<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[The North American — 77]]></title><description><![CDATA[One future. Three nations. Essays, intelligence, and stories on North America's unrealized potential — written for builders who operate across Canada, Mexico, and the United States.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hmIS!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ddf0ccf-2eee-404f-852f-0514e511e0f2_512x512.png</url><title>The North American — 77</title><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Sun, 17 May 2026 10:33:37 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[The North American — 77 / Eduardo Joffroy]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[northamerican77@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[northamerican77@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[The North American - 77]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[The North American - 77]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[northamerican77@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[northamerican77@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[The North American - 77]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[México Valiente]]></title><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-valiente</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-valiente</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel E. Familiar]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 15 May 2026 19:29:35 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GM1S!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8886165f-bb14-4f56-988e-656fbeef4891_3970x2450.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>THE NORTH AMERICAN &#8212; 77</p><p>TERCER PILAR &#183; SERIE EDUARDO JOFFROY</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The North American &#8212; 77 is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><h1><strong>M&#233;xico Valiente</strong></h1><p>Manuel E. Familiar &#183; Editorial Partner, NA77</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#191;Cu&#225;nto vale M&#233;xico?</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No en t&#233;rminos abstractos. En t&#233;rminos concretos, calculables, con una tasa de descuento que cualquier comit&#233; de inversiones puede poner en una celda de modelo financiero. Existe un n&#250;mero que responde esa pregunta. Y existe otro n&#250;mero, m&#225;s grande, que responde lo que M&#233;xico valdr&#237;a si una sola variable cambiara.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esa variable tiene nombre. Y M&#233;xico la conoce mejor que nadie.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El Consejo Ciudadano para la Seguridad P&#250;blica y la Justicia Penal public&#243; en febrero de 2025 su ranking anual. De las 50 ciudades m&#225;s violentas del mund</p><p style="text-align: justify;">o, 20 est&#225;n en M&#233;xico. R&#233;cord hist&#243;rico. Siete de las diez primeras son mexicanas. La tasa promedio de homicidios en el pa&#237;s es nueve veces superior al promedio mundial. Y esos n&#250;meros no incluyen a los m&#225;s de 13,000 desaparecidos registrados solo en 2024, porque los desaparecidos no aparecen en ning&#250;n ranking de violencia.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GM1S!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8886165f-bb14-4f56-988e-656fbeef4891_3970x2450.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GM1S!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8886165f-bb14-4f56-988e-656fbeef4891_3970x2450.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GM1S!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8886165f-bb14-4f56-988e-656fbeef4891_3970x2450.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GM1S!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8886165f-bb14-4f56-988e-656fbeef4891_3970x2450.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GM1S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8886165f-bb14-4f56-988e-656fbeef4891_3970x2450.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GM1S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8886165f-bb14-4f56-988e-656fbeef4891_3970x2450.png" width="1456" height="899" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GM1S!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8886165f-bb14-4f56-988e-656fbeef4891_3970x2450.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GM1S!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8886165f-bb14-4f56-988e-656fbeef4891_3970x2450.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GM1S!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8886165f-bb14-4f56-988e-656fbeef4891_3970x2450.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GM1S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8886165f-bb14-4f56-988e-656fbeef4891_3970x2450.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Detr&#225;s de esa aritm&#233;tica hay personas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">M&#233;xico acumula 133,601 desaparecidos y no localizados, una cifra que creci&#243; 28% en tres a&#241;os. Cada d&#237;a desaparecen 29 ni&#241;os, ni&#241;as y adolescentes en alg&#250;n punto del territorio nacional. Los carteles son el quinto mayor empleador del pa&#237;s, con aproximadamente 175,000 miembros seg&#250;n un estudio publicado en la revista Science, porque reclutan con la misma l&#243;gica con que cualquier empresa compite por talento: van donde el Estado no llega. En </p><p style="text-align: justify;">el &#205;ndice de Percepci&#243;n de la Corrupci&#243;n de Transparencia Internacional, M&#233;xico ocupa el lugar 141 de 182 pa&#237;ses evaluados, con 27 puntos sobre 100. &#218;ltimo lugar entre todos los miembros de la OCDE.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XBeP!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcf08576-b141-43b4-bb50-da131a5c75a5_3971x2090.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XBeP!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcf08576-b141-43b4-bb50-da131a5c75a5_3971x2090.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XBeP!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcf08576-b141-43b4-bb50-da131a5c75a5_3971x2090.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XBeP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcf08576-b141-43b4-bb50-da131a5c75a5_3971x2090.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XBeP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcf08576-b141-43b4-bb50-da131a5c75a5_3971x2090.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XBeP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcf08576-b141-43b4-bb50-da131a5c75a5_3971x2090.png" width="1456" height="766" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XBeP!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcf08576-b141-43b4-bb50-da131a5c75a5_3971x2090.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XBeP!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcf08576-b141-43b4-bb50-da131a5c75a5_3971x2090.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XBeP!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcf08576-b141-43b4-bb50-da131a5c75a5_3971x2090.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XBeP!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdcf08576-b141-43b4-bb50-da131a5c75a5_3971x2090.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong>La corrupci&#243;n no acompa&#241;a a la violencia. La financia.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esos datos no son una denuncia. Son el precio que el capital internacional le pone a M&#233;xico cada vez que construye un modelo financiero. Son la prima adicional que encarece cada contrato, cada planta, cada compromiso a largo plazo. En diciembre de 2025, la Encuesta de Expectativas de los Especialistas en Econom&#237;a del Sector Privado del Banco de M&#233;xico registr&#243; que la proporci&#243;n de analistas que consideraban que era un buen momento para invertir cay&#243; a su nivel m&#237;nimo. La posici&#243;n dominante entre los especialistas encuestados era la incertidumbre. No es pesimismo. Es se&#241;al-</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pero hay algo m&#225;s en esos n&#250;meros que una prima de riesgo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hay una paradoja que M&#233;xico carga sin nombrarla. Este es el pa&#237;s que construy&#243; empresas capaces de competir globalmente, que form&#243; una di&#225;spora de 37 millones de personas que transform&#243; sectores enteros de la econom&#237;a m&#225;s grande del mundo, que tiene en su historia civilizaciones que edificaron cuando el resto del continente apenas empezaba. No es un pa&#237;s que carece de capacidad. Es un pa&#237;s que todav&#237;a no ha decidido aplicar esa misma capacidad, con la misma disciplina, con la misma determinaci&#243;n, a su propio territorio.</p><p><em><strong>No somos un pa&#237;s que carece de capacidad. Somos un pa&#237;s que todav&#237;a no ha decidido aplicar esa misma capacidad a su propio territorio.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esa distancia entre lo que M&#233;xico ha demostrado ser afuera y lo que todav&#237;a no ha resuelto adentro es el argumento central de esta pieza. No la violencia en s&#237;. La distancia</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Colombia lo resolvi&#243;. No como moraleja sino como evidencia. Entre 2003 y 2016, Colombia tom&#243; una decisi&#243;n que no fue primariamente de seguridad p&#250;blica sino de prioridad de Estado: la certeza de las reglas como condici&#243;n de construcci&#243;n. El resultado est&#225; documentado y ya no se puede disputar. Ciudades que durante una generaci&#243;n fueron sin&#243;nimo de violencia se convirtieron en destinos de inversi&#243;n y de talento. Capital que era imposible imaginar lleg&#243;. La di&#225;spora colombiana empez&#243; a regresar. Centroam&#233;rica sigui&#243; el mismo camino: en 2024, por primera vez, ninguna ciudad centroamericana figura entre las 50 m&#225;s violentas del mundo. Honduras sali&#243; del ranking. El Salvador sali&#243; del ranking. M&#233;xico marc&#243; r&#233;cord.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esa inversi&#243;n no es un dato menor. Es la demostraci&#243;n de que el camino tiene coordenadas conocidas.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PVty!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe85434c4-09a2-49f6-a811-1814ad2e13f0_3976x2570.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PVty!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe85434c4-09a2-49f6-a811-1814ad2e13f0_3976x2570.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PVty!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe85434c4-09a2-49f6-a811-1814ad2e13f0_3976x2570.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PVty!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe85434c4-09a2-49f6-a811-1814ad2e13f0_3976x2570.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PVty!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe85434c4-09a2-49f6-a811-1814ad2e13f0_3976x2570.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PVty!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe85434c4-09a2-49f6-a811-1814ad2e13f0_3976x2570.png" width="1456" height="941" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e85434c4-09a2-49f6-a811-1814ad2e13f0_3976x2570.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:941,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:390800,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/197876118?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe85434c4-09a2-49f6-a811-1814ad2e13f0_3976x2570.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PVty!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe85434c4-09a2-49f6-a811-1814ad2e13f0_3976x2570.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PVty!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe85434c4-09a2-49f6-a811-1814ad2e13f0_3976x2570.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PVty!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe85434c4-09a2-49f6-a811-1814ad2e13f0_3976x2570.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PVty!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe85434c4-09a2-49f6-a811-1814ad2e13f0_3976x2570.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;">&#183; &#183; &#183;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ahora la imagen que M&#233;xico podr&#237;a ser.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Un pa&#237;s donde el ingeniero que hoy trabaja en Austin hace el c&#225;lculo diferente y decide que Monterrey es la mejor apuesta para su empresa. Donde el capital institucional que hoy exige una prima de riesgo adicional la elimina de su modelo porque las reglas se cumplen y los contratos se honran. Donde las ciudades que hoy aparecen en rankings que ning&#250;n pa&#237;s querr&#237;a liderar aparecen en rankings distintos: de manufactura avanzada, de innovaci&#243;n, de calidad de vida. Donde el corredor norteamericano que Eduardo Joffroy ha argumentado en esta serie funciona a su capacidad real porque los camiones que lo alimentan no pagan derecho de piso y el capital que lo financia puede comprometerse a treinta a&#241;os sin incorporar un descuento que no deber&#237;a existir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esa imagen no es <em>wishful thinking</em>. Es Colombia en espa&#241;ol, con mejor infraestructura, mayor mercado y una herencia industrial que Medell&#237;n nunca tuvo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Lo que se requiere no es capacidad. M&#233;xico ya la tiene. Lo que se requiere es la decisi&#243;n de un pa&#237;s que mira su propia historia, la disciplina con que CEMEX construy&#243; presencia en 50 pa&#237;ses, la determinaci&#243;n con que una generaci&#243;n de empresarios mexicanos compiti&#243; en mercados que no les deb&#237;an ning&#250;n favor, y decide que esa misma energ&#237;a se aplica adentro. Con la misma exigencia. Con la misma velocidad. Con la misma intolerancia al fracaso que se aplica cuando el mercado es internacional y el costo de fallar es visible.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La seguridad no es el obst&#225;culo m&#225;s sencillo. Es, como extirpar un c&#225;ncer que ha hecho met&#225;stasis en los &#243;rganos m&#225;s delicados, una intervenci&#243;n que requiere precisi&#243;n, voluntad y la disposici&#243;n de aceptar que el procedimiento va a doler antes de sanar. Pero tiene cura. Y los pa&#237;ses que decidieron curarla no lo hicieron porque ten&#237;an m&#225;s recursos que M&#233;xico ni porque sus condiciones de partida eran m&#225;s favorables. Lo hicieron porque en alg&#250;n momento alguien tom&#243; la decisi&#243;n de que el costo de no actuar era mayor que el costo de actuar.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">M&#233;xico conoce ese c&#225;lculo. Lo aplica en sus empresas, en sus exportaciones, en su posicionamiento continental. Lo que falta es aplicarlo en casa.</p><p style="text-align: center;">&#183; &#183; &#183;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En un momento en que el orden comercial global se renegocia semana a semana, Norteam&#233;rica tiene una ventaja estructural que ninguna otra regi&#243;n puede replicar: tres econom&#237;as complementarias, un corredor log&#237;stico sin paralelo, y d&#233;cadas de integraci&#243;n real que ning&#250;n tratado cre&#243; ni ninguna disputa arancelaria puede deshacer de un d&#237;a para otro. Pero esa ventaja opera hoy con un d&#233;ficit que solo uno de los tres pa&#237;ses puede resolver. Lo que M&#233;xico decida en los pr&#243;ximos a&#241;os no es &#250;nicamente una decisi&#243;n nacional. Es la condici&#243;n de entrada para que el corredor funcione a su verdadera capacidad. Canad&#225; y Estados Unidos no pueden blindar Norteam&#233;rica solos. M&#233;xico es la pieza que completa el continente o la que lo limita.</p><p style="text-align: center;">&#183; &#183; &#183;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esta serie ha argumentado que M&#233;xico tiene todo para ser extraordinario. Que el umbral del corredor norteamericano est&#225; al alcance. Que el siglo que viene puede encenderse desde aqu&#237;. Todo eso es cierto. Y todo eso opera hoy con un techo artificial: un descuento que el mundo le aplica a M&#233;xico y que M&#233;xico, en silencio, ha aceptado como condici&#243;n permanente en lugar de como problema que se resuelve.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No lo es.</p><p><em><strong>Podemos decidir ser un M&#233;xico Valiente.</strong></em></p><p>&#9679;</p><p>The North American &#8212; 77 &#183; Manuel E. Familiar &#183; Editorial Partner</p><p><strong>FUENTES</strong></p><p>1. CCSPJP &#8212; Consejo Ciudadano para la Seguridad P&#250;blica y la Justicia Penal, ranking 2024, febrero 2025. ccspjp.org.mx</p><p>2. Registro Nacional de Personas Desaparecidas y No Localizadas (RNPDNL) &#183; Comisi&#243;n Nacional de B&#250;squeda, 2025.</p><p>3. Amnist&#237;a Internacional, Informe 2026 &#183; cifra de menores desaparecidos por d&#237;a.</p><p>4. Peque&#241;o, O. et al. The size and structure of criminal organizations &#183; Science, 2024.</p><p>5. &#205;ndice de Percepci&#243;n de la Corrupci&#243;n 2025 &#183; Transparencia Internacional, febrero 2026. transparency.org</p><p>6. Encuesta sobre las Expectativas de los Especialistas en Econom&#237;a del Sector Privado &#183; Banco de M&#233;xico, diciembre 2025. banxico.org.mx</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The North American &#8212; 77 is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Dr. Daniel Covarrubias]]></title><description><![CDATA[El hombre que estudia el corredor. Profile &#8470;01 &#183; Laredo, Texas &#183; Mayo 2026]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/dr-daniel-covarrubias</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/dr-daniel-covarrubias</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[The North American - 77]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 13 May 2026 13:30:33 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJWz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ac3b05-4b71-4995-851a-9f5ae8e512b9_1521x2519.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>&#127482;&#127480; Jump to English version &#8595;</strong></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJWz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ac3b05-4b71-4995-851a-9f5ae8e512b9_1521x2519.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJWz!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ac3b05-4b71-4995-851a-9f5ae8e512b9_1521x2519.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJWz!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ac3b05-4b71-4995-851a-9f5ae8e512b9_1521x2519.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJWz!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ac3b05-4b71-4995-851a-9f5ae8e512b9_1521x2519.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJWz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ac3b05-4b71-4995-851a-9f5ae8e512b9_1521x2519.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJWz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ac3b05-4b71-4995-851a-9f5ae8e512b9_1521x2519.jpeg" width="1521" height="2519" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/00ac3b05-4b71-4995-851a-9f5ae8e512b9_1521x2519.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2519,&quot;width&quot;:1521,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1413529,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/197366857?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F66656b1a-329f-4ae2-8cf3-7516e7b939ed_1632x2620.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJWz!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ac3b05-4b71-4995-851a-9f5ae8e512b9_1521x2519.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJWz!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ac3b05-4b71-4995-851a-9f5ae8e512b9_1521x2519.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJWz!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ac3b05-4b71-4995-851a-9f5ae8e512b9_1521x2519.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!KJWz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00ac3b05-4b71-4995-851a-9f5ae8e512b9_1521x2519.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h3>0 &#8212; Intro</h3><p>Tuvimos la oportunidad de entrevistar a <strong>Daniel Covarrubias</strong> via Zoom, <strong>Manuel Familiar </strong>y yo la semana pasada.   Hablamos de diversos temas de Norteam&#233;rica y de nuestro dolor compartido por ver a <strong>M&#233;xico y a Estados Unidos</strong> en mejores din&#225;micas de colaboraci&#243;n.  Hablamos de su pasi&#243;n por la tecnolog&#237;a ( <a href="http://labs.drdanielcovarrubias.com">Labs</a>) y sobre el impacto que est&#225; teniendo en la industria de Supply Chain.  Hablamos de nuestra preocupaci&#243;n compartida de estar siendo vocales con nuestros colegas para que no se queden dormidos en una era de tanta disrupci&#243;n.  Entre muchas otras cosas mas que podran leer m&#225;s abajo.</p><h3>1 &#8212; El Inicio</h3><p>Est&#225; sentado en Laredo, en el cruce comercial m&#225;s grande del planeta. Frente a &#233;l, miles de tr&#225;ileres pasan cada d&#237;a rumbo al norte y al sur. &#201;l los cuenta &#8212; o, m&#225;s bien, los lee. Lee el peso de las cargas, la cadencia del tr&#225;fico, las horas de espera, los vac&#237;os, las fricciones en los datos que nadie m&#225;s observa. Y luego escribe. Cincuenta op-eds en cuatro a&#241;os. <strong>Tres pa&#237;ses. Dos idiomas. Una sola tesis: </strong>el comercio ya cruza la frontera. Las instituciones, no.</p><h3>2 &#8212; La Identidad</h3><p>El <strong>Dr. Daniel Covarrubias </strong>es, en su esencia, un traductor. No de idiomas &#8212; eso lo hace sin pensarlo &#8212; sino de sistemas. Toma el lenguaje t&#233;cnico de las cadenas de suministro, los modelos econom&#233;tricos del impacto comercial, los protocolos digitales del cruce fronterizo, y los convierte en argumentos que un alcalde de Laredo, un senador en Washington o un industrial en Monterrey puedan leer y accionar.</p><h3>3 &#8212; Una Amistad de M&#225;s de Veinticinco A&#241;os</h3><p>Daniel es mi amigo desde hace m&#225;s de veinticinco a&#241;os y mi colega en los temas que cruzan la frontera y a Norteam&#233;rica. Nos conocimos en el <strong>Tec de Monterrey</strong>, y la vida profesional nos volvi&#243; a cruzar &#8212; como nos cruza la geograf&#237;a. Ambos somos de frontera, ambos comprometidos con ver un mejor futuro para nuestro continente y para nuestras fronteras.</p><p>Lo que distingue a Daniel es que ve lo que otros no ven, y lo ha visto desde hace mucho tiempo. Ha hecho su misi&#243;n que toda la industria y las comunidades que viven del comercio transfronterizo despierten y se actualicen. Esa misi&#243;n es la raz&#243;n por la que<strong> Profile &#8470;01 de </strong><em><strong>The North American &#8212; 77</strong></em> le pertenece.</p><h3>4 &#8212; El Trabajo</h3><p>Covarrubias es director del <strong>Texas Center for Border Economic and Enterprise Development</strong> (TCBEED) en la A. R. Sanchez, Jr. School of Business de Texas A&amp;M International University, cargo que asumi&#243; en julio de 2021. Su doctorado en Competitividad Empresarial y Desarrollo Econ&#243;mico es de Deusto Business School en Espa&#241;a, con una maestr&#237;a en Ciencia Pol&#237;tica de TAMIU, un MBA de la Universidad de Texas en San Antonio, y la licenciatura del Tec de Monterrey. Es secretario ejecutivo y tesorero de la Association of Borderlands Studies.</p><p>Bajo su direcci&#243;n, el Texas Center ha producido el an&#225;lisis m&#225;s exhaustivo hasta la fecha sobre el impacto laboral de la disrupci&#243;n comercial trinacional. </p><p>El estudio en tres tomos publicado entre junio y octubre de 2025 &#8212; uno por pa&#237;s &#8212; concluye que <strong>9.9 millones de empleos</strong> en Estados Unidos, M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; est&#225;n expuestos a la fragmentaci&#243;n de los flujos comerciales que sostienen <strong>1.8 trillones de d&#243;lares</strong> en intercambio intra-regional anual. La metodolog&#237;a es propia. Los datos son auditables. La conclusi&#243;n es dif&#237;cil de descartar.</p><p>Acaba de fundar su Substack, <strong><a href="https://thebridgedc.substack.com/">The Bridge</a></strong> (<a href="https://thebridgedc.substack.com/">thebridgedc.substack.com</a>), lanzado el 30 de marzo de 2026, publica sobre comercio, tecnolog&#237;a y el futuro de Norteam&#233;rica, con gr&#225;ficas interactivas en Datawrapper y herramientas complementarias de <a href="https://labs.drdanielcovarrubias.com">labs.drdanielcovarrubias.com</a>. Su libro <em><strong>Navigating the New Era of U.S.-Mexico Trade: Infrastructure, Technology, and the Future of Cross-Border Trade</strong></em> (septiembre 2024) &#8212; <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Navigating-New-U-S-Mexico-Trade-Infrastructure/dp/B0DFN14K1Y/">disponible en Amazon</a> &#8212; trata sobre el aceleramiento del comercio transfronterizo en Norteam&#233;rica y el impacto de las tecnolog&#237;as exponenciales sobre los procesos logisticos del corredor &#8212; un campo que &#233;l ha llamado <strong>Logistechs</strong>: el impacto que las tecnolog&#237;as exponenciales tienen en la log&#237;stica.</p><p>Su sitio de labs (<a href="https://labs.drdanielcovarrubias.com">labs.drdanielcovarrubias.com</a>) mapea el comercio transfronterizo en tres escalas: The Corridor (Laredo y Nuevo Laredo), Texas Border (los 11 puertos terrestres de Texas) y U.S.&#8211;Mexico Border (26 puertos a lo largo de 1,954 millas), acompa&#241;ado de ocho op-eds interactivos en formato scrollytelling.</p><p>Adem&#225;s, ha publicado cincuenta op-eds en cuatro a&#241;os &#8212; en <em><strong>Laredo Morning Times</strong></em><strong>, </strong><em><strong>Rio Grande Guardian</strong></em><strong>, </strong><em><strong>El Financiero</strong></em> y otras plataformas regionales y nacionales &#8212; y mantiene un bolet&#237;n privado con m&#225;s de mil suscriptores.</p><h3>5 &#8212; La Visi&#243;n Norteamericana</h3><p>De ese enfoque emergen tres propuestas que han pasado de la teor&#237;a a la mesa pol&#237;tica.</p><p>La <strong>Agencia Binacional de Aduana</strong> &#8212; co-autor&#237;a con Jer&#243;nimo Guti&#233;rrez &#8212; propone fusionar funciones operativas de CBP y ANAM para cerrar la brecha digital y de protocolos que actualmente fragmenta el cruce comercial m&#225;s importante del mundo.</p><p>El <strong>North American Industrial Coordination Council</strong> &#8212; co-autor&#237;a con Gerry Schwebel y NASCO Network &#8212; propone un marco trilateral para coordinar pol&#237;tica industrial, no s&#243;lo arancelaria.</p><p>Y el <strong>North American Digital Initiative</strong> (NADICI) propone una estrategia continental de soberan&#237;a digital, partiendo de la premisa de que si Estados Unidos llega solo a la frontera de la IA, el resto del continente se vuelve riesgo de seguridad nacional para Washington antes de poder volverse socio.</p><p>Las tres propuestas comparten una arquitectura com&#250;n: ninguna requiere concesiones unilaterales. Las tres parten del supuesto de que la integraci&#243;n ya existe en la pr&#225;ctica y de que el siguiente paso no es comercial &#8212; es institucional. <strong>Justo esas son las creencias fundamentales por las que existe </strong><em><strong>The North American &#8212; 77</strong></em><strong>.</strong></p><h3>6 &#8212; La Marca del Camale&#243;n</h3><p>Daniel cruza fronteras que pocos acad&#233;micos cruzan a la vez.</p><p><strong>Cruza la frontera de cultura e idioma</strong> &#8212; publica en ingl&#233;s en <em><strong>Laredo Morning Times</strong></em><strong> y </strong><em><strong>Rio Grande Guardian</strong></em><strong>, en espa&#241;ol en </strong><em><strong>El Financiero</strong></em>, y ense&#241;a en una universidad binacional.</p><p><strong>Cruza la frontera disciplinaria </strong>&#8212; economista de formaci&#243;n, construye aplicaciones en Claude Code en su tiempo libre, y desarrolla marcos anal&#237;ticos sobre inteligencia artificial aplicada a la log&#237;stica <a href="http://labs.drdanielcovarrubias.com">Labs</a></p><p><strong>Cruza la frontera acad&#233;mico-operativa </strong>&#8212; sus propuestas no se quedan en revistas indexadas; llegan al D.C. Forum, al <strong>North Capital Forum</strong>, al <strong>Cali-Baja Business Summit.</strong></p><p><strong>Cruza, finalmente, la frontera generacional </strong>&#8212; a una edad en la que la mayor&#237;a de sus pares se atrinchera en sus ideas y costumbres tradicionales, &#233;l se reinventa con cada herramienta nueva: Claude Code abierto en su terminal a las once de la noche, construyendo aplicaciones personales para entender por dentro lo que ense&#241;a por fuera.</p><p><strong>Cruz&#243; todas estas fronteras.</strong> Conserv&#243; su esencia: la disciplina del economista, la curiosidad del constructor, y la convicci&#243;n de que el conocimiento existe para mover sistemas, no para decorarlos.</p><p><strong>Es un verdadero Camale&#243;n del Desierto &#8212; no tiene fronteras y se adapta a todas las condiciones.</strong></p><h3>7 &#8212; En Su Voz</h3><blockquote><p>&#8220;Estados Unidos est&#225; peleando con China la supremac&#237;a de la inteligencia artificial, y todos aqu&#237; queremos que Estados Unidos gane. Pero lo que no va a estar padre es que si Estados Unidos llega a la meta y gana, y M&#233;xico se qued&#243; all&#225;, y Canad&#225; tambi&#233;n se qued&#243; bien rezagado. Pues eso va a ser una crisis de seguridad nacional.&#8221;</p></blockquote><p><em><strong>&#8212; Sobre la urgencia de una iniciativa digital continental &#183; Abril 2026.</strong></em></p><blockquote><p>&#8220;Jer&#243;nimo Guti&#233;rrez y yo escribimos el tema de la Agencia Binacional de Aduana porque la brecha digital entre CBP y ANAM es operativa. Las dos agencias no se comunican. No hay protocolos compartidos. Estamos corriendo el cruce m&#225;s importante del mundo a base de fe.&#8221;</p></blockquote><p><em><strong>&#8212; Sobre la realidad operativa del cruce fronterizo &#183; Abril 2026.</strong></em></p><blockquote><p>&#8220;Las personas que m&#225;s valen son las que le entienden al modelo de negocio y que le entienden al tema de la tecnolog&#237;a. No necesariamente que sean ingenieros, pero que le entiendan a la tecnolog&#237;a tambi&#233;n. Ese <em>match</em>&#8230; eso para m&#237; vale oro.&#8221;</p></blockquote><p><em><strong>&#8212; Sobre el perfil que el siglo XXI norteamericano requiere &#183; Abril 2026.</strong></em></p><h3>7.5 &#8212; La Pregunta Abierta</h3><p>Daniel y Jer&#243;nimo Guti&#233;rrez han propuesto algo que el corredor necesita con urgencia y que el momento pol&#237;tico quiz&#225;s a&#250;n no permite: una Agencia Binacional de Aduana que fusione operativamente a <strong>CBP y ANAM</strong> en una sola capa funcional. La propuesta es t&#233;cnicamente s&#243;lida, est&#225; institucionalmente precedida &#8212; el Acuerdo <strong>Canad&#225;-Estados Unidos de Preinspecci&#243;n de 2015</strong> ofrece una plantilla &#8212; y es econ&#243;micamente necesaria. </p><p>Pero requiere que M&#233;xico haga algo que hist&#243;ricamente no ha estado dispuesto a hacer: ceder soberan&#237;a operativa en la frontera a cambio de autoridad continental compartida. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>&#191;Puede una Agencia Binacional de Aduana existir realmente dentro de la doctrina de soberan&#237;a mexicana &#8212; o es precisamente el tipo de idea limpia que el sistema fue dise&#241;ado para rechazar?</strong></em> </p></blockquote><p>El siguiente cap&#237;tulo de Daniel, y el de Norteam&#233;rica, podr&#237;an ser el mismo cap&#237;tulo.</p><p>El white paper de la Agencia Binacional de Aduana aborda esto directamente: soberan&#237;a preservada a trav&#233;s de gobernanza balanceada, no fusi&#243;n de agencias.</p><h3>8 &#8212; Lo Que Sigue</h3><p>Tres l&#237;neas de trabajo definen el siguiente ciclo de Covarrubias. </p><p><strong>Primero</strong>, completar y lanzar el libro &#8212; un manual pr&#225;ctico, dice &#233;l, no un tratado acad&#233;mico &#8212; que destila cuatro a&#241;os de investigaci&#243;n sobre c&#243;mo las tecnolog&#237;as exponenciales reconfiguran el cruce fronterizo. </p><p><strong>Segundo</strong>, profundizar la agenda tecnol&#243;gica del Texas Center: el piloto de drayage transfronterizo con veh&#237;culos el&#233;ctricos en colaboraci&#243;n con el Texas A&amp;M Transportation Institute, financiado por NADBank &#8212; que eval&#250;a si los camiones de drayage el&#233;ctrico pueden absorber una parte de los 18,000 cruces comerciales diarios en Laredo, con implicaciones para las emisiones, los costos de combustible y la resiliencia del corredor &#8212;, y el marco &#8220;Why Not A.I.&#8221; aplicado a la log&#237;stica aduanal. </p><p><strong>Tercero</strong>, llevar la conversaci&#243;n digital al espacio continental &#8212; abogando por una iniciativa norteamericana de inteligencia artificial antes de que el rezago entre los tres pa&#237;ses se convierta en el siguiente factor de riesgo geopol&#237;tico. </p><p>A partir de este a&#241;o, Covarrubias se integra a <em><strong>The North American &#8212; 77</strong></em><strong> </strong>como colaborador editorial fundador.</p><h3>9 &#8212; El Puesto de Escucha</h3><p><strong>Lecturas esenciales</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>The Binational Customs Agency</em> &#8212; con Jer&#243;nimo Guti&#233;rrez, 2025</p></li><li><p><em>NAICC &#8212; North American Industrial Coordination Council Proposal</em> &#8212; con Gerry Schwebel y NASCO Network, 2025</p></li><li><p><em>NADICI &#8212; North American Digital Initiative</em> &#8212; diciembre 2025</p></li><li><p><em>North American Trade Integration at Risk</em> &#8212; An&#225;lisis de impacto laboral (M&#233;xico &#183; EE.UU. &#183; Canad&#225;), 2025</p></li><li><p><em>OpEd 50 &#8212; End of Year</em> &#8212; diciembre 2025</p></li></ul><p><strong>D&#243;nde leerlo</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>The Bridge</em> en Substack &#8212; <a href="https://thebridgedc.substack.com/">The Bridge</a></p></li></ul><ul><li><p><a href="https://labs.drdanielcovarrubias.com">Labs</a> (labs.drdanielcovarrubias.com)</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>Personal <a href="http://www.drdanielcovarrubias.com">Website</a> &#183; <a href="http://texascenter.tamiu.edu">Texas Center</a></p></li><li><p><em>Laredo Morning Times</em> &#183; <em>Rio Grande Guardian</em> &#183; <em>El Financiero</em></p></li></ul><p><strong>Su libro</strong></p><ul><li><p><em><strong>Navigating the New Era of U.S.-Mexico Trade: Infrastructure, Technology, and the Future of Cross-Border Trade</strong></em> &#8212; Daniel Covarrubias, Ph.D., septiembre 2024 &#8212; <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Navigating-New-U-S-Mexico-Trade-Infrastructure/dp/B0DFN14K1Y/">Disponible en Amazon</a></p></li></ul><p><strong>Contacto institucional</strong></p><ul><li><p><a href="mailto:dcova@tamiu.edu">dcova@tamiu.edu</a> &#183; TAMIU A. R. Sanchez, Jr. School of Business &#183; TCBEED</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><h4>Nota del Editor</h4><p><em>Daniel es mi amigo desde hace m&#225;s de veinticinco a&#241;os. Lo invitamos a dar pl&#225;ticas en Trade Hub Summit del 2023 a 2025 en la Ciudad de M&#233;xico. He le&#237;do cada uno de sus papers. No solo me impresiona la dimensi&#243;n y atenci&#243;n al detalle de sus propuestas, su claridad &#8212; sino sobre todo su enfoque y su consistencia. Daniel escribe cada semana mientras dirige un centro de investigaci&#243;n, ense&#241;a, asesora a <strong>NASCO Network</strong>, y construye aplicaciones en Claude Code en su tiempo libre &#8212; y est&#225; por lanzar tecnolog&#237;as al mercado. </em></p><p><em><strong>The North American &#8212; 77 </strong>existe para amplificar a personas como el Dr. Daniel Covarrubias: esenciales para el futuro de un mejor Norteam&#233;rica.</em></p><p><strong>Eduardo Joffroy &#183; Editor in Chief</strong></p><p><strong>The North American - 77</strong></p><p><em>Si encuentras valor en NA77, te invitamos a que te suscribas y que nos ayudes a correr la voz con tus contactos:</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/leaderboard?&amp;utm_source=post&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Refer a friend&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/leaderboard?&amp;utm_source=post"><span>Refer a friend</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>English version:</strong></p><h1>Dr. Daniel Covarrubias</h1><h3><em>The man who studies the corridor.</em></h3><p><strong>Profile &#8470;01 &#183; Laredo, Texas &#183; May 2026</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2>0 &#8212; Intro</h2><p>Last week,<strong> Manuel Familiar </strong>and I had the chance to sit down with Daniel Covarrubias over Zoom. We covered a range of North American questions and our shared frustration at watching Mexico and the United States fail to build the collaborative dynamics this continent deserves. We talked about his passion for technology and the impact it is having on the supply chain industry. We talked about a worry we hold in common &#8212; being vocal with our colleagues so they don&#8217;t sleep through an era of this much disruption. Among many other things you&#8217;ll find below.</p><h2>1 &#8212; The Beginning</h2><p>He sits in Laredo, at the largest commercial crossing on the planet. In front of him, thousands of trucks roll north and south every day. He counts them &#8212; or more accurately, he reads them. He reads the freight weights, the cadence of the traffic, the wait times, the gaps, the frictions in the data nobody else observes. Then he writes. Fifty op-eds in four years. Three countries. Two languages. One thesis: trade already crosses the border. The institutions do not.</p><h2>2 &#8212; The Identity</h2><p>At his core, <strong>Dr. Daniel Covarrubias</strong> is a translator. Not of languages &#8212; that he does without thinking &#8212; but of systems. He takes the technical idiom of supply chains, the econometric models of trade-impact analysis, the digital protocols of border crossing, and converts them into arguments a Laredo mayor, a Washington senator, or a Monterrey industrialist can read and act on.</p><h2>3 &#8212; A Friendship of More Than Twenty-Five Years</h2><p>Daniel has been my friend for more than twenty-five years and my colleague on every question that crosses the border and the continent. We met at Tec de Monterrey, and our professional lives kept crossing &#8212; the way geography keeps us crossing. Both of us are border people, both committed to a better future for our continent and our crossings.</p><p>What sets Daniel apart is that he sees what others do not see, and he has been seeing it for a long time. He has made it his mission for the industry and the communities that live from cross-border trade to wake up and modernize. That mission is the reason <strong>Profile &#8470;01 of </strong><em><strong>The North American &#8212; 77</strong></em><strong> </strong>belongs to him.</p><h2>4 &#8212; The Work</h2><p>Covarrubias is Director of the <strong>Texas Center for Border Economic and Enterprise Development</strong> (TCBEED) at the A. R. Sanchez, Jr. School of Business at Texas A&amp;M International University, a role he has held since July 2021. His Ph.D. in Business Competitiveness and Economic Development is from Deusto Business School in Spain, with an M.A. in Political Science from TAMIU, an MBA from the University of Texas at San Antonio, and a B.A. from Tecnol&#243;gico de Monterrey. He serves as Executive Secretary and Treasurer of the Association of Borderlands Studies.</p><p>Under his direction, the Texas Center has produced the most comprehensive analysis to date of the labor impact of trinational trade disruption. The three-volume study released between June and October 2025 &#8212; one per country &#8212; concludes that <strong>9.9 million jobs</strong> across the United States, Mexico, and Canada are exposed to the fragmentation of trade flows that sustain <strong>$1.8 trillion</strong> in annual intra-regional exchange. The methodology is original. The data is auditable. The conclusion is hard to dismiss.</p><p>He has just launched his Substack, <em><a href="https://thebridgedc.substack.com/">The Bridge</a></em> (<a href="https://thebridgedc.substack.com/">thebridgedc.substack.com</a>), launched March 30, 2026, publishes on trade, technology, and the future of North America, with interactive Datawrapper charts and companion tools from <a href="https://labs.drdanielcovarrubias.com">labs.drdanielcovarrubias.com</a>. His book <em><strong>Navigating the New Era of U.S.-Mexico Trade: Infrastructure, Technology, and the Future of Cross-Border Trade</strong></em> (September 2024) &#8212; <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Navigating-New-U-S-Mexico-Trade-Infrastructure/dp/B0DFN14K1Y/">available on Amazon</a> &#8212; is about the acceleration of cross-border trade in North America and the impact of exponential technologies on the corridor&#8217;s logistics &#8212; a field he calls <strong>Logistechs</strong>: the impact that exponential technologies have on logistics.</p><p>His labs site (<a href="https://labs.drdanielcovarrubias.com">labs.drdanielcovarrubias.com</a>) maps cross-border trade at three scales: The Corridor (Laredo and Nuevo Laredo), Texas Border (all 11 Texas land ports), and U.S.&#8211;Mexico Border (26 ports across 1,954 miles), accompanied by eight interactive op-eds in scrollytelling format.</p><p>He has also published fifty op-eds in four years &#8212; across<strong> </strong><em><strong>Laredo Morning Times</strong></em><strong>, </strong><em><strong>Rio Grande Guardian</strong></em><strong>, </strong><em><strong>El Financiero</strong></em>, and other regional and national outlets &#8212; and maintains a private newsletter with more than a thousand subscribers.</p><h2>5 &#8212; The North American Lens</h2><p>Out of that stance, three proposals have moved from theory to the policy table.</p><p>The <strong>Binational Customs Agency</strong> &#8212; co-authored with Jer&#243;nimo Guti&#233;rrez &#8212; proposes fusing operational functions of CBP and ANAM to close the digital and protocol gap that currently fragments the world&#8217;s most important commercial crossing.</p><p>The <strong>North American Industrial Coordination Council</strong> &#8212; co-authored with Gerry Schwebel and NASCO Network &#8212; proposes a trilateral framework to coordinate industrial policy, not merely tariffs.</p><p>And the <strong>North American Digital Initiative</strong> (NADICI) proposes a continental digital-sovereignty strategy, on the premise that if the United States reaches the AI frontier alone, the rest of the continent becomes a national-security liability to Washington before it can become a partner.</p><p>The three proposals share an architecture: none requires unilateral concession. All three begin from the premise that integration already exists in practice and that the next move is not commercial &#8212; it is institutional. <strong>Those are precisely the founding convictions of </strong><em><strong>The North American &#8212; 77</strong></em><strong>.</strong></p><h2>6 &#8212; The Camale&#243;n Mark</h2><p>Daniel crosses borders few academics cross simultaneously.</p><p><strong>He crosses the border of culture and language</strong> &#8212; publishing in English in <em>Laredo Morning Times</em> and <em>Rio Grande Guardian</em>, in Spanish in <em>El Financiero</em>, teaching at a binational university.</p><p><strong>He crosses the disciplinary border </strong>&#8212; economist by training, he builds applications in Claude Code in his free time and develops analytic frameworks for artificial intelligence applied to logistics.</p><p><strong>He crosses the academic-operational border </strong>&#8212; his proposals do not stay in indexed journals; they reach the D.C. Forum, the North Capital Forum, the Cali-Baja Business Summit.</p><p><strong>He crosses, finally, the generational border</strong> &#8212; at an age when most of his peers entrench in their ideas and traditional habits, he reinvents himself with each new tool: Claude Code open in his terminal at eleven at night, building personal applications to understand from the inside what he teaches from the outside.</p><p><strong>He crossed all of these borders. He kept his essence </strong>&#8212; the discipline of an economist, the curiosity of a builder, and the conviction that knowledge exists to move systems, not to decorate them.</p><p><strong>He is a true Camale&#243;n del Desierto &#8212; he has no borders, and he adapts to every condition.</strong></p><h2>7 &#8212; In His Voice</h2><blockquote><p>&#8220;The United States is racing China for AI supremacy. Everyone here wants the United States to win. But if the U.S. reaches the finish line alone, with Mexico left behind and Canada equally lagging &#8212; that&#8217;s not a victory. That&#8217;s a continental security crisis.&#8221;</p></blockquote><p><em><strong>&#8212; On the urgency of a continental digital initiative &#183; NA77 session, April 2026. Translated from Spanish.</strong></em></p><blockquote><p>&#8220;Jer&#243;nimo Guti&#233;rrez and I wrote the Binational Customs Agency proposal because the digital gap between CBP and ANAM is operational. The two agencies don&#8217;t communicate. There are no shared protocols. We are running the world&#8217;s most important crossing on faith.&#8221;</p></blockquote><p><em><strong>&#8212; On the operational reality of the U.S.&#8211;Mexico border &#183; NA77 session, April 2026. Translated from Spanish.</strong></em></p><blockquote><p>&#8220;The people who matter most right now are the ones who understand the business model <em>and</em> the technology. They don&#8217;t need to be engineers. They need to be fluent in both. That match &#8212; that&#8217;s gold.&#8221;</p></blockquote><p><em><strong>&#8212; On the profile the 21st-century North American economy requires &#183; NA77 session, April 2026. Translated from Spanish.</strong></em></p><h2>7.5 &#8212; The Open Question</h2><p>Daniel and Jer&#243;nimo Guti&#233;rrez have proposed something the corridor urgently needs and the political moment may not yet permit: a <strong>Binational Customs Agency</strong> that operationally fuses <strong>CBP and ANAM</strong> into a single functional layer. The proposal is technically sound, institutionally precedented &#8212; the 2015 Canada&#8211;U.S. Preclearance Agreement offers a template &#8212; and economically necessary. </p><p>But it requires Mexico to do something it has historically been unwilling to do: cede operational sovereignty at the border in exchange for shared continental authority. <em>Can a Binational Customs Agency actually exist within the political reality of Mexican sovereignty doctrine &#8212; or is it precisely the kind of clean idea the system was designed to refuse?</em> </p><p>Daniel&#8217;s next chapter, and North America&#8217;s, may be the same chapter.</p><p>The BCA white paper addresses this directly: sovereignty preserved through balanced governance, not the merger of customs agencies.</p><h2>8 &#8212; What&#8217;s Next</h2><p>Three lines of work define Covarrubias&#8217;s next cycle. </p><p><strong>First</strong>, completing and launching the book &#8212; a practical manual, he insists, not an academic treatise &#8212; that distills four years of research on how exponential technologies are reshaping the border crossing. </p><p><strong>Second</strong>, deepening the Texas Center&#8217;s technology agenda: the cross-border electric drayage pilot with the Texas A&amp;M Transportation Institute, funded by NADBank &#8212; which tests whether electric drayage trucks can absorb a share of the 18,000 daily commercial crossings at Laredo, with implications for emissions, fuel costs, and the resilience of the corridor &#8212;, and the &#8220;Why Not A.I.&#8221; framework applied to customs logistics. </p><p><strong>Third</strong>, taking the digital conversation to the continental scale &#8212; advocating for a North American AI initiative before the lag between the three countries becomes the next geopolitical risk factor. Beginning this year, Covarrubias joins <em><strong>The North American &#8212; 77</strong></em> as a founding editorial collaborator.</p><h2>9 &#8212; The Listening Post</h2><p><strong>Essential Reading</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>The Binational Customs Agency</em> &#8212; with Jer&#243;nimo Guti&#233;rrez, 2025</p></li><li><p><em>NAICC &#8212; North American Industrial Coordination Council Proposal</em> &#8212; with Gerry Schwebel and NASCO Network, 2025</p></li><li><p><em>NADICI &#8212; North American Digital Initiative</em> &#8212; December 2025</p></li><li><p><em>North American Trade Integration at Risk</em> &#8212; Tariff impact analyses (Mexico &#183; U.S. &#183; Canada), 2025</p></li><li><p><em>OpEd 50 &#8212; End of Year</em> &#8212; December 2025</p></li></ul><p><strong>Where to Read Him</strong></p><ul><li><p><a href="https://thebridgedc.substack.com/">The Bridge</a> on Substack </p></li></ul><ul><li><p><a href="https://labs.drdanielcovarrubias.com">Labs</a> (labs.drdanielcovarrubias.com)</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><a href="http://drdanielcovarrubias.com">Personal Website</a> </p></li><li><p><em>Laredo Morning Times</em> &#183; <em>Rio Grande Guardian</em> &#183; <em>El Financiero</em></p></li></ul><p><strong>His Book</strong></p><ul><li><p><em><strong>Navigating the New Era of U.S.-Mexico Trade: Infrastructure, Technology, and the Future of Cross-Border Trade</strong></em> &#8212; Daniel Covarrubias, Ph.D., September 2024 &#8212; <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Navigating-New-U-S-Mexico-Trade-Infrastructure/dp/B0DFN14K1Y/">Available on Amazon</a></p></li></ul><p><strong>Institutional Contact</strong></p><ul><li><p>dcova@tamiu.edu &#183; TAMIU A. R. Sanchez, Jr. School of Business &#183; TCBEED</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><h3>Editor&#8217;s Note</h3><p><em>Daniel has been my friend for more than twenty-five years. We invited him to speak at Trade Hub Summit for three consecutive years of the event in Mexico City. I have read every one of his papers. What impresses me is not only the scale and the attention to detail of his proposals, or their clarity &#8212; it is, above all, his focus and his consistency. </em></p><p><em>Daniel writes every week while running a research center, teaching, advising <strong>NASCO Network</strong>, and building applications in Claude Code in his free time &#8212; and is about to bring his own technologies to market. <strong>The North American &#8212; 77</strong> exists to amplify people like Dr. Daniel Covarrubias: essential to the future of a better North America.</em></p><p></p><p><strong>Eduardo Joffroy &#183; Editor in Chief</strong></p><p><em><strong>The North American &#8212; 77</strong></em></p><p></p><p>If you find value in NA77 please help us by subscribing and if you can, please recommend us to your contacts:</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/leaderboard?&amp;utm_source=post&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Refer a friend&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/leaderboard?&amp;utm_source=post"><span>Refer a friend</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[NA77 Weekly Affairs — Sunday Brief · May 10, 2026]]></title><description><![CDATA[The North American &#8212; 77 | ONE FUTURE. THREE NATIONS. &#183; Weekly Intelligence Digest]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-affairs-sunday-brief-2bb</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-affairs-sunday-brief-2bb</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[The North American - 77]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 10 May 2026 13:03:06 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b533601c-ae02-46cb-b931-33cadfe07d9c_1200x630.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Format: </strong>The Sunday Brief covers the five stories that moved North America in the past seven days, and the events and signals to watch in the week ahead. Published every Sunday.</p><blockquote><h5><em>Sources this week: NPR / Trade Court Ruling (May 7), The Hill / PBS News / Al Jazeera (Carney-Trump, May 6), White &amp; Case (Mexico tariff decree / May 2026), BNN Bloomberg / Mexico Business News (USMCA bilateral track), Colorado Sun / WyoFile / EnviroLink (Colorado River, May 2026), TrendForce / Data Center Knowledge / CNN Business (AI infrastructure, May 2026), FreightWaves / Kearney (FDI), CSIS / Brookings / Baker Institute (USMCA analysis).</em></h5></blockquote><div><hr></div><p>If someone shared this with you &#8212; welcome. </p><p><strong>The North American &#8212; 77 </strong>is digital media platform for operators, builders, and thinkers who believe North America's best chapter is still ahead. <a href="https://northamerican77.substack.com">&#8594; Subscribe here and join the conversation.</a></p><div><hr></div><h2>&#128308; THE WEEK THAT WAS &#8212; Five Stories That Moved the Continent</h2><h3>1. Legal Shock: The Court That Reshuffled the Table</h3><p>The week's most consequential event did not happen in a negotiating room. It happened in a courthouse.</p><p>On May 7, the U.S. Court of International Trade struck down the Trump administration's second round of replacement tariffs &#8212; issued after the Supreme Court ruled in February that the original emergency tariffs exceeded presidential authority. The court found that the balance-of-payments statute used does not apply: no qualifying deficit condition exists. The ruling is a direct blow to Washington's primary trade leverage instrument.</p><p>The practical consequence is immediate: the U.S. government must refund more than <strong>$166 billion</strong> in tariff collections. First payments begin this week. For importers across the continent, it is a material reversal. For the USMCA negotiation, it scrambles the pressure calculus.</p><p><strong>Key numbers:</strong></p><ul><li><p>$166B+ &#8212; refund obligation from struck-down tariffs</p></li><li><p>2 &#8212; tariff rounds struck down by courts in 2026</p></li><li><p>May 7 &#8212; ruling date; first refunds expected week of May 11</p></li><li><p>July 1 &#8212; USMCA decision window; negotiating leverage now in legal limbo</p></li></ul><p><strong>What to watch:</strong> Whether the administration appeals to the Supreme Court, and how fast. The answer determines whether the July 1 deadline retains its bite.</p><div><hr></div><h3>2. Canada Is Back in the Room</h3><p>For six weeks, the working assumption was that USMCA was being renegotiated as a US-Mexico bilateral while Canada diversified. That framing changed this week.</p><p>On May 6, Prime Minister Carney sat across from President Trump in the Oval Office &#8212; the first formal bilateral of his tenure as PM. When Trump raised Canadian sovereignty, Carney replied: <em>"It's not for sale. Won't be for sale, ever."</em> Trump replied: <em>"Never say never."</em> Neither backed down. Both kept talking.</p><p>More consequentially: Canada named <strong>Janice Charette</strong>, the former head of Canada's public service, as its chief CUSMA negotiator. And the first formal <strong>trilateral</strong> negotiating round was confirmed for <strong>May 25 in Mexico City</strong>.</p><p><strong>What to watch:</strong> Canada's opening posture at the May 25 Mexico City trilateral. The gap between "cannot dictate" and "step change in defense" is where the deal gets made &#8212; or doesn't.</p><div><hr></div><h3>3. Mexico Plays the Rules-Based Card</h3><p>On April 23, President Sheinbaum published a tariff decree imposing 5%&#8211;35% duties on <strong>185 tariff lines</strong> &#8212; chemicals, textiles, steel, aluminum, auto parts, electrical materials &#8212; targeting non-FTA-country imports. This follows the January 2026 decree imposing <strong>50% tariffs on 1,000+ Chinese and Indian goods</strong>.</p><p>Mexico arrives at May 25 with receipts: <strong>86.3% USMCA compliance</strong> (from ~45% a year ago), record $40.9B FDI in 2025, Kearney 25&#8594;19 jump, and $5.8B in January 2026 investment announcements.</p><p>The energy bottleneck remains unresolved. CFE's grid constraints throttle industrial execution across the two primary maquila corridors: <strong>Northern Mexico from Tijuana to Monterrey</strong>, and <strong>Central Mexico from San Luis Potos&#237; to Puebla</strong>. Private capital exists &#8212; what is missing is the regulatory pathway.</p><p>And a quieter but growing concern: Mexico's <strong>2025 Customs Reform</strong>. Throughout U.S. and Canadian corporate offices, there is rising unease about new compliance burdens, steep fines, bureaucratic complexity, and the cloud over the IMMEX and PROSEC programs. Mexico's reform is moving in the opposite direction from trade facilitation &#8212; adding friction at exactly the wrong moment.</p><div><hr></div><h3>4. Water: The River That Will Not Wait for July</h3><p>Lake Powell sits at <strong>394 feet</strong> as of early May &#8212; so low that hydropower generation through Glen Canyon Dam could halt as soon as <strong>September 2026</strong>. Snowpack in the Colorado Basin is at <strong>27% of normal</strong>, the lowest on record.</p><p>California, Arizona, and Nevada responded with a joint proposal to cut total Colorado River usage by <strong>13% through 2028</strong>. Emergency releases from the Flaming Gorge Reservoir in Wyoming are already underway.</p><p>The Colorado system supplies water to seven U.S. states, <strong>two Mexican states</strong>, 30 tribal nations, and roughly 40 million people. AI data centers are now drawing from the same diminishing pool &#8212; an infrastructure collision this continent has no institutional mechanism to manage.</p><div><hr></div><h3>5. Compute: $830 Billion, No Continental Conversation</h3><p>The top nine cloud service providers will spend an estimated <strong>$830 billion on AI infrastructure in 2026</strong> &#8212; a 79% increase over 2025. Microsoft: $190B. AWS: $230B+. Google: $180&#8211;190B. Data center racks are now designed for hundreds of kilowatts &#8212; approaching megawatt scale.</p><p>Power, not compute, is the binding constraint. More than <strong>100 local jurisdictions</strong> have enacted moratoriums. More than <strong>300 state data-center bills</strong> were filed in the first six weeks of 2026.</p><p>The North American AI compute corridor is a continental story. The states that can support this buildout form a corridor running deep into Mexico: <strong>Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Le&#243;n, San Luis Potos&#237;, Guanajuato, Quer&#233;taro, Jalisco</strong> &#8212; and beyond. This is the conversation President Sheinbaum needs to be having. In a global competition where the U.S., China, and Europe race to claim the compute layer of the next economy, a coordinated North American AI strategy is better for the continent than three uncoordinated national ones.</p><div><hr></div><h2>&#128992; QUICK SIGNALS &#8212; Also on the Radar</h2><ul><li><p><strong>Legal cascade: </strong>With the trade court striking down replacement tariffs, a Supreme Court appeal appears likely. If taken, the tariff landscape remains in legal suspension through the fall &#8212; precisely when USMCA July 1 outcomes need enforceability.</p></li><li><p><strong>Logistics reality: </strong>Supply Chain Brain (May 5): a chaotic front-loading year for imports has left Laredo and Houston processing outsized volumes; West Coast ports distorted as importers reroute away from China-origin goods.</p></li><li><p><strong>Canadian resource leverage: </strong>Uranium price spike (+41%) holding. BC lithium refinery &#8212; first in North America &#8212; coming online. Canada is converting its resource base from passive export income into active geopolitical instrument.</p></li><li><p><strong>Mexico's demographic window: </strong>Median age ~29&#8211;30; 67.4% working-age; unemployment at 2.6%. The labor math that makes nearshoring work has a clock &#8212; Mexico's median age reaches 42 by 2050. The window is roughly two decades, not indefinite.</p></li><li><p><strong>Defense dimension: </strong>Carney committed to 2% of GDP defense spending by March 2026, 5% by 2035. The U.S.-Canada military relationship is being restructured in parallel with trade talks.</p></li><li><p><strong>MX Customs Reform &#8212; growing boardroom concern: </strong>Throughout U.S. and Canadian corporate offices, there is rising unease about Mexico's 2025 Customs Reform &#8212; tough fines, bureaucratic complexity, and growing uncertainty around the IMMEX and PROSEC programs. Companies are watching. Some are already reconsidering timelines.</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><h2>&#127897;&#65039; THIS WEEK AT NA77 &#8212; On the Record with Dr. Daniel Covarrubias</h2><p>This week, <strong>The North American &#8212; 77 </strong>sat down with <strong>Dr. Daniel Covarrubias</strong> for our first official collaboration conversation &#8212; one of the most meaningful conversations in NA77's short history.</p><p>Daniel and Eddie first met in Monterrey more than 25 years ago. His path has been quintessentially<strong> Ambos:</strong> from computer systems to business, from business to the border, from the border to a doctorate and a career at <strong>Texas A&amp;M International University in Laredo</strong> &#8212; where he now directs the <strong>Texas Center for Border Economic and Enterprise Development</strong> and teaches the next generation of supply chain leaders.</p><p>Along the way, he coined the framework <strong>Logistechs</strong> &#8212; born, he'll tell you without hesitation, in the shower &#8212; to describe how exponential technologies are reshaping cross-border trade, logistics, and supply chains in real time. Today his work reaches <strong>PBS, the Wall Street Journal, TEDx, and Washington briefing rooms. </strong>His book on the future of crossborder trade is available at <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Navigating-New-U-S-Mexico-Trade-Infrastructure/dp/B0DFN14K1Y?ref_=ast_author_dp_rw&amp;th=1&amp;psc=1&amp;dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.UnUHgFGHv_vjhmmLusxr5g.qMVJYYbTyO01rFTG4yqosyBhyUjWoXPxRkCReFjzI0k&amp;dib_tag=AUTHOR">Amazon Books</a>.</p><p>We are proud to announce that he is joining NA77 as a <strong>monthly writing collaborator</strong>, focused on the digital integration of North America. We have much to share. Full profile coming soon.</p><p><a href="https://drdanielcovarrubias.com">&#8594; Follow Dr. Daniel Covarrubias</a> &#183; <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/jdcova">LinkedIn</a> &#183; <a href="https://twitter.com/jdanielcova">@jdanielcova on X</a></p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p>You're reading The North American &#8212; 77. We publish every Sunday &#8212; and every Monday for subscribers who want the week's lead story first. If this brief is part of your Sunday morning, make it official. <a href="https://northamerican77.substack.com">&#8594; Subscribe &#8212; it's free.</a></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>&#128218; FROM THE NA77 ARCHIVE &#8212; Recent Papers Worth Your Time</h2><p>Each week we point back to the work that holds up. These pieces form the foundation of everything we cover.</p><div><hr></div><p><a href="https://northamerican77.substack.com/p/the-announcement-is-not-the-investment">The Announcement Is Not the Investment</a></p><p><em>April 22, 2026 &#183; Long View</em></p><p>Mexico has become extraordinarily competent at the ceremony of investment. The ribbon-cutting, the presidential decree, the rendering of the industrial park. What has not kept pace is the physical infrastructure &#8212; the megawatts, the transmission lines, the regulatory pathways for private capital. "The continent is at capacity for announcements. What it needs now is megawatts."</p><div><hr></div><p><a href="https://northamerican77.substack.com/p/we-have-the-treaty-we-do-not-have-the-table">We Have the Treaty. We Do Not Have the Table.</a></p><p><em>April 20, 2026 &#183; Long View</em></p><p>The morning USTR Greer flew to Mexico City and Canada was not in the room. On the Hardware vs. Software problem of North American integration &#8212; and why a permanent North American Industrial Coordination Council is the piece the 1994 architecture never included.</p><div><hr></div><p><a href="https://northamerican77.substack.com/p/863-the-number-the-politicians-arent-talking-about">86.3%. The Number the Politicians Aren't Talking About.</a></p><p><em>April 25, 2026 &#183; Sunday Brief</em></p><p>While governments debated tariffs, the corridor filed paperwork. How North American manufacturers voted with their supply chains &#8212; and what 86.3% USMCA compliance actually means for the continent's future.</p><div><hr></div><p><a href="https://northamerican77.substack.com/p/100-billion-in-compute-leases-no-continental-conversation">$100 Billion in Compute Leases. No Continental Conversation.</a></p><p><em>April 17, 2026 &#183; Long View</em></p><p>The largest capital reallocation in North American industrial history is happening without a name. On the Infrastructure Terms for the Next Decade &#8212; and why they're being written right now, in private contracts.</p><div><hr></div><h2>&#128202; WEEK IN NUMBERS</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VxXK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fae5c03-bd65-4f89-8241-ebe42299533f_3640x3240.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VxXK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fae5c03-bd65-4f89-8241-ebe42299533f_3640x3240.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VxXK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fae5c03-bd65-4f89-8241-ebe42299533f_3640x3240.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VxXK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fae5c03-bd65-4f89-8241-ebe42299533f_3640x3240.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VxXK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fae5c03-bd65-4f89-8241-ebe42299533f_3640x3240.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VxXK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fae5c03-bd65-4f89-8241-ebe42299533f_3640x3240.png" width="1456" height="1296" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8fae5c03-bd65-4f89-8241-ebe42299533f_3640x3240.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1296,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:427554,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/197067140?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fae5c03-bd65-4f89-8241-ebe42299533f_3640x3240.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VxXK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fae5c03-bd65-4f89-8241-ebe42299533f_3640x3240.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VxXK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fae5c03-bd65-4f89-8241-ebe42299533f_3640x3240.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VxXK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fae5c03-bd65-4f89-8241-ebe42299533f_3640x3240.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VxXK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8fae5c03-bd65-4f89-8241-ebe42299533f_3640x3240.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2>&#128309; EVENTS TO WATCH &#8212; Week of May 11&#8211;16, 2026</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JdWd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a4d572-5269-4450-b3fb-780cc9a0981d_4040x2440.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JdWd!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a4d572-5269-4450-b3fb-780cc9a0981d_4040x2440.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JdWd!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a4d572-5269-4450-b3fb-780cc9a0981d_4040x2440.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JdWd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a4d572-5269-4450-b3fb-780cc9a0981d_4040x2440.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JdWd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a4d572-5269-4450-b3fb-780cc9a0981d_4040x2440.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JdWd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a4d572-5269-4450-b3fb-780cc9a0981d_4040x2440.png" width="1456" height="879" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f6a4d572-5269-4450-b3fb-780cc9a0981d_4040x2440.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:879,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:471040,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/197067140?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a4d572-5269-4450-b3fb-780cc9a0981d_4040x2440.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JdWd!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a4d572-5269-4450-b3fb-780cc9a0981d_4040x2440.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JdWd!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a4d572-5269-4450-b3fb-780cc9a0981d_4040x2440.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JdWd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a4d572-5269-4450-b3fb-780cc9a0981d_4040x2440.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JdWd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6a4d572-5269-4450-b3fb-780cc9a0981d_4040x2440.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2>&#9898; THE LONG VIEW &#8212; By Eduardo Joffroy G</h2><h3>The People Who Actually Take the Risks Should Have a Seat</h3><p>The energy deficit, the customs reform complexity, and the infrastructure gaps in Mexico's supply chain are not abstractions. They are the daily math of every industrial developer holding permits in Monterrey, every manufacturer calculating whether the next facility goes in Quer&#233;taro or somewhere else entirely. Nearshoring continues &#8212; but capital follows long-term stability. It follows clear rules, reliable energy, rule of law, available water, and infrastructure that is ready before the announcement, not years after it. When those conditions are in doubt, investment does not disappear. It relocates.</p><p>What is remarkable is how much of this continent's integration has happened not because of political decisions, but in spite of political cycles. The operators, the builders, the logistics teams, the engineers &#8212; they did not wait for July 1. They voted with their supply chains, their compliance filings, their capital. They built the hardware of North American integration while the institutional conversations struggled to keep pace.</p><p>That is exactly why the USMCA review, as currently structured, is an incomplete conversation. The $1.3 trillion in annual trade flowing across these three borders is not an abstraction in a negotiating room &#8212; it is the daily reality of companies that have committed capital, built facilities, hired workers, and bet their futures on a functioning continental system. <strong>Those companies are not at the table. They should be.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Not to replace the diplomats. </strong>Not to shortcut the process. But because the <strong>people with real skin in the game</strong> &#8212;<strong> the ones who cannot walk away from a poorly designed agreement</strong> &#8212; tend to find solutions that political cycles, by design, cannot afford to reach.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>NA77</strong> was built for this moment. Not to watch the negotiations from the outside. To push the narrative of integration further than any trade agreement can carry it alone &#8212; beyond tariff schedules, beyond political mandates, toward the continent this shared work has already made possible.</p><p>We are not crossing our fingers. We are building the case, one issue at a time, until the table is wider.</p><p><em>&#8212; Eduardo Joffroy G &#183; Founder, The North American &#8212; 77 &#183; May 10, 2026</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em><strong>&#8212; versi&#243;n en espa&#241;ol (Solo Long View)&#8212;</strong></em></p><h2>&#9898; THE LONG VIEW &#8212; By Eduardo Joffroy G</h2><h3>Los que Realmente Arriesgan Merecen un Lugar en la Mesa</h3><p>El d&#233;ficit energ&#233;tico, la complejidad de la reforma aduanera y las brechas de infraestructura en la cadena de suministro de M&#233;xico no son abstracciones. Son la matem&#225;tica cotidiana de cada desarrollador industrial que retiene permisos en Monterrey, de cada fabricante que calcula si la pr&#243;xima instalaci&#243;n va en Quer&#233;taro o en alg&#250;n otro lugar. El nearshoring contin&#250;a &#8212; pero el capital sigue la estabilidad a largo plazo. Sigue las reglas claras, la energ&#237;a confiable, el estado de derecho, el agua disponible y la infraestructura que est&#225; lista antes del anuncio, no a&#241;os despu&#233;s. Cuando esas condiciones se vuelven inciertas, la inversi&#243;n no desaparece. Se reubica.</p><p>Lo que resulta notable es cu&#225;nta de la integraci&#243;n de este continente ha ocurrido no gracias a las decisiones pol&#237;ticas, sino a pesar de los ciclos pol&#237;ticos. Los operadores, los constructores, los equipos de log&#237;stica, los ingenieros &#8212; no esperaron el 1 de julio. Votaron con sus cadenas de suministro, sus declaraciones de cumplimiento, su capital. Construyeron el hardware de la integraci&#243;n norteamericana mientras las conversaciones institucionales luchaban por seguir el ritmo.</p><p>Por eso la revisi&#243;n del T-MEC, tal como est&#225; estructurada, es una conversaci&#243;n incompleta. El bill&#243;n trescientos mil millones de d&#243;lares en comercio anual que fluye a trav&#233;s de estas tres fronteras no es una abstracci&#243;n &#8212; es la realidad diaria de empresas que han comprometido capital, construido instalaciones, contratado trabajadores y apostado su futuro a un sistema continental que funcione.<strong> Esas empresas no est&#225;n en la mesa. Deber&#237;an estarlo.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>No para reemplazar a los diplom&#225;ticos. No para saltarse el proceso. Sino porque las personas con algo genuinamente en juego &#8212; las que no pueden alejarse de un acuerdo mal dise&#241;ado</strong> &#8212; tienden a encontrar soluciones que los ciclos pol&#237;ticos, por su naturaleza, no pueden permitirse alcanzar.