar resultados</strong></em><strong> &#8212; educaci&#243;n, tierra, trabajo, dignidad &#8212; directamente a sus ciudadanos.</strong></p><ol><li><p><strong>El Estado estadounidense se constituy&#243; como plataforma.</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>El Estado mexicano se constituy&#243; como actor.</strong></p></li></ol><p>Dos apuestas opuestas, escritas en los documentos fundacionales. Cada pa&#237;s lleva un siglo viviendo las consecuencias.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Lo que cada pa&#237;s construy&#243; &#8212; y en lo que cada uno se convirti&#243;</h3><p>La apuesta que cada pa&#237;s hizo en su fundaci&#243;n no produjo resultados inmediatamente. A ambos les tom&#243; aproximadamente un siglo producir sus apogeos.</p><p><strong>El apogeo estadounidense corri&#243; desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta mediados de los a&#241;os setenta.</strong> Tres d&#233;cadas durante las cuales el pa&#237;s construy&#243; las condiciones de la vida moderna tal como el mundo la conoce hoy.</p><p>El sistema de autopistas interestatales reh&#237;zo la geograf&#237;a del pa&#237;s. La G.I. Bill produjo la generaci&#243;n m&#225;s educada de la historia humana. La propiedad masiva de vivienda se distribuy&#243; ampliamente por primera vez en cualquier lugar del planeta. Los salarios y la productividad subieron juntos &#8212; es decir, el sueldo de un trabajador crec&#237;a con el valor que el trabajador produc&#237;a, el mecanismo b&#225;sico de una clase media funcional. Las universidades estadounidenses se convirtieron en el destino de las mejores mentes del mundo.</p><p>La ciencia estadounidense puso humanos en la Luna. La cultura estadounidense &#8212; Hollywood, el jazz, el rock and roll, Broadway, la novela &#8212; se convirti&#243;, por primera vez en la historia moderna, en una cultura exportada globalmente por sus propios m&#233;ritos y no impuesta por imperio. Las empresas estadounidenses construyeron los bienes de consumo, los aviones, las computadoras, las farmac&#233;uticas y, eventualmente, el software que dieron forma a la vida del siglo XX en todas partes.</p><p>Y por debajo de todo eso, m&#225;s callado pero m&#225;s consecuente que cualquier industria individual, Estados Unidos construy&#243; algo que ning&#250;n otro pa&#237;s en la historia ha construido a escala: un sistema financiero dise&#241;ado para permitir que los ciudadanos comunes acumularan riqueza junto con el pa&#237;s mismo. </p><p>Wall Street hizo posible que un trabajador con un sueldo regular fuera due&#241;o de una parte de la econom&#237;a estadounidense a trav&#233;s de bonos, fondos mutuos y, eventualmente, el S&amp;P 500 &#8212; un &#237;ndice que se ha capitalizado a aproximadamente diez por ciento anual desde 1957. Warren Buffett, que ha pasado una vida observando este sistema desde adentro, ha dicho que lo &#250;nico en lo que cree con certeza es nunca apostar contra la econom&#237;a estadounidense.</p><p>La raz&#243;n por la que esa frase tiene peso es que el sistema, durante setenta a&#241;os, ha permitido que cualquier estadounidense con la disciplina de ahorrar participe en la riqueza del pa&#237;s. Eso no es un accidente cultural. Es la plataforma funcionando precisamente como la apuesta fundacional lo previ&#243;.</p><p>Es cierto que esta prosperidad no estuvo igualmente disponible para todos los estadounidenses al mismo tiempo. Los afroamericanos, los pueblos originarios, los latinos y los asi&#225;tico-americanos enfrentaron barreras que los estadounidenses blancos no enfrentaron &#8212; barreras que tomaron el movimiento de los derechos civiles, generaciones de reforma legal y un trabajo social que contin&#250;a, para comenzar a desmantelarse. Examinaremos esa historia m&#225;s completa en el siguiente ensayo de esta serie.</p><p>Pero el hecho estructural se sostiene: el modelo de plataforma, funcionando como fue dise&#241;ado, produjo la civilizaci&#243;n m&#225;s poderosa que el mundo moderno ha visto. La riqueza fue real. Las oportunidades fueron reales. La trayectoria fue ascendente.</p><p><strong>El apogeo de M&#233;xico fue m&#225;s corto y menos reconocido internacionalmente </strong>&#8212; pero dentro de sus propias fronteras, no menos real. Aproximadamente entre 1940 y 1970 &#8212; el per&#237;odo que los economistas llamaron el <em>Milagro Mexicano</em> &#8212; M&#233;xico creci&#243; a un promedio de 6.6 por ciento anual durante tres d&#233;cadas, una de las tasas de crecimiento sostenido m&#225;s r&#225;pidas en cualquier parte del mundo en ese per&#237;odo. La producci&#243;n industrial se expandi&#243; ocho por ciento al a&#241;o. </p><p>La inflaci&#243;n se mantuvo en tres por ciento. La poblaci&#243;n se duplic&#243; mientras la econom&#237;a creci&#243; seis veces. La matr&#237;cula en escuelas primarias se triplic&#243;. Se fundaron el Instituto Polit&#233;cnico Nacional y el Tec de Monterrey. La manufactura mexicana se diversific&#243; en acero, autom&#243;viles, textiles, bienes de consumo. Una clase media mexicana real comenz&#243; a formarse en la Ciudad de M&#233;xico, Monterrey, Guadalajara &#8212; m&#225;s peque&#241;a que la versi&#243;n estadounidense, pero visible. </p><p>El modelo de Estado-como-actor, funcionando como fue dise&#241;ado bajo las condiciones del desarrollo estatal de mediados del siglo XX, produjo el M&#233;xico m&#225;s pr&#243;spero que el mundo moderno hab&#237;a visto.</p><p><strong>Pero M&#233;xico nunca construy&#243; el equivalente de la plataforma financiera estadounidense. </strong>La Bolsa Mexicana de Valores tiene, hoy, aproximadamente 130 empresas listadas. La Bolsa de Nueva York y NASDAQ tienen m&#225;s de 6,000 entre ambas. El mercado de valores mexicano existe, pero no es el motor de creaci&#243;n de riqueza para los mexicanos comunes que Wall Street ha sido para los estadounidenses comunes &#8212; porque nunca fue dise&#241;ado para serlo, y porque la mayor&#237;a mexicana nunca ha tenido el ingreso excedente que habr&#237;a hecho relevante la pregunta de invertir. </p><p><em><strong>La cultura mexicana no ha sido una cultura de ahorrar, invertir y capitalizar. No porque los mexicanos seamos diferentes. Porque el sistema no produjo las condiciones en las que una cultura de capitalizaci&#243;n pudiera formarse.</strong></em></p><p>Aqu&#237; tambi&#233;n, la oportunidad no se distribuy&#243; por igual. Pero la historia mexicana de la desigualdad es estructuralmente diferente de la estadounidense, y es importante nombrarla con precisi&#243;n.</p><p>En M&#233;xico, los ciudadanos que construyeron negocios y riqueza durante esas d&#233;cadas fueron los inteligentes y los determinados &#8212; familias mexicanas que pelearon a trav&#233;s de un sistema cuyas reglas cambiaban constantemente, a veces de una presidencia a la siguiente.</p><blockquote><p>Echeverr&#237;a en los setenta tom&#243; tierra privada. Salinas en los noventa privatiz&#243; activos p&#250;blicos. Pe&#241;a Nieto en 2013 abri&#243; los sectores de energ&#237;a y telecomunicaciones al capital privado. AMLO desde 2018 cerr&#243; esas reformas y reconstruy&#243; el papel central del Estado. Cada reversa abrupta destruy&#243; la inversi&#243;n paciente de largo plazo que requiere la prosperidad duradera.</p></blockquote><p>Los mexicanos que tuvieron &#233;xito lo hicieron <em>a pesar</em> del cambio constante de reglas, no porque el sistema estuviera abierto a ellos. <em><strong>Construyeron alrededor de la inestabilidad. Pagaron su precio. Las familias detr&#225;s de Bimbo, Cemex, Femsa, Modelo, Gruma &#8212; y los directores, chefs e ingenieros que llevaron el nombre de M&#233;xico a los escenarios del mundo &#8212; demostraron que el talento y la ambici&#243;n mexicanos pod&#237;an competir al m&#225;s alto nivel global cuando el trabajo se hac&#237;a a la vista, en mercados reales, contra competidores reales, sin atajos pol&#237;ticos.</strong></em></p><p>Los mexicanos que no tuvieron &#233;xito no fueron bloqueados por sus compatriotas. Fueron bloqueados por un sistema dise&#241;ado, desde la Constituci&#243;n fundacional en adelante, para colocar las mayores oportunidades en manos pol&#237;ticas &#8212; para ser distribuidas a trav&#233;s de redes pol&#237;ticas, a clientes pol&#237;ticos, en tiempos pol&#237;ticos.</p><blockquote><p>Este es el diagn&#243;stico preciso. El problema de M&#233;xico no son sus <em>que tienen</em> y sus <em>que no tienen.</em> El problema de M&#233;xico es un Estado que siempre ha sido el guardi&#225;n de las mayores oportunidades, y una clase pol&#237;tica que siempre ha tratado esas oportunidades como moneda de cambio en vez de como un bien p&#250;blico para construirse para todos.</p></blockquote><p>Ya sea por dise&#241;o o por conveniencia pol&#237;tica acumulada, el resultado ha sido el mismo. Una mayor&#237;a que no puede ahorrar no puede acumular. Una mayor&#237;a que no puede acumular no puede volverse independiente del patrocinio pol&#237;tico. Una mayor&#237;a que no es independiente del patrocinio pol&#237;tico vota como el patrocinio lo requiere.</p><p>Entonces el mundo cambi&#243;, y los dos modelos se adaptaron de manera distinta.</p><p><strong>El modelo estadounidense </strong>se inclin&#243; hacia la financiarizaci&#243;n. A partir de finales de los a&#241;os setenta, la proporci&#243;n de las ganancias corporativas que iban a las finanzas comenz&#243; a subir. Los salarios se desacoplaron de la productividad &#8212; los trabajadores siguieron produciendo m&#225;s, pero las ganancias comenzaron a fluir cada vez m&#225;s al capital en lugar de al trabajo. </p><p>La manufactura abandon&#243; el coraz&#243;n industrial del pa&#237;s. La promesa de la universidad como camino a la vida de clase media comenz&#243; a requerir una deuda que los salarios resultantes ya no pod&#237;an sostener. La plataforma que alguna vez hab&#237;a asegurado la prosperidad amplia de los ciudadanos se convirti&#243;, gradualmente, en una plataforma de extracci&#243;n de capital. La apuesta original sigue funcionando para los de arriba de la distribuci&#243;n estadounidense. Ha dejado de funcionar, de manera confiable, para los del medio.</p><p><strong>El modelo mexicano no se adapt&#243;</strong> &#8212; porque no pod&#237;a adaptarse sin reconstruir su supuesto fundamental. La estrategia de desarrollo dirigida por el Estado y enfocada hacia adentro, que hab&#237;a funcionado bajo condiciones de mercados protegidos y monedas administradas, se rompi&#243; contra las realidades de los a&#241;os ochenta &#8212; el choque petrolero, la crisis de la deuda de 1982, el colapso de la sustituci&#243;n de importaciones como estrategia global de desarrollo. </p><p>M&#233;xico pas&#243; esa d&#233;cada en emergencia fiscal. El TLCAN en 1994 abri&#243; la econom&#237;a mexicana a la integraci&#243;n norteamericana pero no reform&#243; la arquitectura estatal subyacente. La apertura democr&#225;tica de 1988 a 2000 moderniz&#243; las instituciones pol&#237;ticas mexicanas sin cambiar las econ&#243;micas. Pemex y CFE, los motores del crecimiento de la era del Milagro Mexicano, se convirtieron en anclas fiscales. Hoy, la econom&#237;a mexicana crece uno o dos por ciento en un buen a&#241;o. El pa&#237;s que creci&#243; a 6.6 por ciento durante tres d&#233;cadas hoy lucha por crecer al dos por ciento durante uno.</p><blockquote><p>Ambos pa&#237;ses, en otras palabras, est&#225;n operando hoy a una fracci&#243;n de sus propios apogeos hist&#243;ricos. Esta no es la historia de naciones que fracasaron. Es la historia de naciones que tuvieron &#233;xito, brillantemente, bajo un conjunto de condiciones &#8212; y que a&#250;n no han descubierto c&#243;mo renovarse bajo otro.</p></blockquote><p><strong>La renovaci&#243;n estadounidense</strong> requerir&#225; reconstruir la plataforma de manera que la prosperidad fluya ampliamente otra vez, no s&#243;lo hacia arriba.</p><p><strong>La renovaci&#243;n mexicana </strong>requerir&#225; algo m&#225;s dif&#237;cil &#8212; una ciudadan&#237;a que decida, juntos, construir un sistema en el que la oportunidad est&#233; abierta para todos, no concentrada en manos pol&#237;ticas y distribuida a trav&#233;s del favor pol&#237;tico.</p><p>Esa no es una pelea entre mexicanos. Es una pelea en la que cada mexicano tiene algo que ganar.</p><div><hr></div><p>Las canchas de juego de Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico est&#225;n lejos de ser similares. Es mucho m&#225;s dif&#237;cil ganarse la vida en M&#233;xico que en Estados Unidos, y la evidencia es una de las migraciones m&#225;s consecuentes de la era moderna. M&#225;s de diez millones de mexicanos han construido sus vidas en el pa&#237;s de al lado. </p><p>El dinero que env&#237;an a casa &#8212; <em>las remesas</em> &#8212; se ha convertido en la fuente m&#225;s grande de ingreso extranjero para M&#233;xico, superando al petr&#243;leo, superando a la inversi&#243;n extranjera, superando al turismo. Aproximadamente sesenta y tres mil millones de d&#243;lares solamente en 2024. La mayor exportaci&#243;n de una naci&#243;n son sus propios ciudadanos en edad de trabajar. Ninguna estad&#237;stica captura m&#225;s honestamente la brecha entre las canchas de juego que esa.</p><div><hr></div><p>Existe un dicho popular en M&#233;xico &#8212; <em><strong>tenemos el gobierno que nos merecemos</strong>.