<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[The North American — 77]]></title><description><![CDATA[One future. Three nations. Essays, intelligence, and stories on North America's unrealized potential — written for regular people across our continent who need to be informed about their country and region.  ]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IHKr!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b9985bd-dead-457f-9330-32e757396f31_512x512.png</url><title>The North American — 77</title><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2026 16:54:00 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[The North American — 77 ]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[na77@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[na77@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[na77@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[na77@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[NA/77 Signal on North American Affairs]]></title><description><![CDATA[Week of Aug 10&#8211;16, 2026 &#183; A weekly read for North Americans who believe the continent is worth more together than apart; what moved this week, what it means, and what it asks of us]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-signal-on-north-american-affairs</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-signal-on-north-american-affairs</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 17 Aug 2026 13:03:11 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!myLL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f88dc25-af4d-44de-a946-9e1e5d49ab71_1600x900.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!myLL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f88dc25-af4d-44de-a946-9e1e5d49ab71_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2>THE LONGVIEW</h2><h3>The Missing Number</h3><p><em>Lake Powell reached a record low the same day Mexico&#8217;s 2027 Colorado River number did not appear. On this river, whoever writes the number keeps the water.</em> </p><p><strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eduardojoffroy/">By EJG</a></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Last year, on <strong>August 15</strong>, the <a href="https://www.ibwc.gov/">International Boundary and Water Commission</a> published <a href="https://www.ibwc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/2026-COLORADO-RIVER-WATER-ALLOCATIONS-ANNOUNCED-FOR-THE-UNITED-STATES-AND-MEXICO.pdf">Mexico&#8217;s initial Colorado River allocation for 2026</a>: <strong>1,352,595 acre-feet</strong>, precise to a single acre-foot.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">One acre-foot is enough, by <a href="https://www.usbr.gov/">Reclamation&#8217;s</a> measure, to supply between 1 &amp; 2 American households for a year. That precision matters because farmers, cities and power systems cannot plan around &#8220;about.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>This August 15 came and went. Mexico&#8217;s number for 2027 did not appear.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">That same Saturday, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Powell">Lake Powell</a> fell to the <strong>lowest level ever recorded there: 3,519.91 feet</strong>, one-hundredth of a foot below the record set in April 2023. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Mead">Lake Mead</a> crossed its own previous record eight days earlier, on <strong>August 7</strong>, at <strong>1,040.46 feet</strong>, and kept falling.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Together, the two reservoirs now hold less water than at any point since <strong>May 1957</strong>, when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Canyon_Dam">Glen Canyon Dam</a> was still under construction and Lake Powell did not yet exist.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The river&#8217;s two largest reservoirs are at record lows, and Mexico still has no published delivery number for 2027.</strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">On <strong>July 31</strong>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States">United States</a> released its framework for the next decade of river operations, with clear near-term numbers already on the table: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona">Arizona</a> would give up <strong>760,000 acre-feet</strong> a year in 2027 and 2028, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California">California</a> <strong>440,000</strong> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada">Nevada</a> <strong>50,000</strong>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Those numbers did not originate in Washington. On <strong>May 1</strong>, the three Lower Basin states submitted their own two-year proposal with the reductions already divided among them. The federal framework carried forward the basic structure of their plan.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mexico&#8217;s blank space is not hidden.</strong> <a href="https://www.doi.gov/">Interior&#8217;s</a> July release says the framework addresses domestic river operations only and that a separate binational process with Mexico is &#8220;nearing completion.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The principal temporary operating provisions of <a href="https://www.ibwc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Min323.pdf">Minutes 323</a> and <a href="https://www.ibwc.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Minute-330-English-Spanish-Version-Signed-Clean.pdf">330</a> &#8212; the agreements governing Mexico&#8217;s shortage reductions and conservation under the <a href="https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/pao/pdfiles/mextrety.pdf">1944 treaty</a> &#8212; <strong>end December 31, 137 days from today.</strong> The new water year begins <strong>October 1, forty-six days away</strong>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I have spent my life in cross-border trade, and I have learned one thing: <strong>nothing moves without a official, verifiable and transferred documents authorities can validate.</strong></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>A shipper without official export or import documents does is unable to move an inch in our industry. Farmers in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicali_Valley">Mexicali Valley</a> decide in the fall what goes into the ground, and that decision depends on knowing how much water is coming.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Washington is squeezing a neighbor. That is the easy read, and it is half true.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">The other half is that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico">Mexico</a> has not put a number of its own in front of the public &#8212; not a demand, not a conservation plan, not a national accounting. Arizona, California and Nevada calculated their contribution and submitted it before anyone told them to.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>That is what real agency looks like on a shared river.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mexico </strong>could begin with a simple accounting:<strong> here is what we use, here is what we can save, here is what we will leave in Lake Mead, and by when.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Writing that number would force a reckoning with the water already being lost.