</em></p></blockquote><p>NA77 fue dise&#241;ado para este momento. No para observar las negociaciones desde afuera. Para empujar la narrativa de la integraci&#243;n m&#225;s lejos de lo que cualquier acuerdo comercial puede llevarla por s&#237; solo &#8212; m&#225;s all&#225; de los aranceles, hacia el continente que este trabajo compartido ya ha hecho posible.</p><p>No estamos cruzando los dedos. Estamos construyendo el argumento, un tema a la vez, hasta que la mesa sea m&#225;s amplia.</p><p><em>&#8212; Eduardo Joffroy G &#183; Fundador, The North American &#8212; 77 &#183; 10 de mayo de 2026</em></p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><strong>ONE FUTURE. THREE NATIONS.</strong> The North American &#8212; 77 publishes every Sunday &#8212; intelligence, analysis, and the long view on the continent that is still becoming itself. Forward this to one person who needs to be reading it. <a href="https://northamerican77.substack.com">&#8594; Subscribe free at northamerican77.substack.com</a></p></blockquote>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[El Umbral del Continente Está sin Terminar]]></title><description><![CDATA[Infraestructura fronteriza: la decisi&#243;n que define a Norteam&#233;rica]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/el-umbral-pendiente</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/el-umbral-pendiente</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel E. Familiar]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 08 May 2026 15:25:16 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>El umbral pendiente</strong></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Infraestructura fronteriza: la decisi&#243;n que define a Norteam&#233;rica</em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The North American &#8212; 77 is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RCZY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fece04e87-3a7e-43cd-86a0-078d0ce0d2b4_702x468.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RCZY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fece04e87-3a7e-43cd-86a0-078d0ce0d2b4_702x468.png" width="702" height="468" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RCZY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fece04e87-3a7e-43cd-86a0-078d0ce0d2b4_702x468.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RCZY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fece04e87-3a7e-43cd-86a0-078d0ce0d2b4_702x468.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RCZY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fece04e87-3a7e-43cd-86a0-078d0ce0d2b4_702x468.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!RCZY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fece04e87-3a7e-43cd-86a0-078d0ce0d2b4_702x468.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Puente Internacional / Laredo, Texas. El flujo ya existe. La infraestructura, no.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">(Please find ENGLISH VERSION below)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hay una l&#237;nea que atraviesa este continente de costa a costa, de Tijuana a Matamoros, que genera <strong>casi un bill&#243;n de d&#243;lares</strong> en comercio cada a&#241;o. Por ella cruzan diariamente <strong>m&#225;s de tres mil millones de d&#243;lares</strong> en bienes: autopartes, electr&#243;nicos, dispositivos m&#233;dicos, productos frescos que llegan a las mesas de Norteam&#233;rica cuando ning&#250;n otro lugar del continente puede producirlos. Es la frontera comercial m&#225;s activa del mundo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La infraestructura que la procesa no lo sabe.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">M&#233;xico es hoy el principal socio comercial de Estados Unidos, habiendo desplazado a China y Canad&#225;. El intercambio bilateral alcanz&#243; <strong>935 mil millones de d&#243;lares en 2024</strong>. El transporte terrestre mueve el <strong>72%</strong> de ese valor, camiones y trenes conectando cadenas de suministro tan integradas que un veh&#237;culo t&#237;pico cruza la frontera <strong>diecisiete veces</strong> antes de estar terminado. La integraci&#243;n no es una aspiraci&#243;n ni un proyecto pol&#237;tico pendiente. Es un hecho econ&#243;mico cotidiano, profundo, y estructuralmente irreversible.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Lo que no acompa&#241;a a ese hecho es la infraestructura que lo merece.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Los puertos de entrada m&#225;s activos operan por encima de su capacidad original de dise&#241;o. Los tiempos de cruce para veh&#237;culos comerciales superan con frecuencia las <strong>siete horas</strong>. Los productos perecederos que viajan en esos camiones representan <strong>nueve mil millones de d&#243;lares</strong> diarios en valor que se deteriora con cada hora de espera. La investigaci&#243;n es precisa: una reducci&#243;n de diez minutos en los tiempos de espera aduanal incrementar&#237;a la producci&#243;n bruta total entre <strong>1.1% y 1.8%</strong> en cada estado fronterizo mexicano. <strong>Diez minutos</strong>. El costo de la inacci&#243;n no es abstracto ni dif&#237;cil de calcular. Es medible, acumulable, y est&#225; creciendo al ritmo del comercio que no para.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Porque ese comercio no va a disminuir. Va a multiplicarse.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>El nearshoring</em>, la relocalizaci&#243;n de cadenas de manufactura desde Asia hacia M&#233;xico para servir al mercado norteamericano, est&#225; reescribiendo la geograf&#237;a industrial del continente. Del mercado global de relocalizaci&#243;n estimado en <strong>1.5 billones de d&#243;lares</strong> para esta segunda mitad de la d&#233;cada, proyecciones serias sugieren que hasta <strong>45%</strong> podr&#237;a dirigirse a M&#233;xico. Los estados fronterizos, Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Le&#243;n, Tamaulipas, son los receptores naturales de esa ola. Ya la est&#225;n recibiendo. La pregunta no es si el flujo llegar&#225;. La pregunta es si habr&#225; algo digno de recibirlo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La brecha entre lo que estas ciudades generan y lo que reciben no es una falla t&#233;cnica. Es una decisi&#243;n acumulada.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png" width="750" height="410" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:410,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:80207,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CPC4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1e3b418c-21b3-4dac-bd76-4c64223f9de1_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>La brecha que el comercio ya no puede subsidiar. Comercio bilateral vs. inversi&#243;n en infraestructura fronteriza 2000&#8211;2024.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Eduardo Joffroy identific&#243; en esta serie cinco umbrales para la transformaci&#243;n de Norteam&#233;rica. El cuarto es infraestructura de ciudades fronterizas. Este ensayo lo desarrolla desde donde ese argumento se vuelve concreto: el capital que lo financia, la comunidad que lo sostiene, y la decisi&#243;n de construir antes de que la demanda lo exija.</em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Un cruce fronterizo no es infraestructura de tr&#225;nsito. Es la primera instituci&#243;n que el mundo encuentra.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Antes de que se firme un contrato, antes de que se celebre una reuni&#243;n, antes de que se construya una sola relaci&#243;n comercial, un puerto, un aeropuerto, un cruce terrestre le dice a cada inversionista, cada operador log&#237;stico, cada socio potencial exactamente con qu&#233; tipo de lugar est&#225; tratando. No lo dice con palabras. Lo dice con el tiempo que tarda en procesar un cami&#243;n. Con la calidad de su tecnolog&#237;a de inspecci&#243;n. Con si el agente aduanal opera desde una cultura de facilitaci&#243;n o desde una cultura punitiva. Con si el cruce tiene energ&#237;a confiable, conectividad digital, protocolos integrados, o si improvisa cada ma&#241;ana con lo que tiene.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Esa declaraci&#243;n es instant&#225;nea. Y es dif&#237;cil de desmentir con argumentos posteriores.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">La asimetr&#237;a entre los dos lados de la frontera no es de recursos ni de talento. Es de cultura institucional. El lado estadounidense opera desde un principio de facilitaci&#243;n: cada hora de retraso tiene un costo que el sistema reconoce y trata de evitar. El lado mexicano opera con demasiada frecuencia desde un principio de control, la revisi&#243;n como acto de autoridad antes que como acto de servicio. El resultado es un sistema que es lento y defensivo precisamente donde necesita ser r&#225;pido y abierto.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Eso tiene un nombre t&#233;cnico en la literatura de desarrollo econ&#243;mico. Se llama <em>gravedad institucional negativa</em>. La infraestructura no atrae, repele. No acumula confianza, la erosiona. Y la erosi&#243;n es costosa porque opera en ambas direcciones.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hacia afuera, le dice al mundo que este corredor es un factor de riesgo, no un activo. Hacia adentro, le dice a la comunidad que la rodea algo m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de cuantificar pero igualmente real: que nadie ha decidido que ella merece algo mejor. Las ciudades fronterizas mexicanas son, con demasiada frecuencia, las m&#225;s descuidadas del continente. No porque su funci&#243;n sea menor. Sino porque su funci&#243;n nunca ha sido traducida en inversi&#243;n proporcional a lo que generan. Y una comunidad que convive durante d&#233;cadas con infraestructura que no la dignifica aprende, gradualmente, a no esperar que las cosas funcionen. Ese aprendizaje tiene un costo econ&#243;mico directo: en la calidad del capital humano que produce, en su tolerancia al riesgo, en su demanda de instituciones formales sobre alternativas informales.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La infraestructura no es neutral. Declara intenciones.</strong></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png" width="750" height="410" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:410,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:66543,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k9rT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12954c2b-c6aa-415b-a842-f0852f4e459a_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Lo que diez minutos valen en cada estado fronterizo. Incremento proyectado en Producci&#243;n Bruta Total.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La pregunta no es c&#243;mo mejorar lo que existe. Es qu&#233; tendr&#237;a que construirse si se empezara hoy, sabiendo lo que sabemos sobre los pr&#243;ximos diez a&#241;os.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">La respuesta no es una versi&#243;n m&#225;s grande de la infraestructura del siglo pasado. Es una categor&#237;a distinta. Un hub fronterizo de clase mundial no se dise&#241;a para el flujo actual. Se dise&#241;a para el flujo que el <em>nearshoring</em>, la electromovilidad, el comercio digital y la reconfiguraci&#243;n de cadenas de suministro globales van a generar antes de que termine esta d&#233;cada. Construir para lo que ya existe es garantizar obsolescencia desde el primer d&#237;a.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png" width="702" height="396" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:396,&quot;width&quot;:702,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:634291,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SUBZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0c50971-cf36-4f01-a823-5073428ab6cf_702x396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Hub log&#237;stico multimodal de clase mundial. El est&#225;ndar que el nearshoring exige, no el que se improvisa.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El primer componente es energ&#237;a</strong>, y tiene que estar resuelto desde el dise&#241;o, no agregado despu&#233;s. Los estados fronterizos mexicanos tienen entre los recursos solares m&#225;s abundantes del continente. Sonora recibe radiaci&#243;n solar entre las m&#225;s altas del mundo. Un hub que no aprovecha ese recurso desde su concepci&#243;n no es un hub de clase mundial, es una instalaci&#243;n industrial con paneles decorativos. La energ&#237;a renovable integrada no es una concesi&#243;n a la agenda clim&#225;tica. Es una condici&#243;n para competir: las empresas globales que est&#225;n relocalizando operaciones tienen compromisos de emisiones netas que sus consejos de administraci&#243;n monitorean trimestralmente. Un corredor que no puede garantizarles energ&#237;a limpia, confiable y a precio competitivo no est&#225; en su lista de opciones, independientemente de la geograf&#237;a.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El segundo componente es digital</strong>, y opera en dos capas simult&#225;neas. La primera es la plataforma de facilitaci&#243;n comercial: prevalidaci&#243;n documental, trazabilidad en tiempo real, despacho aduanal integrado que reduce d&#237;as a horas y horas a minutos. El resultado no es solo eficiencia operativa. Es que el costo de ser formal se vuelve inferior al costo de ser informal. Esa inversi&#243;n de la ecuaci&#243;n es la pol&#237;tica de seguridad m&#225;s efectiva que existe. La segunda capa es la de seguridad activa: monitoreo inteligente, protocolos de verificaci&#243;n que identifican lo il&#237;cito sin detener lo leg&#237;timo, tecnolog&#237;a que hace que el cruce legal sea m&#225;s r&#225;pido que cualquier alternativa. Seguridad no como barrera adicional sino como atributo del dise&#241;o.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El tercer componente es log&#237;stico</strong> en el sentido m&#225;s amplio: capacidad multimodal que conecta el cruce terrestre con corredor ferroviario, con almacenamiento inteligente, con distribuci&#243;n de &#250;ltima milla hacia los mercados de consumo del suroeste americano. Los grandes operadores log&#237;sticos globales ya est&#225;n expandiendo su presencia en la franja fronteriza porque ven lo que viene. Un hub de clase mundial no los atrae despu&#233;s de construirse. Los incorpora desde la mesa de dise&#241;o como socios de la infraestructura misma.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El cuarto componente es el que raramente aparece en los estudios de infraestructura</strong> y es el que m&#225;s importa para el largo plazo: la comunidad que lo rodea. Un hub que extrae valor de su territorio sin devolv&#233;rselo en forma de servicios, empleo calificado, educaci&#243;n t&#233;cnica y espacios dignos no es sostenible. No en t&#233;rminos sociales solamente. En t&#233;rminos financieros. Los fondos de infraestructura que comprometen capital a veinte o treinta a&#241;os saben que la estabilidad social del entorno es una variable del retorno, no una externalidad. Una comunidad que cree en lo que su infraestructura declara sobre ella produce el capital humano que el hub necesita para operar a est&#225;ndar mundial. Una que no lo cree produce rotaci&#243;n, informalidad y fricci&#243;n.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La dignidad territorial no es el opuesto del caso de negocio. Es parte de &#233;l.</strong></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png" width="702" height="396" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:396,&quot;width&quot;:702,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:571313,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!x3iK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6fb2bee9-e943-45dc-bc50-2bbb4a1c7cbf_702x396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Planta solar en Sonora. El recurso ya existe. La decisi&#243;n de integrarlo desde el dise&#241;o, todav&#237;a no.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Un hub de clase mundial mal gobernado es m&#225;s costoso que no tenerlo.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">No es una afirmaci&#243;n te&#243;rica. Es la lecci&#243;n que dejaron d&#233;cadas de infraestructura p&#250;blica en Am&#233;rica Latina entregada a estructuras que no ten&#237;an los incentivos correctos para mantener lo que construyeron. El activo se deprecia. Los est&#225;ndares se relajan. El capital que lleg&#243; con expectativas institucionales se va con lecciones aprendidas. Y la comunidad que crey&#243; en la promesa del proyecto aprende, una vez m&#225;s, que las promesas grandes tienen vida corta.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La pregunta de qui&#233;n opera un hub fronterizo de clase mundial no es administrativa. Es estrat&#233;gica. Y tiene una respuesta t&#233;cnica precisa que no depende de ninguna ideolog&#237;a pol&#237;tica ni de ninguna coyuntura de gobierno.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El operador correcto es aquel cuyos incentivos est&#225;n alineados con el desempe&#241;o de largo plazo del activo</strong>, no con los objetivos de corto plazo de quien lo nombr&#243;. Eso describe una categor&#237;a espec&#237;fica de entidad: operadores privados especializados con concesiones de largo plazo, m&#233;tricas de desempe&#241;o p&#250;blicas y verificables, y estructuras de gobierno que separan con claridad quien regula de quien opera. No es una figura nueva. Es el modelo que construy&#243; los mejores puertos y aeropuertos del mundo, desde los grupos aeroportuarios latinoamericanos que transformaron infraestructura p&#250;blica deteriorada en activos de est&#225;ndar internacional, hasta los operadores portuarios que llevan d&#233;cadas demostrando que la infraestructura de comercio no requiere propiedad estatal para servir al inter&#233;s p&#250;blico.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Lo que hace robusto a ese modelo no es la privatizaci&#243;n en s&#237;. Es la arquitectura de rendici&#243;n de cuentas que lo acompa&#241;a.</strong> Contratos de concesi&#243;n con est&#225;ndares de servicio vinculantes. M&#233;tricas de tiempos de cruce, vol&#250;menes procesados, incidentes de seguridad y satisfacci&#243;n de usuarios que se publican con periodicidad y que tienen consecuencias contractuales si no se cumplen. Supervisi&#243;n regulatoria independiente del operador y del gobierno concedente. Y estructuras de gobierno interno que sobreviven cambios de administraci&#243;n porque no deben su existencia a ninguna administraci&#243;n espec&#237;fica.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Esa arquitectura resuelve el problema que ninguna buena intenci&#243;n puede resolver por s&#237; sola: el de los incentivos mal dise&#241;ados.</strong> Cuando quien opera la infraestructura gana si funciona bien y pierde si funciona mal, y cuando ese v&#237;nculo est&#225; establecido en un contrato que ninguna decisi&#243;n pol&#237;tica unilateral puede deshacer, el est&#225;ndar se mantiene. No porque los operadores sean virtuosos. Porque el sistema est&#225; dise&#241;ado para que la virtud y el inter&#233;s propio apunten en la misma direcci&#243;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El capital institucional de largo plazo entiende esto mejor que nadie. Un fondo soberano que eval&#250;a participar en infraestructura fronteriza no est&#225; evaluando solo el flujo de comercio subyacente. Est&#225; evaluando la calidad de la gobernanza que protege ese flujo a lo largo de d&#233;cadas. La pregunta que hace antes de comprometer capital no es cu&#225;ntos camiones cruzan hoy. Es qui&#233;n garantiza que el activo seguir&#225; funcionando a est&#225;ndar cuando cambien los gobiernos, cuando cambien los mercados, cuando cambien las personas que tomaron la decisi&#243;n original de construir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La respuesta a esa pregunta es la gobernanza. Y la gobernanza no se improvisa despu&#233;s. Se dise&#241;a desde el principio, con la misma </strong><em><strong>disciplina</strong></em><strong> con que se dise&#241;a la ingenier&#237;a del cruce o la estructura financiera del proyecto.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Un hub que no resuelve esto antes de poner la primera piedra no est&#225; construyendo infraestructura de clase mundial. Est&#225; construyendo el siguiente ejemplo de por qu&#233; estas cosas no funcionan.</strong></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El obst&#225;culo convencional para la infraestructura fronteriza de clase mundial no es t&#233;cnico ni geogr&#225;fico. Es narrativo. La historia que se cuenta sobre estos proyectos los sit&#250;a en la categor&#237;a de obra p&#250;blica, lo que significa esperar alineaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica entre tres gobiernos soberanos, ciclos presupuestales que no coinciden con ciclos de inversi&#243;n, y voluntad institucional que aparece y desaparece con cada administraci&#243;n. Esa historia ha sido suficientemente costosa. Ha mantenido durante d&#233;cadas una brecha que el comercio ya no puede seguir subsidiando.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Hay otra historia disponible. Y tiene mejores fundamentos financieros.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La infraestructura log&#237;stica fronteriza de clase mundial es, por su naturaleza, un activo de retorno estable, largo plazo y respaldado por flujos reales.</strong> El comercio bilateral entre M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos no depende de un ciclo pol&#237;tico. Depende de cadenas de suministro que tardaron d&#233;cadas en construirse y que ning&#250;n arancel va a desmantelar de manera permanente porque el costo de hacerlo recae sobre ambos lados. Ese es el activo subyacente: flujo estructural, no c&#237;clico. Es exactamente el perfil que los fondos de infraestructura institucional, fondos soberanos, fondos de pensiones, capital de largo plazo buscan cuando diversifican fuera de sus mercados de origen.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La arquitectura de capital para un hub fronterizo de clase mundial sigue una secuencia que tiene su propia l&#243;gica. El capital privado entra primero porque puede moverse con la velocidad y la flexibilidad que el capital p&#250;blico no tiene. El capital extranjero estrat&#233;gico, fondos soberanos con mandatos de infraestructura y horizonte generacional, entra cuando el proyecto tiene estructura, tiene terreno, tiene concesi&#243;n y tiene un caso financiero que resiste el escrutinio institucional. El capital local estrat&#233;gico, el que conoce el territorio, las relaciones y los riesgos espec&#237;ficos que ning&#250;n modelo financiero captura completamente, es el que da credibilidad al proyecto frente a las comunidades y autoridades locales. Y la banca de desarrollo, el NADB, el IFC, instituciones dise&#241;adas precisamente para reducir el costo de capital en proyectos con alto impacto regional, entra como catalizador que mejora las condiciones para todos los dem&#225;s.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El gobierno no lidera esta secuencia. Llega cuando el proyecto ya tiene forma, ya tiene capital comprometido, ya tiene el caso construido. Y cuando llega, su &#250;nica opci&#243;n razonable es decir que s&#237; a algo que ya funciona sin &#233;l.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Eso no es una cr&#237;tica al gobierno. Es una descripci&#243;n de c&#243;mo se construye infraestructura de clase mundial en econom&#237;as que no pueden darse el lujo de esperar.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png" width="750" height="410" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:410,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:87499,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6uHp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F95c513a3-6fa7-4c10-a1d0-922e4d7af825_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>La arquitectura de capital: cinco actores, cinco roles, una secuencia. El gobierno participa como habilitador esencial.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Norteam&#233;rica es ya la regi&#243;n econ&#243;mica m&#225;s integrada del planeta.</strong> No lo decidi&#243; en una cumbre. No lo proclam&#243; ning&#250;n documento pol&#237;tico. Lo construy&#243;, decisi&#243;n por decisi&#243;n, cadena de suministro por cadena de suministro, a lo largo de tres d&#233;cadas de comercio que no par&#243; ni cuando los gobiernos se pelearon ni cuando las pandemias cerraron fronteras ni cuando los aranceles amenazaron con deshacer lo que el mercado hab&#237;a tardado a&#241;os en tejer.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Lo que no construy&#243; fue la infraestructura que esa integraci&#243;n merece.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">La frontera entre M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos tiene m&#225;s de tres mil kil&#243;metros. A lo largo de ella operan decenas de cruces terrestres, puertos de entrada, corredores log&#237;sticos que conectan las econom&#237;as del continente con una precisi&#243;n y una interdependencia que ning&#250;n mapa pol&#237;tico captura completamente. <strong>Cada uno de esos nodos es un umbral.</strong> Y cada umbral es una declaraci&#243;n, hecha en piedra y acero y tiempo de espera, sobre lo que este continente ha decidido que vale la inversi&#243;n de construirlo bien.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El <em>nearshoring</em> est&#225; forzando una decisi&#243;n que se posterg&#243; demasiado. <strong>Las cadenas de manufactura que se est&#225;n relocalizando desde Asia hacia M&#233;xico no son visitantes.</strong> Son inversiones de largo plazo que llegan con expectativas de est&#225;ndar global y con la movilidad suficiente para irse si el entorno no las sostiene. Brasil est&#225; construyendo. Vietnam est&#225; construyendo. India est&#225; construyendo. <strong>La ventana que el momento geopol&#237;tico abri&#243; para M&#233;xico y para Norteam&#233;rica no es permanente.</strong> Tiene la duraci&#243;n de la decisi&#243;n de invertir o no invertir.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Los nodos donde esa decisi&#243;n se materializa primero no son las capitales. Son los cruces. Son los puertos. Son las ciudades fronterizas que llevan d&#233;cadas sosteniendo el flujo continental desde infraestructura que no las dignifica y que por primera vez en su historia tienen a su favor no solo la geograf&#237;a y la integraci&#243;n econ&#243;mica sino el capital global buscando exactamente el tipo de activo que ellas representan.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Tijuana y San Diego comparten ya una de las regiones de mayor densidad de manufactura avanzada del hemisferio occidental. Ciudad Ju&#225;rez y El Paso forman el corredor automotriz y electr&#243;nico m&#225;s activo del continente. Nuevo Laredo y Laredo procesan m&#225;s del <strong>37%</strong> del comercio terrestre bilateral. Nogales es la puerta por donde entra a Norteam&#233;rica la producci&#243;n agr&#237;cola que alimenta el continente en invierno. Cada uno de esos nodos tiene la demanda, tiene la geograf&#237;a, y tiene la justificaci&#243;n financiera para convertirse en infraestructura de clase mundial. Lo que ha faltado es la decisi&#243;n de tratarlos como lo que son: activos estrat&#233;gicos continentales, no problemas fronterizos locales.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Esa reclasificaci&#243;n no es sem&#225;ntica. Cambia qui&#233;n financia, qui&#233;n opera, qui&#233;n gobierna y qui&#233;n se sienta a la mesa cuando se dise&#241;a el proyecto. Un problema fronterizo local atrae soluciones locales con presupuestos locales y horizontes de un sexenio. Un activo estrat&#233;gico continental atrae capital institucional de largo plazo, operadores con est&#225;ndares globales, y el tipo de gobernanza que hace que lo construido dure m&#225;s que quien lo construy&#243;.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">La infraestructura narrativa de Norteam&#233;rica, otro de los umbrales que esta serie est&#225; construyendo, empieza aqu&#237;. No en las capitales donde se firman los tratados. En los cruces donde se procesa lo que esos tratados prometieron. En las ciudades que llevan d&#233;cadas demostrando, turno por turno, cami&#243;n por cami&#243;n, que pueden sostener flujos de clase mundial con lo que les han dado.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El estereotipo de la ciudad fronteriza no sobrevive a un hub de clase mundial que funciona.</strong> No porque alguien lo haya refutado con argumentos. Sino porque la realidad construida lo hace irrelevante. Una ciudad con infraestructura digna produce ciudadanos que esperan dignidad institucional. Esa expectativa es contagiosa y acumulable. Es la forma m&#225;s duradera de cambio cultural que existe, no la que se declara desde un podio sino la que se construye en el territorio y se vive todos los d&#237;as.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Hay una deuda pendiente con estas ciudades. No sentimental. Econ&#243;mica. Llevan d&#233;cadas generando valor continental desde infraestructura que no refleja ese valor. El comercio que fluye por sus cruces financia econom&#237;as que no les devuelven en infraestructura lo que ellas producen en flujo. Esa ecuaci&#243;n es corregible. Y el momento para corregirla no es cuando la demanda desborde lo que existe, sino antes, con la misma l&#243;gica con que se construye cualquier activo de largo plazo: adelantarse a la curva, no perseguirla.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Norteam&#233;rica no necesita m&#225;s argumentos sobre su potencial integrado.</strong> Tiene <strong>935 mil millones de d&#243;lares</strong> en comercio bilateral que demuestran que la integraci&#243;n ya ocurri&#243;. Lo que necesita es la <em>disciplina</em> de construir la infraestructura que ese hecho econ&#243;mico exige. Ciudad por ciudad. Cruce por cruce. Con capital que entiende el horizonte, con gobernanza que sobrevive los ciclos pol&#237;ticos, y con el reconocimiento de que las comunidades que sostienen este continente merecen ver ese reconocimiento construido a su alrededor.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Eso no es una visi&#243;n. Es una decisi&#243;n.</strong></p></blockquote><p></p><p><strong>ENGLISH</strong></p><h2><strong>The Continent&#8217;s Gateway is Unfinished</strong></h2><p><em>Why border infrastructure is the decision that defines North America</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png" width="702" height="468" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:468,&quot;width&quot;:702,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:773680,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!L87S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fba5480b2-451a-4e57-9ab6-824fef2fde07_702x468.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>International Bridge / Laredo, Texas. The flow already exists. The infrastructure does not.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">There is a line that runs across this continent from the Pacific to the Gulf that moves <strong>nearly a trillion dollars</strong> in commerce every year. More than <strong>three billion dollars</strong> in goods cross it daily: auto parts, electronics, medical devices, fresh produce that feeds North America through winters no other region can cover. It is the most active commercial border on the planet.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The infrastructure processing that flow does not know it.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mexico is today the United States&#8217; largest trading partner, having displaced China and Canada. Bilateral goods and services trade reached <strong>935 billion dollars in 2024</strong>. Surface transportation moves <strong>72%</strong> of that value, trucks and trains linking supply chains so integrated that a typical vehicle crosses the border <strong>seventeen times</strong> before it is finished. The integration is not an aspiration or a pending political project. It is a daily economic fact, structural and irreversible.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>What has not accompanied that fact is the infrastructure it deserves.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The busiest ports of entry operate above their original design capacity. Commercial vehicle wait times frequently exceed <strong>seven hours</strong>. The perishable goods moving in those trucks represent <strong>nine billion dollars</strong> in daily value that deteriorates with every hour of delay. The research is precise: a reduction of just ten minutes in customs wait times would increase gross output between <strong>1.1% and 1.8%</strong> in every Mexican border state. <strong>Ten minutes</strong>. The cost of inaction is not abstract or difficult to calculate. It is measurable, cumulative, and growing at the pace of commerce that does not stop.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Because that commerce is not going to slow down. It is going to multiply.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Nearshoring</em>, the relocation of manufacturing chains from Asia toward Mexico to serve the North American market, is rewriting the industrial geography of the continent. Of the global relocation market estimated at <strong>1.5 trillion dollars</strong> for the second half of this decade, serious projections suggest that up to <strong>45%</strong> could flow toward Mexico. The border states, Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Le&#243;n, Tamaulipas, are the natural recipients of that wave. They are already receiving it. The question is not whether the flow will arrive. The question is whether there will be something worthy of receiving it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The gap between what these cities generate and what they receive is not a technical failure. It is an accumulated decision.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png" width="750" height="410" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:410,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:75970,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!eTAY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3bf1f1fb-c5f8-4b49-908e-f0fb5edab055_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>The gap commerce can no longer subsidize. Bilateral trade vs. border infrastructure investment 2000&#8211;2024.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Eduardo Joffroy has identified in this series five thresholds for North America&#8217;s transformation. The fourth is infrastructure of border cities. This essay develops that argument from where it becomes concrete: the capital that finances it, the community that sustains it, and the decision to build before demand makes it unavoidable.</em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A crossing is not transit infrastructure. It is the first institution the world encounters.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Before a contract is signed, before a meeting is held, before a single commercial relationship is built, a port, an airport, a land crossing tells every investor, every logistics operator, every potential partner exactly what kind of place they are dealing with. Not in words. In the time it takes to process a truck. In the quality of its inspection technology. In whether the customs agent operates from a culture of facilitation or a culture of control. In whether the crossing has reliable energy, digital connectivity, integrated protocols, or whether it improvises every morning with what it has.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>That declaration is immediate. And it is difficult to contradict with arguments made afterward.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The asymmetry between the two sides of the border is not one of resources or talent. It is one of institutional culture. The American side operates from a principle of facilitation: every hour of delay has a cost the system recognizes and works to avoid. The Mexican side operates too often from a principle of control, inspection as an act of authority rather than an act of service. The result is a system that is slow and defensive precisely where it needs to be fast and open.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This has a technical name in development economics. It is called <em>negative institutional gravity</em>. The infrastructure does not attract, it repels. It does not accumulate trust, it erodes it. And erosion is costly because it operates in both directions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Outward, it tells the world that this corridor is a risk factor, not an asset. Inward, it tells the surrounding community something harder to quantify but equally real: that no one has decided it deserves something better. Border cities are too often the most neglected on the continent. Not because their function is minor. But because their function has never been translated into investment proportional to what they generate. A community that lives for decades alongside infrastructure that does not dignify it learns, gradually, not to expect things to work. That learned expectation has a direct economic cost: in the quality of the human capital it produces, in its tolerance for risk, in its demand for formal institutions over informal alternatives.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Infrastructure is not neutral. It declares intentions.</strong></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png" width="750" height="410" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:410,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:65403,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jFYc!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F0ca3b0c4-f815-47eb-a715-5530d2957d8c_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>What ten minutes are worth in each border state. Projected increase in Gross Output from a 10-minute wait time reduction.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The question is not how to improve what exists. It is what would need to be built starting today, knowing what we know about the next ten years.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The answer is not a larger version of last century&#8217;s infrastructure. It is a different category. A world-class border hub is not designed for current flow. It is designed for the flow that <em>nearshoring</em>, electromobility, digital commerce, and the reconfiguration of global supply chains will generate before this decade ends. Building for what already exists is guaranteed obsolescence from day one.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png" width="702" height="396" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:396,&quot;width&quot;:702,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:634291,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UPig!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc2e8ad75-9160-4ce9-8bef-5ae6244304da_702x396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>World-class multimodal logistics hub. The standard nearshoring demands, not the one that gets improvised.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The first component is energy</strong>, and it must be resolved by design, not added afterward. The Mexican border states have some of the most abundant solar resources on the continent. Sonora receives among the highest solar radiation in the world. A hub that does not leverage that resource from conception is not a world-class hub. It is an industrial facility with decorative panels. Integrated renewable energy is not a concession to the climate agenda. It is a condition for competitiveness: the global companies relocating operations carry net-zero emissions commitments their boards monitor quarterly. A corridor that cannot guarantee them clean, reliable, competitively priced energy is not on their shortlist, regardless of geography.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The second component is digital</strong>, operating on two simultaneous layers. The first is the trade facilitation platform: document pre-validation, real-time traceability, integrated customs clearance that reduces days to hours and hours to minutes. The result is not just operational efficiency. It is that the cost of being formal becomes lower than the cost of being informal. That inversion of the equation is the most effective security policy that exists. The second layer is active security: intelligent monitoring, verification protocols that identify the illicit without stopping the legitimate, technology that makes legal crossing faster than any alternative. Security not as an additional barrier but as an attribute of the design.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The third component is logistical</strong> in the broadest sense: multimodal capacity that connects the land crossing with rail corridor, intelligent storage, and last-mile distribution toward southwestern American consumer markets. The world&#8217;s major logistics operators are already expanding their presence along the border strip because they see what is coming. A world-class hub does not attract them after it is built. It incorporates them from the design table as partners in the infrastructure itself.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The fourth component is the one that rarely appears in infrastructure studies</strong> and matters most for the long term: the community that surrounds it. A hub that extracts value from its territory without returning it in the form of services, skilled employment, technical education, and dignified spaces is not sustainable. Not only in social terms. In financial terms. Infrastructure funds committing capital over twenty or thirty years know that the social stability of the surrounding environment is a variable of return, not an externality. A community that believes in what its infrastructure declares about it produces the human capital the hub needs to operate at world standard. One that does not produces turnover, informality, and friction.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Territorial dignity is not the opposite of the business case. It is part of it.</strong></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png" width="702" height="396" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:396,&quot;width&quot;:702,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:571313,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WOJr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F09f1598a-6bcc-4335-9389-fb6cb3cf867b_702x396.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Solar farm in Sonora. The resource already exists. The decision to integrate it from design, not yet.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A world-class hub poorly governed is more expensive than not having one.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is not a theoretical claim. It is the lesson left by decades of public infrastructure in Latin America delivered to structures that lacked the right incentives to maintain what they built. The asset depreciates. Standards relax. Capital that arrived with institutional expectations leaves with lessons learned. And the community that believed in the project&#8217;s promise learns, once again, that large promises have short lives.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The question of who operates a world-class border hub is not administrative. It is strategic. And it has a precise technical answer that depends on no political ideology and no particular government moment.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The right operator is one whose incentives are aligned with the long-term performance of the asset</strong>, not with the short-term objectives of whoever appointed them. That describes a specific category of entity: specialized private operators with long-term concessions, public and verifiable performance metrics, and governance structures that clearly separate who regulates from who operates. This is not a new model. It is the one that built the world&#8217;s best ports and airports, from the Latin American airport groups that transformed deteriorated public infrastructure into international-standard assets, to the port operators that have spent decades demonstrating that commercial infrastructure does not require state ownership to serve the public interest.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>What makes that model robust is not privatization itself. It is the accountability architecture that accompanies it.</strong> Concession contracts with binding service standards. Metrics for crossing times, processed volumes, security incidents, and user satisfaction published regularly with contractual consequences if unmet. Regulatory oversight independent of both operator and conceding government. And internal governance structures that survive changes of administration because they do not owe their existence to any specific administration.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>That architecture solves the problem that no good intention can solve on its own: misaligned incentives.</strong> When whoever operates the infrastructure gains if it works well and loses if it works poorly, and when that link is established in a contract that no unilateral political decision can undo, the standard holds. Not because operators are virtuous. Because the system is designed so that virtue and self-interest point in the same direction.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Long-term institutional capital understands this better than anyone. A sovereign fund evaluating participation in border infrastructure is not evaluating only the underlying trade flow. It is evaluating the quality of the governance that protects that flow across decades. The question it asks before committing capital is not how many trucks cross today. It is who guarantees the asset will continue performing to standard when governments change, when markets shift, when the people who made the original decision to build are no longer at the table.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The answer to that question is governance. And governance is not improvised afterward. It is designed from the beginning, with the same </strong><em><strong>disciplina</strong></em><strong> with which the crossing&#8217;s engineering or the project&#8217;s financial structure is designed.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A hub that does not resolve this before breaking ground is not building world-class infrastructure. It is building the next example of why these things do not work.</strong></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The conventional obstacle to world-class border infrastructure is not technical or geographic. It is narrative. The story told about these projects places them in the category of public works, which means waiting for political alignment among three sovereign governments, budget cycles that do not coincide with investment cycles, and institutional will that appears and disappears with each administration. That story has been costly enough. It has maintained for decades a gap that commerce can no longer subsidize.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>There is another story available. And it has better financial fundamentals.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>World-class border logistics infrastructure is, by its nature, an asset of stable return, long horizon, and backed by real flows.</strong> Bilateral trade between Mexico and the United States does not depend on a political cycle. It depends on supply chains that took decades to build and that no tariff will permanently dismantle because the cost of doing so falls on both sides. That is the underlying asset: structural flow, not cyclical. It is exactly the profile that institutional infrastructure funds, sovereign wealth funds, pension funds, and long-horizon capital seek when diversifying outside their home markets.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The capital architecture for a world-class border hub follows a sequence with its own logic. Private capital enters first because it can move with the speed and flexibility that public capital cannot. Strategic foreign capital, sovereign funds with infrastructure mandates and generational horizons, enters when the project has structure, has land, has a concession, and has a financial case that withstands institutional scrutiny. Strategic local capital, the capital that knows the territory, the relationships, and the specific risks that no financial model captures completely, is what gives the project credibility with local communities and authorities. And development banking, the NADB, the IFC, institutions designed precisely to reduce the cost of capital in projects with high regional impact, enters as a catalyst that improves conditions for everyone else.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Government does not lead this sequence. It arrives when the project already has shape, already has committed capital, already has the case built. And when it arrives, its only reasonable option is to say yes to something that already works without it.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>That is not a critique of government. It is a description of how world-class infrastructure gets built in economies that cannot afford to wait.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png" width="750" height="410" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:410,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:89049,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196912036?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZIbp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F32c3b932-76e4-42fc-ad02-26eb06bd5d60_750x410.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>The capital architecture: five actors, five roles, one sequence. Government participates as an essential enabler.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#8226; &#8226; &#8226;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>North America is already the most integrated economic region on the planet.</strong> It did not decide this at a summit. No political document proclaimed it. It was built, decision by decision, supply chain by supply chain, across three decades of commerce that did not stop when governments quarreled, when pandemics closed borders, or when tariffs threatened to undo what markets had spent years weaving together.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>What it did not build was the infrastructure that integration deserves.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The border between Mexico and the United States stretches more than three thousand kilometers. Along it operate dozens of land crossings, ports of entry, logistics corridors connecting the continent&#8217;s economies with a precision and interdependence that no political map captures completely. <strong>Each of those nodes is a threshold.</strong> And each threshold is a declaration, made in concrete and steel and wait times, about what this continent has decided is worth building well.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Nearshoring</em> is forcing a decision that was postponed too long. <strong>The manufacturing chains relocating from Asia to Mexico are not visitors.</strong> They are long-term investments arriving with expectations of global standard and with the mobility to leave if the environment does not sustain them. Brazil is building. Vietnam is building. India is building. <strong>The window that the current geopolitical moment has opened for Mexico and for North America is not permanent.</strong> It lasts exactly as long as the decision to invest or not invest.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The nodes where that decision materializes first are not the capitals. They are the crossings. The ports. The border cities that have spent decades sustaining continental flow from infrastructure that does not dignify them, and that for the first time in their history have in their favor not only geography and economic integration but global capital actively seeking exactly the type of asset they represent.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Tijuana and San Diego already share one of the highest-density advanced manufacturing regions in the western hemisphere. Ciudad Ju&#225;rez and El Paso form the continent&#8217;s most active automotive and electronics corridor. Nuevo Laredo and Laredo process more than <strong>37%</strong> of bilateral land trade. Nogales is the gateway through which the agricultural production that feeds North America in winter enters the continent. Each of those nodes has the demand, the geography, and the financial justification to become world-class infrastructure. What has been missing is the decision to treat them as what they are: continental strategic assets, not local border problems.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>That reclassification is not semantic. It changes who finances, who operates, who governs, and who sits at the table when the project is designed. A local border problem attracts local solutions with local budgets and horizons of one administration. A continental strategic asset attracts long-horizon institutional capital, operators with global standards, and the kind of governance that makes what is built outlast whoever built it.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">North America&#8217;s narrative infrastructure, another of the thresholds this series is building, begins here. Not in the capitals where treaties are signed. At the crossings where what those treaties promised is processed. In the cities that have spent decades demonstrating, shift by shift, truck by truck, that they can sustain continental-scale flows with what they have been given.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The stereotype of the border city does not survive a world-class hub that works.</strong> Not because someone refuted it with arguments. But because the built reality makes it irrelevant. A city with dignified infrastructure produces citizens who expect institutional dignity. That expectation is contagious and cumulative. It is the most durable form of cultural change that exists, not the kind declared from a podium but the kind built into the territory and lived every day.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>There is a debt owed to these cities. Not sentimental. Economic. They have spent decades generating continental value from infrastructure that does not reflect that value. The commerce flowing through their crossings finances economies that do not return in infrastructure what those cities produce in flow. That equation is correctable. And the moment to correct it is not when demand overwhelms what exists, but before, with the same logic with which any long-term asset is built: get ahead of the curve, do not chase it.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>North America does not need more arguments about its integrated potential.</strong> It has <strong>935 billion dollars</strong> in bilateral commerce demonstrating that integration has already happened. What it needs is the <em>disciplina</em> to build the infrastructure that economic fact demands. City by city. Crossing by crossing. With capital that understands the horizon, with governance that outlasts political cycles, and with the recognition that the communities sustaining this continent deserve to see that recognition built around them.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>That is not a vision. It is a decision.</strong></p></blockquote><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The North American &#8212; 77 is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[México S.A. de C.V. ]]></title><description><![CDATA[El monopolio m&#225;s grande de M&#233;xico se llama M&#233;xico]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-sa-de-cv</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-sa-de-cv</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[The North American - 77]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 05 May 2026 13:03:27 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: center;"><strong>&#127474;&#127485; Ir a la versi&#243;n en espa&#241;ol &#8595;  |  &#127482;&#127480; Jump to English version &#8595;</strong></p><div><hr></div><p>M&#233;xico lleva 500 a&#241;os siendo administrado como una empresa privada en donde sus clientes no son los ciudadanos sino los que est&#225;n en el poder.</p><p>No es met&#225;fora. Es estructura. La compa&#241;&#237;a se fund&#243; en <strong>1521,</strong> ha cambiado de junta directiva cuatro veces, y <strong>nunca ha pagado dividendos a sus accionistas reales</strong> (los 130 millones de mexicanos cuyo trabajo, suelo y subsuelo financian la operaci&#243;n); solamente le pagaron dividendos a su mesa directiva y los que han mantenido el control del poder en M&#233;xico.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg" width="1786" height="1302" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1302,&quot;width&quot;:1786,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:979936,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196446531?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51ec0258-3da2-4315-b1bd-fabc80950d56_2816x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>M&#233;xico S.A. de C.V. no existe, sin embargo as&#237; se ha operado el potencial del pa&#237;s desde hace 500 a&#241;os por los que manejan el poder politico.</strong></p></div><p><em><strong>1521.</strong></em><strong> Casa de Contrataci&#243;n.</strong> La colonia existe para alimentar a la corporaci&#243;n: plata hacia afuera, manufacturas hacia adentro, prohibici&#243;n de comerciar con cualquier vecino.</p><p><em><strong>1821. La hacienda toma el lugar de la Corona. </strong></em>La red de caminos y postas que sale de Ciudad de M&#233;xico ya est&#225; dise&#241;ada para extraer hacia los puertos y hacia las fronteras, no para integrar entre ciudades. Cuando el Porfiriato llegue, no inventar&#225; el patr&#243;n &#8212; lo cablear&#225; en acero. El mapa de comunicaciones de 1885 no tiene l&#237;neas horizontales. No fue descuido. Fue dise&#241;o.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg" width="1456" height="867" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:867,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:875597,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196446531?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc85f2596-738a-43af-b1a9-816da4c4283a_2560x1440.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong>1910.</strong></em><strong> La Revoluci&#243;n produce el monopolio m&#225;s eficiente</strong> que M&#233;xico ha tenido, porque se llam&#243; a s&#237; mismo revoluci&#243;n. Pemex, CFE, banca, telecom, educaci&#243;n, medios. El <em>dedazo</em> fue una pr&#225;ctica de gobierno corporativo. Funcion&#243; setenta a&#241;os porque manten&#237;a la ilusi&#243;n de que la compa&#241;&#237;a pertenec&#237;a a la naci&#243;n, cuando en realidad pertenec&#237;a al directorio.</p><p><em><strong>1990.</strong></em><strong> La privatizaci&#243;n subasta el monopolio.</strong> Las rentas migran de manos p&#250;blicas a manos privadas &#8212; Telmex, Televisa, los bancos post-Fobaproa &#8212; sin que el ciudadano notara que el cobrador hab&#237;a cambiado de uniforme.</p><p><em><strong>2018.</strong></em><strong> La cuarta refinanciaci&#243;n</strong> es distinta de las anteriores. Por primera vez en quinientos a&#241;os, la compa&#241;&#237;a no intenta avanzar al siguiente sistema operativo &#8212; intenta reinstalar uno anterior. La privatizaci&#243;n de energia se revierte. La energ&#237;a se re-centraliza. Los &#243;rganos aut&#243;nomos se debilitan. Una refiner&#237;a se construye con la l&#243;gica energ&#233;tica de los a&#241;os setenta, mientras el continente entero migra hacia generaci&#243;n distribuida y energ&#237;as renovables.</p><blockquote><p><em>Y aqu&#237; est&#225; la factura que M&#233;xico todav&#237;a no termina de procesar. Mientras la geograf&#237;a le serv&#237;a la oportunidad m&#225;s grande de su historia moderna &#8212; el desacople comercial entre Estados Unidos y China, billones de d&#243;lares en cadenas de suministro buscando un nuevo hogar &#8212; la compa&#241;&#237;a decidi&#243; que ese era el momento perfecto para volver al pasado. </em></p><p><em>Nearshoring no es una promesa. Es una factura. Y la diferencia entre lo que M&#233;xico pudo capturar y lo que est&#225; capturando se mide en empleos que se fueron a Vietnam, en plantas que esperaban certeza energ&#233;tica y certeza jur&#237;dica, y no encontraron ninguna de las dos.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Cinco siglos.</strong> <strong>Cuatro modelos de propiedad. Un mismo sistema operativo: </strong>extraer del pa&#237;s, distribuir entre pocos, justificar el reparto con la palabra de moda &#8212; fe en el siglo XVI, orden en el XIX, revoluci&#243;n en el XX, mercado al cierre del milenio, transformaci&#243;n al inicio de &#233;ste.</p><blockquote><p><em>Cada generaci&#243;n crey&#243; que su reforma era la definitiva. Cada generaci&#243;n hered&#243; la misma compa&#241;&#237;a con un nuevo logo.</em></p></blockquote><p>Y sin embargo, la compa&#241;&#237;a sigue de pie.</p><p>Si una empresa sobrevive 500 a&#241;os de mala administraci&#243;n y a&#250;n produce la econom&#237;a n&#250;mero doce del mundo, eso ya no es un pa&#237;s. Es un <em><strong>stress-test</strong></em><strong> </strong>aprobado por la historia. </p><p><strong>El mexicano ha prosperado a pesar de su sistema, no gracias a &#233;l.</strong> Esa resiliencia deber&#237;a haber sido la base de cualquier reforma seria. No lo ha sido. Las reformas se construyeron asumiendo que el mexicano era el problema. El mexicano ha sido, de hecho, el &#250;nico activo que la compa&#241;&#237;a nunca supo administrar.</p><p>Aqu&#237; conviene una distinci&#243;n que el debate p&#250;blico mexicano ha confundido por d&#233;cadas.</p><p>Hay dos tipos de empresas grandes en este pa&#237;s. Las que aprendieron a competir cruzando fronteras &#8212; <em><strong>Bimbo, Bachoco, Cemex, Metalsa, Cydsa, Femsa, Gruma, Cin&#233;polis, Mabe</strong> </em>&#8212; y las que aprendieron a cobrar rentas de un mercado al que el sistema no permit&#237;a entrar a nadie m&#225;s. Las primeras son la prueba de que el mexicano construye a escala mundial cuando el sistema es permeable. Las segundas son la prueba de lo que pasa cuando el sistema se sella.</p><p><strong>El monopolio prefiere las segundas porque son controlables. El futuro de M&#233;xico depende de multiplicar las primeras.</strong></p><p><strong>M&#233;xico SA de CV </strong>ha invertido medio milenio en producir las segundas. La pregunta para esta generaci&#243;n es si va a invertir las pr&#243;ximas d&#233;cadas en producir las primeras. Eso requiere convertir la compa&#241;&#237;a en otra cosa.  </p><p>&#191;Por qu&#233; no crear el <strong>M&#233;xico Inc</strong>. (renovado) con un modelo de negocio totalmente nuevo y moderno en donde su funci&#243;n es ser una plataforma para que los ciudadanos y empresas privadas salgan a ganar al mercado y donde sea el refer&#237; para que se juegue bajo reglas claras y justas?   </p><p><strong>Una aceleradora es lo opuesto de un monopolio.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>Un monopolio extrae de muchos para enriquecer a pocos. Una aceleradora invierte en muchos para que algunos construyan algo mayor que ellos mismos. </em></p><p><em>Esa es la inversi&#243;n estructural que M&#233;xico nunca ha hecho en s&#237; mismo y que podr&#237;a ser el nuevo modelo de <strong>Mexico Inc</strong>.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>La pregunta que nos debemos de hacer es: </strong>si el Estado va a seguir siendo el jugador principal de la econom&#237;a, o si vamos a voltear el modelo para que los jugadores principales seamos los mexicanos.  De esta forma el pa&#237;s recibe sus ingresos a trav&#233;s de los impuestos de una IP mucho m&#225;s grande y con un rol mucho m&#225;s claro en donde trata a los Mexicanos como siempre los debi&#243; haber tratado:  <em><strong>Como sus clientes m&#225;s importantes.</strong></em></p><p><strong>M&#233;xico Inc. podr&#237;a convertirse en una especie de </strong><em><strong>back office estrat&#233;gico para M&#233;xico</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; invisible cuando todo funciona, decisivo cuando hace falta. El ciudadano y la empresa privada son la capa que produce. El Estado es la capa que sostiene. <em>Esa es la arquitectura que M&#233;xico nunca construy&#243;, porque la compa&#241;&#237;a de Mexico S.A. de C.V. estaba muy c&#243;moda sin reportar a sus verdaderos due&#241;os y sin atender a clientes.</em></p><p>Y aqu&#237; est&#225; la parte que M&#233;xico todav&#237;a no termina de decir en voz alta. Una aceleradora mexicana no funciona con capital local &#250;nicamente. No funciona con mercado interno &#250;nicamente. No retiene talento sin caminos hacia el norte. La aceleradora es continental por dise&#241;o, no por concesi&#243;n. Capital de tres econom&#237;as. Mercados de tres econom&#237;as. Movilidad de talento entre tres econom&#237;as.</p><p><strong>El T-MEC no es un tratado comercial. Es nuestra cl&#225;usula antitrust.</strong></p><p>Es la &#250;nica infraestructura institucional que M&#233;xico ha aceptado en quinientos a&#241;os que no fue dise&#241;ada para extraer de sus ciudadanos. Cada vez que la compa&#241;&#237;a estuvo a punto de abrirse de verdad, alguien convenci&#243; a los accionistas de que abrir la puerta era traici&#243;n. La traici&#243;n ha sido mantenerla cerrada.</p><p>La primera empresa del portafolio de la nueva aceleradora no ser&#225; una <em>startup</em>. Ser&#225; el ciudadano mexicano que ya sobrevivi&#243; cuatro versiones del monopolio sin que ning&#250;n sistema invirtiera en &#233;l. </p><p><strong>Mexico Inc.</strong> ser&#225; la empresa de todos. <strong>M&#233;xico S.A. de C.V. </strong>fue la empresa de unos pocos.</p><p><strong>Es momento de dejar de ser clientes cautivos y convertirnos en los accionistas de nuestro propio futuro. M&#233;xico Inc es la visi&#243;n para un nuevo y moderno modelo de pa&#237;s para un M&#233;xico listo para conectarse con Norteam&#233;rica como nunca antes.</strong></p><p><em>&#8212; NA77 Un futuro. Tres Naciones.</em></p><div class="pullquote"><p>&#191;Esta historia te import&#243;? </p><p>Si NA77 vale tu tiempo, vale tu apoyo.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p></div><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>ENGLISH VERSION</strong></p><div><hr></div><h1>Mexico S.A. de C.V.</h1><h4><em>The largest monopoly in Mexico is Mexico itself</em></h4><p>For five hundred years, Mexico has been managed as a private company.</p><p>This is not a metaphor. It is structure. The company was founded in 1521, has changed boards of directors four times, and <strong>has never paid a dividend to its shareholders </strong>&#8212; the 130 million Mexicans whose labor, soil, and subsoil finance the operation. The corporate name has changed. The business model has not.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg" width="1456" height="1061" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1061,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:979936,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196446531?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F51ec0258-3da2-4315-b1bd-fabc80950d56_2816x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-NDO!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc03c67d-7766-4ce2-8af8-ed8ad3166083_1786x1302.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>M&#233;xico S.A. de C.V. doesn&#8217;t exist but this is just how the country&#8217;s potential has been managed by those in power.</strong></p></div><p><em><strong>1521.</strong></em><strong> Casa de Contrataci&#243;n.</strong> The colony exists to feed the corporation: silver out, manufactures in, prohibition on trading with any neighbor.</p><p><strong>1821. The hacienda takes the Crown's place. </strong><em>Independence localized the monopoly without dissolving it. The road and postal network already radiating from Mexico City was designed to extract toward the ports and the borders, not to integrate between cities. When the Porfiriato came, it did not invent that pattern &#8212; it simply wired it in steel. The 1885 communications map has no horizontal lines. That was not an oversight. That was the design.</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg" width="2416" height="1439" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1439,&quot;width&quot;:2416,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:875597,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196446531?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc85f2596-738a-43af-b1a9-816da4c4283a_2560x1440.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PiLJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e92e7be-34e0-470c-b419-62fae96658c4_2416x1439.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em><strong>1910.</strong></em><strong> The Revolution produced the most efficient monopoly </strong>Mexico has ever had, because it called itself a revolution. Pemex (state oil), CFE (state power), banking, telecom, education, media. The <em>dedazo</em> &#8212; the president&#8217;s finger choosing his successor &#8212; was a practice of corporate governance. It worked for seventy years because it sustained the illusion that the company belonged to the nation, when in reality it belonged to the board.</p><p><em><strong>1990.</strong></em><strong> Privatization auctioned the monopoly. </strong>The rents migrated from public hands to private hands &#8212; Telmex, Televisa, the post-Fobaproa banks &#8212; and the citizen never noticed that the collector had simply changed uniforms.</p><p><em><strong>2018.</strong></em><strong> The fourth refinancing </strong>is different from the others. For the first time in five hundred years, the company is not trying to upgrade to the next operating system &#8212; it is trying to reinstall an earlier one. Energy privatization is reversed. Energy is re-centralized. The autonomous bodies are weakened. A refinery is built on the energy logic of the 1970s, while the entire continent migrates toward distributed generation and renewables.</p><blockquote><p><em>And here is the bill Mexico has not yet finished processing. While geography was serving Mexico its largest opportunity of the modern era &#8212; the commercial decoupling between the United States and China, trillions of dollars in supply chains looking for a new home &#8212; the company decided this was the perfect moment to go backward. Nearshoring is not a promise. It is an invoice. And the difference between what Mexico could have captured and what it is actually capturing is measured in the jobs that went to Vietnam, in the plants that arrived expecting energy certainty and legal certainty, and found neither.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Five centuries. Four ownership models. One operating system: </strong>extract from the country, distribute among a few, justify the distribution with the slogan of the era &#8212; faith in the sixteenth century, order in the nineteenth, revolution in the twentieth, market at the close of the millennium, transformation at the start of this one.</p><blockquote><p><em>Each generation believed its reform was the definitive one. Each generation inherited the same company with a new logo.</em></p></blockquote><p>And yet, the company is still standing.</p><p>If a company survives five hundred years of mismanagement and still produces the world&#8217;s twelfth-largest economy, that is no longer a country. It is a stress test that history has already passed. <strong>Mexicans have prospered in spite of their system, not because of it.</strong></p><p>That resilience should have been the foundation of any serious reform. It has not been. Reforms were built on the assumption that the Mexican was the problem. The Mexican has been, in fact, the only asset the company never knew how to manage. The board never read its own balance sheet. So much so that today the country leans on the thirty million Mexicans who fled this management &#8212; whose remittances now exceed every dollar of foreign direct investment Mexico receives.</p><p>Here a distinction is worth drawing &#8212; one the Mexican public debate has confused for decades.</p><p>There are two kinds of large companies in this country. The ones that learned to compete by crossing borders &#8212; <em><strong>Bimbo, Bachoco, Cemex, Metalsa, Cydsa, Femsa, Gruma, Cin&#233;polis, Mabe</strong></em>: the bakers, the cement-makers, the auto-parts engineers, the chemical innovators, the bottlers, the moviegoers, the appliance-makers. And the ones that learned to collect rents from a market the system would not let anyone else enter. The first kind is <strong>proof that the Mexican can build at world scale when the system is permeable.</strong> The second is proof of what happens when the system is sealed.</p><p>The monopoly prefers the second kind because they are controllable. Mexico&#8217;s future depends on multiplying the first.</p><p><strong>Mexico S.A. de C.V. </strong>has invested half a millennium in producing the second. The question for this generation is whether it will invest the next decades in producing the first. That requires turning the company into something else.</p><p><strong>An accelerator is not the opposite of a company. It is the opposite of a monopoly.</strong></p><p>A monopoly extracts from many to enrich a few. An accelerator invests in many so that some can build something larger than themselves. That is the structural investment Mexico has never made in itself.</p><p>The question we have to ask ourselves is this: will the state remain the principal player in the economy, or will we invert the model so that Mexicans themselves become the principal players? In that model, the country draws its revenue through taxes on a far larger private sector, and its role is clearly defined: referee.