</em> Su autor original fue <strong>Joseph de Maistre</strong>, un monarquista franc&#233;s del siglo XVIII que us&#243; la frase para argumentar que la revoluci&#243;n contra la tiran&#237;a era in&#250;til. En sus manos, fue una justificaci&#243;n de la pasividad pol&#237;tica.</p><p>Ese uso es falso. Pero la observaci&#243;n estructural que est&#225; debajo no lo es. Las sociedades producen sus gobiernos. La pregunta es si la producci&#243;n es consciente o inconsciente &#8212; si una sociedad est&#225; <em>construyendo</em> las condiciones de su vida pol&#237;tica o simplemente <em>sufri&#233;ndolas.</em></p><p>Esta es la pregunta que Norteam&#233;rica ya no puede seguir evadiendo.</p><div><hr></div><p>Somos dos democracias en dos tipos distintos de crisis. <strong>Estados Unidos </strong>ha visto, durante los &#250;ltimos setenta y tantos a&#241;os, c&#243;mo el sistema que construy&#243; para hacer grande a su sector privado se ha vuelto extractivo de su propia clase media. La confianza en el gobierno federal se ha desplomado del 77 por ciento en 1964 al 17 por ciento de hoy. El ciudadano estadounidense com&#250;n est&#225; agotado por un sistema que ya no le permite retirarse en paz.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico ha visto, durante el mismo per&#237;odo, c&#243;mo su Estado se convierte en el actor central de todo </strong>&#8212; pol&#237;tica, econ&#243;mica y crecientemente militarmente &#8212; mientras la excelencia individual mexicana ha florecido a pesar del Estado, no a trav&#233;s de &#233;l. El ciudadano mexicano que se qued&#243; est&#225;, por la mayor&#237;a de las medidas, asustado.</p><p>Ambas crisis son reales. Ambas podr&#237;an enviar a sus pa&#237;ses d&#233;cadas hacia atr&#225;s si no se atienden. Ambas, atendidas con honestidad, contienen la posibilidad de la renovaci&#243;n m&#225;s grande que Norteam&#233;rica haya visto en un siglo.</p><p><strong>La siguiente pieza de esta serie &#8212; </strong><em><strong>Ensayo II &#8212; El Reflejo Roto</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; examina a fondo ambas naciones: c&#243;mo Estados Unidos lleg&#243; al 17 por ciento de confianza, c&#243;mo M&#233;xico lleg&#243; a una democracia centrada en el Estado con un electorado que sigue votando por m&#225;s de lo mismo, y qu&#233; tienen estos dos caminos en com&#250;n por debajo de sus formas opuestas.</p><p><strong>El tercero &#8212; </strong><em><strong>Ensayo III &#8212; Construyendo la Ciudadan&#237;a</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; examina lo que cada pa&#237;s realmente puede hacer al respecto. La versi&#243;n honesta. Sin izquierda, sin derecha. Sin partidismo, sin utopismo. El trabajo paciente y generacional de convertirse en el tipo de pa&#237;ses que producen los gobiernos que sus ciudadanos merecen.</p><div><hr></div><p>Por ahora, la fundaci&#243;n.</p><blockquote><p>Los gobiernos son espejos. El reflejo que vemos es el reflejo que construimos. Los espejos no se rompen por el frente. Se rompen por detr&#225;s, lentamente, en los lugares que no miramos &#8212; en las expectativas diarias que tenemos de nuestros gobiernos, y en los est&#225;ndares diarios que tenemos de nosotros mismos.</p></blockquote><p>El espejo no est&#225; all&#225; afuera. El espejo somos nosotros.</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Eduardo Joffroy es el fundador de The North American &#8212; 77, una plataforma editorial biling&#252;e sobre Norteam&#233;rica como un proyecto continental.</em></p><p><em>Este es el <strong>Ensayo I</strong> de tres en <strong>Los Gobiernos No Son Accidentes. Son Reflejos</strong>. &#8212; una trilog&#237;a continental sobre gobernanza, sociedad y la arquitectura de la ciudadan&#237;a.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[El Umbral del Continente Está sin Terminar]]></title><description><![CDATA[Infraestructura fronteriza: la decisi&#243;n que define a Norteam&#233;rica]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/el-umbral-pendiente</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/el-umbral-pendiente</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel E. Familiar]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 08 May 2026 15:25:16 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>El umbral pendiente</strong></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Infraestructura fronteriza: la decisi&#243;n que define a Norteam&#233;rica</em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The North American &#8212; 77 is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RCZY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fece04e87-3a7e-43cd-86a0-078d0ce0d2b4_702x468.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RCZY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fece04e87-3a7e-43cd-86a0-078d0ce0d2b4_702x468.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RCZY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fece04e87-3a7e-43cd-86a0-078d0ce0d2b4_702x468.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RCZY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fece04e87-3a7e-43cd-86a0-078d0ce0d2b4_702x468.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RCZY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fece04e87-3a7e-43cd-86a0-078d0ce0d2b4_702x468.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Puente Internacional / Laredo, Texas. El flujo ya existe. La infraestructura, no.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">(Please find ENGLISH VERSION below)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hay una l&#237;nea que atraviesa este continente de costa a costa, de Tijuana a Matamoros, que genera <strong>casi un bill&#243;n de d&#243;lares</strong> en comercio cada a&#241;o. Por ella cruzan diariamente <strong>m&#225;s de tres mil millones de d&#243;lares</strong> en bienes: autopartes, electr&#243;nicos, dispositivos m&#233;dicos, productos frescos que llegan a las mesas de Norteam&#233;rica cuando ning&#250;n otro lugar del continente puede producirlos. Es la frontera comercial m&#225;s activa del mundo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La infraestructura que la procesa no lo sabe.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">M&#233;xico es hoy el principal socio comercial de Estados Unidos, habiendo desplazado a China y Canad&#225;. El intercambio bilateral alcanz&#243; <strong>935 mil millones de d&#243;lares en 2024</strong>. El transporte terrestre mueve el <strong>72%</strong> de ese valor, camiones y trenes conectando cadenas de suministro tan integradas que un veh&#237;culo t&#237;pico cruza la frontera <strong>diecisiete veces</strong> antes de estar terminado. La integraci&#243;n no es una aspiraci&#243;n ni un proyecto pol&#237;tico pendiente. Es un hecho econ&#243;mico cotidiano, profundo, y estructuralmente irreversible.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Lo que no acompa&#241;a a ese hecho es la infraestructura que lo merece.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Los puertos de entrada m&#225;s activos operan por encima de su capacidad original de dise&#241;o. Los tiempos de cruce para veh&#237;culos comerciales superan con frecuencia las <strong>siete horas</strong>. Los productos perecederos que viajan en esos camiones representan <strong>nueve mil millones de d&#243;lares</strong> diarios en valor que se deteriora con cada hora de espera. La investigaci&#243;n es precisa: una reducci&#243;n de diez minutos en los tiempos de espera aduanal incrementar&#237;a la producci&#243;n bruta total entre <strong>1.1% y 1.8%</strong> en cada estado fronterizo mexicano. <strong>Diez minutos</strong>. El costo de la inacci&#243;n no es abstracto ni dif&#237;cil de calcular. Es medible, acumulable, y est&#225; creciendo al ritmo del comercio que no para.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Porque ese comercio no va a disminuir. Va a multiplicarse.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>El nearshoring</em>, la relocalizaci&#243;n de cadenas de manufactura desde Asia hacia M&#233;xico para servir al mercado norteamericano, est&#225; reescribiendo la geograf&#237;a industrial del continente. Del mercado global de relocalizaci&#243;n estimado en <strong>1.5 billones de d&#243;lares</strong> para esta segunda mitad de la d&#233;cada, proyecciones serias sugieren que hasta <strong>45%</strong> podr&#237;a dirigirse a M&#233;xico. Los estados fronterizos, Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Le&#243;n, Tamaulipas, son los receptores naturales de esa ola. Ya la est&#225;n recibiendo. La pregunta no es si el flujo llegar&#225;. La pregunta es si habr&#225; algo digno de recibirlo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La brecha entre lo que estas ciudades generan y lo que reciben no es una falla t&#233;cnica. Es una decisi&#243;n acumulada.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png" width="750" height="410" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:410,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:80207,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>La brecha que el comercio ya no puede subsidiar. Comercio bilateral vs. inversi&#243;n en infraestructura fronteriza 2000&#8211;2024.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Eduardo Joffroy identific&#243; en esta serie cinco umbrales para la transformaci&#243;n de Norteam&#233;rica. El cuarto es infraestructura de ciudades fronterizas. Este ensayo lo desarrolla desde donde ese argumento se vuelve concreto: el capital que lo financia, la comunidad que lo sostiene, y la decisi&#243;n de construir antes de que la demanda lo exija.</em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Un cruce fronterizo no es infraestructura de tr&#225;nsito. Es la primera instituci&#243;n que el mundo encuentra.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Antes de que se firme un contrato, antes de que se celebre una reuni&#243;n, antes de que se construya una sola relaci&#243;n comercial, un puerto, un aeropuerto, un cruce terrestre le dice a cada inversionista, cada operador log&#237;stico, cada socio potencial exactamente con qu&#233; tipo de lugar est&#225; tratando. No lo dice con palabras. Lo dice con el tiempo que tarda en procesar un cami&#243;n. Con la calidad de su tecnolog&#237;a de inspecci&#243;n. Con si el agente aduanal opera desde una cultura de facilitaci&#243;n o desde una cultura punitiva. Con si el cruce tiene energ&#237;a confiable, conectividad digital, protocolos integrados, o si improvisa cada ma&#241;ana con lo que tiene.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Esa declaraci&#243;n es instant&#225;nea. Y es dif&#237;cil de desmentir con argumentos posteriores.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">La asimetr&#237;a entre los dos lados de la frontera no es de recursos ni de talento. Es de cultura institucional. El lado estadounidense opera desde un principio de facilitaci&#243;n: cada hora de retraso tiene un costo que el sistema reconoce y trata de evitar. El lado mexicano opera con demasiada frecuencia desde un principio de control, la revisi&#243;n como acto de autoridad antes que como acto de servicio. El resultado es un sistema que es lento y defensivo precisamente donde necesita ser r&#225;pido y abierto.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Eso tiene un nombre t&#233;cnico en la literatura de desarrollo econ&#243;mico. Se llama <em>gravedad institucional negativa</em>. La infraestructura no atrae, repele. No acumula confianza, la erosiona. Y la erosi&#243;n es costosa porque opera en ambas direcciones.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hacia afuera, le dice al mundo que este corredor es un factor de riesgo, no un activo. Hacia adentro, le dice a la comunidad que la rodea algo m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de cuantificar pero igualmente real: que nadie ha decidido que ella merece algo mejor. Las ciudades fronterizas mexicanas son, con demasiada frecuencia, las m&#225;s descuidadas del continente. No porque su funci&#243;n sea menor. Sino porque su funci&#243;n nunca ha sido traducida en inversi&#243;n proporcional a lo que generan. Y una comunidad que convive durante d&#233;cadas con infraestructura que no la dignifica aprende, gradualmente, a no esperar que las cosas funcionen. Ese aprendizaje tiene un costo econ&#243;mico directo: en la calidad del capital humano que produce, en su tolerancia al riesgo, en su demanda de instituciones formales sobre alternativas informales.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La infraestructura no es neutral. Declara intenciones.</strong></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png" width="750" height="410" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:410,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:66543,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Lo que diez minutos valen en cada estado fronterizo. Incremento proyectado en Producci&#243;n Bruta Total.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La pregunta no es c&#243;mo mejorar lo que existe. Es qu&#233; tendr&#237;a que construirse si se empezara hoy, sabiendo lo que sabemos sobre los pr&#243;ximos diez a&#241;os.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">La respuesta no es una versi&#243;n m&#225;s grande de la infraestructura del siglo pasado. Es una categor&#237;a distinta. Un hub fronterizo de clase mundial no se dise&#241;a para el flujo actual. Se dise&#241;a para el flujo que el <em>nearshoring</em>, la electromovilidad, el comercio digital y la reconfiguraci&#243;n de cadenas de suministro globales van a generar antes de que termine esta d&#233;cada. Construir para lo que ya existe es garantizar obsolescencia desde el primer d&#237;a.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png" width="702" height="396" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:396,&quot;width&quot;:702,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:634291,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Hub log&#237;stico multimodal de clase mundial. El est&#225;ndar que el nearshoring exige, no el que se improvisa.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El primer componente es energ&#237;a</strong>, y tiene que estar resuelto desde el dise&#241;o, no agregado despu&#233;s. Los estados fronterizos mexicanos tienen entre los recursos solares m&#225;s abundantes del continente. Sonora recibe radiaci&#243;n solar entre las m&#225;s altas del mundo. Un hub que no aprovecha ese recurso desde su concepci&#243;n no es un hub de clase mundial, es una instalaci&#243;n industrial con paneles decorativos. La energ&#237;a renovable integrada no es una concesi&#243;n a la agenda clim&#225;tica. Es una condici&#243;n para competir: las empresas globales que est&#225;n relocalizando operaciones tienen compromisos de emisiones netas que sus consejos de administraci&#243;n monitorean trimestralmente. Un corredor que no puede garantizarles energ&#237;a limpia, confiable y a precio competitivo no est&#225; en su lista de opciones, independientemente de la geograf&#237;a.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El segundo componente es digital</strong>, y opera en dos capas simult&#225;neas. La primera es la plataforma de facilitaci&#243;n comercial: prevalidaci&#243;n documental, trazabilidad en tiempo real, despacho aduanal integrado que reduce d&#237;as a horas y horas a minutos. El resultado no es solo eficiencia operativa. Es que el costo de ser formal se vuelve inferior al costo de ser informal. Esa inversi&#243;n de la ecuaci&#243;n es la pol&#237;tica de seguridad m&#225;s efectiva que existe. La segunda capa es la de seguridad activa: monitoreo inteligente, protocolos de verificaci&#243;n que identifican lo il&#237;cito sin detener lo leg&#237;timo, tecnolog&#237;a que hace que el cruce legal sea m&#225;s r&#225;pido que cualquier alternativa. Seguridad no como barrera adicional sino como atributo del dise&#241;o.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El tercer componente es log&#237;stico</strong> en el sentido m&#225;s amplio: capacidad multimodal que conecta el cruce terrestre con corredor ferroviario, con almacenamiento inteligente, con distribuci&#243;n de &#250;ltima milla hacia los mercados de consumo del suroeste americano. Los grandes operadores log&#237;sticos globales ya est&#225;n expandiendo su presencia en la franja fronteriza porque ven lo que viene. Un hub de clase mundial no los atrae despu&#233;s de construirse. Los incorpora desde la mesa de dise&#241;o como socios de la infraestructura misma.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El cuarto componente es el que raramente aparece en los estudios de infraestructura</strong> y es el que m&#225;s importa para el largo plazo: la comunidad que lo rodea. Un hub que extrae valor de su territorio sin devolv&#233;rselo en forma de servicios, empleo calificado, educaci&#243;n t&#233;cnica y espacios dignos no es sostenible. No en t&#233;rminos sociales solamente. En t&#233;rminos financieros. Los fondos de infraestructura que comprometen capital a veinte o treinta a&#241;os saben que la estabilidad social del entorno es una variable del retorno, no una externalidad. Una comunidad que cree en lo que su infraestructura declara sobre ella produce el capital humano que el hub necesita para operar a est&#225;ndar mundial. Una que no lo cree produce rotaci&#243;n, informalidad y fricci&#243;n.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La dignidad territorial no es el opuesto del caso de negocio. Es parte de &#233;l.</strong></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png" width="702" height="396" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:396,&quot;width&quot;:702,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:571313,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Planta solar en Sonora. El recurso ya existe. La decisi&#243;n de integrarlo desde el dise&#241;o, todav&#237;a no.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Un hub de clase mundial mal gobernado es m&#225;s costoso que no tenerlo.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">No es una afirmaci&#243;n te&#243;rica. Es la lecci&#243;n que dejaron d&#233;cadas de infraestructura p&#250;blica en Am&#233;rica Latina entregada a estructuras que no ten&#237;an los incentivos correctos para mantener lo que construyeron. El activo se deprecia. Los est&#225;ndares se relajan. El capital que lleg&#243; con expectativas institucionales se va con lecciones aprendidas. Y la comunidad que crey&#243; en la promesa del proyecto aprende, una vez m&#225;s, que las promesas grandes tienen vida corta.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La pregunta de qui&#233;n opera un hub fronterizo de clase mundial no es administrativa. Es estrat&#233;gica. Y tiene una respuesta t&#233;cnica precisa que no depende de ninguna ideolog&#237;a pol&#237;tica ni de ninguna coyuntura de gobierno.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El operador correcto es aquel cuyos incentivos est&#225;n alineados con el desempe&#241;o de largo plazo del activo</strong>, no con los objetivos de corto plazo de quien lo nombr&#243;. Eso describe una categor&#237;a espec&#237;fica de entidad: operadores privados especializados con concesiones de largo plazo, m&#233;tricas de desempe&#241;o p&#250;blicas y verificables, y estructuras de gobierno que separan con claridad quien regula de quien opera. No es una figura nueva. Es el modelo que construy&#243; los mejores puertos y aeropuertos del mundo, desde los grupos aeroportuarios latinoamericanos que transformaron infraestructura p&#250;blica deteriorada en activos de est&#225;ndar internacional, hasta los operadores portuarios que llevan d&#233;cadas demostrando que la infraestructura de comercio no requiere propiedad estatal para servir al inter&#233;s p&#250;blico.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Lo que hace robusto a ese modelo no es la privatizaci&#243;n en s&#237;. Es la arquitectura de rendici&#243;n de cuentas que lo acompa&#241;a.</strong> Contratos de concesi&#243;n con est&#225;ndares de servicio vinculantes. M&#233;tricas de tiempos de cruce, vol&#250;menes procesados, incidentes de seguridad y satisfacci&#243;n de usuarios que se publican con periodicidad y que tienen consecuencias contractuales si no se cumplen. Supervisi&#243;n regulatoria independiente del operador y del gobierno concedente. Y estructuras de gobierno interno que sobreviven cambios de administraci&#243;n porque no deben su existencia a ninguna administraci&#243;n espec&#237;fica.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Esa arquitectura resuelve el problema que ninguna buena intenci&#243;n puede resolver por s&#237; sola: el de los incentivos mal dise&#241;ados.</strong> Cuando quien opera la infraestructura gana si funciona bien y pierde si funciona mal, y cuando ese v&#237;nculo est&#225; establecido en un contrato que ninguna decisi&#243;n pol&#237;tica unilateral puede deshacer, el est&#225;ndar se mantiene. No porque los operadores sean virtuosos. Porque el sistema est&#225; dise&#241;ado para que la virtud y el inter&#233;s propio apunten en la misma direcci&#243;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El capital institucional de largo plazo entiende esto mejor que nadie. Un fondo soberano que eval&#250;a participar en infraestructura fronteriza no est&#225; evaluando solo el flujo de comercio subyacente. Est&#225; evaluando la calidad de la gobernanza que protege ese flujo a lo largo de d&#233;cadas. La pregunta que hace antes de comprometer capital no es cu&#225;ntos camiones cruzan hoy. Es qui&#233;n garantiza que el activo seguir&#225; funcionando a est&#225;ndar cuando cambien los gobiernos, cuando cambien los mercados, cuando cambien las personas que tomaron la decisi&#243;n original de construir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La respuesta a esa pregunta es la gobernanza. Y la gobernanza no se improvisa despu&#233;s. Se dise&#241;a desde el principio, con la misma </strong><em><strong>disciplina</strong></em><strong> con que se dise&#241;a la ingenier&#237;a del cruce o la estructura financiera del proyecto.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Un hub que no resuelve esto antes de poner la primera piedra no est&#225; construyendo infraestructura de clase mundial. Est&#225; construyendo el siguiente ejemplo de por qu&#233; estas cosas no funcionan.</strong></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El obst&#225;culo convencional para la infraestructura fronteriza de clase mundial no es t&#233;cnico ni geogr&#225;fico. Es narrativo. La historia que se cuenta sobre estos proyectos los sit&#250;a en la categor&#237;a de obra p&#250;blica, lo que significa esperar alineaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica entre tres gobiernos soberanos, ciclos presupuestales que no coinciden con ciclos de inversi&#243;n, y voluntad institucional que aparece y desaparece con cada administraci&#243;n. Esa historia ha sido suficientemente costosa. Ha mantenido durante d&#233;cadas una brecha que el comercio ya no puede seguir subsidiando.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Hay otra historia disponible. Y tiene mejores fundamentos financieros.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La infraestructura log&#237;stica fronteriza de clase mundial es, por su naturaleza, un activo de retorno estable, largo plazo y respaldado por flujos reales.</strong> El comercio bilateral entre M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos no depende de un ciclo pol&#237;tico. Depende de cadenas de suministro que tardaron d&#233;cadas en construirse y que ning&#250;n arancel va a desmantelar de manera permanente porque el costo de hacerlo recae sobre ambos lados. Ese es el activo subyacente: flujo estructural, no c&#237;clico. Es exactamente el perfil que los fondos de infraestructura institucional, fondos soberanos, fondos de pensiones, capital de largo plazo buscan cuando diversifican fuera de sus mercados de origen.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La arquitectura de capital para un hub fronterizo de clase mundial sigue una secuencia que tiene su propia l&#243;gica. El capital privado entra primero porque puede moverse con la velocidad y la flexibilidad que el capital p&#250;blico no tiene. El capital extranjero estrat&#233;gico, fondos soberanos con mandatos de infraestructura y horizonte generacional, entra cuando el proyecto tiene estructura, tiene terreno, tiene concesi&#243;n y tiene un caso financiero que resiste el escrutinio institucional. El capital local estrat&#233;gico, el que conoce el territorio, las relaciones y los riesgos espec&#237;ficos que ning&#250;n modelo financiero captura completamente, es el que da credibilidad al proyecto frente a las comunidades y autoridades locales. Y la banca de desarrollo, el NADB, el IFC, instituciones dise&#241;adas precisamente para reducir el costo de capital en proyectos con alto impacto regional, entra como catalizador que mejora las condiciones para todos los dem&#225;s.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El gobierno no lidera esta secuencia. Llega cuando el proyecto ya tiene forma, ya tiene capital comprometido, ya tiene el caso construido. Y cuando llega, su &#250;nica opci&#243;n razonable es decir que s&#237; a algo que ya funciona sin &#233;l.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Eso no es una cr&#237;tica al gobierno. Es una descripci&#243;n de c&#243;mo se construye infraestructura de clase mundial en econom&#237;as que no pueden darse el lujo de esperar.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png" width="750" height="410" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:410,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:87499,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>La arquitectura de capital: cinco actores, cinco roles, una secuencia. El gobierno participa como habilitador esencial.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Norteam&#233;rica es ya la regi&#243;n econ&#243;mica m&#225;s integrada del planeta.</strong> No lo decidi&#243; en una cumbre. No lo proclam&#243; ning&#250;n documento pol&#237;tico. Lo construy&#243;, decisi&#243;n por decisi&#243;n, cadena de suministro por cadena de suministro, a lo largo de tres d&#233;cadas de comercio que no par&#243; ni cuando los gobiernos se pelearon ni cuando las pandemias cerraron fronteras ni cuando los aranceles amenazaron con deshacer lo que el mercado hab&#237;a tardado a&#241;os en tejer.