</p><p><strong>Mexico Inc. (renewed) could become the strategic back office of Mexico </strong>&#8212; invisible when everything works, decisive when it has to be. The citizen and private enterprise are the layer that produces. The state is the layer that supports. That is the architecture <strong>Mexico</strong> never built, because the company never wanted to stop running the stage.</p><p>And here is the part <strong>Mexico</strong> still does not say out loud. A Mexican accelerator does not work on local capital alone. It does not work on the domestic market alone. It does not retain talent without paths north. The accelerator is continental by design, not by concession. Capital from three economies. Markets across three economies. Talent mobility between three economies.</p><p><strong>USMCA is the only antitrust suit Mexico ever lost &#8212; and won by losing.</strong></p><p>It is the only institutional infrastructure <strong>Mexico </strong>has accepted in <strong>500 years </strong>that was not designed to extract from its citizens. Every time the company was about to truly open, someone convinced the shareholders that opening the door was treason. The treason has been keeping it closed.</p><p>The first portfolio company of the new accelerator will not be a startup. It will be the Mexican citizen who already survived four versions of the monopoly without any system ever investing in him. The one who built a parallel economy, a family supply chain across the R&#237;o Bravo, a warehouse in Houston with a cousin inside. The one who already passed the due diligence of history.</p><p><strong>Mexico Inc.</strong> is the new platform for every citizen. <strong>M&#233;xico S.A. de C.V. </strong>is the old platform that only benefits the few who hold a grip to its potential.</p><p><strong>It is time to stop being captive customers and become the shareholders of our own future. Mexico Inc is the vision for a new modern Mexican Nation ready to connect with North America like never before.</strong></p><p><em>&#8212; NA77 One future. Three nations.</em></p><p></p><p style="text-align: center;">Did this story matter to you?</p><p style="text-align: center;">If NA77 is worth your time, it&#8217;s worth supporting.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Treaty Is Reading the Fine Print]]></title><description><![CDATA[USMCA - World Cup - Rocha - FDI - Energy - AI - Geography - Economy - Trade - Supply Chains - Contient - Competition]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-treaty-is-reading-the-fine-print</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-treaty-is-reading-the-fine-print</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[The North American - 77]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 03 May 2026 13:03:17 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hmIS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ddf0ccf-2eee-404f-852f-0514e511e0f2_512x512.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p>The July 2026 USMCA review is two months out. The three-nation framework holding North America together is being stress-tested by tariffs, bilateral sidelines, federal indictments of Mexican officials for cartel collaboration, and oil near $105. This week, the continent showed its fracture lines &#8212; and the forces that will define the next decade.</p></blockquote><p><strong>From the Editor</strong></p><div><hr></div><p><em>&#8220;The continent is not breaking apart. But it is sorting itself. The question is whether the builders are faster than the breakers. This week&#8217;s Signal suggests they might be &#8212; barely.&#8221;</em></p><p><strong>The Signal</strong></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The North American &#8212; 77 is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider subscribing.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Trade Policy &#183; AmCham Mexico &#183; SeaVantage &#183; The Economist &#183; The Bridge</em></p><h2><strong>The 46% Nobody Is Talking About</strong></h2><p>The announced reduction from 50% to 25% on Section 232 derivative tariffs generated predictable headlines. The operative number is not 25. When the five new rate tiers are weighted against the actual distribution of US-Mexico and US-Canada bilateral metals trade, the effective tariff lands at roughly 46%. The gap between what Washington announces and what operators pay has become the defining feature of this trade environment.</p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;Weighting the five new rate tiers by where bilateral US-Mexico and US-Canada metals trade actually sits, the effective tariff lands at roughly 46%, not 25%.&#8221;</em></p><p>&#8212; <strong>Dr. Daniel Covarrubias</strong> &#183; The Bridge &#183; Texas A&amp;M International University &#183; May 1, 2026</p></blockquote><p>The auto sector received the cleanest outcome &#8212; a separate Section 232 action adopted USMCA&#8217;s content-tracing logic, a genuine structural win for North American manufacturing. The metals proclamation did not follow that logic. The gap is real and priced into every procurement decision in the corridor right now.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vcqx!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b0a5833-61f7-4b1f-acac-82f9d1d1995d_1240x364.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vcqx!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b0a5833-61f7-4b1f-acac-82f9d1d1995d_1240x364.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vcqx!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b0a5833-61f7-4b1f-acac-82f9d1d1995d_1240x364.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vcqx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b0a5833-61f7-4b1f-acac-82f9d1d1995d_1240x364.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vcqx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b0a5833-61f7-4b1f-acac-82f9d1d1995d_1240x364.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vcqx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b0a5833-61f7-4b1f-acac-82f9d1d1995d_1240x364.png" width="1240" height="364" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9b0a5833-61f7-4b1f-acac-82f9d1d1995d_1240x364.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:364,&quot;width&quot;:1240,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:40858,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196283285?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b0a5833-61f7-4b1f-acac-82f9d1d1995d_1240x364.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vcqx!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b0a5833-61f7-4b1f-acac-82f9d1d1995d_1240x364.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vcqx!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b0a5833-61f7-4b1f-acac-82f9d1d1995d_1240x364.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vcqx!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b0a5833-61f7-4b1f-acac-82f9d1d1995d_1240x364.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Vcqx!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9b0a5833-61f7-4b1f-acac-82f9d1d1995d_1240x364.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>The broader picture favors Mexico. AmCham Mexico shows Mexico operating at an effective U.S. tariff rate of 8.28% &#8212; versus over 39% for China. On $976 billion in annual bilateral trade, that differential is the strongest structural argument for the nearshoring thesis. The Economist calls the July 2026 USMCA review the highest-stakes trade negotiation since NAFTA. The advantage is real. It does not survive a failed review.</p><p>SeaVantage&#8217;s vessel tracking shows port congestion building at U.S. West Coast and Gulf entry points &#8212; importers front-loading ahead of anticipated rate escalations. The surge is compressing cross-border capacity on the Laredo corridor. It will normalize. Price the volatility into Q3 logistics contracts now.</p><p>Canada imposed C$15.6 billion in retaliatory tariffs on U.S. steel and aluminum. Mexico has not. Two nations, same window, different instruments &#8212; and that asymmetry will define the starting position of every conversation inside the July review.</p><blockquote><p><strong>~46%</strong></p><p>Effective rate on USMCA steel/aluminum derivatives &#8212; vs. 25% headline &#183; Source: The Bridge</p><p><strong>8.28%</strong></p><p>Mexico&#8217;s effective U.S. tariff rate &#8212; vs. 39%+ for China &#183; Source: AmCham Mexico</p><p><strong>$976B</strong></p><p>Annual US-Mexico bilateral trade &#183; Source: AmCham Mexico</p></blockquote><p><em><strong>Why it matters: </strong>Operators cannot price on headlines. The effective rate is the business reality. Mexico&#8217;s tariff advantage over China is structural &#8212; and conditional on the July review. Build your scenario plans around what it delivers, not what it promises. And subscribe to The Bridge. The corridor needs more analysis that shows the math.</em></p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Geopolitics &#183; Perplexity / Multiple Sources</em></p><h2><strong>USMCA Was Three Nations. The Review Is Two.</strong></h2><p>The July 2026 USMCA review has shifted from a routine institutional exercise into something more consequential: high-stakes bilateral negotiations between the U.S. and Mexico, with Canada notably sidelined from the initial talks. If trilateral consensus fails, the architecture defaults to annual reviews &#8212; a slow erosion of the rule-based predictability that made the corridor attractive to capital in the first place.</p><p>U.S. indictments of Sinaloa&#8217;s governor and former officials for cartel collaboration have introduced new friction into an already compressed diplomatic timeline. Trade talks and security politics are now running on the same track. Trump&#8217;s broader geopolitical posture &#8212; Venezuela intervention fallout, BRICS military exercises in the hemisphere &#8212; is testing U.S.-Canada alliance cohesion at the worst possible moment for trilateral unity.</p><p>The IMF has trimmed 2026 global growth to approximately 3.1%. Oil near $105 a barrel embeds a persistent logistics cost premium across the continental economy. U.S. retail gasoline averaging $4.23/gallon generates political pressure that could destabilize the review timeline unpredictably.</p><blockquote><p><em>Why it matters: A bilateral USMCA is not USMCA. The three-nation framework is the architecture&#8217;s value. When Canada is sidelined, every investment thesis built on continental integration has to be recalibrated. The question for operators: are you building for the continent that exists, or the one the agreement promised?</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Geopolitics &amp; Rule of Law &#183; U.S. Department of Justice &#183; NA77 Editorial</em></p><h2><strong>The Indictments Are Not the Story. The System They Describe Is.</strong></h2><p>When the U.S. Department of Justice named Sinaloa Governor Rub&#233;n Rocha Moya in a federal indictment for cartel collaboration, Washington did not merely accuse a state official of corruption. It named a <em>Morena governor</em> &#8212; a member of the governing coalition of the Mexican state. The cartels in Mexico are not a criminal layer sitting beneath governance. In too many territories, they are governance: through municipal contracts, electoral support, judicial intimidation, and the quiet collaboration of officials who have no safe alternative. When the U.S. names a sitting governor, it is not pointing at one corrupt individual. It is pointing at a system national in scope.</p><p>The Trump administration&#8217;s FTO terrorist designation of major Mexican cartel networks changes the legal architecture of U.S.-Mexico security cooperation entirely. U.S. law now authorizes financial, intelligence, and potentially kinetic tools previously unavailable. Mexico&#8217;s political class understands this. Some are afraid. They should be.</p><p><strong>The Morena Question</strong></p><p><em>Morena was built as a movement of national dignity &#8212; against the elite networks that governed Mexico through institutional corruption, and against foreign interference in Mexican sovereignty. That identity now faces its most serious internal contradiction: if the governing coalition contains officials whose collaboration with designated terrorist organizations is a matter of U.S. federal record, the sovereignty narrative fractures from the inside. This is not an external attack on Morena. It is a mirror.</em></p><p><strong>On Trump&#8217;s unpredictability:</strong> Trump&#8217;s greatest leverage over Mexico is not any specific action. It is the permanent uncertainty about what comes next &#8212; at what moment, through what mechanism, with what escalation. The indictments may be followed by sanctions, deportation operations calibrated for political embarrassment, or nothing for weeks. The uncertainty itself is the instrument. Mexico is permanently on defense &#8212; and that is exactly where Trump wants it.</p><p><strong>What should Presidenta Sheinbaum do?</strong> The honest answer is uncomfortable: do what the institution requires, not what the coalition permits. Acknowledge the indictments with the gravity they deserve. Initiate a credible process within Morena to address cartel-affiliated officials. Signal to Washington &#8212; quietly but clearly &#8212; that Mexico is a willing partner in reducing cartel influence within the governing apparatus. The political cost of cooperation is real. The cost of defiance, when the adversary holds a terrorist designation and controls the largest economy on your northern border, is potentially catastrophic.</p><p>The indictment timeline and the electoral calendar are now on the same track. With state elections approaching and the 2027 legislative cycle ahead, every new accusation narrows Morena&#8217;s political space. The party that came to power promising to end systemic corruption is now defending officials accused of cartel collaboration in U.S. federal court.</p><p><strong>For every CEO in Stuttgart, Seoul, Chicago, Montreal, Monterrey or Detroit, making capital allocation decisions:</strong><em><strong> </strong>the question is no longer whether Mexico has a cartel problem. It is whether Mexico&#8217;s government has the will to separate itself from that problem before the bilateral relationship deteriorates to the point where the investment thesis is at risk.</em></p><p>What This Means for Operators &#8212; <strong>Garrigues Mexico</strong></p><p><em>Garrigues Mexico&#8217;s compliance brief on the FTO designation is required reading for any company operating in the corridor. Under U.S. law, organizations providing &#8220;material support&#8221; to FTO-designated entities face criminal and civil liability &#8212; with U.S. jurisdiction explicitly expanded to cover acts occurring outside U.S. territory. Action items: enhanced due diligence on all Mexican counterparties and logistics providers; updated AML/CTF protocols calibrated for high-risk corridors; supply chain resilience standards accounting for cartel territorial control; and a documentation framework establishing what your organization knew, when, and what steps it took. The window of plausible deniability is closed.</em></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Why it matters:</strong> The FTO designations are not rhetorical gestures. They are a legal architecture change that gives the U.S. government tools it did not have before &#8212; and that Mexico&#8217;s political class cannot ignore. The USMCA review, the FDI thesis, the nearshoring corridor &#8212; all of it sits downstream of one question: can Mexico&#8217;s government credibly separate itself from cartel influence before Trump decides the answer is no?</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Investment &#183; Invest MTY &#183; Expeditors Horizon &#183; Perplexity</em></p><h2><strong>$40.87 Billion. In a Year of Tariff Volatility.</strong></h2><p>Mexico logged record foreign direct investment of $40.87 billion in 2025. Not a number that fits the hesitation narrative. It is long-duration capital from automotive assemblers, advanced manufacturers, and semiconductor-adjacent suppliers &#8212; betting on Mexican geography within the USMCA corridor regardless of Washington&#8217;s tariff posture in any given quarter.</p><p><strong>$40.87B</strong></p><p>Mexico FDI in 2025 &#8212; a record, driven by automotive and advanced manufacturing</p><p><strong>Editorial Perspective</strong></p><p><em><strong>A record FDI number is a bet &#8212; not a verdict. Mexico must resist the temptation to read $40.87 billion as confirmation. It is an invitation, conditional on delivery. The foreign capital now planted in Mexican soil will either grow into a generational transformation or quietly exit to the next geography that offers what Mexico promises but cannot yet guarantee.</strong></em></p><p>The honest ledger: supply chain infrastructure outside Northern and Central Mexico&#8217;s industrial triangle remains underdeveloped for the volume now being demanded. The legal system has not kept pace with the investment thesis being sold to boardrooms around the world. Energy &#8212; electricity, water, gas &#8212; is a persistent constraint, made more acute by a state-owned CFE and Pemex that are not delivering at the scale the moment requires. Security remains a negotiated reality in too many corridors. And the domestic economy is not keeping pace: internal consumption is weak, a disproportionate share of the population remains unbanked, and GDP per capita is far from the threshold a prosperous country requires.</p><p>Mexico&#8217;s economy is heavily sustained by FDI &#8212; which makes every Morena political decision a make-or-break moment for the nation&#8217;s economic trajectory. Pemex is in losses and deep debt. The moment FDI loses confidence, there is no domestic engine large enough to fill the gap. Mexico needs urgent supply chain infrastructure and energy investment to maintain its attractiveness &#8212; not in five years. Now.</p><p>On the ground, the corridors are performing. Invest MTY shows Monterrey&#8217;s industrial vacancy below 3.5% &#8212; effectively full. More than 100 Japanese companies now operate in the metro area. France&#8217;s cumulative FDI in the corridor has surpassed $218 million since 2006. The capital is there. The question is whether the infrastructure and institutions can keep pace with it.</p><p>On logistics, Expeditors&#8217; Gervasio Verdaguer identifies the four port corridors that will carry the nearshoring volume: Manzanillo (Latin America&#8217;s largest container port), L&#225;zaro C&#225;rdenas (Pacific deep-water industrial gateway), Altamira (Gulf, energy and automotive supply chains), and Veracruz (the historic Gulf gateway being modernized for container growth). Mexico&#8217;s 13 free trade agreements covering 50 countries are an underused competitive advantage. The multimodal infrastructure is improving. It is not yet where it needs to be for the volume projected over the next decade.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Why it matters:</strong> Capital is patient for a reason &#8212; it expects structural return. The investors building in Saltillo and Quer&#233;taro are not doing Mexico a favor. They are making a calculated bet that Mexico will close the gap between its geographic advantage and its institutional capacity. If that gap closes, Mexico becomes something historically rare: a developing country that seized its inflection point. If it doesn&#8217;t, the window will have closed without a country on the other side of it.</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p>Energy &#183; Perplexity</p><h2><strong>The Bridger Approval and What It Signals</strong></h2><p>Trump has approved the Bridger Pipeline Expansion &#8212; 550,000 barrels per day of Canadian crude moving southward, reviving the debate Keystone XL made famous and never resolved. Cross-border energy infrastructure is back as a strategic instrument, not just an operational asset.</p><p>At $105 oil and $4.23 retail gasoline, North America&#8217;s energy interdependence is visible in every fuel receipt on the continent. The corridor is not energy-independent. It is energy-integrated &#8212; which means shocks in one node travel fast. The Bridger approval signals that the U.S. still needs Canadian supply, regardless of its tariff posture. That asymmetry matters.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Why it matters:</strong> Energy flows are the continent&#8217;s circulatory system. Political noise around tariffs operates on a shorter cycle than a pipeline. Build for the pipeline timeline.</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p>Supply Chain &amp; Technology &#183; Supply Chain Brain &#183; Cargado &#183; Manifest 2027</p><h2><strong>The Machines Are Not Waiting for the Review</strong></h2><p>Supply Chain Brain&#8217;s 2026 industry survey found that 70% of North American shippers expect 5&#8211;15% growth over the next two years &#8212; in a tariff environment most analysts assumed would suppress confidence. The more consequential finding: agentic AI is no longer a pilot program in logistics. It is embedded into the operational core &#8212; demand sensing, carrier selection, exception management, last-mile rerouting.</p><p>On the cross-border corridor, Cargado&#8217;s freight data shows Laredo volumes tightening &#8212; a direct consequence of the front-loading surge SeaVantage is tracking at the ports. Operators relying on Laredo for just-in-time replenishment should be watching this closely. The tightening is not fully priced into forward planning cycles.</p><p>The physical infrastructure of North American commerce is being quietly rewired by capital and code. This week&#8217;s moves: <strong>Home Depot acquired Simpl Automation</strong> to accelerate warehouse automation across its distribution network. <strong>Siemens and KION are partnering on AI-powered digital twins</strong> for warehouse operations &#8212; compressing the decision cycle for capital-intensive logistics infrastructure. <strong>Kodiak AI and Bosch have begun hardware deliveries</strong> for autonomous freight trucks, stepping from pilot to commercial-scale deployment on the Laredo-to-Chicago corridor. <strong>Rivian is repurposing old EV batteries</strong> to power its Illinois factory &#8212; the largest repurposed battery storage system for a U.S. automaker, in partnership with Redwood Materials.</p><p>Investor signal: Sereact raised a $110M Series B for AI warehouse robotics. Eclipse closed a $1B fund focused on physical industries. Avery Dennison put $75M into Wiliot&#8217;s IoT supply chain sensors. Capital is flowing toward the physical layer of North American commerce &#8212; not away from it.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Why it matters:</strong> The automation wave is not a future threat. It is a present competitive differentiator. Corridor operators who deploy fastest will set the cost floor. Everyone else will defend against it.</em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>The Intelligence Frontier</em></p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Space &#183; AI &#183; Technology &#183; SpaceX / NVIDIA / Anthropic / xAI &#183; NA77 Intelligence Watch</em></p><h2><strong>The Continent&#8217;s Other Build &#8212; Chips, Models, and Rockets</strong></h2><p>While the policy debate centers on tariffs and treaty timelines, a parallel set of organizations is building the infrastructure of the next economy &#8212; on this continent, right now.</p><p><strong>SpaceX &#183; Starbase, Boca Chica, Texas</strong> &#8212; Starbase sits on the Rio Grande, in Cameron County, at the US-Mexico border. The V3 vehicle &#8212; Booster 19, Ship 39, Raptor 3 engines &#8212; stands 408 feet tall, designed to carry over 100 tons to low Earth orbit. Flight 12, the first V3 test, is targeting mid-May. The continent&#8217;s most ambitious manufacturing program is being built at the border, not in spite of it. The economic spillover into South Texas and Tamaulipas from this concentration of engineering talent and supply chain activity is a story North America has barely begun to tell.</p><p><strong>NVIDIA &#183; Vera Rubin Platform</strong> &#8212; Six new chips delivering a 3-to-4x improvement in compute density over Blackwell, reducing AI inference token costs by roughly 90%. NVIDIA projects the total AI infrastructure market at $1 trillion by 2027. The practical meaning for corridor operators: the compute floor is collapsing. What required a data center budget last year will run on a workstation budget next year. Organizations that understand this will compress decision cycles in ways that competitors will struggle to catch.</p><p><strong>Anthropic &#183; Claude</strong> &#8212; Claude Opus 4.7 is now generally available with improvements in complex long-horizon tasks. Claude Design launched for visuals, prototypes, and one-pagers, with creative connectors live for Blender, Autodesk Fusion, Adobe Creative Cloud, and Ableton. Harvard&#8217;s Faculty of Arts and Sciences moves from ChatGPT Edu to Claude for institutional AI access. The NA77 Signal is human led &amp; Claude built &#8212; and the compression of editorial workflows that used to require teams is available to every operator and organization in the corridor willing to use it.</p><p><strong>SpaceX / xAI &#183; Structural Consolidation</strong> &#8212; xAI has been merged into SpaceX, combining orbital launch capability with large-scale AI inference, targeting an IPO in June 2026 at a reported valuation of $1.75 trillion. In federal court this week, testimony confirmed that xAI&#8217;s Grok was trained on OpenAI models &#8212; a disclosure with significant implications for how the AI competitive landscape is understood. The consolidation of space and AI under one North American private entity has no clear precedent. Watch it with clear eyes, whatever one thinks of the individuals involved.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Why it matters: </strong>The treaty, the tariffs, the security crisis &#8212; these are the operating conditions of today&#8217;s corridor. The compute platforms and launch infrastructure being built right now are the operating conditions of tomorrow&#8217;s. North American leaders who engage only with today&#8217;s policy debate will find themselves governing a continent they no longer recognize.</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>World Cup 2026 &#8212; Continental Countdown</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WLrQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7842addb-3710-428d-acb0-e032f0cd6599_1240x164.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WLrQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7842addb-3710-428d-acb0-e032f0cd6599_1240x164.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WLrQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7842addb-3710-428d-acb0-e032f0cd6599_1240x164.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WLrQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7842addb-3710-428d-acb0-e032f0cd6599_1240x164.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WLrQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7842addb-3710-428d-acb0-e032f0cd6599_1240x164.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WLrQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7842addb-3710-428d-acb0-e032f0cd6599_1240x164.png" width="1240" height="164" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7842addb-3710-428d-acb0-e032f0cd6599_1240x164.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:164,&quot;width&quot;:1240,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:26462,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196283285?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7842addb-3710-428d-acb0-e032f0cd6599_1240x164.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WLrQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7842addb-3710-428d-acb0-e032f0cd6599_1240x164.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WLrQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7842addb-3710-428d-acb0-e032f0cd6599_1240x164.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WLrQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7842addb-3710-428d-acb0-e032f0cd6599_1240x164.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WLrQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7842addb-3710-428d-acb0-e032f0cd6599_1240x164.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>FIFA World Cup 2026 &#183; Mexico / United States / Canada &#183; NA77 Readiness Watch</em></p><h2><strong>40 Days Out. Is North America Behaving Like One Continent?</strong></h2><p>FIFA WORLD CUP 2026 &#8212; NORTH AMERICA &#183; JUNE 11 &#8211; JULY 19CANADAToronto &#183; VancouverUNITED STATES11 cities &#183; MetLife Final &#183; July 19MEXICOAzteca &#183; BBVA &#183; Akron104 matches &#183; 48 teams &#183; 16 host cities &#183; 40,000 jobs &#183; $5B+ projected economic activity across North America</p><p>On June 11, the world arrives in North America. Mexico opens at Estadio Azteca &#8212; Mexico versus South Africa &#8212; in the first World Cup in history co-hosted by three nations. The final is July 19 at MetLife Stadium. Between those two dates, three nations, 48 teams, and a global television audience will form their opinion of this continent&#8217;s capacity to function as a shared enterprise.</p><p>The readiness picture is mixed. At least three host cities received formal FIFA notices flagging incomplete transportation or fan zone infrastructure. In Kansas City, light rail capacity expansions remain only partially complete. The U.S. Department of Transportation has allocated $220 million for transit corridor improvements; FEMA is distributing $625 million in security grants to host city committees. These are significant commitments. Whether they translate into seamless cross-border execution is a different question.</p><p>Mexico&#8217;s three host cities tell different stories. Mexico City opens the tournament at the Estadio Azteca with 100,000 security personnel deployed &#8212; though a shooting at Teotihuac&#225;n in April accelerated security mobilizations with less than 60 days remaining, a reminder that security commitments and security reality in Mexico are not always the same variable. Guadalajara will manage. Monterrey is attempting something larger: Governor Samuel Garc&#237;a&#8217;s FIFA Corridor links the airport, Estadio BBVA, and Parque Fundidora through redesigned mobility &#8212; 2,200 eco-friendly buses, 400 new TransMetros, and the centerpiece Metro Lines 4 and 6, expanding from 38 to over 80 kilometers of rail. As of late 2025, both lines were approximately 60% complete. Whether the system opens at full capacity, partial capacity, or ceremonially on June 11 will tell us a great deal about the gap between Mexico&#8217;s infrastructure ambition and its delivery capacity.</p><p><strong>The NA77 Question</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>If Monterrey delivers </strong>&#8212; if the monorail runs, the FIFA Corridor flows, and the city handles the crowd with the sophistication of a genuinely world-class industrial metropolis &#8212; it will be one of the most meaningful infrastructure legacies any Mexican city has produced in a generation. The window to use a once-in-a-generation global event as a permanent transformation catalyst is narrow, and it only opens once.</em></p></blockquote><p>The structural risk is not the stadiums or the hotels. It is the seams between systems. A fan traveling from Toronto to Monterrey to New York for three group stage matches crosses two international borders, three immigration regimes, and multiple transit systems not designed to work together. The three nations have coordination structures. What they do not clearly have is a shared operational command that treats the 40-day tournament as a single continental logistical event.</p><p><strong>The NA77 Argument</strong></p><p><em>The more unified the security and operational response across the three nations, the safer every fan in every city will be. A threat that originates in one country and travels to another &#8212; a coordinated attack, a public health emergency, a massive crowd incident &#8212; requires a response architecture that does not stop at a border. If the three nations cannot build that architecture for 40 days of football, the question of whether they can build it for the harder challenges ahead becomes very difficult to answer optimistically.</em></p><p>North America has spent thirty years proving it can integrate around trade. The 2026 World Cup is the first test of whether it can integrate operationally &#8212; on security, mobility, and public safety. Whether the three governments look at July 20 and ask &#8220;what did we learn, and how do we build on it?&#8221; is the question that will determine whether 2026 is a moment or a milestone.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Why it matters: </strong>North America is good at trade. The 2026 World Cup is a 40-day test of whether it can go further &#8212; from commercial partners to genuine operational collaborators. A successful tournament, coordinated across borders with visible fluency, would do more for the narrative of North American integration than any trade agreement in thirty years. The continent will learn something about itself. The question is whether its leaders are paying attention.</em></p><p></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>On the Radar</strong></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>July 2026</strong></p><p><strong>USMCA Review Deadline.</strong> The pivot point for North American trade architecture. Trilateral consensus or bilateral fragmentation. The most consequential policy moment for the continent this decade.</p><p><strong>Sept 27&#8211;29</strong></p><p><strong>North Capital Forum 2026 &#8212; Mexico City.</strong> Led by Enrique Perret, CEO of the US-Mexico Foundation, NCF 2026 convenes CEOs, government leaders, legislators, and innovators for three days on the future of North America &#8212; trade, energy, technology, and supply chains. This is where the continent&#8217;s builders gather and where the conversations that shape the corridor actually happen. We are proud to support Enrique&#8217;s work and encourage every reader building across the border to put September 27&#8211;29 on the calendar.</p><p><strong>Feb 8&#8211;10, 2027</strong></p><p><strong>Manifest 2027 &#8212; Las Vegas, Nevada.</strong> The continent&#8217;s defining logistics and supply chain innovation conference returns to The Venetian, presented by DHL. Courtney Muller, President of Manifest, has built what is now the essential annual gathering for freight technology, capital, and operational intelligence in North American commerce &#8212; 7,200+ attendees in 2026. If you are building in the corridor, this is where the intelligence concentrates and where the relationships that shape the next year get made. Put February 8&#8211;10 on the calendar now.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Ongoing</strong></p><p><strong>Semiconductor supply chain resilience.</strong> Supply Chain Brain&#8217;s 2026 intelligence series focuses on structuring for the next shortage cycle &#8212; not just managing the current one. The continental bet on U.S. and Mexican semiconductor-adjacent manufacturing is the long play underneath the tariff noise.</p><p><strong>The Long View</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1sLH!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29716660-e1b4-4be6-b4a8-2b55733e4110_1280x240.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1sLH!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29716660-e1b4-4be6-b4a8-2b55733e4110_1280x240.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1sLH!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29716660-e1b4-4be6-b4a8-2b55733e4110_1280x240.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1sLH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29716660-e1b4-4be6-b4a8-2b55733e4110_1280x240.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1sLH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29716660-e1b4-4be6-b4a8-2b55733e4110_1280x240.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1sLH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29716660-e1b4-4be6-b4a8-2b55733e4110_1280x240.png" width="1280" height="240" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/29716660-e1b4-4be6-b4a8-2b55733e4110_1280x240.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:240,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:32318,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/196283285?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29716660-e1b4-4be6-b4a8-2b55733e4110_1280x240.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1sLH!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29716660-e1b4-4be6-b4a8-2b55733e4110_1280x240.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1sLH!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29716660-e1b4-4be6-b4a8-2b55733e4110_1280x240.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1sLH!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29716660-e1b4-4be6-b4a8-2b55733e4110_1280x240.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1sLH!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F29716660-e1b4-4be6-b4a8-2b55733e4110_1280x240.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>By Eduardo Joffroy G &#183; The North American &#8212; 77</strong></p><h2><strong>The Game Needs a Fair Referee. North America Must Decide Whose Side It&#8217;s On.</strong></h2><p>Business and trade are energy. They are trust in motion. When you stop them &#8212; even for a reason that seems good in the room &#8212; you do not pause an economy. You drain it.</p><p>North America has three players in this game. The question &#8212; this week and every week this Signal publishes &#8212; is whether each of them is bringing their A game. From the private sector and from the public sector. From the boardroom and from the government. Because when a referee stops calling the game fairly, when rules shift mid-play, when one team receives preference &#8212; the whole game suffers. The players adapt around it. But the cost compounds.</p><p><strong>The United States is not waiting.</strong> Its private sector is moving with the urgency the moment demands. On the Rio Grande at Boca Chica, Texas, SpaceX is building Starship &#8212; the most ambitious spacecraft in human history &#8212; steps from Mexican territory. In Arizona, TSMC and Intel are building the semiconductor cluster that will supply the AI economy for the next decade. The capital is flowing. The compute is being built. The infrastructure of the next era is rising at the edges of the North American continent, looking south and north for partners who are ready to receive it.</p><p><strong>Canada has the natural assets to be indispensable.</strong> Vast clean hydroelectric power that could feed the energy-hungry data centers the AI economy demands. Critical minerals essential for semiconductor supply chains. Institutional capacity and rule of law that Mexico cannot match at present. What Canada needs right now is a clearer vision of what it is building &#8212; and for whom. Its tariff retaliation posture is tactically understandable. Strategically, it risks the continental architecture that benefits Canada most.</p><p><strong>Mexico&#8217;s situation is the hardest to write honestly &#8212; because the honest assessment is uncomfortable.</strong> Mexico&#8217;s private sector is performing. The $40.87 billion in FDI, the Ternium steel mill in Pesquer&#237;a, the Japanese companies filling Monterrey&#8217;s industrial parks to below 3.5% vacancy &#8212; this is Mexico&#8217;s private sector bringing its A game, against real odds, in a difficult environment. The problem is not the private sector. The problem is the public sector that is not showing up to the same game.</p><p><strong>SpaceX </strong>is building Starship minutes from Mexican territory. <strong>TSMC </strong>and Intel are constructing the semiconductor future in <strong>Arizona</strong> &#8212; close enough that <strong>Sonora </strong>should be a logical manufacturing extension. The world is not happening far away from Mexico. It is happening on Mexico&#8217;s doorstep, under Mexico&#8217;s nose, with Mexico&#8217;s geographic destiny on the table. And Mexico is watching it through a window it has not fully chosen to open. How can a country be so close geographically, and so far from its neighbors in national vision?</p><p><strong>What Capital Is Expecting</strong></p><p><em>Business is happening. Investments are being made. The bets are on North America. What capital expects in return is not complicated: legal protection that holds in court, modern infrastructure at the volume being demanded, an effective financial system, strong business clusters, proximity to market, and the overall efficiency that lets companies here compete with the world &#8212; not just with each other. That is the contract. North America must decide whether it intends to honor it &#8212; not as a declaration, but as an operating reality.</em></p><p>The <strong>AI Age</strong> is not primarily about deploying tools. It is about understanding the paradigm shift &#8212; and moving to capture the opportunities the shift creates before someone else does. The world is automating. It is competing at a speed and scale that requires reliable energy, manufacturing proximity, educated labor, and institutional agility. AI data centers alone will consume more electricity over the next decade than many nations currently produce. This is not a technology story. It is an infrastructure, energy, and governance story.</p><p>Both Mexico and Canada have more to gain from positioning themselves as first suppliers for the <strong>United States&#8217; AI global ambitions</strong> than from any trade negotiation currently on the table. Mexico has the geographic position, the industrial corridor, the labor force &#8212; and, beneath a governing philosophy that looks inward, the solar and wind potential to power the data centers that will define the next economy. Canada has the hydroelectric power, the critical minerals, and the institutional credibility. The opportunity is there for both nations. It does not wait for political cycles to resolve themselves.</p><p>Mexico&#8217;s public sector is the variable &#8212; and it is the one that Mexico controls. An energy policy that opens CFE to private and international investment, rather than defending a Pemex bleeding losses and deep debt, would change the investment equation overnight. A governing coalition that stops defending cartel-affiliated officials and starts building digital infrastructure and AI readiness could accelerate Mexico&#8217;s position in a single legislative cycle. The private sector is ready. The capital is ready. Geography has already placed Mexico next to the most powerful economy on earth. What is missing is not opportunity. It is the decision to honor it.</p><blockquote><p><em>North America must act as North America. Not three nations managing each other&#8217;s expectations &#8212; one continental economy choosing to compete with the world. The players are ready. The capital is in. The World Cup is coming. All that is missing is the decision to let the game run.</em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;">&#8212; Eduardo Joffroy G &#183; Founder, The North American &#8212; 77 &#183; May 3, 2026</p><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>ONE FUTURE. THREE NATIONS.</strong></p><p><em>This week&#8217;s Signal is heavier than most &#8212; and deliberately so. The continent is carrying a full load: a trade treaty being stress-tested, a governing coalition facing federal indictments, record investment in a country being asked to prove it deserves it, a World Cup 40 days out that will test whether three nations can actually behave as one, and a technological infrastructure being built at the border and in the data centers that will define the corridor for decades. North America is not a simple story. It never was. The work of this publication is to tell it honestly &#8212; and to keep finding the people who are building it right.</em></p><p>NA77 Signal is curated weekly intelligence on what&#8217;s moving North America &#8212; trade, energy, capital, technology, and the people building across the corridor. </p><p>Published every Sunday. Written by the NA77 Team from Tucson, Monterrey, and the road between them.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/na77">NA77 LinkedIn</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Uncle Phil]]></title><description><![CDATA[El legado de Philip C. Hanna]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/uncle-phil</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/uncle-phil</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel E. Familiar]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 01 May 2026 16:06:02 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PxGR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c6831-314e-4f1c-9a3d-53921171f1f9_480x614.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Uncle Phil</strong></p><p><em>El legado de Philip C. Hanna.</em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The North American &#8212; 77 is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p><em>(Please find ENGLISH VERSION below)</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Hubo un norteamericano que lleg&#243; a Monterrey en 1899, se qued&#243; veinte a&#241;os, sobrevivi&#243; inundaciones, hambrunas y una revoluci&#243;n, y al irse le escribi&#243; un poema a la ciudad en su propia letra. Esta es su historia, y el legado que dej&#243;.</em></p><p>Por Manuel E. Familiar &#183; Colaborador NA77</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PxGR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c6831-314e-4f1c-9a3d-53921171f1f9_480x614.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PxGR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c6831-314e-4f1c-9a3d-53921171f1f9_480x614.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PxGR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c6831-314e-4f1c-9a3d-53921171f1f9_480x614.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PxGR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c6831-314e-4f1c-9a3d-53921171f1f9_480x614.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PxGR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c6831-314e-4f1c-9a3d-53921171f1f9_480x614.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PxGR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c6831-314e-4f1c-9a3d-53921171f1f9_480x614.jpeg" width="480" height="614" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4c3c6831-314e-4f1c-9a3d-53921171f1f9_480x614.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:614,&quot;width&quot;:480,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:47233,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/196127372?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c6831-314e-4f1c-9a3d-53921171f1f9_480x614.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PxGR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c6831-314e-4f1c-9a3d-53921171f1f9_480x614.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PxGR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c6831-314e-4f1c-9a3d-53921171f1f9_480x614.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PxGR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c6831-314e-4f1c-9a3d-53921171f1f9_480x614.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PxGR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c3c6831-314e-4f1c-9a3d-53921171f1f9_480x614.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Philip C. Hanna, C&#243;nsul General de Estados Unidos en Monterrey, ca. 1900&#8211;1919. Colecci&#243;n familiar Hanna-Robertson &#183; Archivo personal del autor.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">El 22 de abril de 1914, una multitud enfurecida lleg&#243; al consulado de los Estados Unidos en Monterrey gritando &#8220;muerte a los gringos.&#8221; La raz&#243;n era real: tropas estadounidenses acababan de ocupar el puerto de Veracruz, y la ciudad ard&#237;a. Las autoridades huertistas, montadas en esa furia, violaron todos los principios del derecho consular y arrestaron a Philip Hanna, el C&#243;nsul General, llev&#225;ndolo preso a la Penitenciar&#237;a de la ciudad. Le ofrecieron escoltarlo a la frontera. Se neg&#243;. No saldr&#237;a hasta saber que cada ciudadano estadounidense bajo su responsabilidad estuviera a salvo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Lo que lo protegi&#243; no fue su pasaporte. No fue su cargo. Fue que la mayor&#237;a de la poblaci&#243;n de Monterrey lo quer&#237;a, y ese afecto, construido durante quince a&#241;os de servicio que ning&#250;n protocolo hab&#237;a exigido, result&#243; m&#225;s poderoso que la hostilidad del momento pol&#237;tico. El arresto de Hanna lleg&#243; a las primeras planas del New York Times. Pero lo que no cab&#237;a en ning&#250;n titular era la raz&#243;n por la que una ciudad en llamas hab&#237;a decidido, en el fondo, protegerlo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Para entender eso, hay que volver a 1899. Y hay que entender qui&#233;n era este hombre antes de llegar a Monterrey.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hay una raz&#243;n personal por la que esta historia me importa, y volver&#233; a ella. Pero primero, el hombre.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Philip C. Hanna naci&#243; el 27 de junio de 1857 en Waterloo, Iowa, y creci&#243; en una caba&#241;a de madera que era al mismo tiempo dormitorio, escuela e iglesia. Su padre, George Washington Hanna, fue el primer colono de ascendencia europea en el Condado de Black Hawk, el hombre que puso la primera piedra de lo que hoy es Waterloo. Su madre, Mary Melrose, fue la compa&#241;era de esa fundaci&#243;n: una mujer cuya fortaleza y car&#225;cter ser&#237;an recordados con admiraci&#243;n por generaciones. Su hermano George, bautizado con el mismo nombre que su padre, fund&#243; un peque&#241;o poblado llamado LuVerne. Once hermanos en una sola familia, en un estado que todav&#237;a se estaba construyendo a s&#237; mismo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">De esa formaci&#243;n sali&#243; un hombre con la convicci&#243;n de un predicador metodista y el pragmatismo de un pionero: alguien que no espera que las instituciones lleguen desde arriba, que las construye desde abajo cuando hacen falta. Cuando Philip Hanna lleg&#243; a Monterrey como c&#243;nsul general de los Estados Unidos, en 1899, tra&#237;a consigo esa educaci&#243;n. Le durar&#237;a toda la vida.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En aquel entonces, Monterrey era el coraz&#243;n industrial del norte de M&#233;xico, una ciudad que hab&#237;a decidido construirse a la altura del siglo que ven&#237;a. La jurisdicci&#243;n consular de Hanna se extend&#237;a desde Tamaulipas hasta Sonora, la mitad del pa&#237;s. Y cuando M&#233;xico entr&#243; a la Revoluci&#243;n en 1910, el gobierno norteamericano no contaba con embajador en la capital: los veinticinco c&#243;nsules distribuidos por el territorio eran la principal fuente de inteligencia de Washington sobre lo que ocurr&#237;a en el pa&#237;s. Hanna no era un funcionario menor. Era, en los t&#233;rminos de su &#233;poca, un observador estrat&#233;gico en el momento m&#225;s vol&#225;til de la historia del continente.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El historiador Miguel &#193;ngel Gonz&#225;lez Quiroga, de la Universidad Aut&#243;noma de Nuevo Le&#243;n y la Universidad de Texas en San Antonio, document&#243; su vida y gesti&#243;n en el libro Philip Hanna en Monterrey: Una visi&#243;n de la Revoluci&#243;n Mexicana. La conclusi&#243;n de Gonz&#225;lez Quiroga es precisa: en una &#233;poca en que las relaciones entre M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos constantemente se acercaban al rompimiento, hombres como Hanna escaseaban. Siempre fue una voz prudente en un ambiente saturado de hostilidad y acusaciones mutuas.</p><p><strong>La inundaci&#243;n de 1909</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">La inundaci&#243;n de 1909 fue el primer momento que defini&#243; su car&#225;cter ante los ojos de Monterrey. Un hurac&#225;n descarg&#243; sobre la ciudad en agosto de ese a&#241;o y el r&#237;o Santa Catarina, usualmente seco, se convirti&#243; en una corriente de m&#225;s de un kil&#243;metro de ancho que dej&#243; miles de muertos y veinte mil personas sin hogar.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Dq-!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28f712bd-5809-4111-9fef-59d581aed715_720x448.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Dq-!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28f712bd-5809-4111-9fef-59d581aed715_720x448.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Dq-!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28f712bd-5809-4111-9fef-59d581aed715_720x448.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Dq-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28f712bd-5809-4111-9fef-59d581aed715_720x448.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Dq-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28f712bd-5809-4111-9fef-59d581aed715_720x448.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Dq-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28f712bd-5809-4111-9fef-59d581aed715_720x448.jpeg" width="720" height="448" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/28f712bd-5809-4111-9fef-59d581aed715_720x448.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:448,&quot;width&quot;:720,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:97980,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/196127372?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28f712bd-5809-4111-9fef-59d581aed715_720x448.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Dq-!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28f712bd-5809-4111-9fef-59d581aed715_720x448.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Dq-!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28f712bd-5809-4111-9fef-59d581aed715_720x448.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Dq-!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28f712bd-5809-4111-9fef-59d581aed715_720x448.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Dq-!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F28f712bd-5809-4111-9fef-59d581aed715_720x448.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Inundaci&#243;n de Monterrey, Calle Humboldt, 29 de agosto de 1909. Foto: Sandoval. Colecci&#243;n hist&#243;rica.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hanna transform&#243; el consulado norteamericano en un centro de ayuda. Recaud&#243; fondos en Estados Unidos, organiz&#243; cocinas de emergencia, trabaj&#243; semanas sin descanso hasta quedar postrado en cama. No estaba obligado a hacerlo. Ning&#250;n protocolo diplom&#225;tico lo exig&#237;a. Lo hizo porque consider&#243; que era lo correcto. Gonz&#225;lez Quiroga documenta que Hanna muchas veces pagaba de su propio bolsillo para ayudar a la gente pobre, sin pedir recibos, porque le parec&#237;a indigno exig&#237;rselos.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La gente de Monterrey no lo olvid&#243;.</p><p><strong>El tren de Torre&#243;n</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">En septiembre de 1913, en plena lucha fratricida, organiz&#243; un tren con alimentos para los refugiados que hu&#237;an de Torre&#243;n. El detalle que Gonz&#225;lez Quiroga documenta y que no se puede dejar pasar: Hanna incluy&#243; naranjas de Montemorelos para las mujeres y los ni&#241;os, y puros para los hombres. Ese nivel de consideraci&#243;n humana en medio del caos no es log&#237;stica. Es car&#225;cter.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Partidarios de todas las facciones acud&#237;an al consulado cuando sus vidas estaban en peligro. Maderistas, huertistas, carrancistas, todos sab&#237;an que en ese edificio encontrar&#237;an refugio. Hanna mantuvo esa neutralidad con cautela y sin traicionar a ninguno.</strong></em></p><p><strong>El arresto de 1914</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Cuando las autoridades huertistas lo arrestaron ese abril, Hanna hab&#237;a pasado quince a&#241;os construyendo algo que ning&#250;n cargo diplom&#225;tico garantiza: la confianza de una ciudad entera, cruzando facciones, cruzando clases sociales, cruzando el resentimiento que la presencia norteamericana generaba entre quienes m&#225;s sufr&#237;an sus consecuencias. Pas&#243; varios d&#237;as encarcelado, manteniendo su compostura y exigiendo la liberaci&#243;n de otros civiles. Lo que lo protegi&#243;, seg&#250;n Gonz&#225;lez Quiroga, no fue su pasaporte ni su cargo. Fue que la mayor&#237;a de la poblaci&#243;n de Monterrey lo quer&#237;a.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ese afecto fue m&#225;s poderoso que la hostilidad del momento pol&#237;tico.</p><p><strong>Las sombras del hombre</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Gonz&#225;lez Quiroga es honesto en su valoraci&#243;n del personaje, y esa honestidad es lo que hace valiosa su obra. Hanna no era perfecto. Admir&#243; demasiado a Porfirio D&#237;az y no supo ver, o no quiso ver, la opresi&#243;n que sosten&#237;a esa modernidad que tanto le impresionaba. Tuvo actitudes paternalistas hacia las clases populares mexicanas. En ocasiones no comprendi&#243; el resentimiento que generaba la presencia norteamericana entre quienes m&#225;s sufr&#237;an sus consecuencias.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esas sombras no disminuyen al hombre. Lo completan. Un personaje sin contradicciones no es un ser humano. Y lo que queda cuando se pesa todo, las inundaciones, las hambrunas, la prisi&#243;n, las dos d&#233;cadas de servicio que ning&#250;n protocolo exig&#237;a, es un balance que pocas vidas diplom&#225;ticas de cualquier &#233;poca podr&#237;an igualar.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ap-c!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9967d430-6d21-402e-bb26-f44476a24977_330x528.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ap-c!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9967d430-6d21-402e-bb26-f44476a24977_330x528.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ap-c!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9967d430-6d21-402e-bb26-f44476a24977_330x528.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ap-c!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9967d430-6d21-402e-bb26-f44476a24977_330x528.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ap-c!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9967d430-6d21-402e-bb26-f44476a24977_330x528.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ap-c!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9967d430-6d21-402e-bb26-f44476a24977_330x528.jpeg" width="330" height="528" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9967d430-6d21-402e-bb26-f44476a24977_330x528.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:528,&quot;width&quot;:330,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:32023,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/196127372?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9967d430-6d21-402e-bb26-f44476a24977_330x528.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ap-c!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9967d430-6d21-402e-bb26-f44476a24977_330x528.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ap-c!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9967d430-6d21-402e-bb26-f44476a24977_330x528.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ap-c!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9967d430-6d21-402e-bb26-f44476a24977_330x528.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ap-c!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9967d430-6d21-402e-bb26-f44476a24977_330x528.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Philip C. Hanna en sus &#250;ltimos a&#241;os, ca. 1920s. Colecci&#243;n familiar Hanna-Robertson &#183; Archivo personal del autor.</em></p><p><strong>La cadena</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Fue Philip Hanna, Uncle Phil como lo llamaba su familia, quien invit&#243; a su sobrina Eugenia, hija de su hermano George Washington Hanna Jr., a viajar de LuVerne, Iowa a Monterrey como regalo por su graduaci&#243;n universitaria. LuVerne: el mismo peque&#241;o pueblo que su padre hab&#237;a fundado d&#233;cadas antes.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En Monterrey, Eugenia conoci&#243; a Treadwell Ayres Robertson, hijo del Coronel Joseph Andrew Robertson, el empresario norteamericano que hab&#237;a llegado d&#233;cadas antes a tender el ferrocarril al Golfo de M&#233;xico y termin&#243; participando en la fundaci&#243;n de la Cervecer&#237;a Cuauht&#233;moc, trayendo el b&#233;isbol a M&#233;xico y publicando el primer peri&#243;dico biling&#252;e de la ciudad. Eugenia y Treadwell se casaron. Su hija, mi abuela Georgia, naci&#243; en LuVerne, Iowa en 1902.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Sin la invitaci&#243;n de Uncle Phil, esa cadena no existe. Y sin esa cadena, este art&#237;culo tampoco.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">No lo menciono como curiosidad familiar. Lo menciono porque es la demostraci&#243;n m&#225;s concreta posible de algo que la plataforma NA77 argumenta desde su primera publicaci&#243;n: los puentes entre dos pa&#237;ses no los construyen los tratados. Los construyen las personas. Una invitaci&#243;n. Un viaje. Un encuentro. Una decisi&#243;n tomada sin calcular sus consecuencias, que se propaga por generaciones.</p><p><strong>El poema</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nunca tuvo hijos propios. Volcaba su cari&#241;o en su familia y en la ciudad que adopt&#243; como suya. Veinte a&#241;os en Monterrey, y al despedirse, no encontr&#243; otra forma de hacerlo que con un poema escrito a mano. No con un informe. No con un discurso. Con versos sobre el Cerro de la Silla, la paloma blanca de la paz, y M&#233;xico como la tierra de sue&#241;os y visiones. Eso es lo que le sali&#243; al final. Eso es lo que guard&#243;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIsR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6ffce61-82c8-47e9-ba67-fa76c12f9b7f_570x494.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIsR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6ffce61-82c8-47e9-ba67-fa76c12f9b7f_570x494.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIsR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6ffce61-82c8-47e9-ba67-fa76c12f9b7f_570x494.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIsR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6ffce61-82c8-47e9-ba67-fa76c12f9b7f_570x494.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIsR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6ffce61-82c8-47e9-ba67-fa76c12f9b7f_570x494.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIsR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6ffce61-82c8-47e9-ba67-fa76c12f9b7f_570x494.jpeg" width="570" height="494" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a6ffce61-82c8-47e9-ba67-fa76c12f9b7f_570x494.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:494,&quot;width&quot;:570,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:73223,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/196127372?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6ffce61-82c8-47e9-ba67-fa76c12f9b7f_570x494.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIsR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6ffce61-82c8-47e9-ba67-fa76c12f9b7f_570x494.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIsR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6ffce61-82c8-47e9-ba67-fa76c12f9b7f_570x494.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIsR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6ffce61-82c8-47e9-ba67-fa76c12f9b7f_570x494.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QIsR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6ffce61-82c8-47e9-ba67-fa76c12f9b7f_570x494.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Poema manuscrito de Philip C. Hanna al despedirse de Monterrey, ca. 1919. Archivo familiar Hanna-Robertson &#183; Documento original.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>For long years we&#8217;ve watched / The shadows come and go, / The fleecy clouds hanging soft and low, / Our dear old Saddle Mountain.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>With the friends, and the smiles and the tears / That have come with the passing years, / We are bidding them all good bye,</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>We pray that the white dove of peace / With healing on its wings / Will hover very low / In the land of visions and dreams, our beloved Mexico.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>&#8212; Philip C. Hanna, ca. 1919</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">La tierra de sue&#241;os y visiones. Nuestro querido M&#233;xico. Lo escribi&#243; un hombre de Iowa que lleg&#243; sin saber que se quedar&#237;a, que ayud&#243; sin que nadie se lo exigiera, que fue encarcelado por los mismos que despu&#233;s lo protegieron, y que al irse dej&#243; versos en lugar de quejas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No hay estatuas de Philip Hanna en Monterrey. No hay placas. Su nombre no aparece en ninguna calle ni en ning&#250;n edificio de la ciudad que habit&#243; durante veinte a&#241;os. Lo que dej&#243; no es visible. Es la clase de legado que no se inaugura ni se fotograf&#237;a: los caminos que otras personas siguieron porque &#233;l estuvo ah&#237;, las decisiones que se tomaron de otra manera porque alguien eligi&#243; el puente en lugar del muro, la colaboraci&#243;n en lugar de la ruptura.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Si esa tesis es cierta a escala, es dif&#237;cil saberlo. Solo puedo constatar la m&#237;a. Y eso es suficiente para contar la historia.</p><p style="text-align: center;">* * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Este art&#237;culo se basa en la investigaci&#243;n de Miguel &#193;ngel Gonz&#225;lez Quiroga documentada en su libro Philip Hanna en Monterrey: Una visi&#243;n de la Revoluci&#243;n Mexicana (Fondo Editorial de Nuevo Le&#243;n / UANL), y en historias, documentos y fotograf&#237;as del archivo familiar Robertson - Hanna. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Monterrey, M&#233;xico &#183; Abril 2026</p><p style="text-align: center;">* * *</p><p><strong>Uncle Phil</strong></p><p><em>The Legacy of Philip C. Hanna.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>There was an American who arrived in Monterrey in 1899, stayed twenty years, survived floods, famine, and a revolution, and when he left wrote the city a poem in his own hand. This is his story, and the legacy he left behind.</em></p><p>By Manuel E. Familiar &#183; NA77 Contributor</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mgpt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd41732d-5523-4a44-bd6d-0fe10fff2315_480x614.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mgpt!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd41732d-5523-4a44-bd6d-0fe10fff2315_480x614.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mgpt!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd41732d-5523-4a44-bd6d-0fe10fff2315_480x614.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mgpt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd41732d-5523-4a44-bd6d-0fe10fff2315_480x614.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mgpt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd41732d-5523-4a44-bd6d-0fe10fff2315_480x614.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mgpt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd41732d-5523-4a44-bd6d-0fe10fff2315_480x614.jpeg" width="480" height="614" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dd41732d-5523-4a44-bd6d-0fe10fff2315_480x614.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:614,&quot;width&quot;:480,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:47233,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/196127372?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd41732d-5523-4a44-bd6d-0fe10fff2315_480x614.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mgpt!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd41732d-5523-4a44-bd6d-0fe10fff2315_480x614.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mgpt!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd41732d-5523-4a44-bd6d-0fe10fff2315_480x614.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mgpt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd41732d-5523-4a44-bd6d-0fe10fff2315_480x614.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mgpt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdd41732d-5523-4a44-bd6d-0fe10fff2315_480x614.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Philip C. Hanna, U.S. Consul General in Monterrey, ca. 1900&#8211;1919. Hanna-Robertson Family Collection &#183; Author&#8217;s personal archive.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">On April 22, 1914, an enraged mob arrived at the United States consulate in Monterrey shouting &#8220;death to the gringos.&#8221; The cause was real: U.S. troops had just occupied the port of Veracruz, and the city was burning. Huertista authorities, riding that fury, violated every principle of consular law and arrested Philip Hanna, the Consul General, taking him to the city&#8217;s penitentiary. He was offered an armed escort to the border for his safety. He refused. He would not leave until he knew every U.S. citizen under his responsibility was accounted for.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">What protected him was not his passport. Not his title. It was that the majority of Monterrey&#8217;s population loved him, and that affection, built across fifteen years of service that no protocol had ever required, proved more powerful than the political hostility of the moment. Hanna&#8217;s arrest made the front page of the New York Times. But what no headline could contain was the reason why a city in flames had decided, in the end, to protect him.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">To understand that, you have to go back to 1899. And you have to understand who this man was before he arrived in Monterrey.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">There is a personal reason why this story matters to me, and I will come back to it. But first, the man.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Philip C. Hanna was born on June 27, 1857, in Waterloo, Iowa, and grew up in a log cabin that served simultaneously as bedroom, school, and church. His father, George Washington Hanna, was the first settler of European descent in Black Hawk County, the man who laid the founding stone of what is today Waterloo. His mother, Mary Melrose, was his partner in that founding: a woman whose strength and character would be remembered with admiration by generations of the family. His brother George, named after his father, founded a small town called LuVerne. Eleven siblings in one family, in a state still building itself from the ground up.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">From that upbringing emerged a man with the conviction of a Methodist preacher and the pragmatism of a frontier pioneer: someone who does not wait for institutions to arrive from above, but builds them from below when they are needed. When Philip Hanna arrived in Monterrey as U.S. Consul General in 1899, he carried that formation with him. It would last a lifetime.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">At the time, Monterrey was the industrial heart of northern Mexico, a city that had decided to build itself to the level of the coming century. Hanna&#8217;s consular jurisdiction extended from Tamaulipas to Sonora, half the country. And when Mexico entered its Revolution in 1910, the U.S. government had no ambassador in Mexico City: the twenty-five consuls distributed across the territory were Washington&#8217;s primary source of intelligence about what was happening in the country. Hanna was not a minor official. He was, in the terms of his era, a strategic observer at the most volatile moment in the history of the continent.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Historian Miguel &#193;ngel Gonz&#225;lez Quiroga, of the Universidad Aut&#243;noma de Nuevo Le&#243;n and the University of Texas at San Antonio, documented his life and tenure in the book Philip Hanna en Monterrey: Una visi&#243;n de la Revoluci&#243;n Mexicana. Gonz&#225;lez Quiroga&#8217;s conclusion is precise: in an era when relations between Mexico and the United States constantly approached the breaking point, men like Hanna were rare. He was always a prudent voice in an atmosphere saturated with hostility and mutual accusation.</p><p><strong>The flood of 1909</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The flood of 1909 was the first moment that defined his character in the eyes of Monterrey. A hurricane struck the city in August of that year and the Santa Catarina River, usually dry, became a current more than a kilometer wide that left thousands dead and twenty thousand people homeless.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ee-G!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F584a5f40-9981-4e1a-829c-ccf44bbb1c31_720x448.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ee-G!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F584a5f40-9981-4e1a-829c-ccf44bbb1c31_720x448.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ee-G!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F584a5f40-9981-4e1a-829c-ccf44bbb1c31_720x448.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ee-G!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F584a5f40-9981-4e1a-829c-ccf44bbb1c31_720x448.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ee-G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F584a5f40-9981-4e1a-829c-ccf44bbb1c31_720x448.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ee-G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F584a5f40-9981-4e1a-829c-ccf44bbb1c31_720x448.jpeg" width="720" height="448" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/584a5f40-9981-4e1a-829c-ccf44bbb1c31_720x448.