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Lo que no construy&#243; fue la infraestructura que esa integraci&#243;n merece.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">La frontera entre M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos tiene m&#225;s de tres mil kil&#243;metros. A lo largo de ella operan decenas de cruces terrestres, puertos de entrada, corredores log&#237;sticos que conectan las econom&#237;as del continente con una precisi&#243;n y una interdependencia que ning&#250;n mapa pol&#237;tico captura completamente. <strong>Cada uno de esos nodos es un umbral.</strong> Y cada umbral es una declaraci&#243;n, hecha en piedra y acero y tiempo de espera, sobre lo que este continente ha decidido que vale la inversi&#243;n de construirlo bien.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El <em>nearshoring</em> est&#225; forzando una decisi&#243;n que se posterg&#243; demasiado. <strong>Las cadenas de manufactura que se est&#225;n relocalizando desde Asia hacia M&#233;xico no son visitantes.</strong> Son inversiones de largo plazo que llegan con expectativas de est&#225;ndar global y con la movilidad suficiente para irse si el entorno no las sostiene. Brasil est&#225; construyendo. Vietnam est&#225; construyendo. India est&#225; construyendo. <strong>La ventana que el momento geopol&#237;tico abri&#243; para M&#233;xico y para Norteam&#233;rica no es permanente.</strong> Tiene la duraci&#243;n de la decisi&#243;n de invertir o no invertir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Los nodos donde esa decisi&#243;n se materializa primero no son las capitales. Son los cruces. Son los puertos. Son las ciudades fronterizas que llevan d&#233;cadas sosteniendo el flujo continental desde infraestructura que no las dignifica y que por primera vez en su historia tienen a su favor no solo la geograf&#237;a y la integraci&#243;n econ&#243;mica sino el capital global buscando exactamente el tipo de activo que ellas representan.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Tijuana y San Diego comparten ya una de las regiones de mayor densidad de manufactura avanzada del hemisferio occidental. Ciudad Ju&#225;rez y El Paso forman el corredor automotriz y electr&#243;nico m&#225;s activo del continente. Nuevo Laredo y Laredo procesan m&#225;s del <strong>37%</strong> del comercio terrestre bilateral. Nogales es la puerta por donde entra a Norteam&#233;rica la producci&#243;n agr&#237;cola que alimenta el continente en invierno. Cada uno de esos nodos tiene la demanda, tiene la geograf&#237;a, y tiene la justificaci&#243;n financiera para convertirse en infraestructura de clase mundial. Lo que ha faltado es la decisi&#243;n de tratarlos como lo que son: activos estrat&#233;gicos continentales, no problemas fronterizos locales.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Esa reclasificaci&#243;n no es sem&#225;ntica. Cambia qui&#233;n financia, qui&#233;n opera, qui&#233;n gobierna y qui&#233;n se sienta a la mesa cuando se dise&#241;a el proyecto. Un problema fronterizo local atrae soluciones locales con presupuestos locales y horizontes de un sexenio. Un activo estrat&#233;gico continental atrae capital institucional de largo plazo, operadores con est&#225;ndares globales, y el tipo de gobernanza que hace que lo construido dure m&#225;s que quien lo construy&#243;.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">La infraestructura narrativa de Norteam&#233;rica, otro de los umbrales que esta serie est&#225; construyendo, empieza aqu&#237;. No en las capitales donde se firman los tratados. En los cruces donde se procesa lo que esos tratados prometieron. En las ciudades que llevan d&#233;cadas demostrando, turno por turno, cami&#243;n por cami&#243;n, que pueden sostener flujos de clase mundial con lo que les han dado.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El estereotipo de la ciudad fronteriza no sobrevive a un hub de clase mundial que funciona.</strong> No porque alguien lo haya refutado con argumentos. Sino porque la realidad construida lo hace irrelevante. Una ciudad con infraestructura digna produce ciudadanos que esperan dignidad institucional. Esa expectativa es contagiosa y acumulable. Es la forma m&#225;s duradera de cambio cultural que existe, no la que se declara desde un podio sino la que se construye en el territorio y se vive todos los d&#237;as.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Hay una deuda pendiente con estas ciudades. No sentimental. Econ&#243;mica. Llevan d&#233;cadas generando valor continental desde infraestructura que no refleja ese valor. El comercio que fluye por sus cruces financia econom&#237;as que no les devuelven en infraestructura lo que ellas producen en flujo. Esa ecuaci&#243;n es corregible. Y el momento para corregirla no es cuando la demanda desborde lo que existe, sino antes, con la misma l&#243;gica con que se construye cualquier activo de largo plazo: adelantarse a la curva, no perseguirla.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Norteam&#233;rica no necesita m&#225;s argumentos sobre su potencial integrado.</strong> Tiene <strong>935 mil millones de d&#243;lares</strong> en comercio bilateral que demuestran que la integraci&#243;n ya ocurri&#243;. Lo que necesita es la <em>disciplina</em> de construir la infraestructura que ese hecho econ&#243;mico exige. Ciudad por ciudad. Cruce por cruce. Con capital que entiende el horizonte, con gobernanza que sobrevive los ciclos pol&#237;ticos, y con el reconocimiento de que las comunidades que sostienen este continente merecen ver ese reconocimiento construido a su alrededor.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Eso no es una visi&#243;n. Es una decisi&#243;n.</strong></p></blockquote><p></p><p><strong>ENGLISH</strong></p><h2><strong>The Continent&#8217;s Gateway is Unfinished</strong></h2><p><em>Why border infrastructure is the decision that defines North America</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png" width="702" height="468" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:468,&quot;width&quot;:702,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:773680,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>International Bridge / Laredo, Texas. The flow already exists. The infrastructure does not.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">There is a line that runs across this continent from the Pacific to the Gulf that moves <strong>nearly a trillion dollars</strong> in commerce every year. More than <strong>three billion dollars</strong> in goods cross it daily: auto parts, electronics, medical devices, fresh produce that feeds North America through winters no other region can cover. It is the most active commercial border on the planet.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The infrastructure processing that flow does not know it.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mexico is today the United States&#8217; largest trading partner, having displaced China and Canada. Bilateral goods and services trade reached <strong>935 billion dollars in 2024</strong>. Surface transportation moves <strong>72%</strong> of that value, trucks and trains linking supply chains so integrated that a typical vehicle crosses the border <strong>seventeen times</strong> before it is finished. The integration is not an aspiration or a pending political project. It is a daily economic fact, structural and irreversible.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>What has not accompanied that fact is the infrastructure it deserves.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The busiest ports of entry operate above their original design capacity. Commercial vehicle wait times frequently exceed <strong>seven hours</strong>. The perishable goods moving in those trucks represent <strong>nine billion dollars</strong> in daily value that deteriorates with every hour of delay. The research is precise: a reduction of just ten minutes in customs wait times would increase gross output between <strong>1.1% and 1.8%</strong> in every Mexican border state. <strong>Ten minutes</strong>. The cost of inaction is not abstract or difficult to calculate. It is measurable, cumulative, and growing at the pace of commerce that does not stop.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Because that commerce is not going to slow down. It is going to multiply.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Nearshoring</em>, the relocation of manufacturing chains from Asia toward Mexico to serve the North American market, is rewriting the industrial geography of the continent. Of the global relocation market estimated at <strong>1.5 trillion dollars</strong> for the second half of this decade, serious projections suggest that up to <strong>45%</strong> could flow toward Mexico. The border states, Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Le&#243;n, Tamaulipas, are the natural recipients of that wave. They are already receiving it. The question is not whether the flow will arrive. The question is whether there will be something worthy of receiving it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The gap between what these cities generate and what they receive is not a technical failure. It is an accumulated decision.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png" width="750" height="410" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:410,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:75970,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>The gap commerce can no longer subsidize. Bilateral trade vs. border infrastructure investment 2000&#8211;2024.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Eduardo Joffroy has identified in this series five thresholds for North America&#8217;s transformation. The fourth is infrastructure of border cities. This essay develops that argument from where it becomes concrete: the capital that finances it, the community that sustains it, and the decision to build before demand makes it unavoidable.</em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A crossing is not transit infrastructure. It is the first institution the world encounters.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Before a contract is signed, before a meeting is held, before a single commercial relationship is built, a port, an airport, a land crossing tells every investor, every logistics operator, every potential partner exactly what kind of place they are dealing with. Not in words. In the time it takes to process a truck. In the quality of its inspection technology. In whether the customs agent operates from a culture of facilitation or a culture of control. In whether the crossing has reliable energy, digital connectivity, integrated protocols, or whether it improvises every morning with what it has.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>That declaration is immediate. And it is difficult to contradict with arguments made afterward.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The asymmetry between the two sides of the border is not one of resources or talent. It is one of institutional culture. The American side operates from a principle of facilitation: every hour of delay has a cost the system recognizes and works to avoid. The Mexican side operates too often from a principle of control, inspection as an act of authority rather than an act of service. The result is a system that is slow and defensive precisely where it needs to be fast and open.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This has a technical name in development economics. It is called <em>negative institutional gravity</em>. The infrastructure does not attract, it repels. It does not accumulate trust, it erodes it. And erosion is costly because it operates in both directions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Outward, it tells the world that this corridor is a risk factor, not an asset. Inward, it tells the surrounding community something harder to quantify but equally real: that no one has decided it deserves something better. Border cities are too often the most neglected on the continent. Not because their function is minor. But because their function has never been translated into investment proportional to what they generate. A community that lives for decades alongside infrastructure that does not dignify it learns, gradually, not to expect things to work. That learned expectation has a direct economic cost: in the quality of the human capital it produces, in its tolerance for risk, in its demand for formal institutions over informal alternatives.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Infrastructure is not neutral. It declares intentions.</strong></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png" width="750" height="410" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:410,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:65403,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>What ten minutes are worth in each border state. Projected increase in Gross Output from a 10-minute wait time reduction.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The question is not how to improve what exists. It is what would need to be built starting today, knowing what we know about the next ten years.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The answer is not a larger version of last century&#8217;s infrastructure. It is a different category. A world-class border hub is not designed for current flow. It is designed for the flow that <em>nearshoring</em>, electromobility, digital commerce, and the reconfiguration of global supply chains will generate before this decade ends. Building for what already exists is guaranteed obsolescence from day one.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png" width="702" height="396" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:396,&quot;width&quot;:702,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:634291,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>World-class multimodal logistics hub. The standard nearshoring demands, not the one that gets improvised.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The first component is energy</strong>, and it must be resolved by design, not added afterward. The Mexican border states have some of the most abundant solar resources on the continent. Sonora receives among the highest solar radiation in the world. A hub that does not leverage that resource from conception is not a world-class hub. It is an industrial facility with decorative panels. Integrated renewable energy is not a concession to the climate agenda. It is a condition for competitiveness: the global companies relocating operations carry net-zero emissions commitments their boards monitor quarterly. A corridor that cannot guarantee them clean, reliable, competitively priced energy is not on their shortlist, regardless of geography.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The second component is digital</strong>, operating on two simultaneous layers. The first is the trade facilitation platform: document pre-validation, real-time traceability, integrated customs clearance that reduces days to hours and hours to minutes. The result is not just operational efficiency. It is that the cost of being formal becomes lower than the cost of being informal. That inversion of the equation is the most effective security policy that exists. The second layer is active security: intelligent monitoring, verification protocols that identify the illicit without stopping the legitimate, technology that makes legal crossing faster than any alternative. Security not as an additional barrier but as an attribute of the design.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The third component is logistical</strong> in the broadest sense: multimodal capacity that connects the land crossing with rail corridor, intelligent storage, and last-mile distribution toward southwestern American consumer markets. The world&#8217;s major logistics operators are already expanding their presence along the border strip because they see what is coming. A world-class hub does not attract them after it is built. It incorporates them from the design table as partners in the infrastructure itself.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The fourth component is the one that rarely appears in infrastructure studies</strong> and matters most for the long term: the community that surrounds it. A hub that extracts value from its territory without returning it in the form of services, skilled employment, technical education, and dignified spaces is not sustainable. Not only in social terms. In financial terms. Infrastructure funds committing capital over twenty or thirty years know that the social stability of the surrounding environment is a variable of return, not an externality. A community that believes in what its infrastructure declares about it produces the human capital the hub needs to operate at world standard. One that does not produces turnover, informality, and friction.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Territorial dignity is not the opposite of the business case. It is part of it.</strong></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png" width="702" height="396" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:396,&quot;width&quot;:702,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:571313,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Solar farm in Sonora. The resource already exists. The decision to integrate it from design, not yet.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A world-class hub poorly governed is more expensive than not having one.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is not a theoretical claim. It is the lesson left by decades of public infrastructure in Latin America delivered to structures that lacked the right incentives to maintain what they built. The asset depreciates. Standards relax. Capital that arrived with institutional expectations leaves with lessons learned. And the community that believed in the project&#8217;s promise learns, once again, that large promises have short lives.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The question of who operates a world-class border hub is not administrative. It is strategic. And it has a precise technical answer that depends on no political ideology and no particular government moment.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The right operator is one whose incentives are aligned with the long-term performance of the asset</strong>, not with the short-term objectives of whoever appointed them. That describes a specific category of entity: specialized private operators with long-term concessions, public and verifiable performance metrics, and governance structures that clearly separate who regulates from who operates. This is not a new model. It is the one that built the world&#8217;s best ports and airports, from the Latin American airport groups that transformed deteriorated public infrastructure into international-standard assets, to the port operators that have spent decades demonstrating that commercial infrastructure does not require state ownership to serve the public interest.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>What makes that model robust is not privatization itself. It is the accountability architecture that accompanies it.</strong> Concession contracts with binding service standards. Metrics for crossing times, processed volumes, security incidents, and user satisfaction published regularly with contractual consequences if unmet. Regulatory oversight independent of both operator and conceding government. And internal governance structures that survive changes of administration because they do not owe their existence to any specific administration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>That architecture solves the problem that no good intention can solve on its own: misaligned incentives.</strong> When whoever operates the infrastructure gains if it works well and loses if it works poorly, and when that link is established in a contract that no unilateral political decision can undo, the standard holds. Not because operators are virtuous. Because the system is designed so that virtue and self-interest point in the same direction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Long-term institutional capital understands this better than anyone. A sovereign fund evaluating participation in border infrastructure is not evaluating only the underlying trade flow. It is evaluating the quality of the governance that protects that flow across decades. The question it asks before committing capital is not how many trucks cross today. It is who guarantees the asset will continue performing to standard when governments change, when markets shift, when the people who made the original decision to build are no longer at the table.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The answer to that question is governance. And governance is not improvised afterward. It is designed from the beginning, with the same </strong><em><strong>disciplina</strong></em><strong> with which the crossing&#8217;s engineering or the project&#8217;s financial structure is designed.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A hub that does not resolve this before breaking ground is not building world-class infrastructure. It is building the next example of why these things do not work.</strong></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The conventional obstacle to world-class border infrastructure is not technical or geographic. It is narrative. The story told about these projects places them in the category of public works, which means waiting for political alignment among three sovereign governments, budget cycles that do not coincide with investment cycles, and institutional will that appears and disappears with each administration. That story has been costly enough. It has maintained for decades a gap that commerce can no longer subsidize.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>There is another story available. And it has better financial fundamentals.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>World-class border logistics infrastructure is, by its nature, an asset of stable return, long horizon, and backed by real flows.</strong> Bilateral trade between Mexico and the United States does not depend on a political cycle. It depends on supply chains that took decades to build and that no tariff will permanently dismantle because the cost of doing so falls on both sides. That is the underlying asset: structural flow, not cyclical. It is exactly the profile that institutional infrastructure funds, sovereign wealth funds, pension funds, and long-horizon capital seek when diversifying outside their home markets.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The capital architecture for a world-class border hub follows a sequence with its own logic. Private capital enters first because it can move with the speed and flexibility that public capital cannot. Strategic foreign capital, sovereign funds with infrastructure mandates and generational horizons, enters when the project has structure, has land, has a concession, and has a financial case that withstands institutional scrutiny. Strategic local capital, the capital that knows the territory, the relationships, and the specific risks that no financial model captures completely, is what gives the project credibility with local communities and authorities. And development banking, the NADB, the IFC, institutions designed precisely to reduce the cost of capital in projects with high regional impact, enters as a catalyst that improves conditions for everyone else.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Government does not lead this sequence. It arrives when the project already has shape, already has committed capital, already has the case built. And when it arrives, its only reasonable option is to say yes to something that already works without it.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>That is not a critique of government. It is a description of how world-class infrastructure gets built in economies that cannot afford to wait.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png" width="750" height="410" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:410,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:89049,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>The capital architecture: five actors, five roles, one sequence. Government participates as an essential enabler.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>North America is already the most integrated economic region on the planet.</strong> It did not decide this at a summit. No political document proclaimed it. It was built, decision by decision, supply chain by supply chain, across three decades of commerce that did not stop when governments quarreled, when pandemics closed borders, or when tariffs threatened to undo what markets had spent years weaving together.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>What it did not build was the infrastructure that integration deserves.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The border between Mexico and the United States stretches more than three thousand kilometers. Along it operate dozens of land crossings, ports of entry, logistics corridors connecting the continent&#8217;s economies with a precision and interdependence that no political map captures completely. <strong>Each of those nodes is a threshold.</strong> And each threshold is a declaration, made in concrete and steel and wait times, about what this continent has decided is worth building well.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Nearshoring</em> is forcing a decision that was postponed too long. <strong>The manufacturing chains relocating from Asia to Mexico are not visitors.</strong> They are long-term investments arriving with expectations of global standard and with the mobility to leave if the environment does not sustain them. Brazil is building. Vietnam is building. India is building. <strong>The window that the current geopolitical moment has opened for Mexico and for North America is not permanent.</strong> It lasts exactly as long as the decision to invest or not invest.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The nodes where that decision materializes first are not the capitals. They are the crossings. The ports. The border cities that have spent decades sustaining continental flow from infrastructure that does not dignify them, and that for the first time in their history have in their favor not only geography and economic integration but global capital actively seeking exactly the type of asset they represent.