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:448,&quot;width&quot;:720,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:97980,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/196127372?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F584a5f40-9981-4e1a-829c-ccf44bbb1c31_720x448.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ee-G!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F584a5f40-9981-4e1a-829c-ccf44bbb1c31_720x448.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ee-G!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F584a5f40-9981-4e1a-829c-ccf44bbb1c31_720x448.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ee-G!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F584a5f40-9981-4e1a-829c-ccf44bbb1c31_720x448.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ee-G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F584a5f40-9981-4e1a-829c-ccf44bbb1c31_720x448.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Monterrey Flood, Calle Humboldt, August 29, 1909. Photo: Sandoval. Historical archive.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hanna transformed the U.S. consulate into a relief hub. He raised funds in the United States, organized emergency kitchens, and worked weeks without rest until he collapsed. No diplomatic protocol required it. He did it because he believed it was right. Gonz&#225;lez Quiroga documents that Hanna frequently paid out of his own pocket to help the poor, without asking for receipts, because he found it undignified to demand them.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The people of Monterrey did not forget.</p><p><strong>The Torre&#243;n train</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In September 1913, in the midst of the revolutionary conflict, he organized a train of food for refugees fleeing Torre&#243;n. The detail that Gonz&#225;lez Quiroga documents and that cannot be left out: Hanna included oranges from Montemorelos for the women and children, and cigars for the men. That level of human consideration in the middle of chaos is not logistics. It is character.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Partisans of every faction came to the consulate when their lives were in danger. Maderistas, Huertistas, Carrancistas, all of them knew they would find refuge in that building. Hanna maintained that neutrality carefully, without betraying any of them.</strong></em></p><p><strong>The arrest of 1914</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">When Huertista authorities arrested him that April, Hanna had spent fifteen years building something that no diplomatic title guarantees: the trust of an entire city, crossing factions, crossing social classes, crossing the resentment that the presence of the United States generated among those who suffered its consequences most. He spent several days imprisoned, maintaining his composure and demanding the release of other civilians. What protected him, according to Gonz&#225;lez Quiroga, was not his passport or his title. It was that the majority of Monterrey&#8217;s population loved him.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">That affection proved more powerful than the political hostility of the moment.</p><p><strong>The shadows of the man</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Gonz&#225;lez Quiroga is honest in his assessment of the man, and that honesty is what makes his work valuable. Hanna was not perfect. He admired Porfirio D&#237;az too much and could not see, or chose not to see, the oppression that sustained the modernity that so impressed him. He held paternalistic attitudes toward Mexico&#8217;s popular classes. At times he failed to understand the resentment that U.S. presence generated among those who suffered its consequences most.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Those shadows do not diminish the man. They complete him. A figure without contradictions is not a human being. And what remains when everything is weighed, the floods, the famines, the imprisonment, the two decades of service that no protocol required, is a balance that few diplomatic lives of any era could match.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qj8G!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72bee829-c312-4506-924b-a45630537782_330x528.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qj8G!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72bee829-c312-4506-924b-a45630537782_330x528.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qj8G!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72bee829-c312-4506-924b-a45630537782_330x528.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qj8G!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72bee829-c312-4506-924b-a45630537782_330x528.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qj8G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72bee829-c312-4506-924b-a45630537782_330x528.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qj8G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72bee829-c312-4506-924b-a45630537782_330x528.jpeg" width="330" height="528" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/72bee829-c312-4506-924b-a45630537782_330x528.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:528,&quot;width&quot;:330,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:32023,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/196127372?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72bee829-c312-4506-924b-a45630537782_330x528.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qj8G!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72bee829-c312-4506-924b-a45630537782_330x528.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qj8G!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72bee829-c312-4506-924b-a45630537782_330x528.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qj8G!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72bee829-c312-4506-924b-a45630537782_330x528.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qj8G!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72bee829-c312-4506-924b-a45630537782_330x528.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Philip C. Hanna in his later years, ca. 1920s. Hanna-Robertson Family Collection &#183; Author&#8217;s personal archive.</em></p><p><strong>The link</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was Philip Hanna, Uncle Phil as his family called him, who invited his niece Eugenia, daughter of his brother George Washington Hanna Jr., to travel from LuVerne, Iowa to Monterrey as a graduation gift. LuVerne: the same small town her father had founded decades before.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Monterrey, Eugenia met Treadwell Ayres Robertson, son of Colonel Joseph Andrew Robertson, the entrepreneur who had arrived decades earlier to build the railroad to the Gulf of Mexico and ended up helping found the Cuauht&#233;moc Brewery, bringing baseball to Mexico, and publishing the city&#8217;s first bilingual newspaper. Eugenia and Treadwell married. Their daughter, my grandmother Georgia, was born in LuVerne, Iowa in 1902.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Without Uncle Phil&#8217;s invitation, that link does not exist. And without that link, neither does this article.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">I mention this not as family curiosity. I mention it because it is the most concrete demonstration possible of something the NA77 platform has argued from its first publication: the bridges between two countries are not built by treaties. They are built by people. An invitation. A journey. An encounter. A decision made without calculating its consequences, that propagates across generations.</p><p><strong>The poem</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">He never had children of his own. He poured his affection into his family and the city he had adopted as his. Twenty years in Monterrey, and when the time came to leave, he found no other way to do it than with a poem written by hand. Not a report. Not a speech. Verses about the Cerro de la Silla, the white dove of peace, and Mexico as the land of visions and dreams. That is what came out of him at the end. That is what he kept.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6G9v!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc29dbd31-e8de-4dcf-bc4c-55d7617c77e5_570x494.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6G9v!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc29dbd31-e8de-4dcf-bc4c-55d7617c77e5_570x494.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6G9v!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc29dbd31-e8de-4dcf-bc4c-55d7617c77e5_570x494.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6G9v!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc29dbd31-e8de-4dcf-bc4c-55d7617c77e5_570x494.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6G9v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc29dbd31-e8de-4dcf-bc4c-55d7617c77e5_570x494.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6G9v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc29dbd31-e8de-4dcf-bc4c-55d7617c77e5_570x494.jpeg" width="570" height="494" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c29dbd31-e8de-4dcf-bc4c-55d7617c77e5_570x494.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:494,&quot;width&quot;:570,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:73223,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/196127372?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc29dbd31-e8de-4dcf-bc4c-55d7617c77e5_570x494.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6G9v!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc29dbd31-e8de-4dcf-bc4c-55d7617c77e5_570x494.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6G9v!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc29dbd31-e8de-4dcf-bc4c-55d7617c77e5_570x494.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6G9v!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc29dbd31-e8de-4dcf-bc4c-55d7617c77e5_570x494.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!6G9v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc29dbd31-e8de-4dcf-bc4c-55d7617c77e5_570x494.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Philip C. Hanna&#8217;s handwritten farewell poem to Monterrey, ca. 1919. Hanna-Robertson Family Archive &#183; Original document.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>For long years we&#8217;ve watched / The shadows come and go, / The fleecy clouds hanging soft and low, / Our dear old Saddle Mountain.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>With the friends, and the smiles and the tears / That have come with the passing years, / We are bidding them all good bye,</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>We pray that the white dove of peace / With healing on its wings / Will hover very low / In the land of visions and dreams, our beloved Mexico.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>&#8212; Philip C. Hanna, ca. 1919</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The land of visions and dreams. Our beloved Mexico. Written by a man from Iowa who arrived without knowing he would stay, who helped without being required to, who was imprisoned by the same people who later protected him, and who left behind verses instead of grievances.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">There are no statues of Philip Hanna in Monterrey. No plaques. His name appears on no street, no building in the city he inhabited for twenty years. What he left is not visible. It is the kind of legacy that is never inaugurated or photographed: the paths other people walked because he was there, the decisions made differently because someone chose the bridge over the wall, collaboration over rupture.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Whether that thesis holds at scale is impossible to know. I can only verify my own. And that is enough to tell the story.</p><p style="text-align: center;">* * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This article draws on the research of Miguel &#193;ngel Gonz&#225;lez Quiroga documented in his book Philip Hanna en Monterrey: Una visi&#243;n de la Revoluci&#243;n Mexicana (Fondo Editorial de Nuevo Le&#243;n / UANL), and on stories, documents and photographs from the Robertson - Hanna family archive. </p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The North American &#8212; 77 is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[El Siglo que México Puede Encender]]></title><description><![CDATA[Con el switch en la mano, las reglas cambian.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/el-siglo-que-mexico-puede-encender</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/el-siglo-que-mexico-puede-encender</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel E. Familiar]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 28 Apr 2026 15:08:35 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>El Siglo que M&#233;xico Puede Encender</strong></p><p><em>Con el switch en la mano, las reglas cambian.</em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The North American &#8212; 77 is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>Por Manuel E. Familiar &#183; Colaborador NA77 &#183; Monterrey, M&#233;xico &#183; Abril 2026</p><p>(Please find ENGLISH VERSION below)</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>&#8220;La inversi&#243;n es como el agua: fluye cuando existen las condiciones adecuadas y desaparece cuando no las hay.&#8221;</em></p><p>Ronald Johnson, Embajador de Estados Unidos en M&#233;xico &#183; Topolobampo, Sinaloa &#183; 23 de abril de 2026</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg" width="750" height="422" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:422,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:172394,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/195758533?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yPBG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F23b29b9d-d0a6-4674-a4a1-e2e6ce436e37_750x422.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Desierto Sonorense &#183; El corredor solar m&#225;s competitivo del hemisferio norte &#183; Esperando una decisi&#243;n</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Eduardo Joffroy identific&#243; en su serie cinco pilares para la transformaci&#243;n de M&#233;xico. El segundo es Energ&#237;a 2.0. Lo que sigue es mi lectura de ese pilar desde el territorio donde se construye: la pr&#225;ctica, el capital y la decisi&#243;n.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hay pa&#237;ses que descubren su riqueza cuando la encuentran bajo la tierra. M&#233;xico la tiene encima: en el cielo despejado del desierto sonorense, en los vientos constantes del Istmo de Tehuantepec, en las mareas del Pac&#237;fico y el Golfo, en una red el&#233;ctrica que ya existe y que, con disciplina, ingenio y voluntad, podr&#237;a transformarse en la columna vertebral de una econom&#237;a diferente.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No estamos hablando de un recurso. Estamos hablando de una combinaci&#243;n de recursos que ning&#250;n pa&#237;s del mundo posee en los mismos t&#233;rminos: sol, viento, mar y frontera con la econom&#237;a m&#225;s grande de la historia. Todo junto. Todo disponible. Todo esperando una decisi&#243;n que no llega.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">China construy&#243; su arquitectura energ&#233;tica sobre desiertos y regiones &#225;ridas del norte y el occidente, el Gobi, Mongolia Interior, Xinjiang, el T&#237;bet, convirtiendo terreno que el mundo consideraba improductivo en la base de su dominio industrial. Lo hizo con disciplina de ingenier&#237;a, ambici&#243;n de largo plazo y la convicci&#243;n de que quien controla la energ&#237;a del futuro controla el futuro mismo. Para principios de 2026, China hab&#237;a instalado 2,381 gigawatts de capacidad renovable, m&#225;s del 60% de su capacidad el&#233;ctrica total. Hoy fabrica el 80% de los paneles solares del mundo y domina la cadena de valor de las bater&#237;as de almacenamiento.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yrDo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6c70ed3-eae5-4aa5-8dc8-1fa96f24ab60_750x422.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yrDo!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6c70ed3-eae5-4aa5-8dc8-1fa96f24ab60_750x422.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yrDo!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6c70ed3-eae5-4aa5-8dc8-1fa96f24ab60_750x422.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yrDo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6c70ed3-eae5-4aa5-8dc8-1fa96f24ab60_750x422.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yrDo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6c70ed3-eae5-4aa5-8dc8-1fa96f24ab60_750x422.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yrDo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6c70ed3-eae5-4aa5-8dc8-1fa96f24ab60_750x422.jpeg" width="750" height="422" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a6c70ed3-eae5-4aa5-8dc8-1fa96f24ab60_750x422.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:422,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:168008,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/195758533?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6c70ed3-eae5-4aa5-8dc8-1fa96f24ab60_750x422.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yrDo!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6c70ed3-eae5-4aa5-8dc8-1fa96f24ab60_750x422.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yrDo!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6c70ed3-eae5-4aa5-8dc8-1fa96f24ab60_750x422.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yrDo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6c70ed3-eae5-4aa5-8dc8-1fa96f24ab60_750x422.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yrDo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa6c70ed3-eae5-4aa5-8dc8-1fa96f24ab60_750x422.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Parque solar en el desierto &#225;rido de China &#183; Lo que se construye con disciplina de Estado y decisi&#243;n de largo plazo</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pero China no se detuvo en la capacidad. Mientras otros pa&#237;ses debat&#237;an pol&#237;ticas, China innovaba en la siguiente generaci&#243;n de la tecnolog&#237;a. Combina parques solares y e&#243;licos con almacenamiento en bater&#237;as e hidr&#243;geno verde. Instala turbinas offshore de 26 megawatts, un r&#233;cord mundial alcanzado a finales de 2025. Despliega drones con inteligencia artificial para la inspecci&#243;n y limpieza aut&#243;noma de paneles. Experimenta con paneles flotantes en lagos y embalses para reducir la evaporaci&#243;n del agua. En algunas regiones &#225;ridas donde instal&#243; sus granjas solares, el efecto de sombra redujo la evaporaci&#243;n y la vegetaci&#243;n comenz&#243; a regresar, convirtiendo desiertos en micro-oasis. China no solo construy&#243; una industria. Construy&#243; una civilizaci&#243;n energ&#233;tica y la itera a una velocidad que ning&#250;n otro pa&#237;s iguala.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">M&#233;xico tiene todo lo que China aprovech&#243; y m&#225;s. Tiene el corredor solar m&#225;s competitivo del hemisferio norte. Tiene el potencial e&#243;lico del Istmo. Tiene costas en dos oc&#233;anos. Tiene frontera con la econom&#237;a m&#225;s grande de la historia. China habr&#237;a considerado esa combinaci&#243;n un regalo extraordinario. La carrera no termin&#243;. La tecnolog&#237;a sigue evolucionando. La ventana para convertirse en un actor serio en esta industria no se ha cerrado.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>M&#233;xico tiene la geograf&#237;a que China envidiar&#237;a. Lo que falta no es el recurso. Es la decisi&#243;n de convertirlo en arquitectura.</strong></em></p><p><strong>I. Lo que ya tenemos y no estamos usando</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Vale la pena nombrar lo que ya tenemos y hemos elegido no usar.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El corredor solar del norte de M&#233;xico, Sonora, Chihuahua, Baja California, registra m&#225;s horas de sol por a&#241;o que California, m&#225;s que Texas, m&#225;s que cualquier regi&#243;n de Europa. El Istmo de Tehuantepec tiene un potencial e&#243;lico que figura entre los diez m&#225;s importantes del planeta. Las costas del Pac&#237;fico y el Golfo ofrecen recursos mareomotrices y de energ&#237;a oce&#225;nica que permanecen pr&#225;cticamente inexplorados. Y M&#233;xico ya tiene una red el&#233;ctrica nacional, imperfecta, subinvertida, operada con l&#243;gica pol&#237;tica en lugar de l&#243;gica de ingenier&#237;a, pero existente. No estamos hablando de construir desde cero. Estamos hablando de transformar una plataforma que ya tiene estructura.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Entre 2015 y 2018, M&#233;xico celebr&#243; tres subastas de energ&#237;a limpia. El precio de generaci&#243;n cay&#243; de 47.7 d&#243;lares por megawatt-hora a 20.5. M&#225;s de 2,400 millones de d&#243;lares en compromisos de inversi&#243;n privada. Treinta y dos proyectos adjudicados en tres rondas. El mercado no especul&#243;, invirti&#243;. Valid&#243; el modelo con su propio capital.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En 2018, las subastas se cancelaron. No por resultados deficientes. No por falta de inter&#233;s. Por una decisi&#243;n pol&#237;tica que prioriz&#243; el control de la CFE sobre la l&#243;gica del mercado. La reforma energ&#233;tica que hab&#237;a abierto ese espacio fue revertida primero en la pr&#225;ctica y luego en la ley. En 2024, la contrarreforma constitucional elimin&#243; al regulador independiente y reintegr&#243; el operador de la red a la CFE. M&#233;xico cay&#243; del lugar 7 al 33 en el &#237;ndice global de atractivo para inversi&#243;n en energ&#237;as renovables.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El recurso no desapareci&#243;. El sol sigui&#243; saliendo. El viento sigui&#243; soplando. Lo que desapareci&#243; fue la arquitectura que convert&#237;a ese recurso en energ&#237;a, en inversi&#243;n, en empleos, en soberan&#237;a.</p><p><strong>II. El grifo que controlan otros</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hay un dato que rara vez aparece al centro de la conversaci&#243;n energ&#233;tica de M&#233;xico, y que deber&#237;a estar ah&#237; desde el principio.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">M&#233;xico importa aproximadamente el 76% de su gas natural de Estados Unidos, el nivel m&#225;s alto registrado hasta ahora y el tercer a&#241;o consecutivo al alza. Ese gas alimenta plantas de generaci&#243;n el&#233;ctrica, industria manufacturera y consumo residencial en buena parte del pa&#237;s. Es una dependencia estructural construida durante d&#233;cadas de decisiones que priorizaron el gas barato del norte sobre la inversi&#243;n en generaci&#243;n propia.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En tiempos ordinarios, esa dependencia es un dato econ&#243;mico. En tiempos de tensi&#243;n comercial, que son exactamente los tiempos que vivimos, es un instrumento de presi&#243;n. El gasoducto que cruza desde Texas es un grifo que Estados Unidos puede cerrar. Probablemente no lo har&#225;. Pero puede. Y la sola posibilidad de que pueda es suficiente para inclinar cualquier negociaci&#243;n antes de que empiece.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La respuesta que proponemos no es otro gasoducto ni otra fuente de dependencia. Es construir la infraestructura renovable que hace ese gas progresivamente menos necesario. Solar, e&#243;lico, almacenamiento, exportaci&#243;n de electricidad limpia hacia los mismos estados de Texas, Arizona y California que hoy nos venden el gas. No como sustituci&#243;n inmediata sino como arquitectura de largo plazo que cambia la ecuaci&#243;n de poder gradual e irreversiblemente.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Imaginemos el escenario que eso hace posible. M&#233;xico construye la infraestructura solar, e&#243;lica y de almacenamiento que su geograf&#237;a permite. Estabiliza su red con energ&#237;a generada dentro de sus propias fronteras. Y porque la generaci&#243;n excede la demanda interna, comienza a exportar electricidad limpia hacia Texas, Arizona y California, que la necesitan para alimentar su propia transici&#243;n energ&#233;tica y la infraestructura de inteligencia artificial.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En ese escenario, M&#233;xico no llega a Washington a pedir condiciones. Llega a proponer t&#233;rminos. No como provocaci&#243;n, sino como realidad estructural. Un socio energ&#233;tico no se trata igual que un proveedor de mano de obra. La geopol&#237;tica cambia cuando la dependencia deja de ser unilateral.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Eso no es especulaci&#243;n. Es lo que Noruega construy&#243; con petr&#243;leo. Es lo que Canad&#225; tiene con agua y electricidad. Es una arquitectura posible para M&#233;xico, con sol, viento y oc&#233;ano, si toma la decisi&#243;n de construirla.</p><p><strong>III. El comprador que ya est&#225; esperando</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrJ6!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0fa02a3-dfe5-4e6a-bec7-441eed87998c_750x422.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrJ6!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0fa02a3-dfe5-4e6a-bec7-441eed87998c_750x422.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrJ6!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0fa02a3-dfe5-4e6a-bec7-441eed87998c_750x422.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrJ6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0fa02a3-dfe5-4e6a-bec7-441eed87998c_750x422.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrJ6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0fa02a3-dfe5-4e6a-bec7-441eed87998c_750x422.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrJ6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0fa02a3-dfe5-4e6a-bec7-441eed87998c_750x422.jpeg" width="750" height="422" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d0fa02a3-dfe5-4e6a-bec7-441eed87998c_750x422.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:422,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:130684,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/195758533?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0fa02a3-dfe5-4e6a-bec7-441eed87998c_750x422.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrJ6!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0fa02a3-dfe5-4e6a-bec7-441eed87998c_750x422.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrJ6!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0fa02a3-dfe5-4e6a-bec7-441eed87998c_750x422.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrJ6!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0fa02a3-dfe5-4e6a-bec7-441eed87998c_750x422.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!xrJ6!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd0fa02a3-dfe5-4e6a-bec7-441eed87998c_750x422.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Infraestructura de data center con energ&#237;a renovable integrada &#183; El comprador que espera energ&#237;a limpia y confiable a minutos de la frontera</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Amazon, Microsoft, Google, OpenAI, Anthropic y Tesla no est&#225;n esperando que M&#233;xico se decida por razones abstractas. Est&#225;n buscando energ&#237;a limpia, barata y estable en el hemisferio norte porque la necesitan ahora, para alimentar la infraestructura de inteligencia artificial m&#225;s grande de la historia.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Para 2030, la demanda el&#233;ctrica global de la industria de IA se habr&#225; duplicado. Los data centers que procesan esa demanda no solo consumen electricidad en cantidades que hace diez a&#241;os habr&#237;an parecido ciencia ficci&#243;n: tambi&#233;n consumen agua en vol&#250;menes extraordinarios para enfriar sus servidores. Un centro de datos de escala mediana puede requerir millones de litros de agua al d&#237;a. M&#233;xico tiene costas, cuencas hidrol&#243;gicas y reg&#237;menes clim&#225;ticos que podr&#237;an integrarse inteligentemente en el dise&#241;o de esa infraestructura, pero tambi&#233;n tiene regiones con escasez h&#237;drica severa donde esa demanda ser&#237;a insostenible. Nombrar esa condici&#243;n no debilita la propuesta, la hace m&#225;s honesta: no se trata de aceptar cualquier inversi&#243;n, sino de dise&#241;ar la arquitectura correcta para alojar la inversi&#243;n que M&#233;xico puede sostener y que le conviene atraer.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">M&#233;xico est&#225; geogr&#225;ficamente a minutos de los centros de consumo m&#225;s grandes de Norteam&#233;rica. Tiene el corredor solar m&#225;s competitivo del hemisferio. Tiene costos de construcci&#243;n e instalaci&#243;n que hoy representan una ventaja real. Esa ventaja hay que capitalizarla ahora, con claridad de que la apuesta de largo plazo no es competir eternamente por costo, sino construir con esos recursos la infraestructura que permita competir ma&#241;ana con energ&#237;a m&#225;s barata, talento m&#225;s calificado e instituciones m&#225;s s&#243;lidas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Y sin embargo, la electricidad industrial en M&#233;xico cuesta significativamente m&#225;s que en Texas. No porque el sol cueste m&#225;s aqu&#237;. Sino porque el sistema que convierte ese sol en electricidad confiable fue desmantelado por decisi&#243;n pol&#237;tica. Las empresas del nearshoring que llegaron a Nuevo Le&#243;n, Sonora, Baj&#237;o y otros polos de desarrollo encontraron ese problema. Algunas absorbieron el costo. Otras pusieron la segunda planta en Polonia o Vietnam. Los 40,900 millones de d&#243;lares en inversi&#243;n extranjera directa que M&#233;xico recibi&#243; en los primeros nueve meses de 2025, el mayor monto hist&#243;rico, llegaron a pesar de la energ&#237;a, no gracias a ella.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El comprador est&#225; en la puerta. El recurso est&#225; disponible. Lo que falta es la arquitectura que los conecte, y la certeza de que esa arquitectura no desaparecer&#225; con el siguiente sexenio.</p><p><strong>IV. Dise&#241;o, no improvisaci&#243;n</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Lo que proponemos aqu&#237; no es un programa de gobierno. Es una decisi&#243;n de civilizaci&#243;n con m&#233;todo detr&#225;s.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El punto de partida ya existe y tiene nombre. El 3 de febrero de 2026, la presidenta Claudia Sheinbaum present&#243; el Plan de Inversi&#243;n en Infraestructura para el Desarrollo con Bienestar 2026-2030, construido sobre el an&#225;lisis t&#233;cnico y financiero de m&#225;s de 1,500 proyectos. La inversi&#243;n proyectada es de 5.6 billones de pesos en ocho sectores estrat&#233;gicos mediante esquemas p&#250;blico-privados, con energ&#237;a concentrando m&#225;s de la mitad del total. Para 2026 se destinan 722 mil millones de pesos adicionales, equivalentes al 2% del PIB. El plan declar&#243; la direcci&#243;n y puso los recursos iniciales sobre la mesa. Lo que determina si esa direcci&#243;n produce resultados duraderos es la arquitectura institucional con que se ejecute. Un plan sexenal bien intencionado, sin certeza constitucional y sin gobernanza independiente, es una oportunidad a medias. La misma inversi&#243;n, con los candados correctos, puede ser el umbral de una transformaci&#243;n que sobrevive a quienes la inician.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No se construye en un sexenio. Se dise&#241;a para treinta a&#241;os, con la misma ambici&#243;n con que China dise&#241;&#243; su dominio solar, con la misma disciplina con que Noruega dise&#241;&#243; su fondo soberano, con la misma claridad constitucional con que Texas dise&#241;&#243; su fondo educativo en 1854. Una arquitectura que sobrevive a los gobiernos porque su l&#243;gica es m&#225;s poderosa que cualquier ciclo electoral.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El primer elemento es la red como columna vertebral. M&#233;xico ya tiene una red el&#233;ctrica nacional. El primer paso no es construir desde cero, es invertir en transmisi&#243;n con disciplina de ingenier&#237;a. Llevar la electricidad generada en el norte soleado al centro industrial, al Baj&#237;o, al Sureste. Expandir la cobertura hacia las comunidades que el sistema centralizado nunca alcanz&#243;, con microrredes locales basadas en solar y almacenamiento. Energ&#237;a como infraestructura social, no solo como insumo industrial.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El segundo elemento es la generaci&#243;n como industria soberana. Reactivar las subastas de energ&#237;a limpia bajo certeza jur&#237;dica constitucional, no regulatoria, porque los contratos regulatorios se cancelan con cada cambio de administraci&#243;n y los compradores de energ&#237;a a largo plazo lo saben. Abrir la generaci&#243;n a capital privado con CFE como operador de red y comprador de &#250;ltimo recurso, pero sin monopolio de generaci&#243;n. Desarrollar el potencial e&#243;lico del Istmo con la misma seriedad con que el mundo mira al desierto sonorense.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v7mM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48e14331-f5b8-4803-baca-fcd3892fef18_690x388.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v7mM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48e14331-f5b8-4803-baca-fcd3892fef18_690x388.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v7mM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48e14331-f5b8-4803-baca-fcd3892fef18_690x388.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v7mM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48e14331-f5b8-4803-baca-fcd3892fef18_690x388.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v7mM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48e14331-f5b8-4803-baca-fcd3892fef18_690x388.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v7mM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48e14331-f5b8-4803-baca-fcd3892fef18_690x388.jpeg" width="690" height="388" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/48e14331-f5b8-4803-baca-fcd3892fef18_690x388.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:388,&quot;width&quot;:690,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:68054,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/195758533?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48e14331-f5b8-4803-baca-fcd3892fef18_690x388.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v7mM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48e14331-f5b8-4803-baca-fcd3892fef18_690x388.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v7mM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48e14331-f5b8-4803-baca-fcd3892fef18_690x388.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v7mM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48e14331-f5b8-4803-baca-fcd3892fef18_690x388.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!v7mM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F48e14331-f5b8-4803-baca-fcd3892fef18_690x388.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>&#216;rsted &#183; Dinamarca &#183; De empresa de combustibles f&#243;siles a l&#237;der mundial en energ&#237;a renovable. El modelo existe y funciona.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">El tercer elemento es la reinvenci&#243;n de la CFE. No alcanza con reformar: hay que repensar la instituci&#243;n desde sus cimientos, no solo como operadora eficiente sino como creadora de conocimiento. &#216;rsted en Dinamarca era una empresa de combustibles f&#243;siles que se transform&#243; en el mayor desarrollador de energ&#237;a e&#243;lica offshore del mundo, con el gobierno dan&#233;s como accionista mayoritario y un consejo con mandato fiduciario hacia los ciudadanos. Vattenfall en Suecia es propiedad 100% del Estado sueco, opera en ocho pa&#237;ses europeos y mantiene laboratorios de innovaci&#243;n activos en tecnolog&#237;a e&#243;lica. KEPCO en Corea del Sur, un pa&#237;s sin recursos energ&#233;ticos propios, construy&#243; soberan&#237;a desde la ingenier&#237;a y hoy exporta tecnolog&#237;a a m&#225;s de quince pa&#237;ses. Los tres comparten una arquitectura: separaron la propiedad del Estado de la operaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica del sistema, establecieron consejos independientes con mandato fiduciario, e incorporaron investigaci&#243;n y desarrollo como funci&#243;n central, no como adorno.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El cuarto elemento es el capital. El dinero existe, est&#225; disponible y busca activamente proyectos como el que M&#233;xico puede ofrecer. El Banco Mundial entreg&#243; 42,600 millones de d&#243;lares en financiamiento clim&#225;tico en 2024. El BID tiene comprometidos 50,000 millones para acci&#243;n clim&#225;tica en Am&#233;rica Latina. El capital privado institucional que los bancos multilaterales movilizan alcanz&#243; 134,000 millones de d&#243;lares adicionales en 2024, un incremento del 33% respecto al a&#241;o anterior. La certeza jur&#237;dica y la transparencia en la ejecuci&#243;n no son condiciones que pedimos por principio. Son las condiciones sin las cuales ninguna de esas capas se activa.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El quinto elemento es la movilidad como multiplicador. Una infraestructura energ&#233;tica de esta escala no solo alimenta f&#225;bricas y data centers. Alimenta la siguiente transformaci&#243;n: el transporte el&#233;ctrico. Camiones en el corredor fronterizo. Autobuses en las grandes ciudades. Infraestructura de carga a lo largo de las carreteras federales. Cada veh&#237;culo el&#233;ctrico que circula en M&#233;xico es un nuevo nodo en la arquitectura de demanda que justifica m&#225;s generaci&#243;n renovable. Las dos transformaciones se refuerzan mutuamente.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El sexto elemento es la exportaci&#243;n como posicionamiento estrat&#233;gico. M&#233;xico puede convertirse en exportador neto de electricidad limpia hacia Estados Unidos para 2032. Interconexiones de red con Texas, Arizona y California negociables bajo el marco del T-MEC. Contratos de largo plazo con los data centers que hoy buscan energ&#237;a y no la encuentran en condiciones aceptables. No como gesto de buena voluntad. Como negocio. Como la se&#241;al de capital que puede convertir a M&#233;xico de proveedor de geograf&#237;a en socio energ&#233;tico de Am&#233;rica del Norte.</p><p><strong>V. La semilla y el &#225;rbol</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">No estamos entregando aqu&#237; un plan de infraestructura con cifras de ingenier&#237;a y cronogramas de ejecuci&#243;n. Eso es trabajo para equipos t&#233;cnicos, instituciones financieras y gobiernos que decidan tomarlo en serio.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Lo que estamos plantando es una semilla: la noci&#243;n de que esta transformaci&#243;n es posible, que los recursos para ejecutarla existen, que el modelo ha sido probado en pa&#237;ses con menos ventajas que M&#233;xico, y que el momento para decidirla es ahora. No porque sea conveniente. Sino porque la ventana tiene fecha de cierre.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Los fondos de infraestructura clim&#225;tica tienen capital comprometido con horizontes de cinco a siete a&#241;os. Si M&#233;xico no ofrece un proyecto invertible con certeza institucional en ese horizonte, ese capital va a Chile, a Colombia, a Marruecos, a Portugal. Las decisiones de localizaci&#243;n de los data centers de la pr&#243;xima d&#233;cada se toman en los pr&#243;ximos dieciocho meses. Las cadenas de suministro del nearshoring que necesitan energ&#237;a confiable para comprometer su segunda fase de inversi&#243;n est&#225;n evaluando opciones ahora mismo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>La ventana no es una met&#225;fora. Tiene fecha.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pero hay algo m&#225;s importante que la urgencia del mercado. Es el M&#233;xico que esta decisi&#243;n hace posible, y lo que ese M&#233;xico significa para quienes lo habitamos.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ByEK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d6ad563-a735-4e3f-be00-cda84978d5aa_660x336.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ByEK!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d6ad563-a735-4e3f-be00-cda84978d5aa_660x336.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ByEK!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d6ad563-a735-4e3f-be00-cda84978d5aa_660x336.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ByEK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d6ad563-a735-4e3f-be00-cda84978d5aa_660x336.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ByEK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d6ad563-a735-4e3f-be00-cda84978d5aa_660x336.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ByEK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d6ad563-a735-4e3f-be00-cda84978d5aa_660x336.jpeg" width="660" height="336" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2d6ad563-a735-4e3f-be00-cda84978d5aa_660x336.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:336,&quot;width&quot;:660,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:125686,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/195758533?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d6ad563-a735-4e3f-be00-cda84978d5aa_660x336.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ByEK!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d6ad563-a735-4e3f-be00-cda84978d5aa_660x336.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ByEK!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d6ad563-a735-4e3f-be00-cda84978d5aa_660x336.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ByEK!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d6ad563-a735-4e3f-be00-cda84978d5aa_660x336.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ByEK!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2d6ad563-a735-4e3f-be00-cda84978d5aa_660x336.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Energ&#237;a solar en comunidad ind&#237;gena, M&#233;xico &#183; El switch que cambia m&#225;s que la factura</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Un M&#233;xico donde la energ&#237;a llega a cada comunidad, no solo a los polos industriales. Donde el costo de la electricidad deja de ser una desventaja competitiva y se convierte en una ventaja estructural. Donde los ingenieros mexicanos no emigran a construir infraestructura para otros, sino que la construyen aqu&#237;, para alimentar a Am&#233;rica del Norte desde territorio propio. Donde las empresas energ&#233;ticas mexicanas son sin&#243;nimo de innovaci&#243;n porque tienen mandato de competir y recursos para investigar. Donde el ciudadano de a pie vive los resultados antes de entender la pol&#237;tica, en la factura de luz, en el autob&#250;s que toma cada ma&#241;ana, en la comunidad que por primera vez tiene electricidad confiable.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esa transformaci&#243;n no solo cambia la econom&#237;a. Cambia la narrativa. Un pa&#237;s que produce energ&#237;a limpia para el continente, que desarrolla tecnolog&#237;a que el mundo necesita, que llega a cualquier negociaci&#243;n con algo real sobre la mesa, no se ve a s&#237; mismo de la misma manera. Y el mundo no lo ve igual tampoco.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Donde M&#233;xico llega a cualquier negociaci&#243;n con Washington no como cliente del gasoducto sino como socio de la red. Eso no es M&#233;xico pidiendo un lugar en la mesa. Es M&#233;xico construyendo la mesa.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYvN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddf7fa96-e26e-46bd-87ce-7ab8561b8b12_750x500.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYvN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddf7fa96-e26e-46bd-87ce-7ab8561b8b12_750x500.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYvN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddf7fa96-e26e-46bd-87ce-7ab8561b8b12_750x500.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYvN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddf7fa96-e26e-46bd-87ce-7ab8561b8b12_750x500.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYvN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddf7fa96-e26e-46bd-87ce-7ab8561b8b12_750x500.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYvN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddf7fa96-e26e-46bd-87ce-7ab8561b8b12_750x500.jpeg" width="750" height="500" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ddf7fa96-e26e-46bd-87ce-7ab8561b8b12_750x500.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:500,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:149629,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/195758533?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddf7fa96-e26e-46bd-87ce-7ab8561b8b12_750x500.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYvN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddf7fa96-e26e-46bd-87ce-7ab8561b8b12_750x500.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYvN!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddf7fa96-e26e-46bd-87ce-7ab8561b8b12_750x500.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYvN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddf7fa96-e26e-46bd-87ce-7ab8561b8b12_750x500.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!pYvN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fddf7fa96-e26e-46bd-87ce-7ab8561b8b12_750x500.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Monterrey, Nuevo Le&#243;n &#183; La ciudad que ya enciende su siglo. La Sierra Madre y la V&#237;a L&#225;ctea, testigos.</em></p><p><strong>VI. La decisi&#243;n</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esta ventana es diferente a las anteriores en un sentido fundamental. La presi&#243;n no viene solo de adentro. Viene de compradores que necesitan lo que M&#233;xico tiene y que no tienen tiempo de esperar. Viene de una reconfiguraci&#243;n geopol&#237;tica que por primera vez en d&#233;cadas pone a M&#233;xico en posici&#243;n de proponer, no solo de responder. Viene de una tecnolog&#237;a, la solar, la e&#243;lica, el almacenamiento en bater&#237;as, que ha bajado de precio tan dram&#225;ticamente que hace viable lo que hace quince a&#241;os era especulativo. Y viene de un plan de inversi&#243;n ya declarado, con nombre y fecha, que pone los recursos iniciales sobre la mesa.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">China adopt&#243; esa tecnolog&#237;a con disciplina de Estado y construy&#243; un imperio industrial que ahora innova en su siguiente generaci&#243;n. M&#233;xico tiene esa tecnolog&#237;a disponible, y adem&#225;s tiene la dotaci&#243;n natural que China aprovech&#243; con esfuerzo extraordinario y que M&#233;xico tiene por geograf&#237;a.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La pregunta ya no es si M&#233;xico puede encender este siglo. Los recursos est&#225;n. El capital busca el proyecto. El mercado espera la energ&#237;a. El modelo ha sido probado. El plan de inversi&#243;n ya existe. Y la narrativa de pa&#237;s que esta decisi&#243;n har&#237;a posible, la de un M&#233;xico creador y productor, no consumidor y dependiente, est&#225; disponible para quien decida escribirla.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Con el switch en la mano, las reglas cambian.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">La pregunta es si M&#233;xico va a decidir encenderlo antes de que alguien m&#225;s lo haga por &#233;l.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Esa decisi&#243;n no la toma el mercado. No la toma el capital extranjero. No la toma Washington. La toma M&#233;xico. Hoy.</strong></p><p style="text-align: center;">* * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Manuel E. Familiar es fundador de Wayfinder Partners y colaborador de NA77.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Monterrey, M&#233;xico &#183; Abril 2026 &#183; NA77 &#183; northamerican77.com</p><p style="text-align: center;">* * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>NA77 &#183; NORTH AMERICAN 77</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>One region. Three nations.</em></p><p><strong>The Century Mexico Can Ignite</strong></p><p><em>With the switch in hand, the rules change.</em></p><p>By Manuel E. Familiar &#183; NA77 Contributor &#183; Monterrey, M&#233;xico &#183; April 2026</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>&#8220;Investment is like water: it flows when the right conditions exist and disappears when they do not.&#8221;</em></p><p>Ronald Johnson, U.S. Ambassador to Mexico &#183; Topolobampo, Sinaloa &#183; April 23, 2026</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VmEU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82848492-0788-4cc4-8131-0b4d795f1f93_750x422.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VmEU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82848492-0788-4cc4-8131-0b4d795f1f93_750x422.jpeg 424w, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/82848492-0788-4cc4-8131-0b4d795f1f93_750x422.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:422,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:172394,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/195758533?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82848492-0788-4cc4-8131-0b4d795f1f93_750x422.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VmEU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82848492-0788-4cc4-8131-0b4d795f1f93_750x422.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VmEU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82848492-0788-4cc4-8131-0b4d795f1f93_750x422.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VmEU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82848492-0788-4cc4-8131-0b4d795f1f93_750x422.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VmEU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F82848492-0788-4cc4-8131-0b4d795f1f93_750x422.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Sonoran Desert &#183; The most competitive solar corridor in the northern hemisphere &#183; Waiting for a decision</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Eduardo Joffroy identified in his series five pillars for Mexico&#8217;s transformation. The second is Energy 2.0. What follows is my reading of that pillar from the territory where it gets built: practice, capital, and decision.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Some countries discover their wealth when they find it underground. Mexico has had it above ground all along: in the clear sky over the Sonoran desert, in the constant winds of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in the tides of the Pacific and the Gulf, in an electrical grid that already exists and that, with discipline, ingenuity, and will, could become the backbone of a different economy.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">We are not talking about a single resource. We are talking about a combination of resources that no country in the world possesses on the same terms: sun, wind, ocean, and a border with the largest economy in history. All of it together. All of it available. All of it waiting for a decision that has not come.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">China built its energy architecture on deserts and arid regions across its north and west, the Gobi, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Tibet, converting terrain the world considered unproductive into the foundation of its industrial dominance. It did so with engineering discipline, long-term ambition, and the conviction that whoever controls the energy of the future controls the future itself. By early 2026, China had installed 2,381 gigawatts of renewable capacity, more than 60% of its total power. Today it manufactures 80% of the world&#8217;s solar panels and dominates the battery storage value chain.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XAZN!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87601a41-38c7-45cc-a157-96a7166c4346_750x422.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XAZN!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87601a41-38c7-45cc-a157-96a7166c4346_750x422.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XAZN!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87601a41-38c7-45cc-a157-96a7166c4346_750x422.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XAZN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87601a41-38c7-45cc-a157-96a7166c4346_750x422.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XAZN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87601a41-38c7-45cc-a157-96a7166c4346_750x422.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XAZN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87601a41-38c7-45cc-a157-96a7166c4346_750x422.jpeg" width="750" height="422" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/87601a41-38c7-45cc-a157-96a7166c4346_750x422.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:422,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:168008,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/195758533?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87601a41-38c7-45cc-a157-96a7166c4346_750x422.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XAZN!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87601a41-38c7-45cc-a157-96a7166c4346_750x422.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XAZN!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87601a41-38c7-45cc-a157-96a7166c4346_750x422.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XAZN!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87601a41-38c7-45cc-a157-96a7166c4346_750x422.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!XAZN!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F87601a41-38c7-45cc-a157-96a7166c4346_750x422.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Solar farm in China&#8217;s arid desert &#183; What gets built with state discipline and long-term decision</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">But China did not stop at capacity. While other countries debated policy, China was innovating on the next generation of the technology. It now combines solar and wind farms with battery storage and green hydrogen production. It installed a 26-megawatt offshore wind turbine in late 2025, breaking every global record for unit capacity. It deploys AI-guided drones for autonomous inspection and cleaning of solar panels. It experiments with floating solar arrays on lakes and reservoirs to reduce water evaporation. In some arid regions where it built its solar farms, the shading effect reduced evaporation and vegetation began returning, turning deserts into micro-oases. China did not build an industry. It built an energy civilization and is iterating on it at a pace no other country is matching.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mexico has everything China leveraged and more. It has the most competitive solar corridor in the northern hemisphere. It has the wind potential of the Isthmus. It has coastlines on two oceans. It has a border with the largest economy in history. China would have considered that combination an extraordinary gift. The race is not over. The technology is still evolving. The window to become a serious player in this industry has not closed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Mexico has the geography China would envy. What is missing is not the resource. It is the decision to convert it into architecture.</strong></em></p><p><strong>I. What We Already Have and Are Not Using</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is worth naming what we already have and have chosen not to use.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The solar corridor of northern Mexico, Sonora, Chihuahua, Baja California, records more sun hours per year than California, more than Texas, more than any region in Europe. The Isthmus of Tehuantepec has wind potential that ranks among the ten most important on the planet. The Pacific and Gulf coasts offer tidal and ocean energy resources that remain almost entirely unexplored. And Mexico already has a national electricity grid, imperfect, underinvested, operated with political logic rather than engineering logic, but existing. We are not talking about building from zero. We are talking about transforming a platform that already has structure.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Between 2015 and 2018, Mexico held three clean energy auctions. The generation price fell from $47.7 per megawatt-hour to $20.5. More than $2.4 billion in private investment commitments. Thirty-two projects awarded across three rounds. The market did not speculate, it invested. It validated the model with its own capital.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 2018, the auctions were cancelled. Not for poor results. Not for lack of interest. By a political decision that prioritized CFE control over market logic. The energy reform that had opened that space was reversed first in practice and then in law. In 2024, the constitutional counter-reform eliminated the independent regulator and reintegrated the grid operator into CFE. Mexico fell from 7th to 33rd in the global renewable energy investment attractiveness index.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The resource did not disappear. The sun kept rising. The wind kept blowing. What disappeared was the architecture that converted that resource into energy, into investment, into jobs, into sovereignty.</p><p><strong>II. The Spigot Others Control</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">There is a figure that rarely sits at the center of Mexico&#8217;s energy conversation, and that should have been there from the start.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mexico imports approximately 76% of its natural gas from the United States, the highest level ever recorded and the third consecutive year of increases. That gas feeds power generation plants, manufacturing industry, and residential consumption across much of the country. It is a structural dependency built over decades of decisions that prioritized cheap gas from the north over investment in domestic generation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In ordinary times, that dependency is an economic fact. In times of commercial tension, which is exactly the time we are living, it is a pressure instrument. The pipeline that crosses from Texas is a spigot the United States can close. It probably will not. But it can. And the mere possibility that it can is enough to tilt any negotiation before it begins.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The response we propose is not another pipeline or another form of dependency. It is to build the renewable infrastructure that makes that gas progressively less necessary. Solar, wind, storage, and the export of clean electricity toward the same states of Texas, Arizona, and California that today sell us the gas. Not as immediate substitution but as a long-term architecture that changes the power equation gradually and irreversibly.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mexico builds the solar, wind, and storage infrastructure its geography allows. It stabilizes its grid with energy generated within its own borders. And because generation exceeds domestic demand, it begins exporting clean electricity toward Texas, Arizona, and California, which need it urgently to power their own energy transition and artificial intelligence infrastructure.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In that scenario, Mexico does not arrive in Washington to ask for terms. It arrives to propose them. Not as provocation, but as structural reality. An energy partner is not treated the same as a labor provider. Geopolitics changes when dependency stops being unilateral. That is what Norway built with oil. It is what Canada has with water and electricity. It is an architecture Mexico can build with sun, wind, and ocean, if it makes the decision to do so.</p><p><strong>III. The Buyer Already Waiting</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IeOU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2091da7-4240-4c63-9e64-9ed849c4b664_750x422.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IeOU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2091da7-4240-4c63-9e64-9ed849c4b664_750x422.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IeOU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2091da7-4240-4c63-9e64-9ed849c4b664_750x422.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IeOU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2091da7-4240-4c63-9e64-9ed849c4b664_750x422.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IeOU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2091da7-4240-4c63-9e64-9ed849c4b664_750x422.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IeOU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2091da7-4240-4c63-9e64-9ed849c4b664_750x422.jpeg" width="750" height="422" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a2091da7-4240-4c63-9e64-9ed849c4b664_750x422.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:422,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:130684,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/195758533?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2091da7-4240-4c63-9e64-9ed849c4b664_750x422.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IeOU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2091da7-4240-4c63-9e64-9ed849c4b664_750x422.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IeOU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2091da7-4240-4c63-9e64-9ed849c4b664_750x422.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IeOU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2091da7-4240-4c63-9e64-9ed849c4b664_750x422.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IeOU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa2091da7-4240-4c63-9e64-9ed849c4b664_750x422.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Data center infrastructure with integrated renewable energy &#183; The buyer waiting for clean, reliable power minutes from the border</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Amazon, Microsoft, Google, OpenAI, Anthropic, and Tesla are not waiting for Mexico to decide for abstract reasons. They are looking for clean, affordable, and stable energy in the northern hemisphere because they need it now, to power the largest artificial intelligence infrastructure in history.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">By 2030, global electricity demand from the AI industry will have doubled. The data centers that process that demand do not only consume electricity at scales that would have seemed like science fiction a decade ago: they also consume water in extraordinary volumes to cool their servers. A mid-scale data center can require millions of liters of water per day. Mexico has coastlines, hydrological basins, and climate regimes that could be intelligently integrated into the design of that infrastructure, but it also has regions of severe water scarcity where that demand would be unsustainable. Naming that condition does not weaken the proposal, it makes it more honest: the aim is not to accept any investment on any terms, but to design the right architecture to host the investment Mexico can sustain and that serves its long-term interest.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mexico is geographically minutes from the largest consumption centers in North America. It has the most competitive solar corridor in the hemisphere. It has construction and installation costs that today represent a real advantage. That advantage must be capitalized now, with the clarity that the long-term bet is not to compete forever on cost, but to use those resources to build the infrastructure that allows Mexico to compete tomorrow on cheaper energy, more skilled talent, and stronger institutions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">And yet industrial electricity in Mexico costs significantly more than in Texas. Not because the sun costs more here. But because the system that converts that sun into reliable electricity was deliberately dismantled. The nearshoring companies that came to Nuevo Le&#243;n, Sonora, the Baj&#237;o, and other industrial corridors found that problem. Some absorbed the cost. Others placed their second plant in Poland or Vietnam. The $40.9 billion in foreign direct investment Mexico received in the first nine months of 2025, the highest amount ever recorded, arrived in spite of the energy situation, not because of it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The buyer is at the door. The resource is available. What is missing is the architecture that connects them, and the certainty that that architecture will not disappear with the next administration.</p><p><strong>IV. Design, Not Improvisation</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">What we are proposing here is not a government program. It is a civilizational decision with method behind it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The starting point already exists and has a name. On February 3, 2026, President Claudia Sheinbaum presented the Infrastructure Investment Plan for Development with Wellbeing 2026-2030, built on the technical and financial analysis of more than 1,500 projects. The projected investment is 5.6 trillion pesos across eight strategic sectors through public-private schemes, with energy concentrating more than half the total. The plan declared the direction and put the initial resources on the table. What determines whether that direction produces lasting results is the institutional architecture with which it is executed. A well-intentioned six-year plan, without constitutional certainty and without independent governance, is a half-opportunity. The same investment, with the right institutional safeguards, can be the threshold of a transformation that outlasts those who initiate it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is not built in one administration. It is designed for thirty years, with the same ambition with which China designed its solar dominance, with the same discipline with which Norway designed its sovereign fund, with the same constitutional clarity with which Texas designed its education fund in 1854. An architecture that outlasts governments because its logic is more powerful than any electoral cycle.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The first element is the grid as backbone. Invest in transmission with engineering discipline. Carry the electricity generated in the sunny north to the industrial center, to the Baj&#237;o, to the Southeast. Expand coverage toward the communities the centralized system never reached, with local microgrids based on solar and storage. Energy as social infrastructure, not only as an industrial input.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The second element is generation as sovereign industry. Reactivate clean energy auctions under constitutional legal certainty. Open generation to private capital with CFE as grid operator and buyer of last resort, but without a generation monopoly. Develop the wind potential of the Isthmus. Build the storage capacity that converts intermittent generation into reliable supply.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GOWb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6d413c-ef79-494a-891c-8e9daf9e90e5_690x388.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GOWb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6d413c-ef79-494a-891c-8e9daf9e90e5_690x388.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GOWb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6d413c-ef79-494a-891c-8e9daf9e90e5_690x388.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GOWb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6d413c-ef79-494a-891c-8e9daf9e90e5_690x388.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GOWb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6d413c-ef79-494a-891c-8e9daf9e90e5_690x388.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GOWb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6d413c-ef79-494a-891c-8e9daf9e90e5_690x388.jpeg" width="690" height="388" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ee6d413c-ef79-494a-891c-8e9daf9e90e5_690x388.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:388,&quot;width&quot;:690,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:68054,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/195758533?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6d413c-ef79-494a-891c-8e9daf9e90e5_690x388.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GOWb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6d413c-ef79-494a-891c-8e9daf9e90e5_690x388.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GOWb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6d413c-ef79-494a-891c-8e9daf9e90e5_690x388.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GOWb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6d413c-ef79-494a-891c-8e9daf9e90e5_690x388.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!GOWb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fee6d413c-ef79-494a-891c-8e9daf9e90e5_690x388.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>&#216;rsted &#183; Denmark &#183; From fossil fuel company to world leader in renewable energy. The model exists and works.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The third element is the reinvention of CFE. &#216;rsted in Denmark was a fossil fuel company that transformed itself into the world&#8217;s largest offshore wind developer, with the Danish government as majority shareholder and a board carrying a fiduciary mandate toward citizens. Vattenfall in Sweden is 100% state-owned, operates across eight European countries, and runs active innovation laboratories in wind technology. KEPCO in South Korea built sovereignty through engineering and today exports technology to more than fifteen countries. All three share one architecture: they separated state ownership from the political operation of the system, established independent boards with fiduciary mandates, and made research and development a central function, not an ornament.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The fourth element is capital. The money exists, it is available, and it is actively looking for projects like what Mexico can offer. The World Bank delivered $42.6 billion in climate financing in 2024. The IDB has $50 billion committed for climate action in Latin America. The institutional private capital that multilateral banks mobilize reached $134 billion in 2024, a 33% increase over the prior year. Legal certainty and execution transparency are not conditions we request on principle. They are the conditions without which none of those layers activates.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The fifth element is mobility as multiplier. An energy infrastructure of this scale does not only power factories and data centers. It powers the next transformation: electric transportation. Electric trucks on the border corridor. Electric buses in major cities. Charging infrastructure along the federal highways. Every electric vehicle on Mexican roads is a new node in the demand architecture that justifies more renewable generation. The two transformations reinforce each other.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The sixth element is export as strategic positioning. Mexico can become a net exporter of clean electricity to the United States by 2032. Grid interconnections with Texas, Arizona, and California negotiable under the USMCA framework. Long-term contracts with the data centers that today seek energy and cannot find it on acceptable terms. Not as a gesture of goodwill. As business. As the capital signal that can transform Mexico from geography provider to energy partner in North America.</p><p><strong>V. The Seed and the Tree</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">We are not delivering here an infrastructure plan with engineering figures and execution timelines. That is work for technical teams, financial institutions, and governments that decide to take it seriously.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">What we are planting is a seed: the notion that this transformation is possible, that the resources to execute it exist, that the model has been proven in countries with fewer advantages than Mexico, and that the moment to decide it is now. Not because it is convenient. But because the window has a closing date.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Climate infrastructure funds have capital committed on five-to-seven-year investment horizons. If Mexico does not offer an investable project with institutional certainty within that window, that capital goes to Chile, Colombia, Morocco, Portugal. The data center location decisions for the next decade are being made in the next eighteen months. The nearshoring supply chains that need reliable energy to commit their second phase of investment are evaluating options right now.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>The window is not a metaphor. It has a date.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">But there is something more important than market urgency. It is the Mexico this decision makes possible, and what that Mexico means for those of us who live in it.</p><p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTWt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabc9f3d9-d7d8-49b5-8527-f7276f54d0a7_660x336.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTWt!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabc9f3d9-d7d8-49b5-8527-f7276f54d0a7_660x336.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTWt!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabc9f3d9-d7d8-49b5-8527-f7276f54d0a7_660x336.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTWt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabc9f3d9-d7d8-49b5-8527-f7276f54d0a7_660x336.