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Tijuana and San Diego already share one of the highest-density advanced manufacturing regions in the western hemisphere. Ciudad Ju&#225;rez and El Paso form the continent&#8217;s most active automotive and electronics corridor. Nuevo Laredo and Laredo process more than <strong>37%</strong> of bilateral land trade. Nogales is the gateway through which the agricultural production that feeds North America in winter enters the continent. Each of those nodes has the demand, the geography, and the financial justification to become world-class infrastructure. What has been missing is the decision to treat them as what they are: continental strategic assets, not local border problems.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>That reclassification is not semantic. It changes who finances, who operates, who governs, and who sits at the table when the project is designed. A local border problem attracts local solutions with local budgets and horizons of one administration. A continental strategic asset attracts long-horizon institutional capital, operators with global standards, and the kind of governance that makes what is built outlast whoever built it.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">North America&#8217;s narrative infrastructure, another of the thresholds this series is building, begins here. Not in the capitals where treaties are signed. At the crossings where what those treaties promised is processed. In the cities that have spent decades demonstrating, shift by shift, truck by truck, that they can sustain continental-scale flows with what they have been given.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The stereotype of the border city does not survive a world-class hub that works.</strong> Not because someone refuted it with arguments. But because the built reality makes it irrelevant. A city with dignified infrastructure produces citizens who expect institutional dignity. That expectation is contagious and cumulative. It is the most durable form of cultural change that exists, not the kind declared from a podium but the kind built into the territory and lived every day.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>There is a debt owed to these cities. Not sentimental. Economic. They have spent decades generating continental value from infrastructure that does not reflect that value. The commerce flowing through their crossings finances economies that do not return in infrastructure what those cities produce in flow. That equation is correctable. And the moment to correct it is not when demand overwhelms what exists, but before, with the same logic with which any long-term asset is built: get ahead of the curve, do not chase it.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>North America does not need more arguments about its integrated potential.</strong> It has <strong>935 billion dollars</strong> in bilateral commerce demonstrating that integration has already happened. What it needs is the <em>disciplina</em> to build the infrastructure that economic fact demands. City by city. Crossing by crossing. With capital that understands the horizon, with governance that outlasts political cycles, and with the recognition that the communities sustaining this continent deserve to see that recognition built around them.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>That is not a vision. It is a decision.</strong></p></blockquote><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The North American &#8212; 77 is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[México S.A. de C.V. ]]></title><description><![CDATA[El monopolio m&#225;s grande de M&#233;xico se llama M&#233;xico]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-sa-de-cv</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-sa-de-cv</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 05 May 2026 13:03:27 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>&#127474;&#127485; Ir a la versi&#243;n en espa&#241;ol &#8595;  |  &#127482;&#127480; Jump to English version &#8595;</strong></p><div><hr></div><p>M&#233;xico lleva 500 a&#241;os siendo administrado como una empresa privada en donde sus clientes no son los ciudadanos sino los que est&#225;n en el poder.</p><p>No es met&#225;fora. Es estructura. La compa&#241;&#237;a se fund&#243; en <strong>1521,</strong> ha cambiado de junta directiva cuatro veces, y <strong>nunca ha pagado dividendos a sus accionistas reales</strong> (los 130 millones de mexicanos cuyo trabajo, suelo y subsuelo financian la operaci&#243;n); solamente le pagaron dividendos a su mesa directiva y los que han mantenido el control del poder en M&#233;xico.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg" width="1786" height="1302" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1302,&quot;width&quot;:1786,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:979936,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196446531?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51ec0258-3da2-4315-b1bd-fabc80950d56_2816x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>M&#233;xico S.A. de C.V. no existe, sin embargo as&#237; se ha operado el potencial del pa&#237;s desde hace 500 a&#241;os por los que manejan el poder politico.</strong></p></div><p><em><strong>1521.</strong></em><strong> Casa de Contrataci&#243;n.</strong> La colonia existe para alimentar a la corporaci&#243;n: plata hacia afuera, manufacturas hacia adentro, prohibici&#243;n de comerciar con cualquier vecino.</p><p><em><strong>1821. La hacienda toma el lugar de la Corona. </strong></em>La red de caminos y postas que sale de Ciudad de M&#233;xico ya est&#225; dise&#241;ada para extraer hacia los puertos y hacia las fronteras, no para integrar entre ciudades. Cuando el Porfiriato llegue, no inventar&#225; el patr&#243;n &#8212; lo cablear&#225; en acero. El mapa de comunicaciones de 1885 no tiene l&#237;neas horizontales. No fue descuido. Fue dise&#241;o.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg" width="1456" height="867" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:867,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:875597,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196446531?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc85f2596-738a-43af-b1a9-816da4c4283a_2560x1440.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong>1910.</strong></em><strong> La Revoluci&#243;n produce el monopolio m&#225;s eficiente</strong> que M&#233;xico ha tenido, porque se llam&#243; a s&#237; mismo revoluci&#243;n. Pemex, CFE, banca, telecom, educaci&#243;n, medios. El <em>dedazo</em> fue una pr&#225;ctica de gobierno corporativo. Funcion&#243; setenta a&#241;os porque manten&#237;a la ilusi&#243;n de que la compa&#241;&#237;a pertenec&#237;a a la naci&#243;n, cuando en realidad pertenec&#237;a al directorio.</p><p><em><strong>1990.</strong></em><strong> La privatizaci&#243;n subasta el monopolio.</strong> Las rentas migran de manos p&#250;blicas a manos privadas &#8212; Telmex, Televisa, los bancos post-Fobaproa &#8212; sin que el ciudadano notara que el cobrador hab&#237;a cambiado de uniforme.</p><p><em><strong>2018.</strong></em><strong> La cuarta refinanciaci&#243;n</strong> es distinta de las anteriores. Por primera vez en quinientos a&#241;os, la compa&#241;&#237;a no intenta avanzar al siguiente sistema operativo &#8212; intenta reinstalar uno anterior. La privatizaci&#243;n de energia se revierte. La energ&#237;a se re-centraliza. Los &#243;rganos aut&#243;nomos se debilitan. Una refiner&#237;a se construye con la l&#243;gica energ&#233;tica de los a&#241;os setenta, mientras el continente entero migra hacia generaci&#243;n distribuida y energ&#237;as renovables.</p><blockquote><p><em>Y aqu&#237; est&#225; la factura que M&#233;xico todav&#237;a no termina de procesar. Mientras la geograf&#237;a le serv&#237;a la oportunidad m&#225;s grande de su historia moderna &#8212; el desacople comercial entre Estados Unidos y China, billones de d&#243;lares en cadenas de suministro buscando un nuevo hogar &#8212; la compa&#241;&#237;a decidi&#243; que ese era el momento perfecto para volver al pasado. </em></p><p><em>Nearshoring no es una promesa. Es una factura. Y la diferencia entre lo que M&#233;xico pudo capturar y lo que est&#225; capturando se mide en empleos que se fueron a Vietnam, en plantas que esperaban certeza energ&#233;tica y certeza jur&#237;dica, y no encontraron ninguna de las dos.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Cinco siglos.</strong> <strong>Cuatro modelos de propiedad. Un mismo sistema operativo: </strong>extraer del pa&#237;s, distribuir entre pocos, justificar el reparto con la palabra de moda &#8212; fe en el siglo XVI, orden en el XIX, revoluci&#243;n en el XX, mercado al cierre del milenio, transformaci&#243;n al inicio de &#233;ste.</p><blockquote><p><em>Cada generaci&#243;n crey&#243; que su reforma era la definitiva. Cada generaci&#243;n hered&#243; la misma compa&#241;&#237;a con un nuevo logo.</em></p></blockquote><p>Y sin embargo, la compa&#241;&#237;a sigue de pie.</p><p>Si una empresa sobrevive 500 a&#241;os de mala administraci&#243;n y a&#250;n produce la econom&#237;a n&#250;mero doce del mundo, eso ya no es un pa&#237;s. Es un <em><strong>stress-test</strong></em><strong> </strong>aprobado por la historia. </p><p><strong>El mexicano ha prosperado a pesar de su sistema, no gracias a &#233;l.</strong> Esa resiliencia deber&#237;a haber sido la base de cualquier reforma seria. No lo ha sido. Las reformas se construyeron asumiendo que el mexicano era el problema. El mexicano ha sido, de hecho, el &#250;nico activo que la compa&#241;&#237;a nunca supo administrar.</p><p>Aqu&#237; conviene una distinci&#243;n que el debate p&#250;blico mexicano ha confundido por d&#233;cadas.</p><p>Hay dos tipos de empresas grandes en este pa&#237;s. Las que aprendieron a competir cruzando fronteras &#8212; <em><strong>Bimbo, Bachoco, Cemex, Metalsa, Cydsa, Femsa, Gruma, Cin&#233;polis, Mabe</strong> </em>&#8212; y las que aprendieron a cobrar rentas de un mercado al que el sistema no permit&#237;a entrar a nadie m&#225;s. Las primeras son la prueba de que el mexicano construye a escala mundial cuando el sistema es permeable. Las segundas son la prueba de lo que pasa cuando el sistema se sella.</p><p><strong>El monopolio prefiere las segundas porque son controlables. El futuro de M&#233;xico depende de multiplicar las primeras.</strong></p><p><strong>M&#233;xico SA de CV </strong>ha invertido medio milenio en producir las segundas. La pregunta para esta generaci&#243;n es si va a invertir las pr&#243;ximas d&#233;cadas en producir las primeras. Eso requiere convertir la compa&#241;&#237;a en otra cosa.  </p><p>&#191;Por qu&#233; no crear el <strong>M&#233;xico Inc</strong>. (renovado) con un modelo de negocio totalmente nuevo y moderno en donde su funci&#243;n es ser una plataforma para que los ciudadanos y empresas privadas salgan a ganar al mercado y donde sea el refer&#237; para que se juegue bajo reglas claras y justas?   </p><p><strong>Una aceleradora es lo opuesto de un monopolio.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>Un monopolio extrae de muchos para enriquecer a pocos. Una aceleradora invierte en muchos para que algunos construyan algo mayor que ellos mismos. </em></p><p><em>Esa es la inversi&#243;n estructural que M&#233;xico nunca ha hecho en s&#237; mismo y que podr&#237;a ser el nuevo modelo de <strong>Mexico Inc</strong>.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>La pregunta que nos debemos de hacer es: </strong>si el Estado va a seguir siendo el jugador principal de la econom&#237;a, o si vamos a voltear el modelo para que los jugadores principales seamos los mexicanos.  De esta forma el pa&#237;s recibe sus ingresos a trav&#233;s de los impuestos de una IP mucho m&#225;s grande y con un rol mucho m&#225;s claro en donde trata a los Mexicanos como siempre los debi&#243; haber tratado:  <em><strong>Como sus clientes m&#225;s importantes.</strong></em></p><p><strong>M&#233;xico Inc. podr&#237;a convertirse en una especie de </strong><em><strong>back office estrat&#233;gico para M&#233;xico</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; invisible cuando todo funciona, decisivo cuando hace falta. El ciudadano y la empresa privada son la capa que produce. El Estado es la capa que sostiene. <em>Esa es la arquitectura que M&#233;xico nunca construy&#243;, porque la compa&#241;&#237;a de Mexico S.A. de C.V. estaba muy c&#243;moda sin reportar a sus verdaderos due&#241;os y sin atender a clientes.</em></p><p>Y aqu&#237; est&#225; la parte que M&#233;xico todav&#237;a no termina de decir en voz alta. Una aceleradora mexicana no funciona con capital local &#250;nicamente. No funciona con mercado interno &#250;nicamente. No retiene talento sin caminos hacia el norte. La aceleradora es continental por dise&#241;o, no por concesi&#243;n. Capital de tres econom&#237;as. Mercados de tres econom&#237;as. Movilidad de talento entre tres econom&#237;as.</p><p><strong>El T-MEC no es un tratado comercial. Es nuestra cl&#225;usula antitrust.