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTWt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabc9f3d9-d7d8-49b5-8527-f7276f54d0a7_660x336.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTWt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabc9f3d9-d7d8-49b5-8527-f7276f54d0a7_660x336.jpeg" width="660" height="336" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/abc9f3d9-d7d8-49b5-8527-f7276f54d0a7_660x336.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:336,&quot;width&quot;:660,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:125686,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/195758533?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabc9f3d9-d7d8-49b5-8527-f7276f54d0a7_660x336.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTWt!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabc9f3d9-d7d8-49b5-8527-f7276f54d0a7_660x336.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTWt!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabc9f3d9-d7d8-49b5-8527-f7276f54d0a7_660x336.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTWt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabc9f3d9-d7d8-49b5-8527-f7276f54d0a7_660x336.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!VTWt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fabc9f3d9-d7d8-49b5-8527-f7276f54d0a7_660x336.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p><em>Solar energy in an indigenous community, Mexico &#183; The switch that changes more than the electricity bill</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">A Mexico where energy reaches every community, not only the industrial corridors. Where the cost of electricity stops being a competitive disadvantage and becomes a structural advantage. Where Mexican engineers do not emigrate to build infrastructure for others, but build it here, to power North America from their own territory. Where energy companies are synonymous with innovation because they have a mandate to compete and resources to research. Where the citizen on the street lives the results before understanding the policy, in the electricity bill, in the bus taken every morning, in the community that for the first time has reliable power.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">That transformation does not only change the economy. It changes the narrative. A country that produces clean energy for the continent, that develops technology the world needs, that arrives at any negotiation with something real on the table, does not see itself the same way. And the world does not see it the same way either.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Where Mexico arrives at any negotiation with Washington not as a pipeline customer but as a partner in the grid. That is not Mexico asking for a seat at the table. It is Mexico building the table.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oOI1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bd27c06-8875-494e-a5c1-c75cc7d6d891_750x500.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oOI1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bd27c06-8875-494e-a5c1-c75cc7d6d891_750x500.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oOI1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bd27c06-8875-494e-a5c1-c75cc7d6d891_750x500.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oOI1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bd27c06-8875-494e-a5c1-c75cc7d6d891_750x500.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oOI1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bd27c06-8875-494e-a5c1-c75cc7d6d891_750x500.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oOI1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bd27c06-8875-494e-a5c1-c75cc7d6d891_750x500.jpeg" width="750" height="500" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/1bd27c06-8875-494e-a5c1-c75cc7d6d891_750x500.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:500,&quot;width&quot;:750,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:149629,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/195758533?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bd27c06-8875-494e-a5c1-c75cc7d6d891_750x500.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oOI1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bd27c06-8875-494e-a5c1-c75cc7d6d891_750x500.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oOI1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bd27c06-8875-494e-a5c1-c75cc7d6d891_750x500.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oOI1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bd27c06-8875-494e-a5c1-c75cc7d6d891_750x500.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oOI1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F1bd27c06-8875-494e-a5c1-c75cc7d6d891_750x500.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Monterrey, Nuevo Le&#243;n &#183; The city already igniting its century. The Sierra Madre and the Milky Way, witnesses.</em></p><p><strong>VI. The Decision</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">This window is different from the ones before it in one fundamental respect. The pressure does not come from within alone. It comes from buyers who need what Mexico has and do not have time to wait. It comes from a geopolitical reconfiguration that for the first time in decades puts Mexico in position to propose, not merely respond. It comes from a technology, solar, wind, battery storage, that has fallen so dramatically in cost that it makes viable what fifteen years ago was speculative. And it comes from an investment plan already declared, with a name and a date, that puts the initial resources on the table.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">China adopted that technology with state discipline and built an industrial empire that is now innovating on its next generation. Mexico has that technology available, and also has the natural endowment that China leveraged with extraordinary effort and that Mexico has simply by geography.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The question is no longer whether Mexico can ignite this century. The resources are there. The capital is looking for the project. The market is waiting for the energy. The model has been proven. The investment plan already exists. And the national narrative this decision would make possible, that of a Mexico that creates and produces rather than consumes and depends, is available to whoever decides to write it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>With the switch in hand, the rules change.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The question is whether Mexico will decide to ignite it before someone else does it for them.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>That decision is not made by the market. Not by foreign capital. Not by Washington. It is made by Mexico. Today.</strong></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The North American &#8212; 77 is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[NA77 Weekly Affairs — Sunday Brief]]></title><description><![CDATA[Every sunday fresh new North American relevant news and data]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-affairs-sunday-brief</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-affairs-sunday-brief</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[The North American - 77]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 26 Apr 2026 14:31:13 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/37ce2b32-86c0-4228-ae4d-c39c7d3e2c14_1200x630.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: center;">This week, <strong>North America </strong>moved &#8212; <em>on trade, sovereignty, energy, diplomacy, and technology.</em> <strong>Five stories. </strong>The data that actually matters. And one number that tells you more about the continent&#8217;s future than any tariff debate will: <strong>86.3%</strong>.</p><h5><em><a href="https://budgetmodel.wharton.upenn.edu/p/2026-04-15-effective-tariff-rates-and-revenues-updated-april-15-2026/">Penn Wharton Budget Model &#8212; Effective Tariff Rates, April 15, 2026</a></em></h5><h5><em><a href="https://insights.tetakawi.com/the-usmca-2026-review-what-manufacturers-actually-need-to-prepare-for">Tetakawi &#8212; The USMCA 2026 Review: What Manufacturers Actually Need to Prepare For</a></em></h5><p></p><p>That is the USMCA compliance rate as of February 2026. Up from roughly 45% a year ago. The corridor is not waiting for the politicians. It never does.</p><p>This week&#8217;s Brief also covers the <strong>$3.3 billion clean energy groundbreaking in Topolobampo</strong>, the <strong>CIA incident in Chihuahua</strong>, <strong>Canada&#8217;s uranium move</strong>, the <strong>Colorado River</strong>, and the diplomatic exchange between <strong>Ambassador Johnson </strong>and <strong>President Sheinbaum</strong> that no one is talking about clearly enough.</p><blockquote><p></p><h3><strong>Read the full Sunday Brief &#8594;</strong></h3><p></p></blockquote><h2 style="text-align: center;"><strong><a href="https://na77-morningbriefing-12april2026-test.netlify.app/">NA77- Weekly Affairs</a></strong></h2><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The North American &#8212; 77! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support my work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-affairs-sunday-brief?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-affairs-sunday-brief?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.northamerican77.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share The North American &#8212; 77</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-affairs-sunday-brief/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-affairs-sunday-brief/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La historia que nos falta]]></title><description><![CDATA[Una nueva narrativa para un continente que la merece]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/la-historia-que-nos-falta</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/la-historia-que-nos-falta</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel E. Familiar]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 23 Apr 2026 16:06:23 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>La historia que nos falta.</strong></p><p><em>Una nueva narrativa para un continente que la merece.</em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The North American &#8212; 77! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support our work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>No llegamos tarde. Llegamos cuando ten&#237;amos que llegar, con m&#225;s historia, m&#225;s claridad y m&#225;s razones que nunca para elegir diferente.</em></p><p>Por <strong>Manuel E. Familiar</strong> &#183; Colaborador NA77</p><p>(Please find ENGLISH VERSION below)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nac&#237; en Monterrey, pero mi historia comienza en dos pa&#237;ses a la vez.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No como met&#225;fora. Como hecho.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hay pioneros en mi familia que fundaron ciudades en Iowa. Hay un empresario y sobreviviente de la Guerra Civil estadounidense, el Col. Joseph Andrew Robertson, que lleg&#243; a Monterrey a tender la v&#237;a del ferrocarril al Golfo de M&#233;xico y termin&#243; participando en la fundaci&#243;n de la Cervecer&#237;a Cuauht&#233;moc, estableciendo lo que hoy es Lamosa, introduciendo las primeras naranjas Valencia a Montemorelos, trayendo el b&#233;isbol a M&#233;xico y publicando el primer peri&#243;dico biling&#252;e en esta ciudad. Hay un c&#243;nsul general estadounidense, Philip C. Hanna, a quien su familia llamaba &#8220;Uncle Phil&#8221;, cuyo trabajo en Monterrey tendi&#243; puentes entre dos naciones, y cuya vida, sin propon&#233;rselo, tendi&#243; el puente que me trajo a m&#237;. Todo eso ocurri&#243; aqu&#237;, en esta frontera invisible que siempre fue m&#225;s umbral que muro.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg" width="620" height="389" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:389,&quot;width&quot;:620,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Cervecer&#237;a Cuauht&#233;moc, Monterrey &#8212; principios del siglo XX.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Las v&#237;as del ferrocarril en primer plano: el mismo que el Col. Robertson tendi&#243; al Golfo de M&#233;xico.</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg" width="620" height="253" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:253,&quot;width&quot;:620,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Huerta La Eugenia, Montemorelos, Nuevo Le&#243;n, ca. 1894 &#8212; la primera plantaci&#243;n comercial de naranjos Valencia en M&#233;xico.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Le&#243;n Stuart dirigiendo la plantaci&#243;n &#183; Colecci&#243;n: Reforma Siglo XXI, vol. 91 (2017) &#183; Jos&#233; de Jes&#250;s Mart&#237;nez Perales</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Del lado de mi padre, una l&#237;nea familiar que conecta con Octavio Paz, primo hermano de mi abuela, quien dedic&#243; su vida entera a descifrar lo que significa ser mexicano, y una l&#237;nea de emprendedores regiomontanos que construyeron en esta ciudad cuando construir aqu&#237; requer&#237;a una fe que los n&#250;meros todav&#237;a no pod&#237;an justificar.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Crec&#237; sin lograr reclamar la nacionalidad que t&#233;cnicamente me correspond&#237;a. Pero nunca crec&#237; sin saber que pertenec&#237;a a ambos lados, y que esa pertenencia doble no era una contradicci&#243;n. Era, aunque tard&#233; a&#241;os en entenderlo, una perspectiva.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pas&#233; una d&#233;cada en CEMEX durante los a&#241;os en que la empresa decidi&#243; dejar de ser una cementera mexicana para convertirse en una instituci&#243;n global. Lo viv&#237; desde adentro: en Espa&#241;a, en los Estados Unidos, en Panam&#225;, en Singapur, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Myanmar y China, en los a&#241;os en que todo eso todav&#237;a requer&#237;a ser construido a mano, decisi&#243;n por decisi&#243;n. Viv&#237; cinco a&#241;os en Singapur, sede de mi familia mientras yo operaba en los pa&#237;ses vecinos, y fui testigo directo de lo que le ocurre a una sociedad cuando decide, con disciplina, construirse a la altura de sus propias aspiraciones.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Lo m&#225;s importante que aprend&#237; no fue sobre cemento, ni sobre fusiones, ni sobre mercados emergentes.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Fue esto: la diferencia entre una empresa que opera en el mundo y una empresa que pertenece al mundo no es tecnol&#243;gica ni financiera. Es institucional.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Es la decisi&#243;n, tomada conscientemente, de construirse a la altura de las expectativas del entorno al que quieres pertenecer. Antes de que ese entorno te lo exija.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">M&#233;xico ha producido empresas que tomaron esa decisi&#243;n. Yo tuve el privilegio de vivir una de ellas desde adentro. La pregunta que no me abandon&#243; despu&#233;s de CEMEX, y que no me ha abandonado desde entonces, es por qu&#233; no lo hemos hecho como pa&#237;s.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En 1848, M&#233;xico perdi&#243; la mitad de su territorio. Esa herida nunca se cerr&#243; del todo. Y hay quienes, en ambos lados de la frontera, han encontrado en mantenerla abierta una utilidad que no requiere ser nombrada para ser entendida.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pero en esa misma &#233;poca, y en esta misma ciudad, ocurr&#237;a otra cosa. Empresarios americanos y familias regiomontanas constru&#237;an juntos lo que ninguno hubiera podido construir solo: una cervecer&#237;a que se convertir&#237;a en uno de los conglomerados m&#225;s importantes de Am&#233;rica Latina, una red ferroviaria que conect&#243; el norte de M&#233;xico con sus mercados, una industria citr&#237;cola que transform&#243; la econom&#237;a de una regi&#243;n entera. Para 1910, Monterrey produc&#237;a el 13.5% de la producci&#243;n industrial de M&#233;xico. M&#225;s que la Ciudad de M&#233;xico. Lo construyeron juntos.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Eso no es historia sentimental. Es historia econ&#243;mica. Es la demostraci&#243;n de que siempre existi&#243; otra manera.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, mientras mi t&#237;o abuelo Treadwell, nacido en Monterrey, hijo de Treadwell Ayres Robertson y Eugenia Hanna, serv&#237;a como m&#233;dico en el ej&#233;rcito de los Estados Unidos, M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos firmaban el Programa Bracero. Agosto de 1942. M&#225;s de cuatro millones de trabajadores mexicanos cruzaron la frontera legalmente para sostener la agricultura y los ferrocarriles americanos mientras sus hombres combat&#237;an en Europa y el Pac&#237;fico. Dos naciones que se necesitaban mutuamente, ayud&#225;ndose mutuamente. Por acuerdo oficial de gobierno, en el peor momento del siglo.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg" width="502" height="512" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:512,&quot;width&quot;:502,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Braceros llegando en tren a California, agosto 1942.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Primeros trabajadores del Programa Bracero &#183; Dominio p&#250;blico, University of California Davis Special Collections</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg" width="1456" height="920" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:920,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Braceros cosechando betabel en California, 1943.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Fotograf&#237;a: Marjory Collins &#183; Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division &#183; Dominio p&#250;blico</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hoy, Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico son los mayores socios comerciales el uno del otro. El intercambio bilateral supera el bill&#243;n de d&#243;lares anuales. Las cadenas de suministro est&#225;n tan integradas que separarlas no es una opci&#243;n pol&#237;tica. Es una amputaci&#243;n econ&#243;mica. Y sin embargo, la narrativa dominante en ambos pa&#237;ses sigue siendo la del adversario, la del muro, la del otro como amenaza.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Algo no cuadra. Lo que no cuadra es la narrativa. Y llevo toda la vida viviendo la evidencia de que existe otra.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mientras Jap&#243;n, Corea del Sur, Alemania, Singapur y Taiwan reconstru&#237;an sus econom&#237;as devastadas y eleg&#237;an pertenecer al orden global como constructores, exigiendo transferencia tecnol&#243;gica, invirtiendo en educaci&#243;n como infraestructura, edificando instituciones que sobrevivieran a sus gobiernos, M&#233;xico eligi&#243; otra cosa. No por falta de talento. No por falta de recursos ni de geograf&#237;a. Elegimos ser el proveedor. La mano de obra. La maquiladora. El bracero institucionalizado. Y esa elecci&#243;n, repetida durante d&#233;cadas, tiene beneficiarios concretos en ambos lados de la frontera. Aunque no sean los trabajadores ni los empresarios mexicanos.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esa es la pregunta que nadie termina de hacer con la precisi&#243;n que merece. No por qu&#233; fallamos. Sino por qu&#233;, teniendo todo, elegimos quedarnos donde est&#225;bamos. Y si esa elecci&#243;n, porque fue una elecci&#243;n, puede deshacerse.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Escribo esto en un momento en que la narrativa de la divisi&#243;n alcanza vol&#250;menes que no hab&#237;amos escuchado en d&#233;cadas. Las pol&#237;ticas de deportaci&#243;n masiva, la ret&#243;rica del otro como amenaza, el miedo institucionalizado como instrumento de gobierno. Conozco personas que comparten mi misma sangre, mi mismo &#225;rbol geneal&#243;gico, mi misma historia de dos mundos, y que hoy hablan de los americanos con una rabia completamente justificada por lo que est&#225;n viendo. No los culpo. La provocaci&#243;n es real. El da&#241;o es real.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pero aqu&#237; est&#225; lo que tambi&#233;n es real: cada arancel impuesto, cada cadena de suministro interrumpida, cada trabajador deportado que dej&#243; atr&#225;s una empresa, una familia, una vida construida, es una demostraci&#243;n en tiempo real del costo de ignorar lo que ya construimos juntos. El dolor de la separaci&#243;n es, parad&#243;jicamente, el argumento m&#225;s convincente para la integraci&#243;n. No necesitamos convencer a nadie de que Norteam&#233;rica funciona mejor unida. El mercado lo est&#225; demostrando solo, en tiempo real, cada vez que alguien intenta desarmarla.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Las energ&#237;as renovables no se adoptaron porque el mundo decidi&#243; ser virtuoso. Se adoptaron cuando tuvieron sentido econ&#243;mico. La integraci&#243;n norteamericana no se realizar&#225; porque sea la decisi&#243;n correcta moralmente, aunque lo sea. Se realizar&#225; cuando sea imposible ignorar que es la decisi&#243;n correcta econ&#243;micamente. Y ese momento, aunque cueste creerlo hoy, est&#225; m&#225;s cerca que nunca. Porque nunca antes hab&#237;a sido tan visible lo que cuesta no tomarla.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Y hay un argumento m&#225;s que no puede ignorarse: la seguridad. Las amenazas que de verdad ponen en riesgo a los ciudadanos de los tres pa&#237;ses, el crimen organizado, el tr&#225;fico de personas, el fentanilo, no se detienen con muros. Se detienen con sistemas. Con inteligencia compartida, con aduanas coordinadas, con una frontera que funcione como lo que siempre debi&#243; ser: un umbral administrado con disciplina, no un campo de batalla administrado con miedo. Un frente norteamericano com&#250;n no es una concesi&#243;n de soberan&#237;a. Es el ejercicio m&#225;s serio de ella. Porque la soberan&#237;a real no se mide por la altura del muro. Se mide por la capacidad de proteger a tus ciudadanos de las amenazas que s&#237; existen, con las herramientas que s&#237; funcionan.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No escribo desde aqu&#237; porque conozca la respuesta. Escribo porque llevo d&#233;cadas acumulando las piezas de una pregunta que este continente lleva demasiado tiempo haci&#233;ndose en voz baja, y porque creo, con la certeza de quien lo ha visto funcionar en otros lugares y en otras &#233;pocas, que la respuesta ya existe. No en un modelo econ&#243;mico ni en una pol&#237;tica p&#250;blica. Existe en personas. En empresas. En historias que suceden todos los d&#237;as a lo largo y ancho de este continente y que nadie ha tenido la paciencia de encontrar, documentar y elevar a la escala que merecen.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Eso es lo que North American 77 viene a hacer.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No a lamentarse por lo que no fue. A documentar lo que ya est&#225; siendo construido: por los que adaptaron sin perder su esencia, los que cruzaron fronteras de ida y de vuelta y emergieron m&#225;s fuertes, los que eligieron pertenecer al mundo sin dejar de ser lo que son. Sus historias no son excepciones a la narrativa dominante. Son la evidencia de que esa narrativa siempre estuvo equivocada.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Norteam&#233;rica no necesita reinventarse. Necesitamos reconocerla.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">No llegamos tarde. Llegamos cuando ten&#237;amos que llegar, con m&#225;s historia, m&#225;s claridad y m&#225;s razones que nunca para elegir diferente. El umbral sigue ah&#237;. Siempre estuvo ah&#237;. Esta vez, cruc&#233;moslo juntos.</p><p style="text-align: center;">&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;</p><p><strong>ENGLISH VERSION</strong></p><p><strong>The Missing Story.</strong></p><p><em>A new narrative for a continent that deserves one.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>We are not late. We arrive when we were meant to arrive, with more history, more clarity, and more reasons than ever to choose differently.</em></p><p>By <strong>Manuel E. Familiar</strong> &#183; NA77 Contributor</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I was born in Monterrey, in the industrial north of Mexico, a city that has always known it had one foot on each side of the border. But my story begins in two countries at once.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Not as metaphor. As fact.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">There are pioneers in my family who founded cities in Iowa. There is an entrepreneur and Civil War survivor, Col. Joseph Andrew Robertson, who arrived in Monterrey to build the railroad to the Gulf of Mexico and ended up helping found the Cuauht&#233;moc Brewery, establishing what is today Lamosa, introducing the first Valencia oranges to Montemorelos, bringing baseball to Mexico, and publishing the first bilingual newspaper in this city. There is an American consul general, Philip C. Hanna, known to his family as &#8220;Uncle Phil&#8221;, whose work in Monterrey built bridges between two nations, and whose life, without intending to, built the bridge that brought me here. All of it happened here, on this invisible border that was always more threshold than wall.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg" width="620" height="389" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:389,&quot;width&quot;:620,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!V8Mo!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc0f6d0e6-654b-4ca7-8ead-ad898eff33a0_620x389.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Cervecer&#237;a Cuauht&#233;moc, Monterrey &#8212; early twentieth century.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>The railroad tracks in the foreground: the same line Col. Robertson built to the Gulf of Mexico.</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg" width="620" height="253" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:253,&quot;width&quot;:620,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!INQF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9d53644b-3440-4704-9f2f-1e2490b507c4_620x253.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Huerta La Eugenia, Montemorelos, Nuevo Le&#243;n, ca. 1894 &#8212; the first commercial Valencia orange plantation in Mexico.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Le&#243;n Stuart directing the planting &#183; Collection: Reforma Siglo XXI, vol. 91 (2017) &#183; Jos&#233; de Jes&#250;s Mart&#237;nez Perales</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">On my father&#8217;s side, a family line that connects to Octavio Paz, my grandmother&#8217;s first cousin, who dedicated his entire life to deciphering what it means to be Mexican, and a line of entrepreneurs from Monterrey who built in this city when building here required a faith that the numbers could not yet justify.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I grew up unable to claim the nationality that was technically mine. But I never grew up without knowing I belonged to both sides, and that belonging to both was not a contradiction. It was, though it took me years to understand it, a perspective.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I spent a decade at CEMEX during the years the company decided to stop being a Mexican cement producer and become a global institution. I lived it from the inside: in Spain, in the United States, in Panama, in Singapore, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and China, in the years when all of that still had to be built by hand, decision by decision. I lived five years in Singapore, home base for my family while I operated across the neighboring countries, and witnessed firsthand what happens to a society when it decides, with discipline, to build itself to the level of its own aspirations.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The most important thing I learned had nothing to do with cement, or mergers, or emerging markets.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>It was this: the difference between a company that operates in the world and a company that belongs to the world is not technological or financial. It is institutional.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">It is the conscious decision to build yourself to the level of expectations of the world you want to belong to. Before that world demands it of you.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mexico has produced companies that made that decision. I had the privilege of living inside one of them. The question that never left me after CEMEX, and has never left me since, is why we haven&#8217;t done it as a country.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 1848, Mexico lost half of its territory. That wound never fully closed. And there are those, on both sides of the border, who have found in keeping it open a convenience that doesn&#8217;t need to be named to be understood.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">But in that same era, and in this same city, something else was happening. American entrepreneurs and Monterrey families were building together what neither could have built alone: a brewery that would become one of the most important conglomerates in Latin America, a railroad network that connected northern Mexico to its markets, a brick company that still operates today, a citrus industry that transformed the economy of an entire region. By 1910, Monterrey produced 13.5% of Mexico&#8217;s industrial output. More than Mexico City. They built it together.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>That is not sentimental history. It is economic history. It is proof that another way always existed.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">During World War II, my grandmother&#8217;s brother Treadwell, born in Monterrey, son of Treadwell Ayres Robertson and Eugenia Hanna, served as a doctor in the United States Army. At the same time, Mexico and the United States signed one of the largest bilateral agreements in their shared history. The Bracero Program. August 1942. More than four million Mexican workers crossed the border legally to sustain American agriculture and railroads while American men fought in Europe and the Pacific. Two nations that needed each other, helping each other. By official government agreement, at the worst moment of the century.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg" width="502" height="512" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:512,&quot;width&quot;:502,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EaZJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F26ceeabf-dedc-45fc-9285-87794d428cca_502x512.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Braceros arriving by train in California, August 1942.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>First workers of the Bracero Program &#183; Public domain, University of California Davis Special Collections</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg" width="1456" height="920" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:920,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sTk8!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2b4bfe5-a428-42fd-b0b6-0208c2c34b5c_1618x1022.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Braceros harvesting sugar beets in California, 1943.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Photograph: Marjory Collins &#183; Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division &#183; Public domain</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Today, the United States and Mexico are each other&#8217;s largest trading partners. Bilateral trade exceeds one trillion dollars annually. Supply chains are so deeply integrated that separating them is not a political option. It is an economic amputation. And yet the dominant narrative in both countries remains the same: adversary, wall, the other as threat.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Something doesn&#8217;t add up. What doesn&#8217;t add up is the narrative. And I have spent my whole life living the evidence that another one exists.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">While Japan, South Korea, Germany, Singapore, and Taiwan rebuilt their devastated economies and chose to belong to the postwar global order as builders, demanding technology transfer, investing in education as infrastructure, constructing institutions designed to outlast their governments, Mexico chose something else. Not for lack of talent. Not for lack of resources or geography. We chose to be the supplier. The labor force. The maquiladora. The institutionalized bracero. And that choice, repeated across decades, has concrete beneficiaries on both sides of the border. Just not the Mexican worker or the Mexican entrepreneur.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">That is the question nobody has finished asking with the precision it deserves. Not why we failed. But why, having everything, we chose to stay where we were. And whether that choice, because it was a choice, can be undone.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I write this at a moment when the narrative of division has reached volumes we haven&#8217;t heard in decades. Mass deportation policies, the rhetoric of the other as threat, institutionalized fear as an instrument of government. I know people who share my exact blood, my exact family tree, my exact history of two worlds, who today speak of Americans with a rage completely justified by what they are witnessing. I don&#8217;t blame them. The provocation is real. The damage is real.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">But here is what is also real: every tariff imposed, every supply chain disrupted, every deported worker who left behind a business, a family, a life built from nothing, is a live demonstration of what it costs to ignore what we already built together. The pain of separation is, paradoxically, the most convincing argument for integration. We don&#8217;t need to convince anyone that North America works better united. The market is proving it on its own, in real time, every time someone tries to take it apart.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Renewable energy was not adopted because the world decided to be virtuous. It was adopted when it made economic sense. North American integration will not happen because it is the morally right decision, though it is. It will happen when it becomes impossible to ignore that it is the economically right decision. And that moment, hard as it is to believe today, is closer than it has ever been. Because never before has it been so visible what it costs not to make it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">And there is one more argument that cannot be ignored: security. The threats that genuinely endanger citizens across all three countries, organized crime, human trafficking, fentanyl, are not stopped by walls. They are stopped by systems. By shared intelligence, coordinated customs, a border that functions as what it always should have been: a threshold managed with discipline, not a battlefield managed with fear. A united North American front is not a concession of sovereignty. It is the most serious exercise of it. Because real sovereignty is not measured by the height of the wall. It is measured by the capacity to protect your citizens from the threats that actually exist, with the tools that actually work.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I don&#8217;t write from here because I have the answer. I write because I have spent decades assembling the pieces of a question that this continent has been asking itself in a whisper for too long, and because I believe, with the certainty of someone who has seen it work in other places and other eras, that the answer already exists. Not in an economic model or a public policy. It exists in people. In companies. In stories happening every day across this continent that nobody has had the patience to find, document, and elevate to the scale they deserve.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">That is what North American is here to do.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Not to mourn what wasn&#8217;t. To document what is already being built: by those who adapted without losing their essence, who crossed borders in both directions and emerged stronger, who chose to belong to the world without ceasing to be what they are. Their stories are not exceptions to the dominant narrative. They are proof that the narrative was always wrong.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>North America doesn&#8217;t need to reinvent itself. We need to recognize what&#8217;s already there.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">We are not late. We arrive when we were meant to arrive, with more history, more clarity, and more reasons than ever to choose differently. The threshold is still there. It always was. This time, let&#8217;s cross it together.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The North American &#8212; 77! Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support our work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[NA77 Affairs Morning Briefing — Wednesday, April 22, 2026]]></title><description><![CDATA[ONE FUTURE. THREE NATIONS.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-affairs-morning-briefing-wednesday-b14</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-affairs-morning-briefing-wednesday-b14</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[The North American - 77]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 22 Apr 2026 13:31:43 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hmIS!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ddf0ccf-2eee-404f-852f-0514e511e0f2_512x512.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#128308; THE SIGNAL</p><p></p><p>Seventy days before the July 1 deadline, the USMCA is not one negotiation &#8212; it is two, moving at entirely different speeds.</p><p>US Trade Representative Jamieson Greer flew to Mexico City last week. Talks are live, bilateral, and concentrated: rules of origin in autos, energy market access, and disciplines on nonmarket inputs. Mexico is at the table. The conversation is hard, but it is happening.</p><p>Canada is a different story. Ambassador-level communications have reportedly stalled since fall 2025. Prime Minister Mark Carney said this week what was previously only whispered in Ottawa's briefing rooms: that Canada's once-strong economic ties to the United States have become a structural weakness that must be corrected. Carney named a $1 trillion investment plan contingent on USMCA clarity &#8212; then, in the same breath, launched a formal diversification strategy away from the US.</p><p>The three-nation framework is under stress it was not designed to absorb. The risks of a bifurcated North America &#8212; one with a functional US-Mexico corridor and a fractured US-Canada relationship &#8212; are real, and underappreciated.</p><p>What to Watch: Canada's new US Advisory Council holds its inaugural meeting on April 27. Whether that session opens or forecloses dialogue will signal how the final sprint to July 1 unfolds.</p><p>---</p><p>&#128992; TRADE &amp; POLICY DESK</p><p>The USMCA joint review, launched March 18 in bilateral rather than trilateral format, is narrowing around three fault lines: automotive rules of origin, energy sector access, and China-linked supply chain disciplines.</p><p>On energy, Washington's position has clarified. US negotiators are explicitly targeting CFE's mandatory 54% ownership stake in mixed-generation projects, LitioMx's constitutional monopoly over lithium, and PEMEX's preferential treatment in the hydrocarbons permit process. These are not peripheral asks &#8212; they go to the structural architecture of Mexico's energy reform.</p><p>Mexico's opening posture: sovereign energy policy is non-negotiable. But President Sheinbaum's administration has signaled flexibility on the margins &#8212; particularly on private co-investment structures that don't require changing constitutional language.</p><p>Ambassador Greer has been unambiguous: he will not recommend USMCA renewal to the president without concessions. The base case among analysts remains a painful extension &#8212; negotiated under pressure, stretched into late 2026 &#8212; rather than a comprehensive renegotiation.</p><p>Data: USMCA compliance rates among Mexican manufacturers surged from 45% to 89% since the agreement's signing. The economic integration the review is supposed to protect is already working.</p><p>&#8594; Deeper read: https://www.csis.org/analysis/usmca-review-2026-six-scenarios-north-americas-future</p><p>---</p><p>&#128993; INVESTMENT WATCH</p><p>Mexico climbed six positions in Kearney's 2026 Foreign Direct Investment Confidence Index &#8212; from 25th to 19th globally &#8212; one of the largest single-year gains on record. The signal: investors are still moving toward North America, and Mexico is the entry point they're betting on.</p><p>The first concrete proof of Plan M&#233;xico's execution arrived this week. President Sheinbaum inaugurated a 53-hectare industrial polo in Huamantla, Tlaxcala &#8212; $540 million in committed investment, designed to generate more than 6,000 direct and indirect jobs. Plan M&#233;xico's portfolio totals $277 billion across roughly 2,000 projects through 2030. Huamantla is one of the first to break ground.</p><p>But the execution gap remains the central challenge. FDI inflows hit a record $40.9 billion through the first three quarters of 2025. Manufacturing wages of approximately $4.90 per hour remain 25% below China's. Announced projects outnumber completed projects by a ratio that keeps infrastructure economists up at night.</p><p>The bottleneck is not capital and it is not labor. It is power. CFE's reliability constraints &#8212; reserve margins that have fallen below the 6% safety threshold in recent months &#8212; continue to throttle the pace of industrial buildout.</p><p>Data: Mexico needs an estimated $5.6 billion in new generation and transmission investment to meet projected industrial demand through 2028. CFE's budget cannot absorb that number alone &#8212; private participation is not optional, it is arithmetic.</p><p>&#8594; Deeper read: https://www.csis.org/analysis/nearshoring-without-growth-why-investment-uncertainty-holding-mexico-back</p><p>---</p><p>&#128309; POWER &amp; RESOURCES</p><p>The Bureau of Reclamation's April 2026 report landed this week without ceremony and without good news. Lake Mead sits at 1,064 feet &#8212; a Level 1 Shortage condition &#8212; and Bureau projections have the lake declining toward 1,055 feet by year-end, 20 feet below the shortage determination trigger.</p><p>The compounding factor: this year's snowpack across the Colorado River basin is the lowest on record. March temperatures broke historical averages across the Upper Basin. Lake Powell's inflow forecast sits at 2.78 million acre-feet for the water year &#8212; 29% of historical average, and among the lowest on record. The Bureau will cut Powell releases to the legal minimum to protect Glen Canyon Dam's generating capacity. The consequence: Hoover Dam could produce 40% less electricity by this fall.</p><p>The Colorado River system &#8212; at 36% of total storage capacity &#8212; supplies water to seven US states, 30 tribal nations, two Mexican states, and roughly 40 million people. It also anchors the Sonoran Desert agricultural production that feeds cross-border supply chains.</p><p>AI data centers are adding pressure from a direction this infrastructure was never designed for. The compute buildout behind the Anthropic-Amazon partnership alone will require gigawatts of reliable power &#8212; power that a drought-stressed western grid cannot guarantee.</p><p>Data: The Colorado River system has run an average structural deficit of 12.3 million acre-feet per year since 2000, against the 1922 Compact's 15-million-acre-feet framework &#8212; a gap no amount of conservation can fully close without re-engineering the compact itself.</p><p>&#8594; Deeper read: https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/g4000/24mo.pdf</p><p>---</p><p>&#128994; INNOVATION CORRIDOR</p><p>The week's largest infrastructure deal was not a highway or a port. It was a compute agreement.</p><p>Anthropic announced an expanded partnership with Amazon that secures up to 5 gigawatts of compute capacity for training and deploying Claude &#8212; the AI model that now commands White House attention. Anthropic's 10-year commitment to AWS is valued at more than $100 billion. Amazon is investing $5 billion immediately, with an option for up to $20 billion more.</p><p>White House chief of staff Susie Wiles met with Anthropic CEO Dario Amodei this week about Claude Mythos, the company's new flagship model &#8212; a system with 10 trillion parameters designed for advanced reasoning, cybersecurity, and coding at national-security scale. The federal government's interest is not incidental.</p><p>Meanwhile, NVIDIA's Rubin platform entered commercial focus, promising to accelerate agentic AI inference at up to 10 times lower cost per token than the Blackwell generation. The model competition is maturing into a compute and supply chain competition &#8212; and those supply chains run through North American manufacturing corridors.</p><p>Monterrey, Guadalajara, and Mexico City are positioning to capture the hardware side of this buildout. The AI semiconductor assembly and advanced electronics manufacturing that Mexico is recruiting is not a separate conversation from the USMCA energy talks. It is the same conversation.</p><p>Data: The Anthropic-Amazon partnership commits more than $100 billion to AWS infrastructure over 10 years &#8212; a capital deployment that rivals the GDP of most Central American nations combined.</p><p>&#8594; Deeper read: https://www.technologyreview.com/2026/01/05/1130662/whats-next-for-ai-in-2026/</p><p>---</p><p>&#128995; THE PEOPLE FACTOR</p><p>The US labor market's structural shift is not a policy debate anymore. It is a number.</p><p>Since January 2025, the US has recorded a net loss of approximately 596,000 foreign-born workers from the civilian labor force &#8212; a reversal that has no modern precedent. US net migration turned negative in 2025 for the first time in roughly half a century. The BLS March 2026 Employment Situation report confirms the trend has not reversed.</p><p>The sectors absorbing the shock are exactly the ones North America's nearshoring thesis depends on: construction, agriculture, food processing, logistics, and light manufacturing. These are not industries that can wait for a domestic labor pipeline to refill. They operate at the speed of supply chains, not at the speed of workforce development programs.</p><p>Mexico's demographic position stands in direct contrast. With a median age of approximately 29 years, Mexico holds what may be the continent's most underutilized asset: a young, increasingly skilled workforce being actively competed for by Asian and European manufacturing interests &#8212; not just North American ones.</p><p>The window for integrating Mexican labor capacity into North American manufacturing at scale is not indefinite. It is a decade, perhaps less.</p><p>Data: Foreign-born workers in the United States recorded an unemployment rate of 4.2% in 2024 &#8212; and the population itself is now contracting. The domestic labor force cannot cover the gap at current immigration policy levels.</p><p>&#8594; Deeper read: https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/empsit.pdf</p><p>---</p><p>&#9898; THE LONG VIEW &#8212; By Eduardo Joffroy</p><p>The Announcement Is Not the Investment</p><p>In Huamantla, Tlaxcala &#8212; a mid-sized city two hours from Mexico City that most international investors could not find on a map six months ago &#8212; a ribbon was cut this week. Fifty-three hectares. Six thousand jobs promised. Half a billion dollars committed on paper. President Sheinbaum was there. The cameras were there.</p><p>What was not there, in sufficient quantity, is reliable electricity.</p><p>This is the central paradox of Mexico's nearshoring moment, and it is worth saying plainly: the announcement infrastructure has outrun the physical infrastructure. Mexico has become extraordinarily competent at the ceremony of investment &#8212; the press conference, the presidential decree, the rendering of the industrial park &#8212; while the underlying power grid, the water systems, and in some states the rule-of-law environment have not kept pace.</p><p>I say this not as criticism of Mexico. I say it as someone who believes deeply in what this country can become &#8212; and who knows that the gap between what is announced and what is built is exactly where opportunity gets lost.</p><p>Plan M&#233;xico's portfolio totals $277 billion across 2,000 projects. The ambition is real. But ambition is a starting line, not a finish line. The execution bottleneck is CFE &#8212; Comisi&#243;n Federal de Electricidad &#8212; a state utility constitutionally positioned as the dominant player in Mexico's energy market, without the private investment pathways or the capital base to meet industrial demand at nearshoring speed.</p><p>This is the "Hardware vs. Software" problem of North American integration rendered in concrete terms. The trade architecture &#8212; USMCA &#8212; is the software. It sets the rules, aligns the incentives, and creates the platform. But the hardware &#8212; the megawatts, the transmission lines, the industrial water systems, the logistics corridors &#8212; has to be built by someone, and it has to be built now.</p><p>The $5.6 billion that analysts estimate Mexico needs in new generation and transmission capacity is not a development challenge. It is a political choice. Private capital exists. The appetite among US, Canadian, and Mexican infrastructure investors for reliable, bankable energy assets in Mexico is real. What is missing is the regulatory pathway that allows that capital to flow into the grid without triggering the constitutional tripwires of the 2021 energy reform.</p><p>Seventy days before the USMCA deadline, that regulatory pathway is on the negotiating table in Mexico City. And that is, quietly, the most consequential conversation in North America right now &#8212; not because of what it will produce by July 1, but because of what it will signal for the next decade.</p><p>The continent is at capacity for announcements. What it needs now is megawatts.</p><p>The North American &#8212; 77 &#183; April 22, 2026</p><p>&#8212;</p><p>The North American &#8212; 77 &#183; Affairs Morning Briefing &#183; Published Monday, Wednesday &amp; Friday at 7:30 AM CST</p><p>ONE FUTURE. THREE NATIONS.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Llegó el Momento de Decisión a los Mexicanos]]></title><description><![CDATA[Edici&#243;n 3 de 3 &#183; El Vecino que Decidi&#243; Ignorar el Nuevo Orden Global hace 82 a&#241;os]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/los-mexicanos-debemos-dejar-de-ignorar</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/los-mexicanos-debemos-dejar-de-ignorar</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[The North American - 77]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 21 Apr 2026 13:09:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI1S!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a69a276-5be5-46aa-a54b-f1e47197971e_1924x1387.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>I. La Ventana</h3><p>En 1944, el mundo construy&#243; un nuevo orden. Instituciones multilaterales, reglas de comercio, arquitectura financiera &#8212; un sistema que, con todas sus imperfecciones, ha sostenido la mayor expansi&#243;n de prosperidad en la historia moderna.</p><blockquote><p>M&#233;xico no estuvo fuera de ese sistema. Pero tampoco decidi&#243; integrarse completamente a &#233;l.</p><p>Ochenta y dos a&#241;os despu&#233;s, seguimos en esa posici&#243;n intermedia &#8212; participando, benefici&#225;ndonos parcialmente, sin alinear nuestras instituciones a la l&#243;gica que sostiene el crecimiento.</p></blockquote><p>Hoy, Norteam&#233;rica necesita a un M&#233;xico diferente. Uno de confianza.</p><p>Y la ventana para construirlo est&#225; abierta &#8212; pero no por mucho tiempo.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg" width="1456" height="986" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:986,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:160045,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194874375?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9fJ7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbd46b7c2-2e79-4a23-b687-58667837124a_1852x1254.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3>II. El Patr&#243;n</h3><p>M&#233;xico no fall&#243; por falta de recursos. <em><strong>Fall&#243; por consistencia.</strong></em></p><p><span class="mention-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Manuel E. Familiar&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:10412606,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;user&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:null,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4vzy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c4d0140-61a4-4028-9706-2e17fd9e6863_144x144.png&quot;,&quot;uuid&quot;:&quot;4076f88f-d7d2-47ce-8bc5-6eaa212c0240&quot;}" data-component-name="MentionToDOM"></span> escribi&#243; en el ensayo que abre esta serie una frase que no he podido sacarme de la cabeza: </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>&#8220;M&#233;xico recibi&#243; su pago. Lo que ocurri&#243; con &#233;l se disolvi&#243; en la maquinaria fiscal y militar de un r&#233;gimen que no construy&#243; nada permanente con ese capital.&#8221;</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Con esto se refiere a la compra de territorio que realiz&#243; Estados Unidos a M&#233;xico de territorio, fondos los cuales Santa Anna en 1853 pudo haber dejado algo de valor e institucional para M&#233;xico.</p><p>&#191;Que hizo M&#233;xico con esos recursos? </p><p>&#191;Que beneficios nos ha dejado Pemex, la CFE o la venta de Telmex?</p><p><strong>NINGUNO.</strong></p><p>No es mala suerte. Es un patr&#243;n. Y un patr&#243;n puede romperse &#8212; si primero se reconoce por lo que es: un problema de dise&#241;o institucional, no de car&#225;cter.</p><h3>III. La Regla</h3><p>El ejemplo ideal para este patr&#243;n tiene una cara: <strong>Pemex.</strong></p><p>Una empresa del Estado, operando en un sector hist&#243;ricamente rentable, acumula hoy m&#225;s de <strong>$100 mil millones de d&#243;lares en deuda</strong>. En 2020, el fondo soberano noruego &#8212; el administrador fiduciario m&#225;s disciplinado del mundo &#8212; desinvirti&#243; p&#250;blicamente de Pemex y dej&#243; por escrito el motivo: <strong>riesgo inaceptable de corrupci&#243;n.</strong></p><p>Cuando el capital m&#225;s disciplinado del planeta te saca de su cartera y publica la carta explic&#225;ndolo, el problema ya no es opinable. Est&#225; documentado.</p><p><a href="https://files.nettsteder.regjeringen.no/wpuploads01/sites/275/2025/05/PEMEX-rec-ENG-1.pdf">Evidencia de porqu&#233; Noruega sali&#243; de Pemex en 2024</a></p><p>De ah&#237; sale la regla que articula todo lo que sigue:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Ninguna empresa del Estado puede ser, estructuralmente, perdedora de valor. Mucho menos si opera como monopolio. Si no entrega orden, eficiencia, transparencia y competitividad, la operaci&#243;n pasa a gesti&#243;n independiente bajo un consejo con mandato fiduciario hacia los ciudadanos &#8212; no hacia el gobierno en turno.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><em>El Estado puede ser due&#241;o; <strong>el Estado puede ser beneficiario; el Estado no tiene que ser operador.</strong></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI1S!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a69a276-5be5-46aa-a54b-f1e47197971e_1924x1387.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI1S!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a69a276-5be5-46aa-a54b-f1e47197971e_1924x1387.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI1S!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a69a276-5be5-46aa-a54b-f1e47197971e_1924x1387.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI1S!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a69a276-5be5-46aa-a54b-f1e47197971e_1924x1387.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI1S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a69a276-5be5-46aa-a54b-f1e47197971e_1924x1387.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MI1S!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3a69a276-5be5-46aa-a54b-f1e47197971e_1924x1387.jpeg" width="1456" height="1050" 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M&#233;xico ya lo ha hecho</h3><p>Antes de mirar afuera, vale la pena mirar adentro.</p><p>El patr&#243;n no es absoluto. M&#233;xico ya ha demostrado, en contextos espec&#237;ficos, que puede construir sistemas que funcionan. </p><p><strong>Coahuila y Chihuahua </strong>redujeron la violencia con coordinaci&#243;n real. </p><p><strong>Quer&#233;taro y Guanajuato</strong> construyeron clusters aeroespaciales de clase mundial. </p><p><strong>Nuevo Le&#243;n y Coahuila </strong>consolidaron la manufactura automotriz continental. Las Afores acumularon activos por m&#225;s del 15% del PIB bajo reglas estables. </p><p><strong>FEMSA, CEMEX, Bimbo, Arca, Chedraui y Maseca</strong> operan globalmente con disciplina corporativa de primer nivel.</p><p>Los casos comparten tres elementos: reglas claras, coordinaci&#243;n institucional, continuidad en el tiempo.</p><p>El problema no es capacidad. Es consistencia a escala nacional.</p><h3>V. Por Qu&#233; Ahora</h3><p>Tres fuerzas convergen de una manera que no volver&#225; a alinearse en una generaci&#243;n.</p><p><strong>La energ&#233;tica.</strong> La inteligencia artificial va a duplicar el consumo el&#233;ctrico global antes de 2030. M&#233;xico tiene el corredor solar m&#225;s competitivo del hemisferio norte. <strong>Amazon, Microsoft y Tesla </strong>buscan esa energ&#237;a aqu&#237; &#8212; no la encuentran, porque las subastas fueron canceladas y la electricidad industrial cuesta significativamente m&#225;s que en Texas.</p><p><strong>La log&#237;stica.</strong> Los cruces fronterizos procesan m&#225;s de $800 mil millones en comercio bilateral al a&#241;o &#8212; la relaci&#243;n comercial m&#225;s grande en la historia entre dos naciones. Y las comunidades que la hacen posible est&#225;n sistem&#225;ticamente subinvertidas.</p><p><strong>La demogr&#225;fica.</strong> El bono demogr&#225;fico se cierra hacia 2030. Los estudiantes en las aulas hoy son la &#250;ltima generaci&#243;n para la que una transformaci&#243;n educativa completa todav&#237;a llega a tiempo.</p><p>Lo que M&#233;xico decida en los pr&#243;ximos cuatro a seis a&#241;os determina las pr&#243;ximas cuatro a seis d&#233;cadas.</p><h3>VI. La Arquitectura &#8212; Cinco Pilares</h3><p>Esto no es un programa pol&#237;tico. Es una arquitectura. Cinco pilares, cada uno bajo la regla, cada uno con una primera se&#241;al medible.</p><p><strong>Consejo de Seguridad de Norteam&#233;rica.</strong> Un pacto trilateral con Estados Unidos y Canad&#225; &#8212; mando conjunto de interdicci&#243;n, inteligencia financiera compartida, cooperaci&#243;n judicial. Lo que OTAN es al Atl&#225;ntico, lo que Five Eyes es a la inteligencia anglosajona. Coahuila y Chihuahua demostraron que el componente mexicano funciona. Falta la capa continental.</p><p><strong>Energ&#237;a 2.0.</strong> Reactivar las subastas de energ&#237;a limpia bajo certeza jur&#237;dica constitucional. Posicionar a M&#233;xico, para 2032, como exportador de electricidad limpia a los data centers de Texas, Arizona y California. Bajo la regla: CFE y Pemex entregan, o la operaci&#243;n pasa a gesti&#243;n independiente.</p><p><strong>Educaci&#243;n IA y retorno del talento.</strong> Tutores de inteligencia artificial para el 40% m&#225;s rezagado, con capacitaci&#243;n previa de maestros al modelo Estonia. Y un programa estructurado de retorno: M&#233;xico tiene 37 millones de connacionales y mexicoamericanos en el extranjero &#8212; ingenieros, m&#233;dicos, financieros, investigadores construyendo empresas, hospitales y laboratorios para otros pa&#237;ses. Taiw&#225;n, Israel, India e Irlanda convirtieron a su di&#225;spora en motor de su transformaci&#243;n. M&#233;xico no lo ha intentado.</p><p><strong>Infraestructura y ciudades puerto.</strong> M&#233;xico tiene tres tipos de ciudades puerto &#8212; fronterizas, mar&#237;timas y aeroportuarias &#8212; y las tres est&#225;n subinvertidas. Fondo mixto p&#250;blico&#8211;privado con gobernanza independiente, y un mandato que ning&#250;n plan mexicano ha pedido: un porcentaje fijo de las rentas regresa a las comunidades que hacen posible el flujo. Porque un ciudadano portuario tiene que poder mirar a su puerto y entender que es bueno para su presente y su futuro.</p><p><strong>Infraestructura narrativa.</strong> El &#250;nico pilar que ning&#250;n gobierno puede construir, y el que hace pol&#237;ticamente posibles los otros cuatro. Toda transformaci&#243;n nacional exitosa de los &#250;ltimos cincuenta a&#241;os fue precedida por un cambio de narrativa, no por uno de ley. Colombia 2003&#8211;2016. Corea del Sur 1988&#8211;2000. Irlanda en los noventa.</p><h3>VII. La Inversi&#243;n M&#225;s Importante</h3><p><strong>La inversi&#243;n m&#225;s importante no es la extranjera.</strong></p><p><strong>Es la inversi&#243;n en los mexicanos.</strong></p><ul><li><p>Educaci&#243;n funcional</p></li><li><p>Inclusi&#243;n financiera</p></li><li><p>Simplificaci&#243;n fiscal</p></li><li><p>Seguridad</p></li><li><p>Estado de derecho</p></li><li><p>Transparencia &amp; Apertura.</p></li></ul><p>No como discurso. Como sistema.</p><p>Porque recibir inversi&#243;n no es lo mismo que generar riqueza. Una parte significativa del valor que hoy se produce en M&#233;xico no se queda en M&#233;xico &#8212; se captura en otros eslabones: <em><strong>dise&#241;o, capital, propiedad intelectual, distribuci&#243;n. Eso no es un problema de capacidad. </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Es un problema de arquitectura.</strong></em></p><h3>VIII. Dejar de Ignorar</h3><p>En 1944, M&#233;xico ignor&#243; el orden global que se estaba construyendo. Ochenta y dos a&#241;os despu&#233;s, ese orden produjo la era de mayor progreso humano de la historia: </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>revoluciones industriales, avances m&#233;dicos que duplicaron la expectativa de vida, el per&#237;odo de paz m&#225;s largo que ha conocido la humanidad &#8212; </strong></em></p></blockquote><p>aun contando Vietnam, Iraq, Ucrania, Palestina e Ir&#225;n.</p><p>M&#233;xico lo ignor&#243;. Y ese orden nos sigue esperando.</p><p>No podemos seguir creyendo nuestras propias mentiras. Los datos est&#225;n publicados. El fondo soberano m&#225;s disciplinado del mundo sac&#243; sus inversiones de Pemex por corrupci&#243;n. Nuestra electricidad industrial cuesta m&#225;s que la de nuestro principal competidor. Nuestros j&#243;venes m&#225;s brillantes construyen para otros pa&#237;ses. Nuestras ciudades puerto est&#225;n sub-invertidas mientras sostienen la relaci&#243;n comercial m&#225;s grande de la historia.</p><p>Ignorar esto ya no es una postura pol&#237;tica. Es una decisi&#243;n que le cuesta al futuro de cada mexicano.</p><p>La ventana est&#225; abierta. Los activos est&#225;n puestos. La geopol&#237;tica empuja. Y M&#233;xico ya ha demostrado que cuando hay reglas claras y coordinaci&#243;n sostenida, los resultados llegan.</p><p>Como <span class="mention-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Manuel E. Familiar&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:6806416,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;pub&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://open.substack.com/pub/thecompassjournal&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:null,&quot;uuid&quot;:&quot;fc067820-879b-44d5-b994-a6ae273c8146&quot;}" data-component-name="MentionToDOM"></span> escribi&#243; al cerrar su ensayo: <em><strong>&#8220;La pregunta ya no es si M&#233;xico puede. Lo que queda es la decisi&#243;n. Solo la decisi&#243;n.&#8221;</strong></em></p><p><strong>Mexicanos &#8212; dejemos de ignorar.</strong></p><p><strong>Decidamos construir.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>Esto concluye la 3a parte de una serie llamada: </em></p><p><em>M&#201;XICO: El Vecino que Decidi&#243; Ignorar el Nuevo Orden Global</em></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/los-mexicanos-debemos-dejar-de-ignorar/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/los-mexicanos-debemos-dejar-de-ignorar/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Final - Espa&#241;ol I </strong><em><strong>Beginning - English</strong></em></p><div><hr></div><h1>Mexicans Must Stop Ignoring</h1><h4>Paper 3 of 3 &#183; The Neighbor that Deciced to Ignore the New World Order 82 years ago</h4><div><hr></div><h3>I. The Window</h3><p>In 1944, the world built a new order. Multilateral institutions, trade rules, a financial architecture &#8212; a system that, for all its imperfections, has sustained the greatest expansion of prosperity in modern history.</p><p>Mexico was not outside that system. But it never fully decided to integrate into it either.</p><p>Eighty-two years later, we remain in that middle posture &#8212; participating, benefiting partially, never aligning our institutions to the logic that sustains real growth.</p><p>Today, North America needs a different Mexico. One it can trust.</p><p>And the window to build that Mexico is open &#8212; but not for long.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hz9F!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb19719b7-1e92-4807-a23f-a452fb86e0d6_1852x1254.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hz9F!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb19719b7-1e92-4807-a23f-a452fb86e0d6_1852x1254.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hz9F!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb19719b7-1e92-4807-a23f-a452fb86e0d6_1852x1254.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hz9F!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb19719b7-1e92-4807-a23f-a452fb86e0d6_1852x1254.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hz9F!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb19719b7-1e92-4807-a23f-a452fb86e0d6_1852x1254.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hz9F!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb19719b7-1e92-4807-a23f-a452fb86e0d6_1852x1254.jpeg" width="1456" height="986" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b19719b7-1e92-4807-a23f-a452fb86e0d6_1852x1254.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:986,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:160045,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194874375?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb19719b7-1e92-4807-a23f-a452fb86e0d6_1852x1254.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hz9F!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb19719b7-1e92-4807-a23f-a452fb86e0d6_1852x1254.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hz9F!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb19719b7-1e92-4807-a23f-a452fb86e0d6_1852x1254.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hz9F!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb19719b7-1e92-4807-a23f-a452fb86e0d6_1852x1254.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hz9F!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb19719b7-1e92-4807-a23f-a452fb86e0d6_1852x1254.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3>II. The Pattern</h3><p>Mexico did not fail for lack of resources. It failed for lack of consistency.</p><p><span class="mention-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Manuel E. Familiar&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:10412606,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;user&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:null,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4vzy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c4d0140-61a4-4028-9706-2e17fd9e6863_144x144.png&quot;,&quot;uuid&quot;:&quot;69aa8bcc-7e62-4e63-b3eb-c64ec8df0ead&quot;}" data-component-name="MentionToDOM"></span> wrote a line in the essay that opens this series that I have not been able to get out of my head:</p><p><em>&#8220;Mexico received its payment. What happened to it dissolved into the fiscal and military machinery of a regime that built nothing permanent with that capital.&#8221;</em></p><p>He was writing about the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 &#8212; the sale of Mexican territory to the United States, whose proceeds Santa Anna could have turned into something lasting, institutional, permanent. He did not.</p><p>The same applies to state owned and monopolies: Telmex, CFE, and Pemex. </p><p>What have they done to improve the lives of mexicans? </p><p>NOTHING.</p><p>This is not bad luck. It is a pattern. And a pattern can be broken &#8212; if first it is recognized for what it is: a problem of institutional design, not of character.</p><h3>III. The Rule</h3><p>The clearest example of the pattern has a face. It is called Pemex. A state-owned company operating in a historically profitable sector now carries more than $100 billion USD in debt. </p><p>In 2020, Norway&#8217;s sovereign wealth fund &#8212; the most disciplined fiduciary manager in the world &#8212; publicly divested from Pemex and put the reason on record: unacceptable risk of corruption.</p><p><em><strong><a href="https://files.nettsteder.regjeringen.no/wpuploads01/sites/275/2025/05/PEMEX-rec-ENG-1.pdf">Evidence of Norwegian Fund Exiting Pemex 2024</a></strong></em></p><p>When the most disciplined capital on the planet pulls you from its portfolio and publishes the letter explaining why, the problem is no longer debatable. It is documented.</p><p>From that comes the rule that articulates everything that follows:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>No state-owned enterprise can be, structurally, a destroyer of value. Least of all if it operates as a monopoly. If it does not deliver order, efficiency, transparency, and competitiveness, the operation transfers to independent management &#8212; under a board with a fiduciary mandate to the citizens, not to the government of the day.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>This is not the privatization Mexico lived through in the nineties. That transfer moved state monopolies into private monopolies without competition or supervision, and citizens paid twice. </p><p>The rule I propose is different: <em><strong>the State can be owner; the State can be beneficiary; the State does not have to be operator.</strong></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aSXz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca242f93-7a68-4f0c-857d-ef067634191f_1924x1387.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aSXz!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca242f93-7a68-4f0c-857d-ef067634191f_1924x1387.jpeg 424w, 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stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3>IV. Mexico Has Already Done It</h3><p>Before looking abroad, it is worth looking inward.</p><p>The pattern is not absolute. Mexico has already proven, in specific contexts, that it can build systems that work. </p><p>Coahuila and Chihuahua reduced violence through real coordination between private sector, state and federal forces. </p><p>Quer&#233;taro and Guanajuato built world-class aerospace and manufacturing clusters. Nuevo Le&#243;n and Coahuila consolidated the continental automotive supply chain. </p><p>The Afores system accumulated assets worth more than 15% of GDP under relatively stable rules. </p><p>FEMSA, CEMEX, Bimbo, Arca, Chedraui, and Maseca operate globally under corporate discipline of the highest level.</p><p>The cases share three elements: clear rules, institutional coordination, continuity over time.</p><p><em><strong>The problem is not capacity. It is consistency at national scale.</strong></em></p><h3>V. Why Now</h3><p>Three forces are converging in a way that will not align again in a generation.</p><p><strong>Energy.</strong> Artificial intelligence will double global electricity consumption before 2030. Mexico has one of the most competitive solar corridors in the northern hemisphere. Amazon, Microsoft, and Tesla are looking for that energy here &#8212; and not finding the infrastructure to supply it. Not because the sun doesn&#8217;t shine. Because the auctions were canceled. Industrial electricity in Mexico today costs significantly more than in Texas &#8212; strangling the very manufacturers that nearshoring is supposed to attract.</p><p><strong>Logistics.</strong> Mexico&#8217;s border crossings process more than $800 billion in bilateral trade per year &#8212; the largest commercial relationship in history between two nations. And the communities that make that flow possible are systematically underinvested.</p><p><strong>Demography.</strong> Mexico&#8217;s demographic dividend closes around 2030. The students in classrooms today are the last generation for whom a full educational transformation still arrives on time.</p><p>What Mexico decides in the next four to six years determines the next four to six decades.</p><h3>VI. The Architecture &#8212; Five Pillars</h3><p>This is not a political program. It is an architecture. Five pillars, each under the rule, each with a measurable first signal.</p><p><strong>A North American Security Council.</strong> A trilateral compact with the United States and Canada &#8212; joint interdiction command, shared financial intelligence, judicial cooperation under clear evidentiary rules. What NATO is to the Atlantic, what Five Eyes is to Anglo intelligence &#8212; a continental pact between allies that have been operating separately for too long. Coahuila and Chihuahua proved the Mexican component works. What is missing is the continental layer.</p><p><strong>Energy 2.0.</strong> Reactivate clean energy auctions under constitutional legal certainty &#8212; not merely statutory, because statutory contracts get modified every six-year term. Position Mexico, by 2032, as an exporter of clean electricity to the data centers of Texas, Arizona, and California. Under the rule: CFE and Pemex deliver efficiency, transparency, and competitiveness &#8212; or generation passes to independent management.</p><p><strong>AI-Driven Education and Talent Return.</strong> Deploy AI tutors for the 40% most academically behind students in the public system, with teachers trained first on the Estonia model. And a second, less-discussed piece: Mexico has roughly 37 million nationals and Mexican-Americans living abroad &#8212; engineers, doctors, financiers, researchers building companies, hospitals, and laboratories for other countries. Taiwan, Israel, India, and Ireland turned their diaspora into the engine of their transformation. Mexico has never tried.</p><p><strong>Infrastructure and Port Cities.</strong> Mexico has three kinds of port cities &#8212; border, maritime, and airport &#8212; and all three are underinvested. A mixed public&#8211;private fund with independent governance, and a mandate no Mexican plan has proposed before: a fixed percentage of trade and traffic revenues returns to the communities that make the flow possible. Because a port-city citizen &#8212; at the border, on the coast, or at an airport &#8212; must be able to look at their port and understand that it is good for their present and their future.</p><p><strong>Narrative Infrastructure.</strong> The one pillar no government can build, and the one that makes the other four politically possible. Every successful national transformation of the last fifty years was preceded by a change in narrative, not a change in law. Colombia 2003&#8211;2016. South Korea 1988&#8211;2000. Ireland in the nineties.</p><h3>VII. The Most Important Investment</h3><p>The most important investment is not the foreign one.</p><p>It is the investment in Mexicans.</p><p>Functional education. Financial inclusion. Fiscal simplification. Security. Rule of law. Transparency and openness.</p><p>Not as rhetoric. As system.</p><p>Because receiving investment is not the same as generating wealth. A significant share of the value produced in Mexico today does not stay in Mexico &#8212; it is captured further down the chain: design, capital, intellectual property, distribution. That is not a problem of capacity.</p><p>It is a problem of architecture.</p><h3>VIII. To Stop Ignoring</h3><p>In 1944, Mexico ignored the global order that was being built. Eighty-two years later, that order produced the era of greatest human progress in history: industrial revolutions, medical advances that doubled life expectancy, the longest period of peace humankind has ever known &#8212; even counting Vietnam, Iraq, Ukraine, Palestine, and Iran.</p><p>Mexico ignored it. And that order is still waiting for us.</p><p>We can no longer keep believing our own lies. The data is published. The most disciplined sovereign fund in the world pulled its money from Pemex for corruption. Our industrial electricity costs more than our main competitor&#8217;s. Our brightest young people are building for other countries. Our port cities are underinvested while sustaining the largest commercial relationship in human history.</p><p>Ignoring this is no longer a political posture. It is a decision that costs every Mexican their future.</p><p>The window is open. The assets are in place. Geopolitics is pushing. And Mexico has already shown that when the rules are clear and coordination is sustained, the results arrive.</p><p>As <span class="mention-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Manuel E. Familiar&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:10412606,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;user&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:null,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4vzy!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4c4d0140-61a4-4028-9706-2e17fd9e6863_144x144.png&quot;,&quot;uuid&quot;:&quot;96fd53a7-f15f-494d-ae48-414b04716e86&quot;}" data-component-name="MentionToDOM"></span> wrote at the close of his essay: <em>&#8220;The question is no longer whether Mexico can. What remains is the decision. Only the decision.&#8221;</em></p><p><strong>Mexicans &#8212; let us stop ignoring.</strong></p><p><strong>Let us choose to build.</strong></p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><em>This concludes the 3rd and final essay in the series titled:</em></p><p><em>M&#201;XICO: The Neighbor that Decided to Ignore the New World Order</em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;">The North American &#8212; 77 &#183; northamerican77.com</p><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/los-mexicanos-debemos-dejar-de-ignorar?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/los-mexicanos-debemos-dejar-de-ignorar?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/los-mexicanos-debemos-dejar-de-ignorar/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/los-mexicanos-debemos-dejar-de-ignorar/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The NA77 Ethos — What We Believe. What We Owe You.]]></title><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-na77-ethos</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-na77-ethos</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[The North American - 77]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2026 23:06:37 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hmIS!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ddf0ccf-2eee-404f-852f-0514e511e0f2_512x512.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In the Sonoran Desert, there is a creature that has no business surviving.</p><p></p><p>The terrain is unforgiving. The heat is absolute. Predators come from every direction, and water is scarce. By every reasonable measure, the odds are against it.</p><p></p><p>And yet &#8212; the Sonoran Desert Camal&#233;on endures.</p><p></p><p>Not by becoming something else. Not by abandoning its nature or pretending the desert is something other than what it is. The Camal&#233;on survives by adapting &#8212; by knowing when to go still, when to move, when to show its colors and when to disappear into the earth. It does not flee the harshness. It has learned to be completely itself within it.</p><p></p><p>We built The North American &#8212; 77 in the spirit of that creature.</p><p></p><p>Because this continent &#8212; for all its power and promise &#8212; has never been easy ground. Borders divide what geography, commerce, and blood have always connected. Three nations share one land, and yet we still lack a common story that tells the truth about what we are to each other. We believe that story is overdue. We believe the people already living it deserve a platform that sees the continent the way they do &#8212; as one.</p><p></p><h2>What We Believe</h2><p></p><p>North America is one of the greatest unrealized collaborative projects in human history.</p><p></p><p>Three nations. Half a billion people. The most integrated trade corridor on earth. And almost no shared narrative that honors what we actually are to each other &#8212; not rivals, not dependencies, not a hierarchy. Partners. Neighbors. A continent still learning what it can become.</p><p></p><p>That gap &#8212; between what North America is and what it could be &#8212; is the space NA77 exists to occupy.</p><p></p><p>Not through politics. Not through policy. Through narrative, through stories, through the honest accounting of what is being built here, right now, by the people who never stopped believing the continent was worth building.</p><p></p><h2>Our Promise to You</h2><p></p><p>We will see North America whole &#8212; not through any single nation&#8217;s lens, not through any party&#8217;s frame, not through the noise of the moment.</p><p></p><p>We will tell the stories of those who adapt and endure &#8212; the Camaleones among us &#8212; the builders and makers and thinkers who move across borders, cultures, and systems and come out stronger on the other side, without losing who they are.</p><p></p><p>We will be honest. When the continent falls short of its potential, we will say so. When it exceeds it, we will celebrate that too.</p><p></p><p>We will remain independent. Our editorial compass points toward the truth of this continent, nothing else.</p><p></p><p>We will publish in both English and Spanish &#8212; not as a courtesy, not as a translation exercise, but because this continent thinks and feels in both languages, and we refuse to honor only half of it.</p><p></p><h2>Because We Are Ambos</h2><p></p><p>Ambos means Both. And for millions of people across this continent, it is the truest word there is.</p><p></p><p>Not half of one thing and half of another &#8212; whole in both. Shaped by multiple cultures, languages, customs, and histories. North Americans who are interconnected by nature, family, commerce, and destiny. The border did not split us. It only made us realize how much we need each other to survive and to thrive.</p><p></p><p>The people who carry the Ambos identity &#8212; the builders, the artists, the traders, the creators, the families with roots on both sides of every line &#8212; are not the exception to this continent.</p><p></p><p>They are its most essential force.</p><p>Ambos is the soul of NA77. And soon, it will have a home of its own.</p><p></p><p>ONE FUTURE &#183; THREE NATIONS</p><p></p><h2>References</h2><p><a href="https://forgeapps.joffroy.com/na77-ethos/">https://forgeapps.joffroy.com/na77-ethos/</a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[México tiene todo para ser extraordinario.]]></title><description><![CDATA[La decisi&#243;n de construir con lo que siempre hemos tenido.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-tiene-todo-para-ser-extraordinario</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-tiene-todo-para-ser-extraordinario</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel E. Familiar]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2026 15:44:42 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/db71507d-25ad-4d13-b673-2dee5a89e701_512x512.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>M&#233;xico tiene todo para ser extraordinario.</strong></p><p><em>La decisi&#243;n de construir con lo que siempre hemos tenido.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Cuando otros pa&#237;ses tomaron sus recursos &#8212; el petr&#243;leo, la tierra, incluso el vac&#237;o &#8212; y construyeron instituciones que todav&#237;a generan riqueza hoy, M&#233;xico tom&#243; los mismos recursos y los consumi&#243;. Este art&#237;culo no es un lamento. Es un inventario de lo que ya existe, de lo que otros demostraron posible, y de lo que todav&#237;a est&#225; disponible.</em></p><p>Por <strong>Manuel E. Familiar</strong> &#183; Colaborador NA77</p><p>(Please find the ENGLISH version below)</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Nota de nomenclatura monetaria: Este art&#237;culo usa la convenci&#243;n mexicana y espa&#241;ola. Un bill&#243;n equivale a un mill&#243;n de millones (1,000,000,000,000). En ingl&#233;s americano esa cifra corresponde a un trillion. Todas las cantidades en d&#243;lares estadounidenses salvo indicaci&#243;n contraria.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Imagina un M&#233;xico donde cada ni&#241;o en una escuela p&#250;blica recibe materiales educativos financiados no por deuda ni por impuestos, sino por los rendimientos de un fondo que existe desde antes de que sus padres nacieran. Donde la electricidad llega limpia, estable y a precio competitivo porque la empresa que la genera opera con disciplina institucional y no como instrumento de pol&#237;tica. Donde el peso no tiembla ante cada ciclo electoral porque el pa&#237;s tiene reservas soberanas que lo anclan. Donde Pemex no es el pasivo m&#225;s costoso de la naci&#243;n, sino lo que Saudi Aramco es para Arabia Saudita: el motor que financia la transici&#243;n hacia el siguiente siglo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esto no es ciencia ficci&#243;n. Son decisiones que otros tomaron. Con menos.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La pregunta no es por qu&#233; no llegamos ah&#237;. Eduardo Joffroy documenta con precisi&#243;n los mecanismos que lo impidieron en su serie <em>M&#233;xico: El Vecino que Decidi&#243; Ignorar el Orden Global</em>. La pregunta que este art&#237;culo plantea es diferente: &#191;qu&#233; hubiera sido posible construir con los activos que M&#233;xico s&#237; ten&#237;a? &#191;Y qu&#233; sigue siendo posible construir con los que tiene hoy?</p><p><strong>I. El dinero de Santa Anna &#8212; y lo que otros hicieron con el suyo</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">En 1853, Antonio L&#243;pez de Santa Anna firm&#243; la Venta de la Mesilla, conocida en Estados Unidos como el Gadsden Purchase. M&#233;xico cedi&#243; 76,845 kil&#243;metros cuadrados de lo que hoy son Arizona y Nuevo M&#233;xico por diez millones de d&#243;lares. Tres a&#241;os antes, Texas hab&#237;a cedido sus propias reclamaciones territoriales sobre partes de Nuevo M&#233;xico, Colorado y Oklahoma por diez millones adicionales.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">M&#233;xico recibi&#243; su pago. Lo que ocurri&#243; con &#233;l se disolvi&#243; en la maquinaria fiscal y militar de un r&#233;gimen que no construy&#243; nada permanente con ese capital.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Texas recibi&#243; el suyo. Pag&#243; deudas. Le quedaron tres millones. En 1854, un a&#241;o despu&#233;s de la Venta de la Mesilla, la Legislatura de Texas asign&#243; dos millones de d&#243;lares a un fondo permanente para financiar la educaci&#243;n p&#250;blica del estado. La regla era constitucional e irreversible: el principal jam&#225;s se toca. Solo se usan los rendimientos. Solo se puede crecer.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Ese fondo existe hoy. Vale m&#225;s de 60,000 millones de d&#243;lares. Distribuye 2,400 millones de d&#243;lares al a&#241;o a las escuelas p&#250;blicas de Texas. Es el endowment educativo m&#225;s grande de los Estados Unidos, sembrado con el dinero de tierra que hab&#237;a sido mexicana.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">En 1966, Botswana era el tercer pa&#237;s m&#225;s pobre del mundo. Reci&#233;n independizado de Gran Breta&#241;a, sin infraestructura, sin instituciones, sin nada que los libros de texto considerar&#237;an una ventaja. Dos a&#241;os despu&#233;s descubri&#243; diamantes. En 1994 cre&#243; el Pula Fund para preservar parte de esos ingresos para las generaciones futuras. Al cierre de 2023 ese fondo controlaba activos equivalentes al 20% del PIB del pa&#237;s. Botswana tiene hoy el ingreso per c&#225;pita m&#225;s alto del &#193;frica subsahariana.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El territorio de Texas est&#225; igualmente perdido para ambos lados de la historia. Los diamantes de Botswana no tienen equivalente mexicano. Lo que s&#237; tiene equivalente es la decisi&#243;n que ambos tomaron el d&#237;a despu&#233;s de recibir el recurso. Uno construy&#243; una instituci&#243;n. El otro financi&#243; un r&#233;gimen o un gobierno de turno.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No es un juicio moral. Es una observaci&#243;n sobre el poder del dise&#241;o institucional y sobre el costo compuesto de su ausencia.</p><p><strong>II. Lo que se puede construir sin recursos naturales: Singapur</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">El caso de Singapur merece an&#225;lisis propio, no como espejo inc&#243;modo sino como prueba de lo que la arquitectura institucional puede lograr cuando se toma completamente en serio.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En 1965, Singapur fue expulsado de Malaysia. No fue una separaci&#243;n negociada: fue un rechazo. Lee Kuan Yew llor&#243; en televisi&#243;n. El pa&#237;s que nac&#237;a ese d&#237;a ten&#237;a 640 kil&#243;metros cuadrados, ning&#250;n recurso natural, ninguna base agr&#237;cola, ning&#250;n vecino rico. No ten&#237;a agua potable propia. La importaba.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Lo que s&#237; ten&#237;a era una decisi&#243;n: construir instituciones que sobrevivieran a cualquier gobierno.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En 1974, nueve a&#241;os despu&#233;s de la independencia, Singapur cre&#243; <strong>Temasek</strong> para gestionar profesionalmente los activos del Estado: la aerol&#237;nea, el banco, la empresa de telecomunicaciones, la distribuidora de energ&#237;a. No como instrumentos de empleo pol&#237;tico. Como empresas con mandato de rentabilidad, gobernadas por consejos independientes, obligadas a competir globalmente.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">En 1981 cre&#243; el <strong>GIC, Government of Singapore Investment Corporation</strong>, para invertir las reservas internacionales del pa&#237;s con horizonte de veinte a&#241;os, sin presi&#243;n de ciclos electorales.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hoy Temasek administra un portafolio de 434,000 millones de d&#243;lares singapurenses. El GIC gestiona un estimado de 800,000 millones de d&#243;lares. Juntos, una ciudad-Estado sin tierra, sin petr&#243;leo, sin materias primas, administra cerca de 1.2 billones de d&#243;lares en activos soberanos. Los rendimientos del GIC aportan 28,500 millones de d&#243;lares singapurenses al presupuesto nacional cada a&#241;o, financiando escuelas, hospitales e infraestructura sin aumentar impuestos.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Singtel, la empresa de telecomunicaciones del Estado singaporense y una de las subsidiarias de Temasek, era en 1992 exactamente lo que Telmex era en 1990: un monopolio estatal protegido. La diferencia es lo que el Estado exigi&#243; a cambio de esa protecci&#243;n. Hoy Singtel tiene 800 millones de suscriptores en Australia, India, Indonesia, Filipinas y Tailandia. Y Singapur tiene la velocidad de internet fija m&#225;s r&#225;pida del mundo: 372 megabits por segundo, frente a los 83 de M&#233;xico. Esa brecha no es t&#233;cnica. Es institucional.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La Comisi&#243;n Federal de Electricidad (CFE) y Pemex son activos comparables en escala a los que Singapur profesionaliz&#243; en una sola generaci&#243;n. La diferencia no es el activo. Es el marco que lo gobierna.</p><p><strong>III. El petr&#243;leo como decisi&#243;n, no como destino: Noruega, Chile y Alberta</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">En 1969, Noruega descubri&#243; petr&#243;leo en el Mar del Norte. Era un pa&#237;s perif&#233;rico, fr&#237;o, de menos de cuatro millones de personas, sin particular peso geopol&#237;tico. Ten&#237;a exactamente la misma elecci&#243;n que M&#233;xico ha tenido durante d&#233;cadas: gastar los ingresos petroleros en el presente, o construir una arquitectura institucional que los convirtiera en riqueza permanente.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Noruega esper&#243; veinte a&#241;os. En 1990 cre&#243; el Fondo de Pensiones del Gobierno, conocido como el Fondo Petrolero. La l&#243;gica era tan directa que resulta casi provocadora: el petr&#243;leo es un activo que se agota. Cuando se acabe, la riqueza debe existir en otra forma. El fondo se capitaliz&#243; con los excedentes petroleros, se invirti&#243; exclusivamente en activos internacionales para no distorsionar la econom&#237;a dom&#233;stica, y se gobern&#243; bajo reglas que ning&#250;n gobierno puede cambiar unilateralmente.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Hoy ese fondo vale 2.1 billones de d&#243;lares, equivalente a 2.1 millones de millones. Son 340,000 d&#243;lares por cada ciudadano noruego. Sus rendimientos anuales superan los 120,000 millones de d&#243;lares. Noruega no toca el principal. Nunca. Lo que gasta es lo que genera. El petr&#243;leo acabar&#225;. La instituci&#243;n, no.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Chile hizo lo mismo con el cobre. El Fondo de Estabilizaci&#243;n Econ&#243;mica y Social, creado en 2007 como sucesor del antiguo Fondo de Estabilizaci&#243;n del Cobre, estableci&#243; una regla fiscal estructural: en a&#241;os de precios altos, el excedente se ahorra; en a&#241;os de ca&#237;da, el fondo lo cubre sin recortar el gasto social. En 2009, cuando los precios del cobre colapsaron durante la crisis financiera global, Chile retir&#243; 9,280 millones de d&#243;lares del fondo para financiar subsidios y obras p&#250;blicas. La recesi&#243;n chilena ese a&#241;o fue leve. La institucionalidad hab&#237;a funcionado exactamente para lo que fue dise&#241;ada.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Alberta, el socio comercial canadiense que M&#233;xico conoce de cerca por el TLCAN, cre&#243; su Heritage Fund en 1976 con ingresos del petr&#243;leo. Ha tenido imperfecciones pol&#237;ticas &#8212; gobiernos de turno que retiraron fondos sin disciplina. Pero el mecanismo existe, tiene veinte mil millones de d&#243;lares, y el debate sobre su uso es p&#250;blico, documentado y democr&#225;ticamente disputado. Eso solo es una distancia institucional enorme respecto a M&#233;xico.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">M&#233;xico s&#237; tuvo un mecanismo de ahorro petrolero. El Fondo de Estabilizaci&#243;n de los Ingresos Petroleros exist&#237;a en papel, dise&#241;ado con la ret&#243;rica del modelo noruego. Pero llevaba incorporado un umbral de activaci&#243;n que en la pr&#225;ctica nunca se cumpli&#243;: el 99.5% de todos los recursos se transfirieron directamente al presupuesto federal anual, a&#241;o tras a&#241;o, gobierno tras gobierno. No fue negligencia. Fue una arquitectura dise&#241;ada para garantizar ese resultado desde el primer d&#237;a.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Lo que qued&#243; acumulado en ese fondo equivale a 8.50 d&#243;lares por ciudadano.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Noruega tiene 340,000 d&#243;lares por ciudadano. La diferencia no es el petr&#243;leo. Es lo que se decidi&#243; hacer con &#233;l.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!obJ3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5bf6eef1-b216-4935-bcee-6377486460f5_930x564.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!obJ3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5bf6eef1-b216-4935-bcee-6377486460f5_930x564.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!obJ3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5bf6eef1-b216-4935-bcee-6377486460f5_930x564.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!obJ3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5bf6eef1-b216-4935-bcee-6377486460f5_930x564.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!obJ3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5bf6eef1-b216-4935-bcee-6377486460f5_930x564.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!obJ3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5bf6eef1-b216-4935-bcee-6377486460f5_930x564.png" width="930" height="564" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5bf6eef1-b216-4935-bcee-6377486460f5_930x564.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:564,&quot;width&quot;:930,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:110533,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194417415?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5bf6eef1-b216-4935-bcee-6377486460f5_930x564.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!obJ3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5bf6eef1-b216-4935-bcee-6377486460f5_930x564.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!obJ3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5bf6eef1-b216-4935-bcee-6377486460f5_930x564.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!obJ3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5bf6eef1-b216-4935-bcee-6377486460f5_930x564.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!obJ3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5bf6eef1-b216-4935-bcee-6377486460f5_930x564.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Fondos soberanos comparados. La columna de M&#233;xico no es un error: el fondo existe en papel y registra ~$0 en activos reales. Botswana, Chile y Alberta demuestran que el modelo funciona incluso para econom&#237;as en desarrollo.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LqcR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ad30571-821f-4bc8-9e58-ed21a424ee66_930x440.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LqcR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ad30571-821f-4bc8-9e58-ed21a424ee66_930x440.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LqcR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ad30571-821f-4bc8-9e58-ed21a424ee66_930x440.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LqcR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ad30571-821f-4bc8-9e58-ed21a424ee66_930x440.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LqcR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ad30571-821f-4bc8-9e58-ed21a424ee66_930x440.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LqcR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ad30571-821f-4bc8-9e58-ed21a424ee66_930x440.png" width="930" height="440" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6ad30571-821f-4bc8-9e58-ed21a424ee66_930x440.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:440,&quot;width&quot;:930,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:83949,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194417415?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ad30571-821f-4bc8-9e58-ed21a424ee66_930x440.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LqcR!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ad30571-821f-4bc8-9e58-ed21a424ee66_930x440.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LqcR!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ad30571-821f-4bc8-9e58-ed21a424ee66_930x440.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LqcR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ad30571-821f-4bc8-9e58-ed21a424ee66_930x440.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LqcR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6ad30571-821f-4bc8-9e58-ed21a424ee66_930x440.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>La l&#237;nea del tiempo que nadie compara. Arriba: decisiones que construyeron riqueza permanente, en condiciones de todo tipo. Abajo: ventanas que M&#233;xico dej&#243; pasar.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p><strong>IV. El espejo empresarial: cuatro activos, cuatro destinos posibles</strong></p><p><strong>Pemex: de motor nacional a pasivo fiscal</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Aramco produce 184 barriles por empleado por d&#237;a. Pemex produce 12. Eduardo ya document&#243; ese n&#250;mero. Lo que vale la pena agregar es el por qu&#233; no es un problema de geolog&#237;a. Arabia Saudita no tiene un subsuelo intr&#237;nsecamente superior. Tiene una empresa gestionada con disciplina institucional, gobernanza independiente y mandato de rentabilidad. Saudi Aramco tiene hoy una capitalizaci&#243;n de mercado de 1.75 billones de d&#243;lares y gener&#243; utilidades de 350,000 millones de d&#243;lares en 2025, un a&#241;o con precios bajos del crudo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pero el comparativo m&#225;s cercano, y por eso el m&#225;s revelador, no es Aramco. Es <strong>Petrobras</strong>, la empresa petrolera estatal de Brasil. Petrobras naci&#243; del mismo impulso nacionalista que Pemex, en una regi&#243;n con historia pol&#237;tica igualmente compleja, y enfrent&#243; sus propios esc&#225;ndalos de corrupci&#243;n de escala monumental. Aun as&#237;, en 2010 Brasil tom&#243; una decisi&#243;n que M&#233;xico nunca tom&#243;: llev&#243; a Petrobras a bolsa en Nueva York y Madrid, retuvo el control estatal con el 28% de las acciones, y abri&#243; la gobernanza a los mercados internacionales.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El resultado es visible en los n&#250;meros. Con ingresos similares en 2023, el margen neto de Petrobras fue de 24.41% frente a 0.47% de Pemex. En 2024, Petrobras produjo 2.7 millones de barriles diarios; Pemex, 1.3 millones. Petrobras paga dividendos al Estado brasile&#241;o. Pemex recibi&#243; transferencias del gobierno federal equivalentes a 21,000 millones de d&#243;lares en 2025.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El <strong>DUC, Derecho de Utilidad Compartida</strong>, fue el mecanismo fiscal mediante el cual el gobierno federal capturaba hasta el 74% del valor de los hidrocarburos extra&#237;dos. Un estudio acad&#233;mico document&#243; que hist&#243;ricamente el gobierno extra&#237;a el 98.46% del ingreso de Pemex, dej&#225;ndole menos del 2% para reinversi&#243;n. Una empresa a la que se le extrae m&#225;s de lo que produce no puede mantenerse, mucho menos crecer.</p><p><strong>CFE: la transici&#243;n que no sucedi&#243;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">La CFE tiene el mismo problema estructural que Pemex, con una vuelta adicional: el costo de la ineficiencia no lo paga la empresa. Lo pagan los contribuyentes a trav&#233;s de subsidios, y las empresas a trav&#233;s de tarifas industriales que financian el subsidio residencial. El 89% de los usuarios residenciales reciben electricidad subsidiada, cubriendo en promedio el 47% de su factura. Bajo ese esquema, CFE no tiene incentivo para ser eficiente, porque quienes fijan las reglas no tienen raz&#243;n para exig&#237;rselo. Y sin eficiencia, no hay inversi&#243;n en infraestructura.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Las tres subastas de energ&#237;a limpia realizadas entre 2015 y 2018 redujeron el precio de generaci&#243;n de 47.7 d&#243;lares por megawatt-hora (MWh) a 20.5, y atrajeron 2,400 millones de d&#243;lares en compromisos de inversi&#243;n privada. No ha habido una subasta desde 2018. La contrarreforma constitucional de 2024 elimin&#243; a la Comisi&#243;n Reguladora de Energ&#237;a (CRE) y al operador independiente de la red el&#233;ctrica (CENACE), reintegr&#225;ndolos a CFE. M&#233;xico cay&#243; del lugar 7 al lugar 33 en el &#237;ndice de atractivo para inversi&#243;n en energ&#237;as renovables.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Enel era en 1962 lo que CFE es hoy: un monopolio estatal italiano creado para absorber m&#225;s de mil empresas el&#233;ctricas privadas, ineficiente por dise&#241;o y gestionado como herramienta de pol&#237;tica. En 1992 fue reestructurado como sociedad an&#243;nima. En 1999 fue parcialmente privatizado, con el Estado italiano reteniendo el 23%. Hoy Enel opera en m&#225;s de 30 pa&#237;ses y es el mayor productor privado de energ&#237;as renovables del mundo. El punto de partida era casi id&#233;ntico al de CFE. La diferencia fue la decisi&#243;n de abrir la gobernanza.</p><p><strong>Telmex: la renta que no innov&#243;</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Carlos Slim adquiri&#243; Telmex en 1990 por aproximadamente 1,800 millones de d&#243;lares, con un monopolio garantizado de siete a&#241;os escrito en el contrato de privatizaci&#243;n. Slim construy&#243; sobre ese monopolio una de las mayores fortunas del mundo, y ese es un dato objetivo que merece reconocerse.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El problema no es que Slim haya sido h&#225;bil. El problema es lo que el Estado no exigi&#243; a cambio de la protecci&#243;n. La OCDE document&#243; que los mexicanos pagaban entre dos y tres veces el promedio de pa&#237;ses desarrollados por servicios de telecomunicaciones. Esa brecha no era se&#241;al de un mercado eficiente: era la renta que un monopolio cobra cuando no enfrenta competencia real.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Singtel era en 1992 lo que Telmex era en 1990: un monopolio estatal protegido. La diferencia es lo que el Estado singaporense exigi&#243; a cambio de esa protecci&#243;n: inversi&#243;n continua en infraestructura, expansi&#243;n regional agresiva y competencia eventual que la oblig&#243; a mejorar. Hoy Singtel opera en 21 pa&#237;ses con 800 millones de suscriptores. Y Singapur tiene la velocidad de internet m&#225;s r&#225;pida del mundo. Un estudiante en Singapur tiene una conexi&#243;n 4.5 veces m&#225;s r&#225;pida que uno en M&#233;xico, no por razones t&#233;cnicas sino porque alguien decidi&#243; exigir infraestructura a cambio de la protecci&#243;n.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Corea del Sur hizo lo mismo con su industria de telecomunicaciones: protecci&#243;n inicial, pero con exigencia de transferencia tecnol&#243;gica, inversi&#243;n en I+D e infraestructura de fibra &#243;ptica de clase mundial. M&#233;xico cre&#243; un monopolio. Singapur y Corea del Sur crearon plataformas de competencia global. El activo era comparable. La exigencia institucional, no.</p><p><strong>V. El costo que nadie calcul&#243;, pero que todos pagaron</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">No hace falta nombrarlo directamente. Est&#225; impl&#237;cito en cada cifra de este art&#237;culo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Cuando un fondo soberano no se construye, el dinero no desaparece: se redistribuye hacia arriba. Cuando una empresa estatal produce 12 barriles por empleado en lugar de 184, la diferencia no se evapora: fluye hacia contratos sin licitaci&#243;n, sindicatos capturados, campa&#241;as financiadas con recursos p&#250;blicos. Cuando un monopolio cobra el doble del precio de mercado durante tres d&#233;cadas, esa diferencia no es abstracta: es el costo que cada empresa mexicana, cada emprendedor, cada familia pag&#243; de m&#225;s por conectarse al mundo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La corrupci&#243;n no es un fen&#243;meno moral aislado. Es la distancia medible entre lo que deber&#237;a existir y lo que existe. Entre el fondo que Noruega construy&#243; y el que M&#233;xico no construy&#243;. Entre los 2,400 millones de d&#243;lares anuales que las escuelas de Texas reciben de su fondo permanente y los materiales que un ni&#241;o en Oaxaca o Tamaulipas no tiene.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ese costo tiene nombre t&#233;cnico: brecha de convergencia institucional. Pero tiene un nombre m&#225;s honesto: es el futuro que las decisiones documentadas en estas p&#225;ginas le negaron a millones de mexicanos que nunca tuvieron la oportunidad de vivir en un pa&#237;s que operara a la altura de su propio talento.</p><p><strong>VI. La decisi&#243;n que sigue disponible</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ninguno de los pa&#237;ses que hoy administran riqueza soberana empez&#243; en condiciones ideales. Singapur estaba reci&#233;n expulsado de Malaysia cuando cre&#243; Temasek. Noruega esper&#243; veinte a&#241;os despu&#233;s del primer pozo antes de tocar un solo d&#243;lar de petr&#243;leo. Texas construy&#243; su fondo permanente en 1854, en medio del caos posrepublicano, con dos millones de d&#243;lares y la claridad de que la disciplina deb&#237;a ser constitucional para sobrevivir a los pol&#237;ticos que vendr&#237;an. Botswana era el tercer pa&#237;s m&#225;s pobre del mundo cuando decidi&#243; que sus diamantes pertenec&#237;an a las generaciones futuras. Lo que cada uno construy&#243; no dependi&#243; de las condiciones de partida. Dependi&#243; de la arquitectura que hicieron irreversible desde el primer d&#237;a.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">M&#233;xico tiene hoy activos que ninguno de esos ejemplos ten&#237;a combinados: ingresos por litio, mineral estrat&#233;gico del siglo que viene. Una ola de nearshoring que ya est&#225; ocurriendo, el reordenamiento de cadenas de suministro globales que Eduardo documenta en NA77 con precisi&#243;n creciente. En los primeros nueve meses de 2025, M&#233;xico recibi&#243; 40,900 millones de d&#243;lares en inversi&#243;n extranjera directa, el mayor monto hist&#243;rico registrado. Exportaciones manufactureras que superan los 600,000 millones de d&#243;lares anuales. Una frontera con la econom&#237;a m&#225;s grande del mundo y un tratado comercial que ning&#250;n otro pa&#237;s en desarrollo posee.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">M&#233;xico forma m&#225;s de 120,000 ingenieros y profesionales t&#233;cnicos al a&#241;o. Ese dato solo deber&#237;a cambiar la conversaci&#243;n sobre competitividad. Capital humano de primer nivel que emigra porque quienes dise&#241;an las reglas no tienen incentivo para integrarlo, y que regresar&#237;a si las reglas cambiaran.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Lo que ha faltado no es el recurso. Ha faltado la arquitectura que convierte recursos en riqueza permanente, y la decisi&#243;n pol&#237;tica de construirla.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esa arquitectura no requiere renunciar a la soberan&#237;a. Noruega es profundamente soberana. Singapur es militantemente independiente. Texas es constitucionalmente celoso de sus activos. Chile us&#243; el cobre para construir estabilidad fiscal sin perder el control de Codelco. Lo que s&#237; requiere es algo m&#225;s dif&#237;cil que la soberan&#237;a: la decisi&#243;n de que el dinero p&#250;blico no pertenece a quienes gobiernan. Pertenece a quienes vienen despu&#233;s.</p><p><strong>VII. El M&#233;xico posible: una imagen del 2035</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">No se trata de proyectar el M&#233;xico que no pudo ser. Se trata de mostrar el que puede ser con los activos que existen hoy y las decisiones que todav&#237;a est&#225;n disponibles.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Un fondo soberano del nearshoring es posible ahora mismo. No requiere petr&#243;leo. Requiere la decisi&#243;n de no gastar todo lo que entra. Con los niveles actuales de inversi&#243;n extranjera directa, un mecanismo que ahorre el 15% de los excedentes anuales al 6% de rendimiento generar&#237;a un fondo de aproximadamente 110,000 millones de d&#243;lares para 2035. Modesto frente a Noruega. Transformador frente a cero. Y con la arquitectura correcta, irreversible desde el primer d&#237;a, exactamente como hicieron Texas en 1854 y Botswana en 1994.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pemex profesionalizado al modelo Petrobras, no al de Aramco, porque el benchmark realista no es el mejor del mundo sino el m&#225;s cercano en contexto, generar&#237;a una diferencia de entre 15,000 y 20,000 millones de d&#243;lares anuales respecto a su trayectoria actual. No por magia: por gobernanza, por apertura a mercados de capital, por mandato de rentabilidad en lugar de mandato de subsidio pol&#237;tico. En diez a&#241;os, eso es la diferencia entre una empresa que drena el presupuesto y una que lo alimenta.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">M&#233;xico tiene el recurso solar m&#225;s generoso del hemisferio norte. Las tres subastas canceladas demostraron que el mercado ya valid&#243; el modelo a 20.5 d&#243;lares por MWh. Si se retoman y escalan, M&#233;xico puede convertirse en exportador neto de energ&#237;a limpia hacia Estados Unidos precisamente cuando ese pa&#237;s la necesita con urgencia para alimentar su transici&#243;n energ&#233;tica y su industria de inteligencia artificial. Eso no es especulaci&#243;n: es la demanda que Amazon, Microsoft y Tesla ya est&#225;n buscando satisfacer en M&#233;xico, sin encontrar la infraestructura que la respalde.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esos tres pilares no son una agenda pol&#237;tica. Son rangos de posibilidad anclados en comparativos que ya funcionan en otros pa&#237;ses con condiciones menos favorables que las de M&#233;xico. El tiempo entre hoy y 2035 es exactamente el que Singapur tard&#243; en transformar Temasek en un veh&#237;culo de riqueza soberana. Es el tiempo que Chile tard&#243; en usar su fondo para amortiguar una crisis global sin recortar un solo peso de gasto social.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-en!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5ffac4a-3d53-45e5-9183-ea3f0c34c67b_930x368.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-en!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5ffac4a-3d53-45e5-9183-ea3f0c34c67b_930x368.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-en!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5ffac4a-3d53-45e5-9183-ea3f0c34c67b_930x368.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-en!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5ffac4a-3d53-45e5-9183-ea3f0c34c67b_930x368.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-en!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5ffac4a-3d53-45e5-9183-ea3f0c34c67b_930x368.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-en!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5ffac4a-3d53-45e5-9183-ea3f0c34c67b_930x368.png" width="930" height="368" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c5ffac4a-3d53-45e5-9183-ea3f0c34c67b_930x368.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:368,&quot;width&quot;:930,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:107112,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194417415?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5ffac4a-3d53-45e5-9183-ea3f0c34c67b_930x368.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-en!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5ffac4a-3d53-45e5-9183-ea3f0c34c67b_930x368.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-en!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5ffac4a-3d53-45e5-9183-ea3f0c34c67b_930x368.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-en!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5ffac4a-3d53-45e5-9183-ea3f0c34c67b_930x368.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!w-en!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc5ffac4a-3d53-45e5-9183-ea3f0c34c67b_930x368.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>M&#233;xico 2035: tres pilares, dos trayectorias. Las proyecciones est&#225;n basadas en comparativos documentados, no en supuestos optimistas. La diferencia entre las l&#237;neas es el valor de una decisi&#243;n tomada hoy.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">El M&#233;xico que NA77 propone, socio real en Am&#233;rica del Norte y no proveedor de mano de obra, actor con peso propio y no escenario de las decisiones ajenas, tiene los recursos, el capital humano y la posici&#243;n geogr&#225;fica para construirse. Otros lo hicieron con menos. Ninguno esper&#243; las condiciones perfectas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La pregunta ya no es si M&#233;xico puede. Falta la decisi&#243;n. Solo la decisi&#243;n.</strong></p><p style="text-align: center;">&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;&#9472;</p><p><strong>Manuel E. Familiar</strong> | Fundador, Wayfinder Partners | Colaborador, NA77</p><p>Monterrey, M&#233;xico &#183; Abril 2026</p><p>NA77 &#183; northamerican77.com</p><p><strong>ENGLISH VERSION</strong></p><p><strong>NA77 &#183; NORTH AMERICAN 77</strong></p><p><em>One region. Three nations.</em></p><p><strong>Mexico Has Everything It Takes to Be Extraordinary.</strong></p><p><em>The decision to build with what we have always had.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>When other countries took their resources &#8212; oil, land, even emptiness &#8212; and built institutions that still generate wealth today, Mexico took the same resources and consumed them. This article is not a lament. It is an inventory of what already exists, what others proved possible, and what is still available.</em></p><p>By <strong>Manuel E. Familiar</strong> &#183; NA77 Contributor</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Monetary convention note: This article uses U.S. convention throughout. $1 billion = 1,000 million. $1 trillion = 1,000 billion = one million million. All amounts in U.S. dollars unless stated otherwise.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Imagine a Mexico where every child in a public school receives educational materials funded not by debt or taxes, but by the returns of a fund that has existed since before their parents were born. Where electricity arrives clean, stable, and competitively priced because the company generating it operates with institutional discipline rather than as a political instrument. Where the peso does not tremble at every electoral cycle because the country holds sovereign reserves that anchor it. Where Pemex is not the nation&#8217;s most expensive liability, but what Saudi Aramco is to Saudi Arabia: the engine that finances the transition to the next century.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is not science fiction. These are decisions that others made. With less.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The question is not why Mexico did not get there. Eduardo Joffroy documents the mechanisms that blocked it with precision in his series <em>Mexico: The Neighbor That Chose to Ignore the Global Order</em>. The question this article raises is different: what could have been built with the assets Mexico did have? And what can still be built with the ones it has today?</p><p><strong>I. Santa Anna&#8217;s Money &#8212; And What Others Did With Theirs</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 1853, Antonio L&#243;pez de Santa Anna signed what Americans call the Gadsden Purchase. Mexico ceded 76,845 square kilometers of what is now Arizona and New Mexico for ten million dollars. Three years earlier, Texas had ceded its own territorial claims over parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Oklahoma for ten million dollars more.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mexico received its payment. What happened to it dissolved into the fiscal and military machinery of a regime that built nothing permanent with that capital.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Texas received its share. It paid its debts. Three million dollars remained. In 1854, one year after the Gadsden Purchase, the Texas Legislature set aside two million dollars in a permanent fund to finance the state&#8217;s public education system. The rule was constitutional and irreversible: the principal is never touched. Only the returns are spent. Only growth is permitted.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>That fund exists today. It is worth more than $60 billion. It distributes $2.4 billion annually to Texas public schools. It is the largest educational endowment in the United States, seeded with money from land that had been Mexican.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 1966, Botswana was the third poorest country in the world. Freshly independent from Britain, with no infrastructure, no institutions, no resources that any textbook would consider an advantage. Two years later it discovered diamonds. In 1994 it created the Pula Fund to preserve part of those revenues for future generations. By the end of 2023, that fund controlled assets equivalent to 20% of the country&#8217;s GDP. Botswana today has the highest income per capita in sub-Saharan Africa.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The territory of Texas is equally gone on both sides of history. Botswana&#8217;s diamonds have no Mexican equivalent. What does have an equivalent is the decision each made the day after receiving the resource. One built an institution. The other financed a regime or a government of the moment.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is not a moral judgment. It is an observation about the power of institutional design and the compounded cost of its absence.</p><p><strong>II. What Can Be Built Without Natural Resources: Singapore</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Singapore&#8217;s case deserves its own section, not as an uncomfortable mirror but as proof of what institutional architecture can achieve when taken completely seriously.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 1965, Singapore was expelled from Malaysia. It was not a negotiated separation: it was a rejection. Lee Kuan Yew wept on television. The country born that day had 640 square kilometers, no natural resources, no agricultural base, no wealthy neighbor. It had no potable water of its own. It imported water from Malaysia.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">What it did have was a decision: to build institutions that would outlast any government.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 1974, nine years after independence, Singapore created <strong>Temasek</strong> to professionally manage state assets: the airline, the bank, the telecoms operator, the power utility. Not as instruments of political patronage. As companies with a profitability mandate, governed by independent boards, required to compete globally or fail.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 1981 it created <strong>GIC, the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation</strong>, to invest the country&#8217;s international reserves with a twenty-year horizon, insulated from electoral cycles.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Today Temasek manages a portfolio of S$434 billion. GIC manages an estimated $800 billion. Together, a city-state with no land, no oil, no raw materials manages close to $1.2 trillion in sovereign assets. GIC&#8217;s annual returns contribute S$28.5 billion to the national budget each year, funding schools, hospitals, and infrastructure without raising taxes.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Singtel, the Singaporean state telecoms company and one of Temasek&#8217;s principal subsidiaries, was in 1992 exactly what Telmex was in 1990: a protected state monopoly. The difference is what the Singaporean state demanded in exchange for that protection. Today Singtel operates in 21 countries with 800 million subscribers. And Singapore has the fastest fixed broadband internet in the world: 372 megabits per second, versus Mexico&#8217;s 83. That gap is not technical. It is institutional.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">CFE and Pemex are assets comparable in scale to what Singapore professionalized in a single generation. The difference is not the asset. It is the framework that governs it.</p><p><strong>III. Oil as a Decision, Not a Destiny: Norway, Chile, and Alberta</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 1969, Norway discovered oil in the North Sea. It was a peripheral, cold country of fewer than four million people, with no particular geopolitical weight. It faced exactly the same choice Mexico has faced for decades: spend petroleum revenues in the present, or build institutional architecture that converts them into permanent wealth.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Norway waited twenty years. In 1990 it created the Government Pension Fund, known as the Oil Fund. The logic was so straightforward it is almost provocative: oil is a depleting asset. When it runs out, the wealth must exist in another form. The fund was capitalized with petroleum surpluses, invested exclusively in international assets to avoid distorting the domestic economy, and governed under rules no single government can unilaterally change.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Today that fund is worth $2.1 trillion. That is $340,000 per Norwegian citizen. Its annual returns exceed $120 billion. Norway never touches the principal. What it spends is what it earns. The oil will end. The institution will not.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Chile did the same with copper. The Economic and Social Stabilization Fund, created in 2007, established a structural fiscal rule: in years of high copper prices, the surplus is saved; in years of collapse, the fund absorbs the shock without cutting social spending. In 2009, when copper prices fell sharply during the global financial crisis, Chile withdrew $9.28 billion from the fund to finance subsidies and public works. The Chilean recession that year was mild. The institution had worked exactly as designed.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Alberta, the Canadian trading partner Mexico knows closely through NAFTA, created its Heritage Fund in 1976 with petroleum revenues. It has had political imperfections: governments that withdrew funds without discipline. But the mechanism exists, it holds twenty billion dollars, and the debate over its use is public, documented, and democratically contested. That alone represents an enormous institutional distance from Mexico.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mexico did have a petroleum savings mechanism. The Fondo de Estabilizaci&#243;n de los Ingresos Petroleros existed on paper, designed with the rhetoric of the Norwegian model. But it carried a built-in activation threshold that in practice was never met: 99.5% of all resources were transferred directly to the annual federal budget, year after year, government after government. This was not negligence. It was architecture designed to guarantee that outcome from day one.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">What accumulated in that fund amounts to $8.50 per citizen.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Norway has $340,000 per citizen. The difference is not the oil. It is what was decided to do with it.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UgqB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F806dc409-f21a-4797-b911-a4d2beea0442_930x564.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UgqB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F806dc409-f21a-4797-b911-a4d2beea0442_930x564.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UgqB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F806dc409-f21a-4797-b911-a4d2beea0442_930x564.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UgqB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F806dc409-f21a-4797-b911-a4d2beea0442_930x564.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UgqB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F806dc409-f21a-4797-b911-a4d2beea0442_930x564.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UgqB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F806dc409-f21a-4797-b911-a4d2beea0442_930x564.png" width="930" height="564" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/806dc409-f21a-4797-b911-a4d2beea0442_930x564.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:564,&quot;width&quot;:930,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:110533,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194417415?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F806dc409-f21a-4797-b911-a4d2beea0442_930x564.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UgqB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F806dc409-f21a-4797-b911-a4d2beea0442_930x564.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UgqB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F806dc409-f21a-4797-b911-a4d2beea0442_930x564.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UgqB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F806dc409-f21a-4797-b911-a4d2beea0442_930x564.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UgqB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F806dc409-f21a-4797-b911-a4d2beea0442_930x564.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Sovereign wealth funds compared. Mexico&#8217;s bar is not an error: the fund exists on paper with ~$0 in real assets. Botswana, Chile, and Alberta show the model works even for developing economies.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aldX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e52e21-2803-4326-9448-d4cd01111dcc_930x440.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aldX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e52e21-2803-4326-9448-d4cd01111dcc_930x440.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aldX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e52e21-2803-4326-9448-d4cd01111dcc_930x440.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aldX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e52e21-2803-4326-9448-d4cd01111dcc_930x440.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aldX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e52e21-2803-4326-9448-d4cd01111dcc_930x440.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aldX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e52e21-2803-4326-9448-d4cd01111dcc_930x440.png" width="930" height="440" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c9e52e21-2803-4326-9448-d4cd01111dcc_930x440.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:440,&quot;width&quot;:930,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:83949,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194417415?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e52e21-2803-4326-9448-d4cd01111dcc_930x440.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aldX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e52e21-2803-4326-9448-d4cd01111dcc_930x440.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aldX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e52e21-2803-4326-9448-d4cd01111dcc_930x440.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aldX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e52e21-2803-4326-9448-d4cd01111dcc_930x440.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aldX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc9e52e21-2803-4326-9448-d4cd01111dcc_930x440.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>The timeline nobody compares. Above: decisions that built permanent wealth, under all kinds of conditions. Below: windows Mexico let pass.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p><strong>IV. The Business Mirror: Four Assets, Four Possible Destinies</strong></p><p><strong>Pemex: from national engine to fiscal liability</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Aramco produces 184 barrels per employee per day. Pemex produces 12. Eduardo already documented that number. What is worth adding is why it is not a geology problem. Saudi Arabia does not have an intrinsically superior subsoil. It has a company managed with institutional discipline, independent governance, and a profitability mandate. Saudi Aramco carries a market capitalization of $1.75 trillion and generated profits of $350 billion in 2025, a down year for crude prices.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">But the most revealing comparison is not Aramco. It is <strong>Petrobras</strong>, Brazil&#8217;s state oil company. Petrobras was born from the same nationalist impulse as Pemex, in a region with equally complex political history, and faced its own monumental corruption scandals. Even so, in 2010 Brazil made a decision Mexico never made: it took Petrobras public on the New York and Madrid exchanges, retained state control at 28% of shares, and opened its governance to international markets.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The result is visible in the numbers. With similar revenues in 2023, Petrobras achieved a net margin of 24.41% versus Pemex&#8217;s 0.47%. In 2024, Petrobras produced 2.7 million barrels daily; Pemex, 1.3 million. Petrobras pays dividends to the Brazilian state. Pemex received federal transfers equivalent to $21 billion in 2025.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The <strong>DUC, Derecho de Utilidad Compartida</strong>, or Shared Utility Right, was the fiscal mechanism by which the federal government captured up to 74% of the value of extracted hydrocarbons. Academic research documented that the government historically extracted 98.46% of Pemex&#8217;s income, leaving less than 2% for reinvestment. A company from which more is extracted than it produces cannot sustain itself, let alone grow.</p><p><strong>CFE: the transition that did not happen</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">CFE carries the same structural problem as Pemex, with an additional turn: the cost of inefficiency is not paid by the company. It is paid by taxpayers through subsidies, and by industrial users through tariffs that cross-subsidize residential consumption. Eighty-nine percent of residential users receive subsidized electricity covering an average of 47% of their bill. Under that structure, CFE has no incentive to be efficient, because those who set the rules have no reason to demand it. And without efficiency, there is no investment in infrastructure.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The three clean energy auctions held between 2015 and 2018 reduced the generation price from $47.7 per megawatt-hour to $20.5, and attracted $2.4 billion in private investment commitments. No auction has been held since 2018. The 2024 constitutional counter-reform eliminated the independent energy regulator, the CRE, and the grid operator, CENACE, reintegrating both into CFE. Mexico fell from 7th to 33rd in renewable energy investment attractiveness.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Enel was in 1962 what CFE is today: an Italian state monopoly created to absorb more than a thousand private electricity companies, inefficient by design and managed as a policy instrument. In 1992 it was restructured as a joint-stock company. In 1999 it was partially privatized, with the Italian state retaining 23%. Today Enel operates in more than 30 countries and is the world&#8217;s largest private producer of renewable energy. The starting point was almost identical to CFE&#8217;s. The difference was the decision to open the governance.</p><p><strong>Telmex: the rent that did not innovate</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Carlos Slim acquired Telmex in 1990 for approximately $1.8 billion, with a seven-year guaranteed monopoly written into the privatization contract. Slim built one of the world&#8217;s largest fortunes on that foundation, and that is an objective fact worth acknowledging.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The problem is not that Slim was skilled. The problem is what the state did not demand in exchange for the protection. The OECD documented that Mexicans were paying two to three times the developed-country average for telecommunications services. That gap was not a sign of an efficient market: it was the rent a monopoly charges when it faces no competition strong enough to force improvement.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Singtel was in 1992 what Telmex was in 1990: a protected state monopoly. The difference is what the Singaporean state demanded in return: continuous infrastructure investment, aggressive regional expansion, and eventual domestic competition that forced improvement. Today Singtel operates in 21 countries with 800 million subscribers. And Singapore has the world&#8217;s fastest internet. A student in Singapore has a connection 4.5 times faster than one in Mexico &#8212; not for technical reasons but because someone decided to demand infrastructure in exchange for protection.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">South Korea applied the same logic to its telecoms industry: initial protection, but with requirements for technology transfer, real R&amp;D investment, and world-class fiber infrastructure. Mexico created a monopoly. Singapore and South Korea created platforms for global competition. The asset was comparable. The institutional demand was not.</p><p><strong>V. The Cost Nobody Calculated &#8212; But Everyone Paid</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">It does not need to be named directly. It is implicit in every figure in this article.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">When a sovereign fund is not built, the money does not disappear: it redistributes upward. When a state company produces 12 barrels per employee instead of 184, the difference does not evaporate: it flows toward contracts awarded without competition, captured unions, campaigns financed with public resources. When a monopoly charges twice the market price for three decades, that difference is not abstract: it is the cost every Mexican company, every entrepreneur, every family paid extra to connect to the world.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Corruption is not an isolated moral phenomenon. It is the measurable distance between what should exist and what does. Between the fund Norway built and the one Mexico did not. Between the $2.4 billion annually that Texas schools receive from their permanent fund and the materials a child in Oaxaca or Tamaulipas does not have.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">That distance has a technical name: the institutional convergence gap. But it has a more honest one: it is the future that the decisions documented on these pages denied to millions of Mexicans who never had the chance to live in a country operating at the level of their own talent.</p><p><strong>VI. The Decision That Remains Available</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">None of the countries that today manage sovereign wealth started in ideal conditions. Singapore had just been expelled from Malaysia when it created Temasek. Norway waited twenty years after its first oil well before touching a single dollar of petroleum revenue. Texas built its permanent fund in 1854, amid post-republican chaos, with two million dollars and the clarity that discipline had to be constitutional to survive the politicians who would follow. Botswana was the third poorest country in the world when it decided its diamonds belonged to future generations. What each of them built did not depend on where they started. It depended on the architecture they made irreversible from day one.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mexico today holds assets none of those examples possessed in combination: revenues from lithium, the strategic mineral of the coming century. A nearshoring wave that is already under way, the reordering of global supply chains that Eduardo documents in NA77 with growing precision. In the first nine months of 2025, Mexico received $40.9 billion in foreign direct investment, the highest amount ever recorded. Manufacturing exports exceeding $600 billion annually. A border with the world&#8217;s largest economy and a trade agreement no other developing country possesses.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mexico graduates more than 120,000 engineers and technical professionals each year. That number alone should change the competitiveness conversation. World-class human capital emigrates because those who design the rules have no incentive to integrate it, and would return if the rules changed.</p><p style="text-align: center;"><em>What has been missing is not the resource. It has been the architecture that converts resources into permanent wealth, and the political decision to build it.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">That architecture does not require surrendering sovereignty. Norway is deeply sovereign. Singapore is militantly independent. Texas is constitutionally protective of its assets. Chile used copper to build fiscal stability without losing control of Codelco. What it requires is something harder than sovereignty: the decision that public money does not belong to those who govern. It belongs to those who come after.</p><p><strong>VII. The Possible Mexico: An Image of 2035</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is not about projecting the Mexico that could not be. It is about showing the one that can be, with the assets that exist today and the decisions that are still available.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A nearshoring sovereign fund is possible right now. It does not require oil. It requires the decision not to spend everything that comes in. At current foreign direct investment levels, a mechanism that saves 15% of annual surpluses at 6% returns would generate a fund of approximately $110 billion by 2035. Modest compared to Norway. Transformative compared to zero. And with the right architecture, irreversible from day one &#8212; exactly as Texas did in 1854 and Botswana did in 1994.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Pemex professionalized to the Petrobras model, not Aramco&#8217;s, because the realistic benchmark is not the world&#8217;s best but the closest in context, would generate a difference of between $15 and $20 billion annually compared to its current trajectory. Not through magic: through governance, through capital market access, through a profitability mandate instead of a political subsidy mandate. In ten years, that is the difference between a company that drains the budget and one that feeds it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Mexico has the most abundant solar resource in the northern hemisphere. The three cancelled auctions demonstrated that the market already validated the model at $20.5 per MWh. If resumed and scaled, Mexico can become a net exporter of clean energy to the United States precisely when that country urgently needs it to fuel its energy transition and artificial intelligence industry. This is not speculation: it is the demand that Amazon, Microsoft, and Tesla are already seeking to meet in Mexico, without finding the infrastructure to support it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">These three pillars are not a political agenda. They are ranges of possibility anchored in comparatives that already work in countries with less favorable conditions than Mexico&#8217;s. The time between today and 2035 is exactly how long it took Singapore to transform Temasek into a vehicle for sovereign wealth. It is the time it took Chile to use its fund to absorb a global crisis without cutting a single peso of social spending.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sn2P!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c098bc1-2a21-41b4-a786-110d7b320c6b_930x368.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sn2P!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c098bc1-2a21-41b4-a786-110d7b320c6b_930x368.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sn2P!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c098bc1-2a21-41b4-a786-110d7b320c6b_930x368.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sn2P!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c098bc1-2a21-41b4-a786-110d7b320c6b_930x368.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sn2P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c098bc1-2a21-41b4-a786-110d7b320c6b_930x368.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sn2P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c098bc1-2a21-41b4-a786-110d7b320c6b_930x368.png" width="930" height="368" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9c098bc1-2a21-41b4-a786-110d7b320c6b_930x368.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:368,&quot;width&quot;:930,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:107112,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194417415?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c098bc1-2a21-41b4-a786-110d7b320c6b_930x368.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sn2P!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c098bc1-2a21-41b4-a786-110d7b320c6b_930x368.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sn2P!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c098bc1-2a21-41b4-a786-110d7b320c6b_930x368.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sn2P!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c098bc1-2a21-41b4-a786-110d7b320c6b_930x368.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Sn2P!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c098bc1-2a21-41b4-a786-110d7b320c6b_930x368.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Mexico 2035: three pillars, two trajectories. Projections are based on documented comparatives, not optimistic assumptions. The difference between the lines is the value of a decision made today.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;"></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Mexico that NA77 proposes, a real partner in North America and not a labor provider, an actor with its own weight and not a stage for other people&#8217;s decisions, has the resources, the human capital, and the geographic position to build itself. Others did it with less. None of them waited for perfect conditions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The question is no longer whether Mexico can. What remains is the decision. Only the decision.</strong></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[MEXICO: The Neighbor That Chose to Ignore the Global Order (Series)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Paper 2 of 3 English version]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-the-neighbor-that-chose-to</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-the-neighbor-that-chose-to</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[The North American - 77]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2026 13:01:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b90beb50-eefb-43df-ab43-ff83852d081f_1200x670.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png" width="1200" height="670" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:670,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3221938,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194106806?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3A3l!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F00309a78-d604-4a82-a81f-e5e288b58d3a_1200x670.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><div class="preformatted-block" data-component-name="PreformattedTextBlockToDOM"><label class="hide-text" contenteditable="false">Text within this block will maintain its original spacing when published</label><pre class="text"><strong>A NOTE ON MONETARY SCALE</strong></pre></div><div class="pullquote"><p>This document uses the U.S. monetary convention: $1 billion = 1,000 million = one thousand million. $1 trillion = 1,000 billion = one million million. In Spanish, a &#8220;bill&#243;n&#8221; equals a U.S. trillion &#8212; not a U.S. billion. All amounts in U.S. dollars unless stated otherwise.