</strong></p><p>Es la &#250;nica infraestructura institucional que M&#233;xico ha aceptado en quinientos a&#241;os que no fue dise&#241;ada para extraer de sus ciudadanos. Cada vez que la compa&#241;&#237;a estuvo a punto de abrirse de verdad, alguien convenci&#243; a los accionistas de que abrir la puerta era traici&#243;n. La traici&#243;n ha sido mantenerla cerrada.</p><p>La primera empresa del portafolio de la nueva aceleradora no ser&#225; una <em>startup</em>. Ser&#225; el ciudadano mexicano que ya sobrevivi&#243; cuatro versiones del monopolio sin que ning&#250;n sistema invirtiera en &#233;l. </p><p><strong>Mexico Inc.</strong> ser&#225; la empresa de todos. <strong>M&#233;xico S.A. de C.V. </strong>fue la empresa de unos pocos.</p><p><strong>Es momento de dejar de ser clientes cautivos y convertirnos en los accionistas de nuestro propio futuro. M&#233;xico Inc es la visi&#243;n para un nuevo y moderno modelo de pa&#237;s para un M&#233;xico listo para conectarse con Norteam&#233;rica como nunca antes.</strong></p><p><em>&#8212; NA77 Un futuro. Tres Naciones.</em></p><div class="pullquote"><p>&#191;Esta historia te import&#243;? </p><p>Si NA77 vale tu tiempo, vale tu apoyo.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p></div><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>ENGLISH VERSION</strong></p><div><hr></div><h1>Mexico S.A. de C.V.</h1><h4><em>The largest monopoly in Mexico is Mexico itself</em></h4><p>For five hundred years, Mexico has been managed as a private company.</p><p>This is not a metaphor. It is structure. The company was founded in 1521, has changed boards of directors four times, and <strong>has never paid a dividend to its shareholders </strong>&#8212; the 130 million Mexicans whose labor, soil, and subsoil finance the operation. The corporate name has changed. The business model has not.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg" width="1456" height="1061" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1061,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:979936,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196446531?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51ec0258-3da2-4315-b1bd-fabc80950d56_2816x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>M&#233;xico S.A. de C.V. doesn&#8217;t exist but this is just how the country&#8217;s potential has been managed by those in power.</strong></p></div><p><em><strong>1521.</strong></em><strong> Casa de Contrataci&#243;n.</strong> The colony exists to feed the corporation: silver out, manufactures in, prohibition on trading with any neighbor.</p><p><strong>1821. The hacienda takes the Crown's place. </strong><em>Independence localized the monopoly without dissolving it. The road and postal network already radiating from Mexico City was designed to extract toward the ports and the borders, not to integrate between cities. When the Porfiriato came, it did not invent that pattern &#8212; it simply wired it in steel. The 1885 communications map has no horizontal lines. That was not an oversight. That was the design.</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg" width="2416" height="1439" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1439,&quot;width&quot;:2416,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:875597,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196446531?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc85f2596-738a-43af-b1a9-816da4c4283a_2560x1440.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong>1910.</strong></em><strong> The Revolution produced the most efficient monopoly </strong>Mexico has ever had, because it called itself a revolution. Pemex (state oil), CFE (state power), banking, telecom, education, media. The <em>dedazo</em> &#8212; the president&#8217;s finger choosing his successor &#8212; was a practice of corporate governance. It worked for seventy years because it sustained the illusion that the company belonged to the nation, when in reality it belonged to the board.</p><p><em><strong>1990.</strong></em><strong> Privatization auctioned the monopoly. </strong>The rents migrated from public hands to private hands &#8212; Telmex, Televisa, the post-Fobaproa banks &#8212; and the citizen never noticed that the collector had simply changed uniforms.</p><p><em><strong>2018.</strong></em><strong> The fourth refinancing </strong>is different from the others. For the first time in five hundred years, the company is not trying to upgrade to the next operating system &#8212; it is trying to reinstall an earlier one. Energy privatization is reversed. Energy is re-centralized. The autonomous bodies are weakened. A refinery is built on the energy logic of the 1970s, while the entire continent migrates toward distributed generation and renewables.</p><blockquote><p><em>And here is the bill Mexico has not yet finished processing. While geography was serving Mexico its largest opportunity of the modern era &#8212; the commercial decoupling between the United States and China, trillions of dollars in supply chains looking for a new home &#8212; the company decided this was the perfect moment to go backward. Nearshoring is not a promise. It is an invoice. And the difference between what Mexico could have captured and what it is actually capturing is measured in the jobs that went to Vietnam, in the plants that arrived expecting energy certainty and legal certainty, and found neither.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Five centuries. Four ownership models. One operating system: </strong>extract from the country, distribute among a few, justify the distribution with the slogan of the era &#8212; faith in the sixteenth century, order in the nineteenth, revolution in the twentieth, market at the close of the millennium, transformation at the start of this one.</p><blockquote><p><em>Each generation believed its reform was the definitive one. Each generation inherited the same company with a new logo.</em></p></blockquote><p>And yet, the company is still standing.</p><p>If a company survives five hundred years of mismanagement and still produces the world&#8217;s twelfth-largest economy, that is no longer a country. It is a stress test that history has already passed. <strong>Mexicans have prospered in spite of their system, not because of it.</strong></p><p>That resilience should have been the foundation of any serious reform. It has not been. Reforms were built on the assumption that the Mexican was the problem. The Mexican has been, in fact, the only asset the company never knew how to manage. The board never read its own balance sheet. So much so that today the country leans on the thirty million Mexicans who fled this management &#8212; whose remittances now exceed every dollar of foreign direct investment Mexico receives.</p><p>Here a distinction is worth drawing &#8212; one the Mexican public debate has confused for decades.</p><p>There are two kinds of large companies in this country. The ones that learned to compete by crossing borders &#8212; <em><strong>Bimbo, Bachoco, Cemex, Metalsa, Cydsa, Femsa, Gruma, Cin&#233;polis, Mabe</strong></em>: the bakers, the cement-makers, the auto-parts engineers, the chemical innovators, the bottlers, the moviegoers, the appliance-makers. And the ones that learned to collect rents from a market the system would not let anyone else enter. The first kind is <strong>proof that the Mexican can build at world scale when the system is permeable.</strong> The second is proof of what happens when the system is sealed.</p><p>The monopoly prefers the second kind because they are controllable. Mexico&#8217;s future depends on multiplying the first.</p><p><strong>Mexico S.A. de C.V. </strong>has invested half a millennium in producing the second. The question for this generation is whether it will invest the next decades in producing the first. That requires turning the company into something else.</p><p><strong>An accelerator is not the opposite of a company. It is the opposite of a monopoly.</strong></p><p>A monopoly extracts from many to enrich a few. An accelerator invests in many so that some can build something larger than themselves. That is the structural investment Mexico has never made in itself.</p><p>The question we have to ask ourselves is this: will the state remain the principal player in the economy, or will we invert the model so that Mexicans themselves become the principal players? In that model, the country draws its revenue through taxes on a far larger private sector, and its role is clearly defined: referee.</p><p><strong>Mexico Inc. (renewed) could become the strategic back office of Mexico </strong>&#8212; invisible when everything works, decisive when it has to be. The citizen and private enterprise are the layer that produces. The state is the layer that supports. That is the architecture <strong>Mexico</strong> never built, because the company never wanted to stop running the stage.</p><p>And here is the part <strong>Mexico</strong> still does not say out loud. A Mexican accelerator does not work on local capital alone. It does not work on the domestic market alone. It does not retain talent without paths north. The accelerator is continental by design, not by concession. Capital from three economies. Markets across three economies. Talent mobility between three economies.</p><p><strong>USMCA is the only antitrust suit Mexico ever lost &#8212; and won by losing.</strong></p><p>It is the only institutional infrastructure <strong>Mexico </strong>has accepted in <strong>500 years </strong>that was not designed to extract from its citizens. Every time the company was about to truly open, someone convinced the shareholders that opening the door was treason. The treason has been keeping it closed.</p><p>The first portfolio company of the new accelerator will not be a startup. It will be the Mexican citizen who already survived four versions of the monopoly without any system ever investing in him. The one who built a parallel economy, a family supply chain across the R&#237;o Bravo, a warehouse in Houston with a cousin inside. The one who already passed the due diligence of history.</p><p><strong>Mexico Inc.</strong> is the new platform for every citizen. <strong>M&#233;xico S.A. de C.V. </strong>is the old platform that only benefits the few who hold a grip to its potential.</p><p><strong>It is time to stop being captive customers and become the shareholders of our own future. Mexico Inc is the vision for a new modern Mexican Nation ready to connect with North America like never before.</strong></p><p><em>&#8212; NA77 One future. Three nations.</em></p><p></p><p style="text-align: center;">Did this story matter to you?</p><p style="text-align: center;">If NA77 is worth your time, it&#8217;s worth supporting.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[El Siglo que México Puede Encender]]></title><description><![CDATA[Con el switch en la mano, las reglas cambian.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/el-siglo-que-mexico-puede-encender</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/el-siglo-que-mexico-puede-encender</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel E. Familiar]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 15:08:35 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>El Siglo que M&#233;xico Puede Encender</strong></p><p><em>Con el switch en la mano, las reglas cambian.</em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The North American &#8212; 77 is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Por Manuel E. Familiar &#183; Colaborador NA77 &#183; Monterrey, M&#233;xico &#183; Abril 2026</p><p>(Please find ENGLISH VERSION below)</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>&#8220;La inversi&#243;n es como el agua: fluye cuando existen las condiciones adecuadas y desaparece cuando no las hay.&#8221;</em></p><p>Ronald Johnson, Embajador de Estados Unidos en M&#233;xico &#183; Topolobampo, Sinaloa &#183; 23 de abril de 2026</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg" width="750" height="422" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:422,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:172394,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/195758533?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Desierto Sonorense &#183; El corredor solar m&#225;s competitivo del hemisferio norte &#183; Esperando una decisi&#243;n</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Eduardo Joffroy identific&#243; en su serie cinco pilares para la transformaci&#243;n de M&#233;xico. El segundo es Energ&#237;a 2.0. Lo que sigue es mi lectura de ese pilar desde el territorio donde se construye: la pr&#225;ctica, el capital y la decisi&#243;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hay pa&#237;ses que descubren su riqueza cuando la encuentran bajo la tierra. M&#233;xico la tiene encima: en el cielo despejado del de&#8230;</p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Llegó el Momento de Decisión a los Mexicanos]]></title><description><![CDATA[Edici&#243;n 3 de 3 &#183; El Vecino que Decidi&#243; Ignorar el Nuevo Orden Global hace 82 a&#241;os]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/los-mexicanos-debemos-dejar-de-ignorar</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/los-mexicanos-debemos-dejar-de-ignorar</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 21 Apr 2026 13:09:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI1S!