</p></div><blockquote><p><em>Mexico did not change because it did not have to. And those who controlled the power made sure it never would.</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2><strong>The Destruction Mexico Never Had</strong></h2><p>The most powerful starting point of this argument is counterintuitive: Japan, Germany, and South Korea transformed precisely because they had no choice.</p><p>Japan was devastated. Two atomic bombs. American occupation. A constitution rewritten from the outside. Germany was literally divided into four occupation zones. South Korea emerged from a war with three million dead and an economy reduced to ashes.</p><p>Total destruction forced them to reinvent from zero &#8212; with new rules, new institutions, a new architecture of power. It was not will. It was existential necessity.</p><p><strong>Mexico was never forced into that reset.</strong></p><p>The PRI won the Revolution. Consolidated power. And built a system that worked well enough to survive &#8212; but not well enough to prosper. Stability became its trap.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>This is the central thesis: Mexico did not change because it did not have to. And those who controlled the power designed the system so it would never have to.</em></p></div><div><hr></div><h2><strong>The PRI System: A Business, Not a Government</strong></h2><p>The PRI was not a political party in the modern sense. It was a privilege distribution system. It ran on circular logic: a union leader supported the PRI in elections; the PRI protected him from competition; his members had guaranteed jobs even if they were unproductive; the cycle repeated for decades.</p><p>Every actor in the system &#8212; union bosses, businessmen with state concessions, governors, media companies, business chambers &#8212; had an implicit agreement: political support in exchange for economic protection.</p><p>Opening the system institutionally &#8212; real rule of law, real competition, an independent judiciary &#8212; would have broken that contract with all of them simultaneously.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>It was not a lack of vision. It was that the vision was incompatible with the interests of those who controlled the system.</em></p></div><div><hr></div><h2><strong>The Technocrats Who Knew &#8212; and Chose the Half-Reform</strong></h2><p>The men who designed Mexico&#8217;s economic policy in the 1980s and 1990s were not ignorant. They were the exact opposite.</p><p><strong>Pedro Aspe &#8212; PhD from MIT</strong>. Secretary of Finance under Salinas. <strong>Jaime Serra Puche &#8212; PhD from Yale.</strong> Negotiated NAFTA. <strong>Ernesto Zedillo &#8212; PhD from Yale.</strong> President of Mexico. <strong>Agust&#237;n Carstens</strong> <strong>&#8212; today runs the Bank for International Settlements.</strong></p><p>These men had studied at the same universities as the economists who built the institutions of South Korea and Singapore. They knew the theory. They knew that without strong institutions, free trade does not produce convergence. They knew.</p><h4><strong>Those Who Actually Wanted Change &#8212; and Couldn&#8217;t</strong></h4><p>It would be intellectually dishonest to argue that every Mexican politician with technical training chose to protect the system. <strong>Many genuinely wanted to change it.</strong> The problem was not lack of intention &#8212; it was the architecture of power that contained them.</p><p>Mexico&#8217;s political system is structurally designed to resist deep reform. Not by accident. By design. Every actor &#8212; unions, concession holders, media, governors &#8212; holds an implicit contract with whoever is in power: protection in exchange for loyalty. Touching one piece threatens the entire system.</p><p>A Secretary of Finance who wanted to impose transparency on PEMEX first needed the President&#8217;s backing, who needed the oil union&#8217;s support for his party, which in turn depended on the funds that same union was siphoning from PEMEX. <strong>The circle could not be broken from inside any single position.</strong></p><blockquote><p>Mexican society has grown accustomed to this system. And the system feeds on a society that lives in complacency, believing there is nothing more to be done. Both perpetuate each other.</p></blockquote><p>Historian Sarah Babb documented this in <em>Managing Mexico</em>: the technocrats used the 1982 debt crisis as leverage to advance their economic agenda. But that agenda had a very clear limit: they could liberalize trade, privatize companies, open the capital account. What they could not touch was the architecture of power.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>The answer is obvious: the personal cost of transforming the system that put them where they were was too high. And they chose. The PRI created that architecture. MORENA perfected it.</p></div><div><hr></div><h2><strong>The Three Families of Power That Did Not Want Competition</strong></h2><h3><strong>Corporate Monopolies</strong></h3><p>Carlos Slim acquired Telmex in 1990 with a seven-year guaranteed monopoly written into the privatization contract. The OECD documented that Mexicans were paying two to three times more for telecommunications than the developed-country average.</p><p>It was not capitalism. It was rent. And rent requires political protection to survive.</p><h3><strong>Corporatist Unions</strong></h3><p>The SNTE &#8212; the teachers&#8217; union &#8212; had 1.4 million members. Teaching positions were inherited, sold, transferred as private property. Elba Esther Gordillo was simultaneously the most powerful union leader in Mexico and a key political operator. A functional education system would have destroyed the union&#8217;s power. That is why there was no functional education system.</p><h3><strong>The Media</strong></h3><p>Televisa and TV Azteca controlled 94% of open television in Mexico. In exchange for favorable coverage, they received renewed concessions and protection from competitors.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>These three actors formed a triangle of convenient stagnation: businessmen had protected markets, unions had guaranteed positions, media had concessions. And the political system that sustained them all perpetuated itself through them.</p></div><div><hr></div><h2><strong>NAFTA Was Designed Exactly This Way</strong></h2><p>When Salinas negotiated NAFTA, the operational objective &#8212; documented in economist Aaron Tornell&#8217;s NBER work &#8212; was to use NAFTA as a substitute for institutional reform, not as its companion.</p><blockquote><p>NAFTA was an institutional shortcut. And like all shortcuts, you got there faster but to the wrong place.</p></blockquote><p>When the European Union admitted the countries of Eastern Europe &#8212; Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic &#8212; it demanded full institutional convergence as a condition of entry. Mexico entered NAFTA with none of those requirements. And that was a choice &#8212; by everyone who signed.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>The Cultural Trap: The Ghost of Sovereignty</strong></h2><p>The Mexican Revolution left in the country&#8217;s political DNA a deep allergy to anything that resembled foreign influence. But the narrative of absolute sovereignty was captured and strategically deployed by those who benefited most from a closed system.</p><blockquote><p>The language of sovereignty was the perfect shield for protecting private interests disguised as national causes.</p><p>MORENA understood this mechanism better than anyone. It did not dismantle it. It perfected it. The rhetoric of popular sovereignty was updated with new vocabulary &#8212; &#8220;el pueblo bueno,&#8221; &#8220;la transformaci&#243;n&#8221; &#8212; but the architecture is the same.</p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2><strong>The Three Windows Mexico Let Pass</strong></h2><p><strong>1982 &#8212; The debt crisis</strong> forced deep economic reforms. Institutional reform could have been included. It was not.</p><p><strong>1994 &#8212; NAFTA opened the economy.</strong> Institutional convergence could have been demanded as a condition, as the EU did with Eastern Europe. It was not.</p><p><strong>2000 &#8212; The political transition under Fox</strong> came after 71 years of PRI rule. It was the historic moment to break the power triangle. It was not broken.</p><p>At each of those windows, vested interests proved more powerful than transformation.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>PEMEX: The Most Indebted Oil Company in the World</strong></h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Q5e!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71938b70-6253-442e-abb4-3dd70a162bc0_900x686.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Q5e!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71938b70-6253-442e-abb4-3dd70a162bc0_900x686.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Q5e!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71938b70-6253-442e-abb4-3dd70a162bc0_900x686.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Q5e!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71938b70-6253-442e-abb4-3dd70a162bc0_900x686.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Q5e!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71938b70-6253-442e-abb4-3dd70a162bc0_900x686.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Q5e!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71938b70-6253-442e-abb4-3dd70a162bc0_900x686.png" width="900" height="686" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/71938b70-6253-442e-abb4-3dd70a162bc0_900x686.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:686,&quot;width&quot;:900,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2474332,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194106806?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71938b70-6253-442e-abb4-3dd70a162bc0_900x686.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Q5e!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71938b70-6253-442e-abb4-3dd70a162bc0_900x686.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Q5e!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71938b70-6253-442e-abb4-3dd70a162bc0_900x686.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Q5e!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71938b70-6253-442e-abb4-3dd70a162bc0_900x686.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9Q5e!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F71938b70-6253-442e-abb4-3dd70a162bc0_900x686.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>PEMEX has recorded net profits in only <strong>three of the past fourteen years</strong> (2012, 2022, and 2023). Its standalone credit assessment from Moody&#8217;s is &#8220;ca&#8221; &#8212; the lowest on its scale. Without government backing, every major rating agency agrees PEMEX would be near default.</p><h4><strong>The Mechanism That Destroyed PEMEX</strong></h4><p>The <strong>Derecho de Utilidad Compartida (DUC)</strong> captured up to 74% of the value of extracted hydrocarbons. An academic study documented that the government historically extracted <strong>98.46% of PEMEX&#8217;s income</strong>, leaving less than 10% for reinvestment. In 2005, the government captured $49.9 billion from PEMEX &#8212; equivalent to 108.5% of pre-tax profits.</p><p>Average annual capital expenditure fell from $17.8 billion (2010&#8211;2014) to $7.1 billion (2018&#8211;2022), a 60% decline during a period when maintaining aging infrastructure and declining fields demanded more investment, not less.</p><h4><strong>From Revenue Generator to Fiscal Liability</strong></h4><p>In the first eleven months of 2025, PEMEX contributed Ps.221 billion (~$11.8 billion) to the government but received Ps.392 billion (~$21 billion) in transfers &#8212; a <strong>net fiscal deficit of ~$9 billion</strong>. Analysts estimate PEMEX&#8217;s total fiscal deficit to the government in 2025 at approximately $31 billion &#8212; the largest in the company&#8217;s 87-year history.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Four Oil Companies. Four Models. Four Outcomes.</strong></h2><p> Saudi Aramco produces <strong>184 barrels per employee per day</strong>. PEMEX produces <strong>12</strong>. With roughly double the workforce, PEMEX produces one-eighth of Aramco&#8217;s output. This is not a geology problem. It is a management, union, and political capture problem.</p><h4><strong>Dos Bocas: A $20 Billion Case Study</strong></h4><p>If anyone needs a single case to understand why Mexico did not enter the new global order, the Olmeca refinery &#8212; Dos Bocas &#8212; tells it in one story. Original budget: $8 billion. Final cost: <strong>over $20 billion</strong> &#8212; 2.5x over budget. According to the Mexican Institute of Chemical Engineers (IMIQ), it is one of the most expensive refineries in the world.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cdhq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2ee8ce4-0fa8-423c-9ac5-8ea4482657dc_900x755.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cdhq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2ee8ce4-0fa8-423c-9ac5-8ea4482657dc_900x755.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cdhq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2ee8ce4-0fa8-423c-9ac5-8ea4482657dc_900x755.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cdhq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2ee8ce4-0fa8-423c-9ac5-8ea4482657dc_900x755.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cdhq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2ee8ce4-0fa8-423c-9ac5-8ea4482657dc_900x755.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cdhq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2ee8ce4-0fa8-423c-9ac5-8ea4482657dc_900x755.png" width="900" height="755" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e2ee8ce4-0fa8-423c-9ac5-8ea4482657dc_900x755.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:755,&quot;width&quot;:900,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2723196,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194106806?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2ee8ce4-0fa8-423c-9ac5-8ea4482657dc_900x755.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cdhq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2ee8ce4-0fa8-423c-9ac5-8ea4482657dc_900x755.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cdhq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2ee8ce4-0fa8-423c-9ac5-8ea4482657dc_900x755.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cdhq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2ee8ce4-0fa8-423c-9ac5-8ea4482657dc_900x755.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cdhq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe2ee8ce4-0fa8-423c-9ac5-8ea4482657dc_900x755.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Design capacity: 340,000 barrels per day. Reality as of April 2026: approximately 205,000 barrels &#8212; 60% of capacity. At its peak gasoline output (June 2025), it reached 79,000 bpd before falling to 41,000 in August &#8212; barely a quarter of the 170,000 it was designed for. RBN Energy projects the refinery will not achieve full startup until 2028, and that there is a possibility it <strong>may never achieve consistent operations</strong>.</p><p>In just the last three weeks of March&#8211;April 2026, the refinery logged four safety incidents: an explosion, a crude oil spill in the R&#237;o Seco affecting fishing communities, a gas release, and a fire in the coke storage warehouse visible for kilometers. This is not bad luck. This is what happens when a $20 billion project is built on political logic instead of business logic.</p><p><strong>What was the business plan?</strong> There is no public one that justifies the investment with a return analysis. What exists is a political promise: energy sovereignty. But while Mexico&#8217;s gasoline imports hit 388,000 barrels per day in September 2025 &#8212; the highest of the year &#8212; and PEMEX&#8217;s crude output fell to 1.37 million bpd, the promise contradicts reality. Mexico spent $20 billion on a refinery that refines crude that grows scarcer every year, in a region with a fragile power grid that cannot sustain it.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>The reason is simple: Mexico as a country functions as a business divided among political groups and their partners. Dos Bocas was not an investment decision. It was a power decision. The budget doubled because no one independent was watching. The refinery does not run at capacity because the political inauguration was prioritized over engineering. And every Mexican is paying the $20 billion bill.</p></div><div><hr></div><h2><strong>CFE: The System&#8217;s Other Petty Cash Box</strong></h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5n4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8c9bb13-aab2-4ee7-9328-f66989cf2350_900x719.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5n4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8c9bb13-aab2-4ee7-9328-f66989cf2350_900x719.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5n4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8c9bb13-aab2-4ee7-9328-f66989cf2350_900x719.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5n4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8c9bb13-aab2-4ee7-9328-f66989cf2350_900x719.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5n4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8c9bb13-aab2-4ee7-9328-f66989cf2350_900x719.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5n4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8c9bb13-aab2-4ee7-9328-f66989cf2350_900x719.png" width="900" height="719" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b8c9bb13-aab2-4ee7-9328-f66989cf2350_900x719.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:719,&quot;width&quot;:900,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2593360,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194106806?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8c9bb13-aab2-4ee7-9328-f66989cf2350_900x719.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5n4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8c9bb13-aab2-4ee7-9328-f66989cf2350_900x719.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5n4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8c9bb13-aab2-4ee7-9328-f66989cf2350_900x719.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5n4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8c9bb13-aab2-4ee7-9328-f66989cf2350_900x719.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!C5n4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb8c9bb13-aab2-4ee7-9328-f66989cf2350_900x719.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>89% of residential users receive subsidized electricity, with subsidies covering an average of 47% of their bills. Under AMLO, <strong>80% of CFE contracts</strong> were awarded through no-bid direct awards. IMCO ranks CFE as the government entity with the highest corruption risk in procurement.</p><p>In 2021, CFE built only <strong>52 kilometers of new transmission lines</strong> &#8212; 0.05% of the total grid. Actual infrastructure investment reached just 21% of what its own development plan deemed necessary.</p><h4><strong>The 2024 Counter-Reform</strong></h4><p>The constitutional reform approved after MORENA&#8217;s congressional sweep eliminated the independent regulators (CRE and CNH), reintegrated the grid operator CENACE into CFE, mandated that CFE supply at least 54% of electricity generation, and &#8212; in a last-minute amendment &#8212; <strong>removed the clause making the state responsible for the energy transition.</strong></p><p>Mexico&#8217;s ranking in renewable energy investment attractiveness dropped from 7th to 33rd. The three clean energy auctions held under the prior reform had driven prices from $47.7/MWh to $20.5/MWh and attracted $2.4 billion in investment commitments. No auction has been held since 2018.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Telmex: When a Monopoly Does Generate Wealth</strong></h2><p><strong>THE COUNTEREXAMPLE</strong></p><p>In 1990, Carlos Slim acquired Telmex for approximately <strong>$1.8 billion</strong> &#8212; with a seven-year guaranteed monopoly written into the contract. What happened next is important to acknowledge: Slim built on that monopoly one of the largest telecommunications companies in the world.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uI4_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e9aa295-63de-4f6a-b946-c99cd53808d4_900x788.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uI4_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e9aa295-63de-4f6a-b946-c99cd53808d4_900x788.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uI4_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e9aa295-63de-4f6a-b946-c99cd53808d4_900x788.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uI4_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e9aa295-63de-4f6a-b946-c99cd53808d4_900x788.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uI4_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e9aa295-63de-4f6a-b946-c99cd53808d4_900x788.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uI4_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e9aa295-63de-4f6a-b946-c99cd53808d4_900x788.png" width="900" height="788" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uI4_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e9aa295-63de-4f6a-b946-c99cd53808d4_900x788.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uI4_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e9aa295-63de-4f6a-b946-c99cd53808d4_900x788.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uI4_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e9aa295-63de-4f6a-b946-c99cd53808d4_900x788.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!uI4_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2e9aa295-63de-4f6a-b946-c99cd53808d4_900x788.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>More than PEMEX has earned in any single year in its history.</em></p><blockquote><p>The argument is not that privatization is the answer. The argument is that the sectors where PEMEX and CFE operate are not bad sectors. They are extraordinarily profitable when managed with discipline. What fails is not the business. What fails is political capture.</p></blockquote><p><strong>The difference between Telmex and PEMEX is revealing:</strong> <em>one generates private wealth with social cost; the other generates neither wealth nor social benefit.</em> At least with Telmex, someone invested, built infrastructure, created productive jobs, and paid taxes. With PEMEX, citizens funded the company, politicians managed it, the union enriched itself, and in the end everyone owes money to everyone.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>The Wealth Mexico Chose Not to Create</strong></h2><p><strong>ENERGY SOVEREIGN WEALTH FUNDS</strong></p><p>Mexico earned approximately <strong>$1.1 trillion</strong> in government petroleum revenue between 1990 and 2024. Had it saved 50% of this revenue in a sovereign wealth fund earning 6.5% annually, that fund would today be worth approximately <strong>$1.65 trillion</strong> &#8212; the second-largest sovereign wealth fund in the world.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dN4G!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3864fca0-fd56-4acf-b0f5-cb5eea79f863_900x524.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!dN4G!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3864fca0-fd56-4acf-b0f5-cb5eea79f863_900x524.png 424w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PH4v!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe8adf0d3-146d-4de3-bf49-9938aef6364a_900x362.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PH4v!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe8adf0d3-146d-4de3-bf49-9938aef6364a_900x362.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PH4v!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe8adf0d3-146d-4de3-bf49-9938aef6364a_900x362.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PH4v!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe8adf0d3-146d-4de3-bf49-9938aef6364a_900x362.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="preformatted-block" data-component-name="PreformattedTextBlockToDOM"><label class="hide-text" contenteditable="false">Text within this block will maintain its original spacing when published</label><pre class="text"><strong>For a family of four: $50,800. What Mexico actually saved: $8.50 per citizen.</strong></pre></div><p><strong>Mexico&#8217;s Petroleum Fund</strong> <strong>was legally designed to replicate the Norwegian model. </strong>It contains a fatal architectural flaw: the savings threshold (petroleum revenue exceeding 4.7% of GDP) has never been triggered. <strong>99.5% of all funds were transferred immediately to the annual federal budget.</strong></p><h4><strong>The Final Irony</strong></h4><p>In May 2025, Norway&#8217;s sovereign wealth fund <strong>divested entirely from PEMEX</strong> (~$140 million in holdings), citing &#8220;unacceptably high&#8221; corruption risks spanning 2004&#8211;2023. The very model Mexico failed to replicate now refuses to invest in Mexico&#8217;s oil company.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Documented Corruption: Names and Facts</strong></h2><h4><strong>Carlos Romero Deschamps (1993&#8211;2019)</strong></h4><p>Led the PEMEX union for 26 consecutive years. 100,000 members. Declared salary: $1,800/month. 11 family members on the PEMEX payroll. 12 federal investigations. <strong>Zero arrest warrants.</strong> Died in 2023 in complete impunity.</p><h4><strong>Pemexgate (2000)</strong></h4><p>PEMEX transferred Ps.1.6 billion to the union. Ps.500 million in cash was diverted to finance the PRI&#8217;s presidential campaign. The Federal Electoral Institute imposed a historic one-billion-peso fine. Romero Deschamps obtained an amparo preventing prosecution &#8212; guaranteed by a deposit of Ps.10,000 (~$500).</p><h4><strong>Emilio Lozoya Austin (2012&#8211;2016)</strong></h4><p>PEMEX CEO. Received &gt;$10 million in bribes from Odebrecht. Orchestrated the acquisition of Grupo Fertinal for $635 million &#8212; a plant that had been inactive for 14 years. Documented losses: &gt;$619 million. Arrested in Spain in 2020. Released to house arrest in 2024.</p><h4><strong>Luz y Fuerza del Centro (2009)</strong></h4><p>Calder&#243;n deployed 40,000 federal police to occupy 103 facilities overnight, terminating 44,300 workers. The union (SME) had presided over electricity losses of <strong>32%</strong> &#8212; versus 11% at CFE and a 4&#8211;5% international standard.</p><h4><strong>Norway Divests from PEMEX (2025)</strong></h4><p>The world&#8217;s largest sovereign wealth fund sold its entire PEMEX position (~$140M), citing unacceptable corruption risks. The model Mexico failed to replicate now refuses to invest in Mexico&#8217;s oil company.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>The Cost No One Wants to Calculate</strong></h2><p>Every year a Mexican child spent in an education system designed to protect the union was a year of lost human capital. Every decade an entrepreneur operated under rules designed to protect monopolies was a decade of innovation that never existed. Every electoral cycle where citizens had to choose the least bad option was a cycle where real political talent was excluded by design.</p><p>The distance between what Mexico is and what it could be has a technical name: the institutional convergence gap. But it has a more honest name: <strong>it is the future the system owes to millions of Mexicans who never had the chance to live in a country that operated at the level of their own talent.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h4 style="text-align: center;"><strong>Mexico does not need to be saved.</strong></h4><h4 style="text-align: center;"><strong>It needs to breathe.</strong></h4><blockquote><p><em>The very parties that should be building the vision for the next 100 years are the ones cutting off its oxygen.  Institutional convergence is not a favor to be asked of the system. It is a debt the system owes its own people.</em></p></blockquote><p></p><p><em>Part III will turn the mirror toward the United States and Canada. Because a Tier-1 Mexico cannot exist inside a North America that tolerates protectionism or complacency.</em></p><p style="text-align: center;">NA77 &#183; ONE FUTURE. THREE NATIONS. &#183; na77.substack.com</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[MÉXICO: El Vecino que Decidió Ignorar el Orden Global]]></title><description><![CDATA[Un analisis de porque Mexico decidi&#243; no entrar al Nuevo Orden Global y sus reglas.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/23-mexico-el-vecino-que-decidio-ignorar</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/23-mexico-el-vecino-que-decidio-ignorar</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[The North American - 77]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 14 Apr 2026 13:01:22 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png" width="1200" height="670" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!MBrW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc8527cea-de39-45ad-87d6-10d2c42ab90d_1200x670.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="preformatted-block" data-component-name="PreformattedTextBlockToDOM"><label class="hide-text" contenteditable="false">Text within this block will maintain its original spacing when published</label><pre class="text"><em><strong>NOTAS SOBRE NOMENCLATURA MONETARIA</strong></em></pre></div><p><em>Este documento utiliza la convenci&#243;n monetaria de Estados Unidos, est&#225;ndar en finanzas internacionales:</em></p><p><em>&#8226; <strong>1 Million </strong>= 1 mill&#243;n = 1,000,000 (seis ceros)</em></p><p><em>&#8226; <strong>1 Billion </strong>= mil millones = 1,000,000,000 (nueve ceros). Ejemplo: $84.5 billion = 84 mil 500 millones de d&#243;lares.</em></p><p><em>&#8226; <strong>1 Trillion </strong>= bill&#243;n (en espa&#241;ol) = un mill&#243;n de millones = 1,000,000,000,000 (doce ceros). Ejemplo: $2.1 trillion = 2.1 billones de d&#243;lares.</em></p><p><em>Todos los montos en d&#243;lares estadounidenses (USD) salvo indicaci&#243;n contraria. &#8220;Billion&#8221; en ingl&#233;s &#8800; &#8220;bill&#243;n&#8221; en espa&#241;ol. Un &#8220;billion&#8221; americano es mil millones; un &#8220;bill&#243;n&#8221; mexicano es un mill&#243;n de millones (lo que en EUA llaman &#8220;trillion&#8221;).</em></p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><em><strong>M&#233;xico no cambi&#243; porque no ten&#237;a que hacerlo. Y los que controlaban el poder se aseguraron de que tampoco tuviera que hacerlo.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2><strong>La destrucci&#243;n que M&#233;xico nunca tuvo</strong></h2><p>El punto de partida m&#225;s poderoso de este argumento es contraintuitivo: Jap&#243;n, Alemania y Corea del Sur se transformaron precisamente porque no tuvieron opci&#243;n.</p><p>Jap&#243;n fue arrasado. Dos bombas at&#243;micas. Ocupaci&#243;n americana. Constituci&#243;n reescrita desde afuera. Alemania fue literalmente dividida en cuatro zonas de ocupaci&#243;n. Corea del Sur sali&#243; de una guerra con tres millones de muertos y una econom&#237;a reducida a cenizas.</p><p>La destrucci&#243;n total los oblig&#243; a reinventarse desde cero &#8212; con nuevas reglas, nuevas instituciones, una nueva arquitectura de poder. No fue voluntad. Fue necesidad existencial.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico nunca fue forzado a ese reset.</strong></p><p>El PRI gan&#243; la Revoluci&#243;n. Consolid&#243; el poder. Y construy&#243; un sistema que funcionaba lo suficientemente bien para sobrevivir &#8212; pero no lo suficientemente bien para prosperar. La estabilidad se convirti&#243; en su trampa.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Esta es la tesis central: M&#233;xico no cambi&#243; porque no ten&#237;a que hacerlo. Y los que controlaban el poder dise&#241;aron el sistema para que nunca tuviera que hacerlo.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2><strong>El sistema PRI: un negocio, no un gobierno</strong></h2><p>El PRI no era un partido pol&#237;tico en el sentido moderno. Era un sistema de distribuci&#243;n de privilegios. Funcionaba con una l&#243;gica circular: un l&#237;der sindical apoyaba al PRI en las elecciones; el PRI lo proteg&#237;a de la competencia; sus miembros ten&#237;an empleos garantizados aunque fueran improductivos; el ciclo se repet&#237;a por d&#233;cadas.</p><p>Cada actor en el sistema &#8212; l&#237;deres sindicales, empresarios con concesiones del Estado, gobernadores, medios de comunicaci&#243;n, c&#225;maras empresariales &#8212; ten&#237;a un acuerdo impl&#237;cito: apoyo pol&#237;tico a cambio de protecci&#243;n econ&#243;mica.</p><p>Abrir el sistema institucionalmente &#8212; estado de derecho real, competencia real, poder judicial independiente &#8212; habr&#237;a roto ese contrato con todos ellos simult&#225;neamente.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em>No era falta de visi&#243;n. Era que la visi&#243;n era incompatible con los intereses de quienes controlaban el sistema.</em></p></div><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Los t&#233;cnicos que sab&#237;an &#8212; y eligieron la media reforma</strong></h2><p>Los hombres que dise&#241;aron la pol&#237;tica econ&#243;mica de M&#233;xico en los a&#241;os ochenta y noventa no eran ignorantes. Eran exactamente lo contrario.</p><p>Pedro Aspe &#8212; PhD del MIT. Secretario de Hacienda de Salinas. Jaime Serra Puche &#8212; PhD de Yale. Negoci&#243; el TLCAN. Ernesto Zedillo &#8212; PhD de Yale. Presidente de la Rep&#250;blica. Agust&#237;n Carstens &#8212; hoy dirige el Bank for International Settlements.</p><p>Estos hombres hab&#237;an estudiado en las mismas universidades que los economistas que construyeron las instituciones de Corea del Sur y Singapur. Conoc&#237;an la teor&#237;a. Sab&#237;an que sin instituciones s&#243;lidas, el libre comercio no produce convergencia. Lo sab&#237;an.</p><h4><strong>Los que s&#237; quisieron &#8212; y no pudieron</strong></h4><p>Ser&#237;a intelectualmente deshonesto argumentar que todos los pol&#237;ticos mexicanos con formaci&#243;n t&#233;cnica decidieron voluntariamente proteger al sistema. <strong>Muchos s&#237; quisieron cambiarlo.</strong> El problema no fue la falta de intenci&#243;n &#8212; fue la arquitectura del poder que los conten&#237;a.</p><p>El sistema pol&#237;tico mexicano est&#225; dise&#241;ado estructuralmente para resistir reformas profundas. No por accidente. Por dise&#241;o. Cada actor &#8212; sindicatos, concesionarios, medios, gobernadores &#8212; tiene un contrato impl&#237;cito con quien ocupa el poder: protecci&#243;n a cambio de lealtad. Tocar una pieza amenaza el sistema completo.</p><p>Un Secretario de Hacienda que quisiera imponer transparencia a PEMEX necesitaba primero el aval del Presidente, quien necesitaba el apoyo del sindicato petrolero para su partido, que a su vez depend&#237;a de los fondos que el mismo sindicato desviaba de PEMEX. <strong>El c&#237;rculo no se pod&#237;a romper desde dentro de una sola posici&#243;n.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La cultura de la sociedad mexicana ya est&#225; acostumbrada a este sistema. Y el sistema se alimenta de una sociedad que vive en complacencia pensando que no hay nada m&#225;s que hacer. Ambos se perpet&#250;an mutuamente.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>La historiadora Sarah Babb lo document&#243; en <em>Managing Mexico</em>: los t&#233;cnicos usaron la crisis de la deuda de 1982 como palanca para avanzar su agenda econ&#243;mica. Pero esa agenda ten&#237;a un l&#237;mite muy claro: pod&#237;an liberar el comercio, privatizar empresas, abrir la cuenta de capital. Lo que no pod&#237;an tocar era la arquitectura del poder.</p><p>La respuesta es obvia: el costo personal de transformar el sistema que los puso donde estaban era demasiado alto. Y eligieron. El PRI cre&#243; esa arquitectura. MORENA la perfeccion&#243;.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Las tres familias del poder que no quer&#237;an competencia</strong></h2><h4><strong>Los monopolios empresariales</strong></h4><p>Carlos Slim adquiri&#243; Telmex en 1990 con un monopolio garantizado por siete a&#241;os escrito en el contrato de privatizaci&#243;n. La OCDE document&#243; que los mexicanos pagaban entre dos y tres veces m&#225;s por telecomunicaciones que el promedio de los pa&#237;ses desarrollados.</p><p>No era capitalismo. Era renta. Y la renta requiere protecci&#243;n pol&#237;tica para sobrevivir.</p><h4><strong>Los sindicatos corporatistas</strong></h4><p>El SNTE ten&#237;a 1.4 millones de miembros. Las plazas se heredaban, se vend&#237;an, se traspasaban. Elba Esther Gordillo era simult&#225;neamente l&#237;der sindical y operadora pol&#237;tica clave. Un sistema educativo funcional habr&#237;a destruido el poder del sindicato. Por eso no hubo sistema educativo funcional.</p><h4><strong>Los medios de comunicaci&#243;n</strong></h4><p>Televisa y TV Azteca controlaban el 94% de la televisi&#243;n abierta en M&#233;xico. A cambio de cobertura favorable, recib&#237;an concesiones renovadas y protecci&#243;n ante competidores.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><em><strong>Estos tres actores formaban un tri&#225;ngulo de estancamiento conveniente: los empresarios ten&#237;an mercados protegidos, los sindicatos ten&#237;an plazas garantizadas, los medios ten&#237;an concesiones. Y el sistema pol&#237;tico que los sosten&#237;a se perpetuaba a trav&#233;s de ellos.</strong></em></p></div><div><hr></div><h3><strong>El TLCAN fue dise&#241;ado exactamente as&#237;</strong></h3><p>Cuando Salinas negoci&#243; el TLCAN, el objetivo operativo &#8212; documentado en el trabajo del economista Aaron Tornell del NBER &#8212; era usar el TLCAN como sustituto de la reforma institucional, no como su acompa&#241;ante.</p><div class="preformatted-block" data-component-name="PreformattedTextBlockToDOM"><label class="hide-text" contenteditable="false">Text within this block will maintain its original spacing when published</label><pre class="text"><em><strong>El TLCAN fue un atajo institucional. Y como todos los atajos, llegaste m&#225;s r&#225;pido pero a un lugar equivocado.</strong></em></pre></div><p>Cuando la Uni&#243;n Europea admiti&#243; a los pa&#237;ses del este de Europa &#8212; Polonia, Hungr&#237;a, Rep&#250;blica Checa &#8212; les exigi&#243; convergencia institucional completa como condici&#243;n de entrada. M&#233;xico entr&#243; al TLCAN sin ninguno de esos requisitos. Y eso fue una elecci&#243;n &#8212; de todos los que firmaron.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>La trampa cultural: el fantasma de la soberan&#237;a</strong></h2><p>La Revoluci&#243;n Mexicana dej&#243; en el ADN pol&#237;tico del pa&#237;s una alergia profunda a cualquier cosa que pareciera influencia extranjera. Pero la narrativa de soberan&#237;a absoluta fue capturada y usada estrat&#233;gicamente por quienes m&#225;s se beneficiaban del sistema cerrado.</p><p>El lenguaje de la soberan&#237;a fue el escudo perfecto para proteger intereses privados disfrazados de causas nacionales.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><strong>MORENA entendi&#243; esta mec&#225;nica mejor que nadie. No la desmont&#243;. La perfeccion&#243;. La ret&#243;rica de soberan&#237;a popular se actualiz&#243; con nuevo vocabulario &#8212; &#8220;el pueblo bueno,&#8221; &#8220;la transformaci&#243;n&#8221; &#8212; pero la arquitectura es la misma.</strong></p></div><div><hr></div><h3><strong>Las tres ventanas que M&#233;xico dej&#243; pasar</strong></h3><p><strong>1982 &#8212; La crisis de la deuda</strong> oblig&#243; a reformas econ&#243;micas profundas. Se pudo haber incluido reforma institucional. No se hizo.</p><p><strong>1994 &#8212; El TLCAN abri&#243; la econom&#237;a.</strong> Se pudo haber exigido convergencia institucional. No se hizo.</p><p><strong>2000 &#8212; La alternancia pol&#237;tica con Fox</strong> era el momento de romper el tri&#225;ngulo del poder. No se rompi&#243;.</p><p>En cada una de esas ventanas, los intereses creados fueron m&#225;s poderosos que la transformaci&#243;n.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>PEMEX: La petrolera m&#225;s endeudada del mundo</strong></h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aAjw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaeb9a0e-b0d8-4785-b92f-a8cc27174739_900x686.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aAjw!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaeb9a0e-b0d8-4785-b92f-a8cc27174739_900x686.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aAjw!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaeb9a0e-b0d8-4785-b92f-a8cc27174739_900x686.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aAjw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaeb9a0e-b0d8-4785-b92f-a8cc27174739_900x686.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aAjw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaeb9a0e-b0d8-4785-b92f-a8cc27174739_900x686.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aAjw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaeb9a0e-b0d8-4785-b92f-a8cc27174739_900x686.png" width="900" height="686" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/daeb9a0e-b0d8-4785-b92f-a8cc27174739_900x686.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:686,&quot;width&quot;:900,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2474332,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194096485?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaeb9a0e-b0d8-4785-b92f-a8cc27174739_900x686.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aAjw!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaeb9a0e-b0d8-4785-b92f-a8cc27174739_900x686.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aAjw!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaeb9a0e-b0d8-4785-b92f-a8cc27174739_900x686.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aAjw!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaeb9a0e-b0d8-4785-b92f-a8cc27174739_900x686.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aAjw!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdaeb9a0e-b0d8-4785-b92f-a8cc27174739_900x686.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>Ca&#237;da del 53% desde el pico de 3.38M en 2004. M&#233;xico podr&#237;a ser importador neto para 2030.</em></p><p>PEMEX ha registrado utilidades netas en solo <strong>tres de los &#250;ltimos catorce a&#241;os</strong> (2012, 2022 y 2023). Su calificaci&#243;n crediticia standalone seg&#250;n Moody&#8217;s es &#8220;ca&#8221; &#8212; la m&#225;s baja en su escala. Sin el respaldo del gobierno, cada agencia calificadora coincide en que PEMEX estar&#237;a al borde del default.</p><h3><strong>El mecanismo que destruy&#243; a PEMEX</strong></h3><p>El <strong>Derecho de Utilidad Compartida (DUC)</strong> capturaba hasta el 74% del valor de los hidrocarburos extra&#237;dos. Un estudio acad&#233;mico document&#243; que el gobierno hist&#243;ricamente extra&#237;a el <strong>98.46% de los ingresos de PEMEX</strong>, dejando menos del 10% para reinversi&#243;n. En 2005, el gobierno captur&#243; $49.9 billion USD (49 mil 900 millones) de PEMEX &#8212; equivalente al 108.5% de las utilidades antes de impuestos.</p><p>El gasto de capital promedio anual cay&#243; de $17.8 billion (2010&#8211;2014) a $7.1 billion (2018&#8211;2022), una ca&#237;da del 60% durante un per&#237;odo en que mantener infraestructura envejecida y campos en declive demandaba m&#225;s inversi&#243;n, no menos.</p><h4><strong>De generador de ingresos a pasivo fiscal</strong></h4><p>En los primeros once meses de 2025, PEMEX contribuy&#243; Ps.221 mil millones (~$11.8 billion) al gobierno pero recibi&#243; Ps.392 mil millones (~$21 billion) en transferencias &#8212; un <strong>d&#233;ficit fiscal neto de Ps.170 mil millones (~$9 mil millones)</strong>. Analistas estiman que el d&#233;ficit fiscal total de PEMEX hacia el gobierno en 2025 fue de aproximadamente $31 billion &#8212; el mayor en los 87 a&#241;os de historia de la empresa.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Cuatro petroleras. Cuatro modelos. Cuatro resultados.</strong></h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3zno!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae174a9a-bf77-40ff-bd8c-599daa2e7065_1061x483.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3zno!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae174a9a-bf77-40ff-bd8c-599daa2e7065_1061x483.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3zno!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae174a9a-bf77-40ff-bd8c-599daa2e7065_1061x483.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3zno!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae174a9a-bf77-40ff-bd8c-599daa2e7065_1061x483.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3zno!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae174a9a-bf77-40ff-bd8c-599daa2e7065_1061x483.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3zno!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae174a9a-bf77-40ff-bd8c-599daa2e7065_1061x483.png" width="1061" height="483" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ae174a9a-bf77-40ff-bd8c-599daa2e7065_1061x483.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:483,&quot;width&quot;:1061,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2053724,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194096485?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae174a9a-bf77-40ff-bd8c-599daa2e7065_1061x483.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3zno!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae174a9a-bf77-40ff-bd8c-599daa2e7065_1061x483.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3zno!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae174a9a-bf77-40ff-bd8c-599daa2e7065_1061x483.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3zno!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae174a9a-bf77-40ff-bd8c-599daa2e7065_1061x483.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3zno!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fae174a9a-bf77-40ff-bd8c-599daa2e7065_1061x483.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Saudi Aramco produce <strong>184 barriles por empleado al d&#237;a</strong>. PEMEX produce <strong>12</strong>. Con aproximadamente el doble de empleados, PEMEX produce una octava parte del petr&#243;leo de Aramco. No es un problema de geolog&#237;a. Es un problema de gesti&#243;n, sindicato y captura pol&#237;tica.</p><h4><strong>Dos Bocas: $20 billion de ejemplo</strong></h4><p>Si alguien necesita un solo caso para entender por qu&#233; M&#233;xico no entr&#243; al nuevo orden global, la refiner&#237;a Olmeca &#8212; Dos Bocas &#8212; lo explica en una sola historia. Presupuesto original: $8 billion (8 mil millones). Costo final: <strong>m&#225;s de $20 billion</strong> (20 mil millones) &#8212; 2.5 veces por encima del presupuesto. Seg&#250;n el Instituto Mexicano de Ingenieros Qu&#237;micos (IMIQ), es una de las refiner&#237;as m&#225;s caras del mundo.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iseb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bdf2791-dc5c-4693-8d2c-623fce38beb9_900x755.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iseb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bdf2791-dc5c-4693-8d2c-623fce38beb9_900x755.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iseb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bdf2791-dc5c-4693-8d2c-623fce38beb9_900x755.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iseb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bdf2791-dc5c-4693-8d2c-623fce38beb9_900x755.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iseb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bdf2791-dc5c-4693-8d2c-623fce38beb9_900x755.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iseb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bdf2791-dc5c-4693-8d2c-623fce38beb9_900x755.png" width="900" height="755" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6bdf2791-dc5c-4693-8d2c-623fce38beb9_900x755.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:755,&quot;width&quot;:900,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2723196,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194096485?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bdf2791-dc5c-4693-8d2c-623fce38beb9_900x755.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iseb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bdf2791-dc5c-4693-8d2c-623fce38beb9_900x755.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iseb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bdf2791-dc5c-4693-8d2c-623fce38beb9_900x755.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iseb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bdf2791-dc5c-4693-8d2c-623fce38beb9_900x755.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iseb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6bdf2791-dc5c-4693-8d2c-623fce38beb9_900x755.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Capacidad de dise&#241;o: 340,000 barriles diarios. Realidad a abril 2026: aproximadamente 205,000 barriles &#8212; el 60% de su capacidad. En su pico de producci&#243;n de gasolina (junio 2025), alcanz&#243; 79,000 barriles diarios antes de caer a 41,000 en agosto &#8212; apenas una cuarta parte de los 170,000 para los que fue dise&#241;ada. RBN Energy proyecta que la refiner&#237;a no alcanzar&#225; su arranque completo hasta 2028, y que existe la posibilidad de que <strong>nunca logre operaciones consistentes</strong>.</p><p>Solo en las &#250;ltimas tres semanas de marzo-abril 2026, la refiner&#237;a registr&#243; cuatro incidentes de seguridad: una explosi&#243;n, un derrame de crudo en el R&#237;o Seco que afect&#243; a comunidades pesqueras, una liberaci&#243;n de gas, y un incendio en el almac&#233;n de coque visible a kil&#243;metros de distancia. Esto no es mala suerte. Es lo que pasa cuando un proyecto de $20 billion se construye con l&#243;gica pol&#237;tica en vez de l&#243;gica de negocio.</p><p><strong>&#191;Cu&#225;l era el plan de negocio?</strong> </p><p>No existe uno p&#250;blico que justifique la inversi&#243;n con un an&#225;lisis de retorno. Lo que existe es una promesa pol&#237;tica: soberan&#237;a energ&#233;tica. Pero mientras las importaciones de gasolina de M&#233;xico alcanzaron 388,000 barriles diarios en septiembre 2025 &#8212; el nivel m&#225;s alto del a&#241;o &#8212; y la producci&#243;n de crudo de PEMEX cay&#243; a 1.37 millones de barriles diarios, la promesa se contradice con la realidad. M&#233;xico gast&#243; $20 billion en una refiner&#237;a que refina crudo que cada a&#241;o es m&#225;s escaso, en una regi&#243;n con una red el&#233;ctrica fr&#225;gil que no puede sostenerla.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La raz&#243;n es simple y no hay que complicarla: </strong>M&#233;xico como pa&#237;s funciona como un negocio que se reparten grupos pol&#237;ticos y sus socios. Dos Bocas no fue una decisi&#243;n de inversi&#243;n. Fue una decisi&#243;n de poder. El presupuesto se duplic&#243; porque no hab&#237;a nadie independiente vigilando. La refiner&#237;a no funciona a capacidad porque se prioriz&#243; la inauguraci&#243;n pol&#237;tica sobre la ingenier&#237;a. Y los $20 billion los pagamos todos los mexicanos.</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2><strong>CFE: La otra caja chica del sistema</strong></h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shPM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff7594dd-dffd-4851-9bd9-52e91c5df768_900x719.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shPM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff7594dd-dffd-4851-9bd9-52e91c5df768_900x719.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shPM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff7594dd-dffd-4851-9bd9-52e91c5df768_900x719.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shPM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff7594dd-dffd-4851-9bd9-52e91c5df768_900x719.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shPM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff7594dd-dffd-4851-9bd9-52e91c5df768_900x719.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shPM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff7594dd-dffd-4851-9bd9-52e91c5df768_900x719.png" width="900" height="719" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ff7594dd-dffd-4851-9bd9-52e91c5df768_900x719.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:719,&quot;width&quot;:900,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2593360,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194096485?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff7594dd-dffd-4851-9bd9-52e91c5df768_900x719.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shPM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff7594dd-dffd-4851-9bd9-52e91c5df768_900x719.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shPM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff7594dd-dffd-4851-9bd9-52e91c5df768_900x719.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shPM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff7594dd-dffd-4851-9bd9-52e91c5df768_900x719.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!shPM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fff7594dd-dffd-4851-9bd9-52e91c5df768_900x719.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>El 89% de los usuarios residenciales recibe electricidad subsidiada, con subsidios cubriendo en promedio el 47% de sus facturas. Bajo AMLO, el <strong>80% de los contratos de la CFE</strong> se otorgaron por adjudicaci&#243;n directa. El IMCO clasifica a la CFE como la entidad gubernamental con el mayor riesgo de corrupci&#243;n en adquisiciones.</p><p>En 2021, la CFE construy&#243; solamente <strong>52 kil&#243;metros de nuevas l&#237;neas de transmisi&#243;n</strong> &#8212; el 0.05% de la red total. La inversi&#243;n real en infraestructura alcanz&#243; solo el 21% de lo que su propio plan consideraba necesario.</p><h3><strong>La contrarreforma de 2024</strong></h3><p>La reforma constitucional aprobada por MORENA elimin&#243; los reguladores independientes (CRE y CNH), reintegr&#243; a CENACE dentro de la CFE, impuso que la CFE genere al menos el 54% de la electricidad, y &#8212; en una enmienda de &#250;ltimo momento &#8212; <strong>elimin&#243; la cl&#225;usula que hac&#237;a al Estado responsable de la transici&#243;n energ&#233;tica.</strong></p><p>M&#233;xico pas&#243; del lugar 7 al 33 en atractivo para inversi&#243;n en energ&#237;as renovables. Las tres subastas de energ&#237;a limpia previas hab&#237;an bajado precios de $47.7/MWh a $20.5/MWh y atra&#237;do $2.4 mil millones en compromisos de inversi&#243;n. No se ha celebrado ninguna subasta desde 2018.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Telmex: Cuando un monopolio s&#237; genera riqueza</strong></h2><p><strong>EL CONTRAEJEMPLO</strong></p><p>En 1990, Carlos Slim adquiri&#243; Telmex por aproximadamente <strong>$1.8 billion USD (mil 800 millones de d&#243;lares)</strong> &#8212; con un monopolio garantizado por contrato por 7 a&#241;os. Es importante reconocer lo que pas&#243; despu&#233;s: Slim construy&#243; sobre ese monopolio una de las empresas de telecomunicaciones m&#225;s grandes del mundo.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NiDp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3498570-e2ca-4a41-9bcc-a47a21489acf_900x788.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NiDp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3498570-e2ca-4a41-9bcc-a47a21489acf_900x788.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NiDp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3498570-e2ca-4a41-9bcc-a47a21489acf_900x788.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NiDp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3498570-e2ca-4a41-9bcc-a47a21489acf_900x788.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NiDp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3498570-e2ca-4a41-9bcc-a47a21489acf_900x788.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NiDp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3498570-e2ca-4a41-9bcc-a47a21489acf_900x788.png" width="900" height="788" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NiDp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3498570-e2ca-4a41-9bcc-a47a21489acf_900x788.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NiDp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3498570-e2ca-4a41-9bcc-a47a21489acf_900x788.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NiDp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3498570-e2ca-4a41-9bcc-a47a21489acf_900x788.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NiDp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb3498570-e2ca-4a41-9bcc-a47a21489acf_900x788.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="preformatted-block" data-component-name="PreformattedTextBlockToDOM"><label class="hide-text" contenteditable="false">Text within this block will maintain its original spacing when published</label><pre class="text"><em><strong>El argumento no es que la privatizaci&#243;n sea la respuesta. El argumento es que los sectores donde operan PEMEX y la CFE no son malos sectores. Son sectores extraordinariamente rentables cuando se administran con disciplina. Lo que falla no es el negocio. Lo que falla es la captura pol&#237;tica.</strong></em></pre></div><p>La diferencia entre Telmex y PEMEX es reveladora: uno genera riqueza privada aunque con costo social; el otro no genera ni riqueza ni beneficio social. Al menos con Telmex, alguien invirti&#243;, construy&#243; infraestructura, cre&#243; empleos productivos y pag&#243; impuestos. Con PEMEX, los ciudadanos financiaron la empresa, los pol&#237;ticos la administraron, el sindicato se enriqueci&#243;, y al final todos le deben dinero a todos.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>La riqueza que M&#233;xico eligi&#243; no crear</strong></h2><p><strong>FONDOS SOBERANOS ENERG&#201;TICOS</strong></p><p>M&#233;xico gan&#243; aproximadamente $1.1 trillion USD (1.1 billones de d&#243;lares / un mill&#243;n 100 mil millones) en ingresos petroleros gubernamentales entre 1990 y 2024. Si hubiera ahorrado el 50% en un fondo soberano con rendimiento del 6.5% anual, ese fondo valdr&#237;a hoy aproximadamente <strong>$1.65 trillion USD (1.65 billones de d&#243;lares)</strong> &#8212; el segundo fondo soberano m&#225;s grande del mundo.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sF9r!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12ff268b-9f2a-4b8b-8bf4-d9f64070c5b8_900x524.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sF9r!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F12ff268b-9f2a-4b8b-8bf4-d9f64070c5b8_900x524.png 424w, 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/692230cd-136c-4ffa-9eb5-103b366cc9dc_900x362.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:362,&quot;width&quot;:900,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1305739,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/194096485?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F692230cd-136c-4ffa-9eb5-103b366cc9dc_900x362.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3lSr!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F692230cd-136c-4ffa-9eb5-103b366cc9dc_900x362.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3lSr!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F692230cd-136c-4ffa-9eb5-103b366cc9dc_900x362.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3lSr!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F692230cd-136c-4ffa-9eb5-103b366cc9dc_900x362.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!3lSr!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F692230cd-136c-4ffa-9eb5-103b366cc9dc_900x362.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;">Para una familia de 4: $50,800 d&#243;lares. Lo que M&#233;xico realmente ahorr&#243;: </p><div class="preformatted-block" data-component-name="PreformattedTextBlockToDOM"><label class="hide-text" contenteditable="false">Text within this block will maintain its original spacing when published</label><pre class="text"><strong>$8.50 por ciudadano.</strong></pre></div><p>El Fondo Mexicano del Petr&#243;leo fue legalmente dise&#241;ado para replicar el modelo noruego. Contiene un defecto arquitect&#243;nico fatal: el umbral de ahorro (ingresos petroleros superiores al 4.7% del PIB) nunca se ha activado. El <strong>99.5% de todos los fondos se transfirieron inmediatamente al gasto corriente federal.</strong></p><h3><strong>La iron&#237;a final</strong></h3><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>En mayo de 2025, el fondo soberano de Noruega <strong>desinvirti&#243; completamente de PEMEX</strong> (~$140 millones en tenencias), citando riesgos de corrupci&#243;n &#8220;inaceptablemente altos&#8221; entre 2004 y 2023. El mismo modelo que M&#233;xico no replic&#243; ahora se reh&#250;sa a invertir en la petrolera mexicana.</p></div><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Corrupci&#243;n documentada: los nombres y los hechos</strong></h2><p><strong>Carlos Romero Deschamps (1993&#8211;2019)</strong></p><p>Lider&#243; el sindicato de PEMEX por 26 a&#241;os consecutivos. 100,000 afiliados. Salario declarado: $1,800/mes. 11 familiares en la n&#243;mina de PEMEX. 12 investigaciones federales. <strong>Cero &#243;rdenes de aprehensi&#243;n.</strong> Muri&#243; en 2023 en completa impunidad.</p><p><strong>Pemexgate (2000)</strong></p><p>PEMEX transfiri&#243; Ps.1,600 millones al sindicato. Ps.500 millones en efectivo se desviaron para financiar la campa&#241;a presidencial del PRI. Multa hist&#243;rica de mil millones de pesos del IFE. Romero Deschamps obtuvo un amparo con un dep&#243;sito de Ps.10,000 (~$500 USD).</p><p><strong>Emilio Lozoya Austin (2012&#8211;2016)</strong></p><p>Director de PEMEX. Recibi&#243; &gt;$10 millones en sobornos de Odebrecht. Orquest&#243; la compra de Grupo Fertinal por $635 millones &#8212; una planta inactiva por 14 a&#241;os. P&#233;rdidas documentadas: &gt;$619 millones. Detenido en Espa&#241;a en 2020. Liberado a arresto domiciliario en 2024.</p><p><strong>Luz y Fuerza del Centro (2009)</strong></p><p>Calder&#243;n despleg&#243; 40,000 polic&#237;as federales para ocupar 103 instalaciones, despidiendo a 44,300 trabajadores. El sindicato (SME) hab&#237;a presidido p&#233;rdidas el&#233;ctricas del <strong>32%</strong> &#8212; vs. 11% en CFE y 4&#8211;5% est&#225;ndar internacional.</p><p><strong>Noruega desinvierte de PEMEX (2025)</strong></p><p>El fondo soberano m&#225;s grande del mundo vendi&#243; toda su posici&#243;n en PEMEX (~$140M), citando riesgos de corrupci&#243;n inaceptables. El modelo que M&#233;xico no replic&#243; ahora se reh&#250;sa a invertir en la petrolera mexicana.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>El costo que nadie quiere calcular</strong></h2><p>Cada a&#241;o que un ni&#241;o mexicano pas&#243; en un sistema educativo dise&#241;ado para proteger al sindicato fue un a&#241;o de capital humano perdido. Cada d&#233;cada que un emprendedor oper&#243; bajo reglas dise&#241;adas para proteger monopolios fue una d&#233;cada de innovaci&#243;n que nunca existi&#243;. Cada ciclo electoral donde el ciudadano tuvo que elegir al menos peor fue un ciclo donde el talento pol&#237;tico real fue excluido por dise&#241;o.</p><p>Esa distancia entre lo que M&#233;xico es y lo que podr&#237;a ser tiene un nombre t&#233;cnico: brecha de convergencia institucional. Pero tiene un nombre m&#225;s honesto: <strong>es el futuro que el sistema le debe a millones de mexicanos que nunca tuvieron la oportunidad de vivir en un pa&#237;s que funcionara a la altura de su propio talento.</strong></p><div><hr></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>M&#233;xico no necesita que lo salven.</strong></p><p>Necesita que lo dejen respirar los mismos partidos politicos que deberian estar focalizados en la vision de pais y el bienestar de los pr&#243;ximos 100 a&#241;os.</p><p><em>La convergencia institucional no es un favor que se le pide al sistema. Es una deuda que el sistema tiene con su propia gente.</em></p></div><blockquote><p><em>La Parte III girar&#225; el espejo hacia Estados Unidos y Canad&#225;. Porque un M&#233;xico de Nivel 1 no puede existir dentro de una Am&#233;rica del Norte que tolere el proteccionismo o la complacencia.</em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>NA77 &#183; ONE FUTURE. THREE NATIONS. &#183; na77.substack.com</strong></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[P. 1 de 3 — MÉXICO: El Vecino que Decidió Ignorar el Orden Global ]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#191;Por qu&#233; M&#233;xico no se transform&#243; teniendo todo a su favor?]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/p-1-de-3-mexico-el-vecino-que-decidio</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/p-1-de-3-mexico-el-vecino-que-decidio</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[The North American - 77]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 09 Apr 2026 13:03:11 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png" width="1456" height="827" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:827,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:99891,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/193609901?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mNwu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff6ed5287-ec77-422d-b366-61e2cfc4b558_2430x1380.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>En 1960, el PIB per c&#225;pita de <strong>M&#233;xico era cuatro veces mayor que el de Corea del Sur.</strong></p><p><strong>Cuatro veces.</strong></p><p><strong>M&#233;xico ten&#237;a petr&#243;leo. Ten&#237;a frontera directa con la econom&#237;a m&#225;s poderosa de la historia</strong>. Ten&#237;a d&#233;cadas de relaci&#243;n comercial con Estados Unidos. Ten&#237;a una posici&#243;n geogr&#225;fica que cualquier pa&#237;s del mundo habr&#237;a considerado una ventaja irrepetible.</p><p><strong>Corea del Sur no ten&#237;a nada de eso.</strong></p><p><strong>Corea del Sur</strong> sal&#237;a de una guerra civil devastadora. No ten&#237;a recursos naturales significativos. No ten&#237;a un vecino rico. No ten&#237;a acceso privilegiado a ning&#250;n mercado.</p><p>Hoy, el PIB per c&#225;pita de <strong>Corea del Sur</strong> es 3.3 veces el de <strong>M&#233;xico</strong>.</p><p><em><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; pas&#243;?</strong></em></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>La decisi&#243;n que defini&#243; el siglo</strong></h2><p>En julio de 1944, representantes de 44 naciones &#8212;<strong> incluyendo a M&#233;xico </strong>&#8212; se reunieron en <strong>Bretton Woods,</strong> New Hampshire.</p><p><strong>El objetivo:</strong> dise&#241;ar un sistema econ&#243;mico global que impidiera que otra guerra mundial fuera posible. De esa conferencia naci&#243; la arquitectura que definir&#237;a el siglo XX: </p><ul><li><p>el d&#243;lar como moneda de reserva</p></li><li><p>el Fondo Monetario Internacional</p></li><li><p>el Banco Mundial</p></li><li><p>y las bases del GATT.</p></li></ul><p>No era un sistema perfecto. Pero era un sistema con reglas. Y las reglas generan previsibilidad. Y la previsibilidad es el cimiento de toda inversi&#243;n y de todo progreso sostenido.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico</strong> estuvo ah&#237;. Su delegaci&#243;n, encabezada por el <strong>Secretario de Hacienda Eduardo Su&#225;rez </strong>y el economista <strong>V&#237;ctor Urquidi,</strong> particip&#243; activamente en las negociaciones que dieron origen al <strong>FMI y al Banco Mundial</strong>. M&#233;xico no fue un observador distante. Fue un actor presente &#8212; que eligi&#243; no hacer propio lo que ayud&#243; a dise&#241;ar.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>El M&#233;xico de los a&#241;os 40: una direcci&#243;n que ya apuntaba hacia adentro</strong></h2><p>Para entender por qu&#233; <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> tom&#243; un camino diferente, hay que regresar a la Revoluci&#243;n.</p><p>Despu&#233;s del <strong>Porfiriato</strong> &#8212; un per&#237;odo de crecimiento impulsado por inversi&#243;n extranjera pero con una concentraci&#243;n de riqueza que el pueblo mexicano rechaz&#243; profundamente &#8212; vino la <strong>Revoluci&#243;n Mexicana.</strong> Y la Revoluci&#243;n no fue solo un cambio de gobierno. Fue una redefinici&#243;n completa del modelo.</p><p>Un Estado fuerte. Control econ&#243;mico centralizado. Desconfianza institucionalizada hacia el capital externo. Estas no fueron decisiones accidentales &#8212; fueron respuestas pol&#237;ticas leg&#237;timas a d&#233;cadas de explotaci&#243;n.</p><p>El problema es que cuando el nuevo orden global se consolidaba en 1944, <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> ya hab&#237;a elegido su direcci&#243;n. Y esa direcci&#243;n apuntaba en sentido contrario a los <strong>Acuerdos de Bretton Woods</strong>.</p><p>En 1938, <strong>L&#225;zaro C&#225;rdenas</strong> nacionaliz&#243; el petr&#243;leo. Fue un acto de soberan&#237;a que todav&#237;a se celebra cada 18 de marzo. Pero tambi&#233;n fue una se&#241;al al mundo: <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>no iba a jugar con las reglas del sistema global. Iba a jugar con las propias.</p><p>Mientras <strong>Bretton Woods</strong> promov&#237;a apertura, competencia e integraci&#243;n, <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>avanzaba bajo una l&#243;gica distinta: protecci&#243;n, control y desarrollo estabilizador &#8212; el modelo pri&#237;sta de crecimiento gestionado desde el Estado. Un modelo que funcion&#243; durante ciertos per&#237;odos. Que produjo crecimiento. Que gener&#243; estabilidad. Pero que no construy&#243; las bases institucionales necesarias para sostener ese crecimiento, ni para distribuirlo de manera que beneficiara a la mayor&#237;a.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Mientras tanto, al otro lado del mundo</strong></h2><p><strong>Jap&#243;n,</strong> devastado por la guerra, tom&#243; una decisi&#243;n radical: alinear sus instituciones al sistema global. Invirti&#243; masivamente en educaci&#243;n. Abri&#243; su econom&#237;a al comercio. Fortaleci&#243; el estado de derecho para proteger la inversi&#243;n. Para 1980, era la segunda econom&#237;a del mundo.</p><p><strong>Alemania </strong>hizo lo mismo. De las ruinas literales surgi&#243; el <em><strong>Wirtschaftswunder</strong></em> &#8212; el milagro econ&#243;mico. No porque <strong>Alemania </strong>tuviera recursos naturales, sino porque <em>adopt&#243; las reglas del sistema: mercados abiertos, instituciones fuertes, educaci&#243;n universal, previsibilidad legal.</em></p><p>Y <strong>Corea del Sur</strong> &#8212; el caso m&#225;s devastador para la narrativa mexicana. En 1960, un pa&#237;s m&#225;s pobre que <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> por un factor de cuatro. <strong>Sin petr&#243;leo. Sin un vecino rico. Sin acceso geogr&#225;fico privilegiado. </strong>Pero con una decisi&#243;n clara: invertir en educaci&#243;n al nivel del primer mundo, abrir la econom&#237;a al comercio global, y construir instituciones que trascendieran gobiernos.</p><p>Para 1988, <strong>Corea del Sur hab&#237;a superado a M&#233;xico en PIB per c&#225;pita.</strong> Y nunca volvi&#243; a ver hacia atr&#225;s.</p><p>El costo de esa divergencia no requiere proyecciones imaginarias. Se mide con precisi&#243;n: en 1960,<strong> M&#233;xico </strong>era cuatro veces m&#225;s rico que <strong>Corea del Sur</strong>. Hoy, <strong>Corea del Sur genera 3.3 veces m&#225;s riqueza por persona que M&#233;xico.</strong> Ese cruce &#8212; de 4x arriba a 3.3x abajo &#8212; representa el costo acumulado de d&#233;cadas de decisiones.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Slkm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0cb5b3-7be0-4e67-a268-711f75102372_2501x1366.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Slkm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0cb5b3-7be0-4e67-a268-711f75102372_2501x1366.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Slkm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0cb5b3-7be0-4e67-a268-711f75102372_2501x1366.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Slkm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0cb5b3-7be0-4e67-a268-711f75102372_2501x1366.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Slkm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0cb5b3-7be0-4e67-a268-711f75102372_2501x1366.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Slkm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0cb5b3-7be0-4e67-a268-711f75102372_2501x1366.png" width="1456" height="795" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7b0cb5b3-7be0-4e67-a268-711f75102372_2501x1366.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:795,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:279334,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/193609901?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0cb5b3-7be0-4e67-a268-711f75102372_2501x1366.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Slkm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0cb5b3-7be0-4e67-a268-711f75102372_2501x1366.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Slkm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0cb5b3-7be0-4e67-a268-711f75102372_2501x1366.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Slkm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0cb5b3-7be0-4e67-a268-711f75102372_2501x1366.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!Slkm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b0cb5b3-7be0-4e67-a268-711f75102372_2501x1366.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Lo que M&#233;xico dej&#243; en la mesa</strong></h2><p>El costo de este camino no es te&#243;rico. Es medible.</p><p>Si <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>hubiera crecido al ritmo de <strong>Canad&#225; </strong>&#8212; no de <strong>Corea del Sur,</strong> solo al ritmo de su socio comercial del norte con quien comparte un tratado desde hace 30 a&#241;os &#8212; cada mexicano producir&#237;a <strong>$13,406 d&#243;lares al a&#241;o en lugar de $10,077.