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a69a276-5be5-46aa-a54b-f1e47197971e_1924x1387.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>I. La Ventana</h3><p>En 1944, el mundo construy&#243; un nuevo orden. Instituciones multilaterales, reglas de comercio, arquitectura financiera &#8212; un sistema que, con todas sus imperfecciones, ha sostenido la mayor expansi&#243;n de prosperidad en la historia moderna.</p><blockquote><p>M&#233;xico no estuvo fuera de ese sistema. Pero tampoco decidi&#243; integrarse completamente a &#233;l.</p><p>Ochenta y dos a&#241;os despu&#233;s, seguimos en esa posici&#243;n intermedia &#8212; participando, benefici&#225;ndonos parcialmente, sin alinear nuestras instituciones a la l&#243;gica que sostiene el crecimiento.</p></blockquote><p>Hoy, Norteam&#233;rica necesita a un M&#233;xico diferente. Uno de confianza.</p><p>Y la ventana para construirlo est&#225; abierta &#8212; pero no por mucho tiempo.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg" width="1456" height="986" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:986,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:160045,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194874375?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3>II. El Patr&#243;n</h3><p>M&#233;xico no fall&#243; por falta de recursos. <em><strong>Fall&#243; por consistencia.</strong></em></p><p><span class="mention-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Manuel E. Familiar&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:10412606,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;user&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:null,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4vzy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c4d0140-61a4-4028-9706-2e17fd9e6863_144x144.png&quot;,&quot;uuid&quot;:&quot;4076f88f-d7d2-47ce-8bc5-6eaa212c0240&quot;}" data-component-name="MentionToDOM"></span> escribi&#243; en el ensayo que abre esta serie una frase que no he podido sacarme de la cabeza: </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>&#8220;M&#233;xico recibi&#243; su pago. Lo que ocurri&#243; con &#233;l se disolvi&#243; en la maquinaria fiscal y militar de un r&#233;gimen que no construy&#243; nada permanente con ese capital.&#8221;</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Con esto se re&#8230;</p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[México tiene todo para ser extraordinario.]]></title><description><![CDATA[La decisi&#243;n de construir con lo que siempre hemos tenido.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-tiene-todo-para-ser-extraordinario</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-tiene-todo-para-ser-extraordinario</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel E. Familiar]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2026 15:44:42 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/db71507d-25ad-4d13-b673-2dee5a89e701_512x512.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>M&#233;xico tiene todo para ser extraordinario.</strong></p><p><em>La decisi&#243;n de construir con lo que siempre hemos tenido.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Cuando otros pa&#237;ses tomaron sus recursos &#8212; el petr&#243;leo, la tierra, incluso el vac&#237;o &#8212; y construyeron instituciones que todav&#237;a generan riqueza hoy, M&#233;xico tom&#243; los mismos recursos y los consumi&#243;. Este art&#237;culo no es un lamento. Es un inventario de lo que ya existe, de lo que otros demostraron posible, y de lo que todav&#237;a est&#225; disponible.</em></p><p>Por <strong>Manuel E. Familiar</strong> &#183; Colaborador NA77</p><p>(Please find the ENGLISH version below)</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Nota de nomenclatura monetaria: Este art&#237;culo usa la convenci&#243;n mexicana y espa&#241;ola. Un bill&#243;n equivale a un mill&#243;n de millones (1,000,000,000,000). En ingl&#233;s americano esa cifra corresponde a un trillion. Todas las cantidades en d&#243;lares estadounidenses salvo indicaci&#243;n contraria.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Imagina un M&#233;xico donde cada ni&#241;o en una escuela p&#250;blica recibe materiales educativos financiados no por deuda ni por impuestos, sino por los rendimientos de un fondo que existe desde antes de que sus&#8230;</p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[MEXICO: The Neighbor That Chose to Ignore the Global Order (Series)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Paper 2 of 3 English version]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-the-neighbor-that-chose-to</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-the-neighbor-that-chose-to</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2026 13:01:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b90beb50-eefb-43df-ab43-ff83852d081f_1200x670.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png" width="1200" height="670" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:670,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3221938,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194106806?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><div class="preformatted-block" data-component-name="PreformattedTextBlockToDOM"><label class="hide-text" contenteditable="false">Text within this block will maintain its original spacing when published</label><pre class="text"><strong>A NOTE ON MONETARY SCALE</strong></pre></div><div class="pullquote"><p>This document uses the U.S. monetary convention: $1 billion = 1,000 million = one thousand million. $1 trillion = 1,000 billion = one million million. In Spanish, a &#8220;bill&#243;n&#8221; equals a U.S. trillion &#8212; not a U.S. billion. All amounts in U.S. dollars unless stated otherwise.</p></div><blockquote><p><em>Mexico did not change because it did not have to. And those who controlled the power made sure it never would.</em></p></blockquote>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[MÉXICO: El Vecino que Decidió Ignorar el Orden Global]]></title><description><![CDATA[Un analisis de porque Mexico decidi&#243; no entrar al Nuevo Orden Global y sus reglas.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/23-mexico-el-vecino-que-decidio-ignorar</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/23-mexico-el-vecino-que-decidio-ignorar</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2026 13:01:22 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png" width="1200" height="670" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="preformatted-block" data-component-name="PreformattedTextBlockToDOM"><label class="hide-text" contenteditable="false">Text within this block will maintain its original spacing when published</label><pre class="text"><em><strong>NOTAS SOBRE NOMENCLATURA MONETARIA</strong></em></pre></div><p><em>Este documento utiliza la convenci&#243;n monetaria de Estados Unidos, est&#225;ndar en finanzas internacionales:</em></p><p><em>&#8226; <strong>1 Million </strong>= 1 mill&#243;n = 1,000,000 (seis ceros)</em></p><p><em>&#8226; <strong>1 Billion </strong>= mil millones = 1,000,000,000 (nueve ceros). Ejemplo: $84.5 billion = 84 mil 500 millones de d&#243;lares.</em></p><p><em>&#8226; <strong>1 Trillion </strong>= bill&#243;n (en espa&#241;ol) = un mill&#243;n de millones = 1,000,000,000,000 (doce ceros). Ejemplo: $2.1 trillion = 2.1 billones de d&#243;lares.</em></p><p><em>Todos los montos en d&#243;lares estadounidenses (USD) salvo indicaci&#243;n contraria. &#8220;Billion&#8221; en ingl&#233;s &#8800; &#8220;bill&#243;n&#8221; en espa&#241;ol. Un &#8220;billion&#8221; americano es mil millones; un &#8220;bill&#243;n&#8221; mexicano es un mill&#243;n de millones (lo que en EUA llaman &#8220;trillion&#8221;).</em></p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[P. 1 de 3 — MÉXICO: El Vecino que Decidió Ignorar el Orden Global ]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#191;Por qu&#233; M&#233;xico no se transform&#243; teniendo todo a su favor?]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/p-1-de-3-mexico-el-vecino-que-decidio</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/p-1-de-3-mexico-el-vecino-que-decidio</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 09 Apr 2026 13:03:11 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png" width="1456" height="827" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En 1960, el PIB per c&#225;pita de <strong>M&#233;xico era cuatro veces mayor que el de Corea del Sur.</strong></p><p><strong>Cuatro veces.</strong></p><p><strong>M&#233;xico ten&#237;a petr&#243;leo. Ten&#237;a frontera directa con la econom&#237;a m&#225;s poderosa de la historia</strong>. Ten&#237;a d&#233;cadas de relaci&#243;n comercial con Estados Unidos. Ten&#237;a una posici&#243;n geogr&#225;fica que cualquier pa&#237;s del mundo habr&#237;a considerado una ventaja irrepetible.</p><p><strong>Corea del Sur no ten&#237;a nada de eso.</strong></p><p><strong>Corea del Sur</strong> sal&#237;a de una guerra civil devastadora. No ten&#237;a recursos naturales significativos. No ten&#237;a un vecino rico. No ten&#237;a acceso privilegiado a ning&#250;n mercado.</p><p>Hoy, el PIB per c&#225;pita de <strong>Corea del Sur</strong> es 3.3 veces el de <strong>M&#233;xico</strong>.</p><p><em><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; pas&#243;?</strong></em></p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[MÉXICO: El Vecino que Decidió Ignorar el Orden Global (English version below)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Una serie en 3 partes sobre el pa&#237;s que pudo haber sido&#8230; y el que todav&#237;a puede ser]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-el-pais-que-nunca-entendio</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-el-pais-que-nunca-entendio</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 15:01:06 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/84730d49-c699-4d3a-94b2-cdb707623b42_2528x1696.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_xOI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_xOI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_xOI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_xOI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_xOI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_xOI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>M&#233;xico</strong> ha tenido durante m&#225;s de siete d&#233;cadas (desde 1950) una ventaja que pr&#225;cticamente ning&#250;n otro pa&#237;s en el mundo ha tenido &#8212;con excepci&#243;n de <strong>Canad&#225;</strong>&#8212;: ser vecino directo del <em>sistema econ&#243;mico y pol&#237;tico m&#225;s poderoso y exitoso de la historia moderna.</em></p><p>Lo vimos formarse, lo vimos madurar y lo vimos reinventarse. No como observadores lejanos, sino desde dentro de su din&#225;mica. Vivimos su crecimiento, nos beneficiamos de su expansi&#243;n y fuimos testigos directos de c&#243;mo construy&#243; instituciones, mercados y poder.</p><p>Y aun as&#237;, decidimos no adoptarlo.</p>
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   ]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Near & Shored - Visión Mexico 2040]]></title><description><![CDATA[Por qu&#233; ser la f&#225;brica de Norteam&#233;rica no es suficiente &#8212; y por qu&#233; M&#233;xico est&#225; listo para dar el siguiente paso]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/near-and-shored</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/near-and-shored</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2026 13:03:22 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gwW0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57884b93-4dbc-4bcd-9c97-e9a66fe0489b_1024x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>En 2006 co-desarroll&#233; un centro comercial en Nogales, Sonora (Galeria Norte). Mi instinto inicial fue buscar marcas internacionales para ocupar los espacios &#8212;<em><strong>Office Depot, Starbucks, Subway, Dairy Queen</strong></em> y muchas mas marcas no Mexicanas. Pensaba que eso le dar&#237;a mayor solidez e imagen al proyecto.</p><p>As&#237; piensa mucha gente. As&#237; pensaba yo.</p><p>Pero en el proceso fui cambiando mi forma de pensar <em>(AM)</em>; conoc&#237; a decenas de empresarios y emprendedores mexicanos con hambre real. Muchos ya hab&#237;an probado su modelo. Otros ven&#237;an empezando.</p><p>No todos encajaban en lo que busc&#225;bamos, pero muchos ten&#237;an algo m&#225;s importante: <em><strong>fe, capacidad y hambre</strong></em></p><p>Galeria Norte termin&#243; comercializada en su mayor&#237;a con marcas y operadores mexicanos. Y funcion&#243; muy bien.</p><p>Esa experiencia me dej&#243; dos cosas: una lecci&#243;n y una incomodidad.</p><p><strong>La lecci&#243;n:</strong> en M&#233;xico hay mucho m&#225;s de lo que creemos. Lo que hace falta no es talento. Hace falta verlo, y darle oportunidad.</p><p><strong>La incomodidad:</strong> siguen siendo escasas las empresas mexicanas que export&#8230;</p>
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