</strong> Si hubiera alcanzado el promedio de crecimiento de los pa&#237;ses de la OCDE, esa cifra ser&#237;a de <strong>$21,900 d&#243;lares</strong>.</p><p><strong>Multiplicado por 130 millones de personas</strong>, la brecha acumulada entre lo que <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>gener&#243; y lo que pudo haber generado al ritmo OCDE representa <strong>m&#225;s de $1.5 billones de d&#243;lares en riqueza no creada</strong>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jctu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe43b067a-d696-471d-8c12-5211f3cf92d8_2502x1366.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jctu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe43b067a-d696-471d-8c12-5211f3cf92d8_2502x1366.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jctu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe43b067a-d696-471d-8c12-5211f3cf92d8_2502x1366.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jctu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe43b067a-d696-471d-8c12-5211f3cf92d8_2502x1366.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jctu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe43b067a-d696-471d-8c12-5211f3cf92d8_2502x1366.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jctu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe43b067a-d696-471d-8c12-5211f3cf92d8_2502x1366.png" width="1456" height="795" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e43b067a-d696-471d-8c12-5211f3cf92d8_2502x1366.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:795,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:229581,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/193609901?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe43b067a-d696-471d-8c12-5211f3cf92d8_2502x1366.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jctu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe43b067a-d696-471d-8c12-5211f3cf92d8_2502x1366.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jctu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe43b067a-d696-471d-8c12-5211f3cf92d8_2502x1366.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jctu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe43b067a-d696-471d-8c12-5211f3cf92d8_2502x1366.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jctu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe43b067a-d696-471d-8c12-5211f3cf92d8_2502x1366.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Esto no son puntos porcentuales de PIB. <em><strong>Son generaciones enteras de mexicanos que no pudieron construir patrimonio. Que trabajaron en la informalidad porque el sistema no estaba dise&#241;ado para integrarlos. Que buscaron oportunidades afuera porque no las encontraron adentro.</strong></em></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>El espejismo del TLCAN</strong></h2><p>En 1994, <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> firm&#243; el <strong>Tratado de Libre Comercio de Am&#233;rica del Norte</strong>. Los mercados se abrieron. Las exportaciones se dispararon. La inversi&#243;n extranjera lleg&#243;.</p><p>Pero aqu&#237; est&#225; la trampa: <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> abri&#243; su comercio sin transformar su sistema.</p><p>El comercio se abri&#243;, pero la gobernanza no convergi&#243;. Los mercados se conectaron, pero el estado de derecho permaneci&#243; inconsistente. La democracia avanz&#243; formalmente, pero las instituciones siguieron siendo d&#233;biles. <em>M&#233;xico gan&#243; acceso al mercado m&#225;s grande del mundo. Pero el acceso sin alineaci&#243;n institucional es solo una puerta entreabierta.</em></p><p>El resultado se ve en un dato que pocos discuten abiertamente: <em>aproximadamente el 66% del valor de las exportaciones manufactureras de M&#233;xico es capturado por empresas extranjeras. Las maquiladoras &#8212; que representan el <strong>58% del PIB manufacturero &#8212; son en su mayor&#237;a propiedad de compa&#241;&#237;as estadounidenses.</strong></em></p><p><strong>M&#233;xico</strong> exporta m&#225;s de <strong>$600 mil millones de d&#243;lares al a&#241;o</strong>. Pero solo aproximadamente <strong>$200 mil millones de ese valor se queda en M&#233;xico.</strong></p><p>Esto no es integraci&#243;n. Es intermediaci&#243;n. <strong>M&#233;xico presta su geograf&#237;a y su mano de obra, pero no captura la riqueza.</strong> Es la diferencia entre ser parte del sistema y ser utilizado por el sistema.</p><p><strong>Corea del Sur </strong>tambi&#233;n comenz&#243; con manufactura b&#225;sica. Pero exigi&#243; transferencia tecnol&#243;gica, invirti&#243; en investigaci&#243;n y desarrollo, cre&#243; sus propias marcas globales &#8212; <strong>Samsung, Hyundai, LG </strong>&#8212; y t<strong>ransform&#243; a sus trabajadores de mano de obra barata en capital humano de primer nivel.</strong></p><p><strong>M&#233;xico cre&#243; maquiladoras. Corea del Sur cre&#243; Samsung.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>&#191;Por qu&#233; el PIB per c&#225;pita se estanc&#243;?</strong></h2><p>Los n&#250;meros cuentan la historia completa.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico invierte menos del 1%</strong> de su PIB en investigaci&#243;n y desarrollo. <strong>Corea del Sur invierte m&#225;s del 4.5% </strong>&#8212; el porcentaje m&#225;s alto del mundo.</p><p><strong>M&#225;s del 55% de la fuerza laboral mexicana opera en la informalidad, seg&#250;n el INEGI. </strong><em>Eso significa que la mayor&#237;a de los mexicanos trabajan sin acceso a cr&#233;dito, sin protecci&#243;n legal, sin seguridad social, sin la posibilidad real de construir patrimonio.</em></p><p><strong>El sistema educativo mexicano</strong> produce resultados consistentemente por debajo del promedio de la OCDE. No porque los mexicanos carezcan de talento. Sino porque el sistema no est&#225; dise&#241;ado para desarrollarlo.</p><p>Estos no son problemas de recursos. <strong>Son problemas de dise&#241;o institucional.</strong> Son el <em><strong>resultado acumulado de d&#233;cadas de decisiones que priorizaron el control sobre la competencia, la protecci&#243;n sobre la apertura, y la estabilidad pol&#237;tica de corto plazo sobre la transformaci&#243;n estructural de largo plazo.</strong></em></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>La pregunta que no es hist&#243;rica</strong></h2><p><strong>M&#233;xico</strong> nunca estuvo fuera del sistema global. Estuvo frente a &#233;l. Lo entendi&#243;. Se benefici&#243; parcialmente de &#233;l. Pero nunca tom&#243; la decisi&#243;n de hacerlo propio.</p><p>Esa es la historia de M&#233;xico en el orden global moderno: <strong>proximidad sin convergencia.</strong></p><p>La pregunta ya no es hist&#243;rica. La pregunta es: &#191;por qu&#233;, incluso despu&#233;s de firmar el <strong>TLCAN</strong>, incluso con acceso directo al mercado m&#225;s grande del mundo, M&#233;xico sigue sin dar el paso?</p><p>&#191;Qu&#233; fuerzas internas bloquearon la transformaci&#243;n? &#191;Qui&#233;n se benefici&#243; de que <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> no cambiara?</p><p>Esas preguntas, inc&#243;modas como son, las confrontamos en la Parte 2.</p><div><hr></div><h1><strong>ENGLISH VERSION</strong></h1><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Part 1 of 3 &#8212; MEXICO: The Neighbor that Chose to Ignore the Global Order</strong></h2><p><em>Why didn&#8217;t Mexico transform itself when it had every advantage?</em></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZOND!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ca0a3-2f71-4291-8650-905dfc4d81ac_2430x1380.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZOND!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ca0a3-2f71-4291-8650-905dfc4d81ac_2430x1380.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZOND!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ca0a3-2f71-4291-8650-905dfc4d81ac_2430x1380.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZOND!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ca0a3-2f71-4291-8650-905dfc4d81ac_2430x1380.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZOND!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ca0a3-2f71-4291-8650-905dfc4d81ac_2430x1380.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZOND!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ca0a3-2f71-4291-8650-905dfc4d81ac_2430x1380.png" width="1456" height="827" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cc4ca0a3-2f71-4291-8650-905dfc4d81ac_2430x1380.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:827,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:100971,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.northamerican77.com/i/193609901?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ca0a3-2f71-4291-8650-905dfc4d81ac_2430x1380.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZOND!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ca0a3-2f71-4291-8650-905dfc4d81ac_2430x1380.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZOND!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ca0a3-2f71-4291-8650-905dfc4d81ac_2430x1380.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZOND!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ca0a3-2f71-4291-8650-905dfc4d81ac_2430x1380.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZOND!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc4ca0a3-2f71-4291-8650-905dfc4d81ac_2430x1380.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p>In 1960, <strong>Mexico&#8217;s GDP per capita </strong>was four times that of<strong> South Korea.</strong></p><p><strong>Four times.</strong></p><p><strong>Mexico had oil</strong>.<strong> It shared a direct border with the most powerful economy in history.</strong> It had decades of established trade relations with the United States. It occupied a geographic position that any country in the world would have considered an unrepeatable advantage.</p><p><strong>South Korea had none of that.</strong></p><p><em><strong>South Korea was emerging from a devastating civil war. It had no significant natural resources. It had no wealthy neighbor. It had no privileged access to any major market.</strong></em></p><p><strong>Today, South Korea&#8217;s GDP per capita is 3.3 times that of Mexico.</strong></p><p>What happened?</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>The decision that defined a century</strong></h2><p>In <strong>July 1944</strong>, representatives from 44 nations &#8212;<strong> including Mexico </strong>&#8212; gathered in <strong>Bretton Woods, New Hampshire.</strong></p><p><strong>The objective: </strong>design a global economic system that would make another world war impossible. From that conference emerged the architecture that would define the 20th century: </p><ul><li><p>the dollar as the global reserve currency</p></li><li><p>the International Monetary Fund</p></li><li><p>the World Bank</p></li><li><p>and the foundations of what would become the GATT.</p></li></ul><p>It was not a perfect system. But it was a system with rules. And rules generate predictability. And predictability is the foundation of every investment and every form of sustained progress.</p><p><strong>Mexico was there.</strong> Its delegation, led by Finance Minister Eduardo Su&#225;rez and economist V&#237;ctor Urquidi, played an active role in the negotiations that gave rise to <strong>the IMF and the World Bank.</strong> <em><strong>Mexico was not a distant observer. It was a present actor &#8212; one that chose not to make its own what it had helped design.</strong></em></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Mexico in the 1940s: a direction already pointing inward</strong></h2><p>To understand why <strong>Mexico </strong>took a different path, you have to go back to the <strong>Revolution.</strong></p><p>After the <strong>Porfiriato </strong>&#8212; a period of economic growth driven by foreign investment, but with a concentration of wealth that the <strong>Mexican </strong>people deeply rejected &#8212; came the <strong>Mexican Revolution.</strong> And the Revolution was not simply a change of government. It was a complete redefinition of the model.</p><p>A strong state. Centralized economic control. Institutionalized distrust of external capital. These were not accidental decisions &#8212; they were legitimate political responses to decades of exploitation.</p><p>The problem is that by the time the new global order was consolidating in 1944, <strong>Mexico had already chosen its direction</strong>. And that direction pointed <strong>away from Bretton Woods.</strong></p><p><strong>In 1938, L&#225;zaro C&#225;rdenas nationalized the oil industry.</strong> It was an act of sovereignty <em>still celebrated every March 18th.</em>  But it was also a signal to the world: <em><strong>Mexico was not going to play by the rules of the global system. It was going to play by its own.</strong></em></p><p><em>While Bretton Woods promoted openness, competition, and integration, Mexico advanced under a different logic: protection, control, and state-managed growth </em>&#8212; the PRI&#8217;s model of stability from above.  A model that worked during certain periods. That produced growth. That generated stability. But one that did not build the institutional foundations necessary to sustain that growth, or to distribute it in a way that benefited the majority.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Meanwhile, on the other side of the world</strong></h2><p><strong>Japan, devastated by war, </strong>made a radical decision: align its institutions with the global system. It invested massively in education. It opened its economy to trade. It strengthened the rule of law to protect investment. <strong>By 1980, it was the second-largest economy in the world.</strong></p><p><strong>Germany </strong>did the same. From literal ruins emerged the <em><strong>Wirtschaftswunder</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; the economic miracle. Not because <strong>Germany </strong>had natural resources, but because it adopted the rules of the system: open markets, strong institutions, universal education, legal predictability.</p><p><strong>And South Korea </strong>&#8212; <em>the most devastating case for Mexico&#8217;s narrative.</em> <strong>In 1960, a country poorer than Mexico by a factor of four.</strong> <strong>No oil. No wealthy neighbor. No privileged geographic access.</strong> But one clear decision: <em>invest in education at first-world levels, open the economy to global trade, and build institutions that would outlast governments.</em></p><p><strong>By 1988, South Korea had surpassed Mexico in GDP per capita. And it never looked back.</strong></p><p>The cost of that divergence requires no imaginary projections. It is measurable: in 1960, <strong>Mexico was four times richer than South Korea. Today, South Korea generates 3.3 times more wealth per person than Mexico. That reversal &#8212; from 4x above to 3.3x below &#8212; represents the accumulated cost of decades of decisions.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9ww!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F168304b9-bf80-402f-b2c4-ceded265ab19_2501x1365.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9ww!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F168304b9-bf80-402f-b2c4-ceded265ab19_2501x1365.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9ww!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F168304b9-bf80-402f-b2c4-ceded265ab19_2501x1365.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9ww!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F168304b9-bf80-402f-b2c4-ceded265ab19_2501x1365.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9ww!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F168304b9-bf80-402f-b2c4-ceded265ab19_2501x1365.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9ww!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F168304b9-bf80-402f-b2c4-ceded265ab19_2501x1365.png" width="1456" height="795" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/168304b9-bf80-402f-b2c4-ceded265ab19_2501x1365.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:795,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:284913,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/193609901?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F168304b9-bf80-402f-b2c4-ceded265ab19_2501x1365.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9ww!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F168304b9-bf80-402f-b2c4-ceded265ab19_2501x1365.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9ww!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F168304b9-bf80-402f-b2c4-ceded265ab19_2501x1365.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9ww!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F168304b9-bf80-402f-b2c4-ceded265ab19_2501x1365.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!G9ww!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F168304b9-bf80-402f-b2c4-ceded265ab19_2501x1365.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2><strong>What Mexico left on the table</strong></h2><p>The cost of this path is measurable, not theoretical.</p><p><strong>If Mexico had grown at Canada&#8217;s rate </strong>&#8212; <strong>not South Korea&#8217;s</strong>, just its northern trading partner&#8217;s, with whom it has shared a trade agreement for 30 years &#8212; <strong>each Mexican would produce $13,406 per year instead of $10,077.</strong> At the OECD average growth rate, that figure would be <strong>$21,900</strong>.</p><p>Multiplied across 130 million people, the accumulated gap between what <strong>Mexico </strong>generated and what it could have generated at OECD rates represents <strong>more than $1.5 trillion dollars in wealth not created</strong>.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LiNX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9eba2680-938b-453e-b015-a362e4b07029_2502x1365.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LiNX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9eba2680-938b-453e-b015-a362e4b07029_2502x1365.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LiNX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9eba2680-938b-453e-b015-a362e4b07029_2502x1365.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LiNX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9eba2680-938b-453e-b015-a362e4b07029_2502x1365.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LiNX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9eba2680-938b-453e-b015-a362e4b07029_2502x1365.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LiNX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9eba2680-938b-453e-b015-a362e4b07029_2502x1365.png" width="1456" height="794" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9eba2680-938b-453e-b015-a362e4b07029_2502x1365.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:794,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:234199,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/193609901?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9eba2680-938b-453e-b015-a362e4b07029_2502x1365.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LiNX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9eba2680-938b-453e-b015-a362e4b07029_2502x1365.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LiNX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9eba2680-938b-453e-b015-a362e4b07029_2502x1365.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LiNX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9eba2680-938b-453e-b015-a362e4b07029_2502x1365.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LiNX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9eba2680-938b-453e-b015-a362e4b07029_2502x1365.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>These are not GDP percentage points. <strong>They are entire generations of Mexicans who could not build lasting wealth. </strong>Who worked in informality because the system was not designed to integrate them. Who sought opportunity abroad because they could not find it at home.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>The NAFTA mirage</strong></h2><p>In 1994, <strong>Mexico signed the North American Free Trade Agreement</strong>. Markets opened. Exports surged. Foreign investment arrived.</p><p><strong>But here is the trap: </strong>Mexico opened its trade without transforming its system.</p><p><strong>Trade opened, but governance did not converge. </strong>Markets connected, <strong>but the rule of law remained inconsistent.</strong> Democracy advanced formally, <strong>but institutions stayed weak.</strong> Mexico gained access to the largest market in the world. <strong>But access without institutional alignment is nothing more than a half-open door.</strong></p><p>The result shows in a figure that few discuss openly: approximately 66% of the value of Mexico&#8217;s manufactured exports is captured by foreign companies. The maquiladoras &#8212; representing <strong>58% of manufacturing GDP &#8212; are majority-owned by American companies.</strong></p><p><em>Mexico exports more than $600 billion dollars per year. But only approximately $200 billion of that value stays in Mexico.</em></p><p>This is not integration. It is intermediation. Mexico lends its geography and its labor, but does not capture the wealth. It is the difference between being part of the system and being used by the system.</p><p><strong>South Korea</strong> also started with basic manufacturing. But it demanded technology transfer, invested in research and development, created its own global brands &#8212; <strong>Samsung, Hyundai, LG </strong>&#8212; and transformed its workers from cheap labor into world-class human capital.</p><p><strong>Mexico created maquiladoras. South Korea created Samsung.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>Why has GDP per capita stagnated?</strong></h2><p>The numbers tell the full story.</p><p><strong>Mexico invests less than 1% of its GDP in research and development. South Korea invests more than 4.5%</strong> &#8212; the highest percentage in the world.</p><p><strong>More than 55% of Mexico&#8217;s labor force operates in the informal economy</strong>, according to INEGI. That means the <em>majority of Mexicans work without access to credit, without legal protection, without social security, without any real possibility of building lasting wealth.</em></p><p><strong>Mexico&#8217;s education system</strong> produces results consistently below the OECD average. Not because Mexicans lack talent. But because the system is not designed to develop it.</p><p>These are not problems of resources. They are problems of institutional design. They are the accumulated result of decades of decisions that prioritized control over competition, protection over openness, and short-term political stability over long-term structural transformation.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>The question that is no longer historical</strong></h2><p><strong>Mexico</strong> was never outside the global system. It stood in front of it. It understood it. It partially benefited from it. But it never made the decision to fully adopt it as its own.</p><p>That is Mexico&#8217;s story in the modern global order: <strong>proximity without convergence.</strong></p><p>The question is no longer historical. The question is: <em>why, even after signing NAFTA, even with direct access to the largest market in the world, has Mexico still not taken the step?</em></p><p>What internal forces blocked the transformation? Who benefited from Mexico not changing?</p><p>Those questions, uncomfortable as they are, we confront in Part 2.</p><p><strong>And the answer is going to make more than a few people uncomfortable.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D0gp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf1b243e-08b2-4b11-a845-ebbc88c9cbe9_2816x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D0gp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf1b243e-08b2-4b11-a845-ebbc88c9cbe9_2816x1536.jpeg 424w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D0gp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf1b243e-08b2-4b11-a845-ebbc88c9cbe9_2816x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D0gp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf1b243e-08b2-4b11-a845-ebbc88c9cbe9_2816x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D0gp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf1b243e-08b2-4b11-a845-ebbc88c9cbe9_2816x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!D0gp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf1b243e-08b2-4b11-a845-ebbc88c9cbe9_2816x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" 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Subscribe for free to receive new posts and support our work.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/p-1-de-3-mexico-el-vecino-que-decidio?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/p-1-de-3-mexico-el-vecino-que-decidio?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/p-1-de-3-mexico-el-vecino-que-decidio/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/p-1-de-3-mexico-el-vecino-que-decidio/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div class="directMessage button" data-attrs="{&quot;userId&quot;:10412422,&quot;userName&quot;:&quot;Eduardo Joffroy G.&quot;,&quot;canDm&quot;:null,&quot;dmUpgradeOptions&quot;:null,&quot;isEditorNode&quot;:true}" data-component-name="DirectMessageToDOM"></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[MÉXICO: El Vecino que Decidió Ignorar el Orden Global (English version below)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Una serie en 3 partes sobre el pa&#237;s que pudo haber sido&#8230; y el que todav&#237;a puede ser]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-el-pais-que-nunca-entendio</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-el-pais-que-nunca-entendio</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[The North American - 77]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2026 15:01:06 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/84730d49-c699-4d3a-94b2-cdb707623b42_2528x1696.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_xOI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_xOI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_xOI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_xOI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_xOI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_xOI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2615304,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/193022424?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_xOI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_xOI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_xOI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_xOI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd25ec6c2-f38e-4ad0-80c7-7e4c504699f1_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>M&#233;xico</strong> ha tenido durante m&#225;s de siete d&#233;cadas (desde 1950) una ventaja que pr&#225;cticamente ning&#250;n otro pa&#237;s en el mundo ha tenido &#8212;con excepci&#243;n de <strong>Canad&#225;</strong>&#8212;: ser vecino directo del <em>sistema econ&#243;mico y pol&#237;tico m&#225;s poderoso y exitoso de la historia moderna.</em></p><p>Lo vimos formarse, lo vimos madurar y lo vimos reinventarse. No como observadores lejanos, sino desde dentro de su din&#225;mica. Vivimos su crecimiento, nos beneficiamos de su expansi&#243;n y fuimos testigos directos de c&#243;mo construy&#243; instituciones, mercados y poder.</p><p>Y aun as&#237;, decidimos no adoptarlo.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg" width="1280" height="853" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Esta no es una cr&#237;tica c&#243;moda. Es una conversaci&#243;n inc&#243;moda que <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> ha evitado por demasiado tiempo. Porque la realidad es clara: <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> no est&#225; donde est&#225; por falta de talento, ni por falta de recursos, ni por falta de oportunidad. <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>est&#225; donde est&#225; porque decidi&#243; jugar su propio juego, en lugar de integrarse plenamente al sistema que dio luz al orden global liderado por su vecino m&#225;s cercano.</p><p>Durante a&#241;os, adoptamos la cultura <strong>americana</strong>, consumimos sus marcas y, quienes tuvimos acceso, aprovechamos sus instituciones educativas. Pero nunca construimos las instituciones necesarias para que <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> pudiera pertenecer al grupo de aliados estrat&#233;gicos de ese sistema. Nos conformamos con ser un participante perif&#233;rico, un pa&#237;s que compite por debajo de su verdadero potencial.</p><p><em><strong>M&#233;xico nunca decidi&#243; alinearse plenamente al sistema que ha definido el orden global moderno.</strong> </em>Un sistema imperfecto, s&#237;, pero que ha demostrado funcionar bajo principios claros: <em>libertad individual como base, educaci&#243;n como motor de movilidad, estado de derecho como garant&#237;a universal, aplicaci&#243;n de la ley sin excepci&#243;n, democracia funcional, balance de poderes, instituciones que trascienden gobiernos,  y una estrategia econ&#243;mica orientada a fortalecer la iniciativa privada, incentivos a la innovaci&#243;n, el desarrollo e impulso de largo plazo, y un comercio global seguro y justo bajo un sistema que funciona.</em></p><p>Mientras pa&#237;ses como <strong>Canad&#225;, Reino Unido, Alemania, Francia, Jap&#243;n, Corea del Sur, Singapur o Israel </strong>entendieron ese sistema y lo ejecutaron con gran &#233;xito, <em><strong>M&#233;xico decidi&#243; operar bajo su propia l&#243;gica</strong></em>. Un modelo que, con el tiempo, ha compartido caracter&#237;sticas con econom&#237;as que han limitado su desarrollo por decisiones internas m&#225;s que por falta de capacidad.</p><p>El costo de ese camino no es te&#243;rico. Es generacional. Millones de mexicanos han tenido que buscar oportunidades fuera del pa&#237;s porque no encontraron dentro de <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>un sistema que les permitiera crecer y sobre todo asegurar dignidad a sus familias.</p><p>Hoy, el contexto global cambi&#243;.</p><p>El orden posterior a la <strong>Segunda Guerra Mundial </strong>ya no es incuestionable. <strong>China </strong>compite abiertamente por influencia econ&#243;mica y geopol&#237;tica. <strong>Estados Unidos </strong>enfrenta nuevos retos, nuevas prioridades y un evidente cansancio frente a un sistema internacional que ha sostenido por d&#233;cadas.</p><p>Durante mucho tiempo, <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> oper&#243; bajo la premisa de que pod&#237;a mantenerse al margen, benefici&#225;ndose del sistema sin alinearse completamente a &#233;l. Ese tiempo termin&#243;.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico</strong> ya no puede ignorar una realidad fundamental: forma parte de un sistema m&#225;s grande que el suyo &#8212;el sistema <strong>Norte Americano</strong>&#8212;. Un sistema donde la estabilidad, la seguridad y la protecci&#243;n estrat&#233;gica han sido, en gran medida, garantizadas por <strong>Estados Unidos</strong>.</p><p>Pero esa garant&#237;a no es autom&#225;tica, ni permanente, ni incondicional.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico</strong> enfrenta una decisi&#243;n clara: alinear sus instituciones, su sistema econ&#243;mico y su visi&#243;n de pa&#237;s con ese bloque, o enfrentar las consecuencias de seguir operando bajo una l&#243;gica incompatible con el entorno en el que est&#225; inserto.</p><p>Por eso <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> nunca ha sido realmente un aliado estrat&#233;gico de Estados Unidos. Ha sido un socio conveniente, pero no confiable a nivel estructural.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico </strong>no necesita m&#225;s diagn&#243;sticos. Los ha tenido por d&#233;cadas. Lo que ha faltado es ejecuci&#243;n: empoderar a su gente a trav&#233;s de educaci&#243;n real y tomar decisiones de Estado que alineen al pa&#237;s con principios institucionales que han probado generar prosperidad.</p><p>Siempre entendimos el sistema que ten&#237;amos enfrente. Lo que nunca hicimos fue adoptarlo como propio.</p><p>La pregunta ya no es si <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>puede cambiar.</p><p>La pregunta es si <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>est&#225; dispuesto a hacerlo antes de que el entorno lo obligue&#8230; o lo deje atr&#225;s.</p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: center;"><em>Final versi&#243;n Espa&#241;ol - Start of English version</em></p><div><hr></div><h1><strong>MEXICO: The Neighbor that Chose to Ignore the Global Order</strong></h1><h3><em><strong>A three-part series on the country that could have been&#8230; and the one it still can become</strong></em></h3><div><hr></div><p>For more than seven decades (since the 1950s),<strong> Mexico </strong>has had an advantage that almost no other country in the world has had &#8212;with the exception of <strong>Canada</strong>&#8212; direct proximity to the <em>most powerful and successful economic and political system in modern history.</em></p><p>We watched it form, we watched it mature, and we watched it reinvent itself. Not as distant observers, but from within its sphere of influence. We experienced its growth, benefited from its expansion, and witnessed firsthand how it built institutions, markets, and power.</p><p>And yet, we chose not to adopt it.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg" width="1280" height="853" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:853,&quot;width&quot;:1280,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:97242,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/193022424?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cwZ3!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf7ba263-01ae-4f95-8170-f8343903f8a4_1280x853.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>This is not a comfortable critique. It is an uncomfortable conversation that <strong>Mexico</strong> has avoided for far too long. Because the reality is clear: <strong>Mexico</strong> is not where it is today due to a lack of talent, resources, or opportunity. Mexico is where it is because it chose to play its own game, rather than fully integrate into the global order led by its closest neighbor.</p><p>For years, we adopted <strong>American</strong> culture, consumed its brands, and those with access benefited from its educational institutions. But we never built the institutions necessary for <strong>Mexico </strong>to truly belong to that system&#8217;s inner circle of strategic allies. We settled for being a peripheral participant &#8212;a country competing below its true potential.</p><p><em><strong>Mexico never made the decision to align with the new world order system.</strong></em> An imperfect system, yes &#8212;but one that has proven to work under clear principles: individual freedom as a foundation, education as a driver of mobility, rule of law as a universal guarantee, consistent enforcement, functional democracy, real balance of powers, institutions that outlast governments, and an economic strategy built to strengthen private enterprise, to incentivize innovation, long-term development and secure &amp; fair global trade through a reliable system.</p><p>While countries like <strong>Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, and Israel</strong> understood this system and executed within it,<em><strong> Mexico chose to operate under its own logic.</strong></em> A model that, over time, has shared characteristics with economies that have limited their own development not due to lack of capability, but due to internal decisions.</p><p>The cost of this path is not theoretical. It is generational. Millions of <strong>Mexicans </strong>have had to seek opportunities abroad because they could not find within <strong>Mexico</strong> a system that allowed them to grow and to live with dignity.</p><p>Today, the global context has changed.</p><p>The post&#8211;World War II order is no longer unquestioned. China is openly competing against the US for global economic and geopolitical influence. The United States is facing new challenges, new priorities, and a visible fatigue with the global system it has sustained for decades.</p><p>For a long time, <strong>Mexico</strong> operated under the assumption that it could remain on the margins &#8212;benefiting from the system without fully aligning to it. That time is over.</p><p><strong>Mexico</strong> can no longer ignore a fundamental reality: it is part of a larger system &#8212;the <strong>North American</strong> system. One where stability, security, and strategic protection have been, to a large extent, guaranteed by the <strong>United States of America</strong>.</p><p>But that guarantee is not automatic. Nor permanent. And certainly not unconditional.</p><p><strong>Mexico </strong>faces a clear decision: align its institutions, its economic system, and its long-term vision with that bloc &#8212;or face the consequences of continuing to operate under a model that is incompatible with the environment it is part of.</p><p>This is precisely why <strong>Mexico </strong>has never been a strategic ally of the <strong>United States</strong>. It has been a convenient partner, but not a structurally reliable one.</p><p><strong>Mexico </strong>does not need more diagnostics. It has had them for decades. What has been missing is a statewide decision and nationwide execution: empowering its people through real education, maximizing opportunities, ensuring nationwide security and making state-level decisions that align the country with institutional principles that have consistently generated prosperity in other nations and most notably, in the United States.</p><p>We have always understood the system in front of us.</p><p>What we never did was adopt it as our own.</p><p>The question is no longer whether <strong>Mexico</strong> can change.</p><p>The question is whether <strong>Mexico</strong> is willing to do so before the environment forces it&#8230; or leaves it behind.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b3Ut!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c7e6d24-ab6c-4b8b-9497-ebfef2512f7c_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b3Ut!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c7e6d24-ab6c-4b8b-9497-ebfef2512f7c_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b3Ut!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c7e6d24-ab6c-4b8b-9497-ebfef2512f7c_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b3Ut!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9c7e6d24-ab6c-4b8b-9497-ebfef2512f7c_1536x1024.png 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This post is public so feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-el-pais-que-nunca-entendio?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-el-pais-que-nunca-entendio?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Near & Shored - Visión Mexico 2040]]></title><description><![CDATA[Por qu&#233; ser la f&#225;brica de Norteam&#233;rica no es suficiente &#8212; y por qu&#233; M&#233;xico est&#225; listo para dar el siguiente paso]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/near-and-shored</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/near-and-shored</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[The North American - 77]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 26 Mar 2026 13:03:22 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gwW0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57884b93-4dbc-4bcd-9c97-e9a66fe0489b_1024x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>En 2006 co-desarroll&#233; un centro comercial en Nogales, Sonora (Galeria Norte). Mi instinto inicial fue buscar marcas internacionales para ocupar los espacios &#8212;<em><strong>Office Depot, Starbucks, Subway, Dairy Queen</strong></em> y muchas mas marcas no Mexicanas. Pensaba que eso le dar&#237;a mayor solidez e imagen al proyecto.</p><p>As&#237; piensa mucha gente. As&#237; pensaba yo.</p><p>Pero en el proceso fui cambiando mi forma de pensar <em>(AM)</em>; conoc&#237; a decenas de empresarios y emprendedores mexicanos con hambre real. Muchos ya hab&#237;an probado su modelo. Otros ven&#237;an empezando.</p><p>No todos encajaban en lo que busc&#225;bamos, pero muchos ten&#237;an algo m&#225;s importante: <em><strong>fe, capacidad y hambre</strong></em></p><p>Galeria Norte termin&#243; comercializada en su mayor&#237;a con marcas y operadores mexicanos. Y funcion&#243; muy bien.</p><p>Esa experiencia me dej&#243; dos cosas: una lecci&#243;n y una incomodidad.</p><p><strong>La lecci&#243;n:</strong> en M&#233;xico hay mucho m&#225;s de lo que creemos. Lo que hace falta no es talento. Hace falta verlo, y darle oportunidad.</p><p><strong>La incomodidad:</strong> siguen siendo escasas las empresas mexicanas que exportan, escalan y compiten globalmente.</p><p>Eso me sigue pesando.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cPqm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f08b8c-792b-4746-8117-18ce14617cc0_2560x1181.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cPqm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f08b8c-792b-4746-8117-18ce14617cc0_2560x1181.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cPqm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f08b8c-792b-4746-8117-18ce14617cc0_2560x1181.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cPqm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f08b8c-792b-4746-8117-18ce14617cc0_2560x1181.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cPqm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f08b8c-792b-4746-8117-18ce14617cc0_2560x1181.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cPqm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f08b8c-792b-4746-8117-18ce14617cc0_2560x1181.jpeg" width="1456" height="672" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cPqm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f08b8c-792b-4746-8117-18ce14617cc0_2560x1181.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cPqm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f08b8c-792b-4746-8117-18ce14617cc0_2560x1181.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cPqm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f08b8c-792b-4746-8117-18ce14617cc0_2560x1181.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cPqm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F77f08b8c-792b-4746-8117-18ce14617cc0_2560x1181.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h6 style="text-align: center;"><em>Imagen de Galeria Norte en Nogales, Sonora</em></h6><p></p><p>Haz una pausa donde est&#225;s y ve a tu alrededor.</p><p>El tel&#233;fono en tu mano. La ropa que traes puesta. Los muebles de tu casa. Tu auto. El refrigerador en tu cocina.</p><p><strong>&#191;Cu&#225;ntos de esos productos son mexicanos?</strong></p><p>Yo me hice esa pregunta hace a&#241;os, y no me gust&#243; la respuesta.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico</strong> &#8212;uno de los pa&#237;ses con m&#225;s tratados comerciales del mundo, con d&#233;cadas de manufactura de clase mundial y con talento altamente capaz y trabajador en todos lados&#8212; sigue viviendo rodeado de marcas que no son suyas.</p><p>No lo digo con resentimiento. Lo digo como observaci&#243;n. Y como reto.</p><h1>Monterrey me ense&#241;&#243; a qu&#233; aspirar</h1><p>Llegu&#233; al Tec de Monterrey en 1995 y me encontr&#233; con algo que no esperaba: un lugar donde se concentraban muchas de las empresas m&#225;s grandes de Mexico compitiendo a nivel global:</p><p><strong>Alfa. Cemex. FEMSA. Vitro. DeAcero. Frisa. Metalsa. </strong>Por nombrar algunas.</p><p>Para mi fue un mensaje que me marc&#243; para siempre.  En M&#233;xico s&#237; pueden construir empresas de clase mundial. Empresas que no solo fabrican, sino que dise&#241;an, innovan y exportan.</p><p>Los regiomontanos lo lograron y asi mismo muchas otras ciudades lo han logrado. Sin embargo no es suficiente para transformar nuestra econom&#237;a.</p><p>La pregunta es por qu&#233; no lo estamos haciendo m&#225;s veces.</p><h3><strong>&#191;Qui&#233;n exporta realmente en M&#233;xico?</strong></h3><p><em>(Cifras est. 2025 - Origen del Capital)</em></p><ul><li><p>&#127482;&#127480;&#127464;&#127462;&#127465;&#127466;&#127471;&#127477;&#127472;&#127479; <strong>Empresas Transnacionales (82%)</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>(GM, Nissan, Samsung, Foxconn)</em></p></li><li><p>Son due&#241;as de la marca, la tecnolog&#237;a y el dise&#241;o. M&#233;xico pone el ensamble y la log&#237;stica.</p></li></ul></li><li><p>&#127474;&#127485; <strong>Empresas de Origen Mexicano (15%)</strong></p><ul><li><p><em>(Bimbo, Gruma, Metalsa, Vitro, Nemak, Cemex&#8230;)</em></p></li><li><p>Nuestras &#8220;Multilatinas&#8221;. El capital y las decisiones clave se quedan en casa.</p></li></ul></li><li><p>&#127474;&#127485; <strong>PyMEs y Nichos (3%)</strong></p><ul><li><p>Artisanal, agro de exportaci&#243;n especializado, software.</p></li></ul></li></ul><blockquote><p><em>M&#233;xico es un campe&#243;n global de manufactura, pero todav&#237;a le pertenece a otros. El reto sigue siendo desarrollar marcas y tecnolog&#237;a 100% mexicanas que puedan competir afuera</em></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LH31!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16e4d36-4069-4a07-9f7a-f4a6d7ebe4b6_2816x1536.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LH31!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16e4d36-4069-4a07-9f7a-f4a6d7ebe4b6_2816x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LH31!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16e4d36-4069-4a07-9f7a-f4a6d7ebe4b6_2816x1536.png 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data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e16e4d36-4069-4a07-9f7a-f4a6d7ebe4b6_2816x1536.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:794,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:6790355,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/192154852?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16e4d36-4069-4a07-9f7a-f4a6d7ebe4b6_2816x1536.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LH31!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16e4d36-4069-4a07-9f7a-f4a6d7ebe4b6_2816x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LH31!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16e4d36-4069-4a07-9f7a-f4a6d7ebe4b6_2816x1536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LH31!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16e4d36-4069-4a07-9f7a-f4a6d7ebe4b6_2816x1536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!LH31!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe16e4d36-4069-4a07-9f7a-f4a6d7ebe4b6_2816x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><h1>El consejo de mi tio Willy Joffroy</h1><p>Mi t&#237;o Willy, tercera generaci&#243;n de <strong>Joffroy Global</strong>, construy&#243; un US Customs Brokerage Co que eventualmente fue adquirida por UPS. Es un gran ser humano, gran l&#237;der y ha sido mi mentor por muchos a&#241;os.</p><p>Y, hay una frase que me repite constantemente:</p><blockquote><p>Nunca olvides hacer la pregunta m&#225;s simple.</p></blockquote><p>Porque ah&#237; suelen estar las mejores oportunidades.</p><p>La pregunta es esta: <strong>&#191;Qu&#233; necesitas?</strong></p><p>As&#237; de simple. As&#237; de poderoso.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sgmA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ac28852-e306-4ff5-8eda-2f385d997483_3846x2391.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sgmA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ac28852-e306-4ff5-8eda-2f385d997483_3846x2391.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sgmA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ac28852-e306-4ff5-8eda-2f385d997483_3846x2391.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sgmA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ac28852-e306-4ff5-8eda-2f385d997483_3846x2391.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sgmA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ac28852-e306-4ff5-8eda-2f385d997483_3846x2391.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sgmA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ac28852-e306-4ff5-8eda-2f385d997483_3846x2391.jpeg" width="3846" height="2391" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/9ac28852-e306-4ff5-8eda-2f385d997483_3846x2391.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:2391,&quot;width&quot;:3846,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1562134,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/192154852?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72e2efbb-6894-4b2d-9835-efe1fae55dbb_5712x4284.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sgmA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ac28852-e306-4ff5-8eda-2f385d997483_3846x2391.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sgmA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ac28852-e306-4ff5-8eda-2f385d997483_3846x2391.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sgmA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ac28852-e306-4ff5-8eda-2f385d997483_3846x2391.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!sgmA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ac28852-e306-4ff5-8eda-2f385d997483_3846x2391.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h6 style="text-align: center;"><em>Willy Joffroy &amp; Eddie Joffroy - Enero 2026</em></h6><p></p><h1>La oportunidad que est&#225; frente a nosotros</h1><p>El nearshoring ya no es promesa. Es concreto, acero y contratos firmados.</p><p><em><strong>Monterrey, Saltillo, Quer&#233;taro, Chihuahua, Tijuana</strong></em>: gr&#250;as, parques industriales llen&#225;ndose, empresas globales instal&#225;ndose.</p><p>Pero hay una verdad inc&#243;moda debajo de esas gr&#250;as:</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico </strong>est&#225; ganando inversi&#243;n, pero no necesariamente captura de valor.</p><p>La geograf&#237;a es una ventaja. Pero no es una estrategia.</p><p>Mientras el PIB per c&#225;pita de M&#233;xico ronda los 14 mil d&#243;lares, el de Estados Unidos supera los 85 mil y Canad&#225; los 54 mil. La diferencia no es talento. No es esfuerzo. Es dise&#241;o econ&#243;mico.</p><p>Ellos venden lo que inventan. Nosotros fabricamos lo que otros dise&#241;aron.</p><p>En 2023, M&#233;xico export&#243; m&#225;s de 650 mil millones de d&#243;lares. <strong><a href="https://expansion.mx/economia/2026/01/27/exportaciones-mexicanas-rompen-record-2025#:~:text=De%20acuerdo%20con%20cifras%20del%20Inegi%2C%20el,de%207.6%25.%20You%20have%20entered%20page%201.">Expansion</a></strong> </p><p>Pero gran parte del valor agregado m&#225;s alto &#8212;utilidades, marcas, patentes, software, dise&#241;o&#8212; sigue concentr&#225;ndose fuera del pa&#237;s.</p><p>Participamos en la manufactura. No dominamos la propiedad. Estamos en la cadena, pero no controlamos los eslabones m&#225;s rentables.</p><p>Esto importa por una raz&#243;n muy simple: <em><strong>En M&#233;xico quedan las cifras pero no la riqueza.</strong></em></p><p>Los pa&#237;ses que dise&#241;an, producen y exportan lo que crean capturan mucho m&#225;s valor. Ese valor se traduce en mayor PIB y, sobre todo, en mayor ingreso por persona. Mientras m&#225;s invirtamos en M&#233;xico para producir soluciones propias, m&#225;s riqueza se queda aqu&#237;.</p><p>Y el riesgo real no es que la inversi&#243;n desaparezca. Es quedarnos atrapados en el eslab&#243;n m&#225;s reemplazable: el ensamblaje.</p><p><strong>Corea del Sur </strong>entendi&#243; esto hace d&#233;cadas. Pas&#243; de maquilar textiles a construir <strong>Samsung y Hyundai </strong><em>($1 Trillion USD).</em><strong> </strong>Hoy invierte cerca del 4.9% de su PIB en investigaci&#243;n y desarrollo. M&#233;xico invierte alrededor del 0.3%.</p><p>Esa brecha no es estad&#237;stica. Es estructural.</p><div class="preformatted-block" data-component-name="PreformattedTextBlockToDOM"><label class="hide-text" contenteditable="false">Text within this block will maintain its original spacing when published</label><pre class="text"><em>Hist&#243;ricamente, la inversi&#243;n de M&#233;xico en <strong>Investigaci&#243;n y Desarrollo (I+D)</strong> ha sido una de las m&#225;s bajas entre los pa&#237;ses de la OCDE, y la tendencia para <strong>2025 y 2026</strong> muestra un panorama de estancamiento con ligeros ajustes.</em></pre></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!piC7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5ab8387-13ee-4b8e-aaa5-3f23d9e02973_1536x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!piC7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5ab8387-13ee-4b8e-aaa5-3f23d9e02973_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!piC7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5ab8387-13ee-4b8e-aaa5-3f23d9e02973_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!piC7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5ab8387-13ee-4b8e-aaa5-3f23d9e02973_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!piC7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5ab8387-13ee-4b8e-aaa5-3f23d9e02973_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!piC7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5ab8387-13ee-4b8e-aaa5-3f23d9e02973_1536x1024.png" width="1456" height="971" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d5ab8387-13ee-4b8e-aaa5-3f23d9e02973_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:971,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2017118,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/192154852?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5ab8387-13ee-4b8e-aaa5-3f23d9e02973_1536x1024.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!piC7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5ab8387-13ee-4b8e-aaa5-3f23d9e02973_1536x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!piC7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5ab8387-13ee-4b8e-aaa5-3f23d9e02973_1536x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!piC7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5ab8387-13ee-4b8e-aaa5-3f23d9e02973_1536x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!piC7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd5ab8387-13ee-4b8e-aaa5-3f23d9e02973_1536x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h1>La oportunidad invisible: el contenido regional</h1><p>Aqu&#237; es donde el debate se vuelve estrat&#233;gico.</p><p>El T-MEC no es solo un tratado comercial. Es una arquitectura productiva. En el sector automotriz, exige niveles superiores al <strong>70% de contenido norteamericano.</strong></p><p>Pero muchas plantas en <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>siguen importando componentes sofisticados porque no encuentran proveedores regionales con capacidad t&#233;cnica suficiente. Durante d&#233;cadas, gran parte de esa capacidad se desplaz&#243; hacia Asia. </p><p><em><strong>Eso hoy es una vulnerabilidad &#8212;y tambi&#233;n una oportunidad enorme.</strong></em></p><p>Cada componente que hoy se importa y ma&#241;ana se fabrica con ingenier&#237;a mexicana es valor que se queda aqu&#237;.</p><p>No se trata solo de armar. Se trata de dise&#241;ar, desarrollar, controlar. Ah&#237; se captura el margen.</p><p><strong>Un ejemplo: </strong><em>Rassini, empresa mexicana del sector automotriz, pas&#243; de fabricar resortes de suspensi&#243;n a convertirse en proveedor global de sistemas de chasis para GM, Ford y Stellantis. Hoy opera en cuatro pa&#237;ses y exporta tecnolog&#237;a de ingenier&#237;a propia. Eso es lo que se ve cuando una empresa decide moverse del ensamblaje al dise&#241;o.</em></p><p>Y aqu&#237; es donde vuelve la pregunta simple: ir a las plantas, a los parques industriales, a las maquilas, y preguntar:</p><p><em><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; est&#225;s comprando fuera que podr&#237;as comprar aqu&#237; si existiera un proveedor mexicano con capacidad?</strong></em></p><p>Esa pregunta puede abrir un mercado entero.</p><p></p><h1>De "Made in Mexico" a "Created in Mexico"</h1><p>La pregunta equivocada es: <em><strong>&#191;c&#243;mo atraemos m&#225;s f&#225;bricas?</strong></em></p><p>La correcta es: <em><strong>&#191;c&#243;mo construimos empresas mexicanas que abastezcan a esas f&#225;bricas con tecnolog&#237;a y propiedad propia?</strong></em></p><p>No se trata solo de manufactura. Se trata de propiedad.</p><p><strong>Jap&#243;n, Corea, China, India.</strong> Todos empezaron produciendo. La diferencia es que avanzaron hacia dise&#241;o, ingenier&#237;a y marca.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico </strong>ya tiene la base: automotriz, aeroespacial, dispositivos m&#233;dicos, software. Lo que falta es escalar.</p><p>La inteligencia artificial reduce barreras. El talento est&#225; aqu&#237;. Los mercados est&#225;n en la puerta. Pero el diferencial real sigue siendo resolver problemas complejos y reales &#8212; no solo ejecutar lo que otros dise&#241;aron.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OLgJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe52c9ee0-0210-4080-acfa-9a55390f54d8_2816x1536.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OLgJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe52c9ee0-0210-4080-acfa-9a55390f54d8_2816x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OLgJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe52c9ee0-0210-4080-acfa-9a55390f54d8_2816x1536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OLgJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe52c9ee0-0210-4080-acfa-9a55390f54d8_2816x1536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OLgJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe52c9ee0-0210-4080-acfa-9a55390f54d8_2816x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OLgJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe52c9ee0-0210-4080-acfa-9a55390f54d8_2816x1536.png" width="1456" height="794" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e52c9ee0-0210-4080-acfa-9a55390f54d8_2816x1536.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:794,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:5779941,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/192154852?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe52c9ee0-0210-4080-acfa-9a55390f54d8_2816x1536.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OLgJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe52c9ee0-0210-4080-acfa-9a55390f54d8_2816x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OLgJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe52c9ee0-0210-4080-acfa-9a55390f54d8_2816x1536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OLgJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe52c9ee0-0210-4080-acfa-9a55390f54d8_2816x1536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OLgJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe52c9ee0-0210-4080-acfa-9a55390f54d8_2816x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><h1><strong>Near &amp; Shored: </strong>una mentalidad estrat&#233;gica</h1><p>Near es geograf&#237;a. Proximidad al mercado m&#225;s grande del mundo.</p><p>Shored es control. Capturar el valor dentro del bloque.</p><p>Si solo somos near, somos convenientes. Si somos near &amp; shored, somos indispensables.</p><p>Las y los Mexicanos debemos de ver a <strong>Norteam&#233;rica </strong>como nuestro campo de acci&#243;n y el mundo como nuestro siguiente paso.</p><h1>El Reto</h1><p>En las pr&#243;ximas semanas, habla con una empresa. Una planta. Una maquiladora. Un parque industrial.</p><p>No para vender. Para entender.</p><p>Para preguntar: <em><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; necesitas que hoy no est&#225;s encontrando en M&#233;xico?</strong></em></p><p>Lleva libreta. Escucha sin solucionar. Esa conversaci&#243;n puede definir tu siguiente movimiento &#8212; y puede abrir un mercado que nadie m&#225;s est&#225; viendo.</p><p>M&#233;xico no necesita esperar. El mercado est&#225; aqu&#237;. La demanda est&#225; aqu&#237;. El tratado est&#225; aqu&#237;. El capital est&#225; aqu&#237;.</p><p><strong>Ahora tiene que volverse irremplazable.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gwW0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57884b93-4dbc-4bcd-9c97-e9a66fe0489b_1024x1024.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gwW0!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57884b93-4dbc-4bcd-9c97-e9a66fe0489b_1024x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gwW0!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57884b93-4dbc-4bcd-9c97-e9a66fe0489b_1024x1024.png 848w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gwW0!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57884b93-4dbc-4bcd-9c97-e9a66fe0489b_1024x1024.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gwW0!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57884b93-4dbc-4bcd-9c97-e9a66fe0489b_1024x1024.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gwW0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57884b93-4dbc-4bcd-9c97-e9a66fe0489b_1024x1024.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!gwW0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F57884b93-4dbc-4bcd-9c97-e9a66fe0489b_1024x1024.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption"><strong>North American 77</strong> es una plataforma de comunicaci&#243;n enfocada en la integraci&#243;n inteligente del continente.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" 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Águila]]></title><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-el-dia-cero-y-el-vuelo-del</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-el-dia-cero-y-el-vuelo-del</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[The North American - 77]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 16 Mar 2026 14:03:04 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lKEz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F63f23df8-d9be-453e-ae9e-650027c3746b_1024x572.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hay una necesidad profunda, casi espiritual, en el acto de reiniciar.</p><p>Satya Nadella lo describe con maestr&#237;a en <em>Hit Refresh</em>: llega un momento en que la &#250;nica decisi&#243;n honesta es admitir que la trayectoria es equivocada y detenerse para repensarlo todo. Para una empresa, ese momento es una crisis de mercado; para una naci&#243;n, es un hito hist&#243;rico.</p><p>Ese momento es el <strong>D&#237;a Cero</strong>: el punto de inflexi&#243;n donde una sociedad deja de fingir que un sistema roto todav&#237;a funciona. M&#233;xico a&#250;n no ha tenido ese momento de claridad colectiva, pero el peso de la realidad nos est&#225; empujando hacia &#233;l.</p><h3><strong>El F&#233;nix y los Escombros</strong></h3><p>En agosto de 1945, Jap&#243;n acept&#243; una derrota total. Alemania qued&#243; devastada y Polonia fue pr&#225;cticamente borrada del mapa. Pero de esos escombros naci&#243; algo inesperado: un nuevo contrato social. Esas sociedades abandonaron los mitos pol&#237;ticos que las hab&#237;an llevado al desastre y comenzaron a reconstruirse sobre realidades operativas: instituciones funcionales, reglas claras, disciplina econ&#243;mica y una visi&#243;n de largo plazo.</p><p>Hoy, esas naciones no solo se reconstruyeron; evolucionaron. La historia demuestra que los pa&#237;ses no cambian cuando todo funciona, sino cuando ya no pueden seguir ignorando el costo de la simulaci&#243;n.</p><h3><strong>La Paradoja Mexicana: Software de &#201;lite, Hardware Obsoleto</strong></h3><p>M&#233;xico vive una paradoja profunda que defino como la asincron&#237;a de sus sistemas. Nuestro <strong>&#8220;Software&#8221;</strong> &#8212;la gente&#8212; es extraordinario. Es creativo, resiliente y posee una capacidad de respuesta que envidiar&#237;a cualquier potencia. Sin embargo, nuestro <strong>&#8220;Hardware&#8221;</strong> institucional &#8212;el sistema gubernamental y jur&#237;dico&#8212; es una reliquia del siglo pasado, dise&#241;ada para el control y el clientelismo, no para la libertad y la innovaci&#243;n.</p><p>He visto al M&#233;xico real aparecer en los momentos m&#225;s oscuros. Durante los terremotos de la CDMX, no vi caos; vi una fuerza de &#233;lite civil formada en segundos. En la Condesa y en la Roma, vi voluntarios movi&#233;ndose con una disciplina y velocidad que cualquier ej&#233;rcito profesional respetar&#237;a. Ese es el software mexicano: una sociedad capaz de organizarse y reconstruir incluso cuando el Estado se paraliza. El problema es que el hardware actual funciona como un cuello de botella; no potencia a su gente, la asfixia.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lKEz!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F63f23df8-d9be-453e-ae9e-650027c3746b_1024x572.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lKEz!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F63f23df8-d9be-453e-ae9e-650027c3746b_1024x572.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lKEz!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F63f23df8-d9be-453e-ae9e-650027c3746b_1024x572.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lKEz!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F63f23df8-d9be-453e-ae9e-650027c3746b_1024x572.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lKEz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F63f23df8-d9be-453e-ae9e-650027c3746b_1024x572.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lKEz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F63f23df8-d9be-453e-ae9e-650027c3746b_1024x572.png" width="1024" height="572" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/63f23df8-d9be-453e-ae9e-650027c3746b_1024x572.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:572,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1172756,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/190770505?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F63f23df8-d9be-453e-ae9e-650027c3746b_1024x572.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lKEz!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F63f23df8-d9be-453e-ae9e-650027c3746b_1024x572.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lKEz!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F63f23df8-d9be-453e-ae9e-650027c3746b_1024x572.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lKEz!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F63f23df8-d9be-453e-ae9e-650027c3746b_1024x572.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!lKEz!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F63f23df8-d9be-453e-ae9e-650027c3746b_1024x572.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong>El Costo de la Simulaci&#243;n y el Mito del &#193;guila</strong></h3><p>Durante d&#233;cadas, hemos vivido en una simulaci&#243;n. Usamos el lenguaje de la democracia moderna, pero operamos con estructuras que responden a incentivos obsoletos. Las instituciones deber&#237;an existir para liberar el potencial de una naci&#243;n, pero cuando se dedican a administrar la mediocridad, la grandeza se vuelve imposible.</p><p>Existe un error hist&#243;rico en nuestra cultura pol&#237;tica: muchos gobernantes act&#250;an como si ellos fueran el &#225;guila de nuestra bandera. Se la cuelgan al pecho en cada toma de protesta y creen que el poder emana de su figura. Se equivocan. <strong>El &#225;guila no es el gobierno; el &#225;guila es la ciudadan&#237;a.</strong> El mandato real de un gobierno no es ser el protagonista, sino crear las condiciones para que ese &#225;guila vuele: seguridad real, educaci&#243;n de vanguardia y reglas claras para trabajar e invertir. Nada m&#225;s, pero tampoco nada menos.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjWE!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cdb6cc0-a91f-47f6-bd21-8e3351c1ff35_1024x572.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjWE!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cdb6cc0-a91f-47f6-bd21-8e3351c1ff35_1024x572.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjWE!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cdb6cc0-a91f-47f6-bd21-8e3351c1ff35_1024x572.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjWE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cdb6cc0-a91f-47f6-bd21-8e3351c1ff35_1024x572.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjWE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cdb6cc0-a91f-47f6-bd21-8e3351c1ff35_1024x572.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjWE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cdb6cc0-a91f-47f6-bd21-8e3351c1ff35_1024x572.png" width="1024" height="572" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8cdb6cc0-a91f-47f6-bd21-8e3351c1ff35_1024x572.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:572,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1143568,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/i/190770505?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cdb6cc0-a91f-47f6-bd21-8e3351c1ff35_1024x572.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjWE!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cdb6cc0-a91f-47f6-bd21-8e3351c1ff35_1024x572.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjWE!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cdb6cc0-a91f-47f6-bd21-8e3351c1ff35_1024x572.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjWE!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cdb6cc0-a91f-47f6-bd21-8e3351c1ff35_1024x572.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!bjWE!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8cdb6cc0-a91f-47f6-bd21-8e3351c1ff35_1024x572.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h3><strong>Las Remesas: El &#8220;Impuesto al Fracaso&#8221;</strong></h3><p>Cada a&#241;o celebramos cifras r&#233;cord de remesas como si fueran una medalla de honor. En realidad, son un <strong>Impuesto al Fracaso</strong>. Es el precio que pagamos por expulsar a nuestro talento m&#225;s valiente hacia sistemas que s&#237; funcionan. El hecho de que el 55% de nuestra poblaci&#243;n est&#233; en la informalidad no es falta de ganas de trabajar; es la prueba de que el sistema no busca socios con cr&#233;dito, sino dependientes con subsidios. El talento mexicano prospera en el extranjero porque all&#225; el &#8220;hardware&#8221; s&#237; permite que su &#8220;software&#8221; corra a m&#225;xima velocidad.</p><h3><strong>Un Mensaje al Norte: M&#225;s all&#225; de los Capos</strong></h3><p>Esta falla sist&#233;mica no es solo un tema interno. En una regi&#243;n tan integrada como la nuestra, la fragilidad de M&#233;xico es la vulnerabilidad de Norteam&#233;rica. A nuestros vecinos en EE. UU. y Canad&#225; les digo: la seguridad no se resolver&#225; &#250;nicamente abatiendo capos. Los nombres cambian &#8212;del Chapo al Mencho, del Mayo a quien siga&#8212; pero la estructura permanece porque el &#8220;Software de la Corrupci&#243;n&#8221; sigue intacto.</p><p>La verdadera soluci&#243;n requiere inteligencia trilateral y transparencia absoluta. Debemos preguntarnos: &#191;D&#243;nde est&#225;n los activos congelados de los c&#225;rteles? &#191;Por qu&#233; no se utilizan esos miles de millones para reconstruir la infraestructura de justicia que el Estado de Derecho requiere? M&#233;xico no necesita una guerra de balas; necesita una guerra contra el <em>statu quo</em>.</p><h3><strong>Nuestra Cita con el Destino</strong></h3><p>El tan mencionado &#8220;Mexican Moment&#8221; no llegar&#225; por decreto ni por un tratado comercial. Llegar&#225; cuando dejemos de aceptar lo indigno como normal. M&#233;xico no necesita convertirse en otro pa&#237;s; necesita convertirse plenamente en s&#237; mismo.</p><p>A nuestros socios del norte: compartimos un destino. Es hora de dejar de ser vecinos que solo comercian para convertirnos en un continente con la intenci&#243;n de ganar el siglo XXI. El D&#237;a Cero no es un colapso, es un despertar. Es el momento en que decidimos dejar de fingir y empezamos a construir. Porque el &#225;guila de nuestra bandera nunca represent&#243; al poder; representa a un pueblo que, tarde o temprano, decidir&#225; que es hora de volar.</p><div><hr></div><p><em><strong>Eduardo Joffroy</strong> | Creator of <strong>Northamerican 77</strong></em></p><p><em>Building North America&#8217;s future by trading old systems for bold new ideas. I believe it is up to us to face today&#8217;s challenges and secure a better destiny for all North Americans. Let&#8217;s win the 21st century.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Construyendo el futuro de Norteam&#233;rica al cambiar viejos sistemas por ideas nuevas y audaces. Creo que nos corresponde a nosotros enfrentar los retos actuales y asegurar un mejor destino para todos los norteamericanos. Ganemos el siglo 21.</em></p><p><em><strong>Join the mission | &#218;nete a la misi&#243;n:</strong></em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/subscribe?utm_source=email&amp;r=&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/subscribe?utm_source=email&amp;r="><span>Subscribe</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/p/the-hidden-cost-of-tariffs-uncertainty?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxMDQxMjQyMiwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTkwNTIyMDQ2LCJpYXQiOjE3NzMzNDc4MzYsImV4cCI6MTc3NTkzOTgzNiwiaXNzIjoicHViLTU4MjYwNTMiLCJzdWIiOiJwb3N0LXJlYWN0aW9uIn0.KyWYkL0fNVNghKxYHhlenx5m1fN1HC6YHdNTkmHDVjw&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/p/the-hidden-cost-of-tariffs-uncertainty?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&amp;token=eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxMDQxMjQyMiwicG9zdF9pZCI6MTkwNTIyMDQ2LCJpYXQiOjE3NzMzNDc4MzYsImV4cCI6MTc3NTkzOTgzNiwiaXNzIjoicHViLTU4MjYwNTMiLCJzdWIiOiJwb3N0LXJlYWN0aW9uIn0.KyWYkL0fNVNghKxYHhlenx5m1fN1HC6YHdNTkmHDVjw"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/p/the-hidden-cost-of-tariffs-uncertainty/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://eduardojoffroy.substack.com/p/the-hidden-cost-of-tariffs-uncertainty/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>