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Some estimates put the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico">Valley of Mexico&#8217;s</a> leak losses at roughly 23 cubic meters a second, more than the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutzamala_System">Cutzamala system</a> was built to deliver at full capacity. Pumping used to replace that lost water contributes to subsidence of as much as 50 centimeters a year in parts of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City">Mexico City</a>, damaging the same pipes that are already leaking.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Meanwhile, Mexico exported nearly <strong>30 billion cubic meters</strong> of virtual water in 2024; the water embedded in the beef, coffee, fruit and vegetables it sells abroad. <strong>Nearly 78% went to the United States.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The problem is not the trade; It is that the water inside it, is rarely counted in the decision.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark">Denmark</a> settled its leak question in 1994: utilities that lose more than 10% of their supply pay a penalty to the state. Danish losses are in the single digits today.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>They did not moralize about waste. They priced it.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">None of this is <strong>Mexico&#8217;s </strong>problem alone. <strong>Arizona farmers </strong>will leave more ground unplanted. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam">Hoover Dam</a> produces less power as the lake falls. Canadians who never touch the river eat the food it grows.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The consequences cross all three countries. <strong>But Mexico is the only one that could begin the new water year without a public national number on the table.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Write the number. Nobody else is going to write it for us.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2>AFFAIRS</h2><h3>TRADE &amp; POLICY</h3><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/">The White House</a> has turned Chinese transshipment into a North American accusation.</strong> A <a href="https://apnews.com/article/5dacb82bc5a0a1d550b0ea2353ace005">new report</a> names more than 40 countries, including <strong>Mexico and Canada</strong>, as possible routes for Chinese goods intended to avoid US tariffs. It estimates that such practices cost <strong>the United States </strong>between <strong>$19 billion and $26 billion</strong> in duties annually. President <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a> rejected the accusation the following morning <em>(White House via AP, Aug 13; ma&#241;anera, Aug 14)</em>.</p><p></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Canada&#8217;s August 19 deadline moved from private talks to public confrontation.</strong> Canada&#8217;s negotiator called the threatened tariffs a &#8220;cliff.&#8221; US Trade Representative <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamieson_Greer">Jamieson Greer</a> answered publicly: &#8220;If a country retaliates against us, we&#8217;re not going to tolerate that.&#8221; He said the approach was global, not specific to Canada <em>(<a href="https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/">BNN Bloomberg</a>, Aug 12; <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/">CBC</a>, Aug 14)</em>.</p><p></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The reported US offer would lower the tariff wall, not remove it.</strong> Washington would reduce <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_232_of_the_Trade_Expansion_Act_of_1962">Section 232</a> tariffs on automobiles, steel and aluminum in exchange for Canada dropping its counter-tariffs and returning American alcohol to store shelves. Softwood lumber is excluded <em>(<a href="https://www.ctvnews.ca/">CTV News</a> and CBC, Aug 14&#8211;15)</em>.</p><p></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://ustr.gov/">USTR</a> closed a labor case at Yazaki as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_Ebrard">Marcelo Ebrard</a> pressed for lower tariffs.</strong> The case took <strong>nine months</strong> from petition to closure. Ebrard challenged the legal basis of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_301_of_the_Trade_Act_of_1974">Section 301</a> action and confirmed that a <strong>fourth bilateral round</strong> will take place in early September <em>(USTR and <a href="https://www.jornada.com.mx/">La Jornada</a>, Aug 13)</em>.</p></li></ul><h3>CAPITAL &amp; INDUSTRY</h3><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The peso broke below 17 to the dollar.</strong> It touched <strong>16.9775</strong> on Friday, its strongest level since <strong>June 3, 2024</strong>. The Canadian dollar traded near C$1.3872 as markets reassessed the <a href="https://www.federalreserve.gov/">Federal Reserve&#8217;s</a> September decision <em>(markets, Aug 14)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>American retail sales fell 0.6% in July</strong>, their first decline in nine months. Sales of automobiles and parts fell 1.8%. Even excluding automobiles and gasoline, sales slipped 0.2% <em>(<a href="https://www.census.gov/">Census</a> via AP, Aug 14)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mexican same-store sales fell 2.1% after inflation.</strong> Nominal growth of 1% disappeared once rising prices were taken into account. Department-store sales were flat <em>(<a href="https://antad.net/">ANTAD</a>, Aug 12)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mexican heavy-truck production rose 51.8% in July.</strong> Manufacturers built <strong>14,675 trucks</strong> and exported <strong>13,117</strong>, including <strong>9,374</strong> to the United States. Year-to-date production and exports remain 6.1% below last year <em>(ANPACT, Aug 11)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mexican intermodal freight grew 13%</strong> in the week ending August 8, compared with 3.6% across the continent. Only coal and motor vehicles and parts declined <em>(<a href="https://www.aar.org/">Association of American Railroads</a>, Aug 12)</em>.</p></li></ul><h3>RESOURCES, RISK &amp; ENERGY</h3><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Both of the Colorado River&#8217;s largest reservoirs have fallen below their previous records.</strong> Lake Powell reached <strong>3,519.91 feet</strong>, about 30 feet above the minimum level needed for power generation. Lake Mead crossed its previous record at <strong>1,040.46 feet</strong> on August 7 and continued falling. Combined storage is the <strong>lowest since May 1957</strong> <em>(<a href="https://apnews.com/article/6a5e0706635222ba4dd364d705a39f8e">AP</a> and Reclamation, Aug 7&#8211;16)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The United States has public near-term reduction figures. Mexico does not.</strong> Arizona, California and Nevada proposed annual <a href="https://www.azwater.gov/sites/default/files/2026-05/2026.05.01%20LB2YearPlanFINAL.pdf">reductions</a> of <strong>760,000, 440,000 and 50,000 acre-feet</strong> for 2027 and 2028. The federal framework preserved their basic structure, while the separate process with Mexico remains &#8220;nearing completion&#8221; <em>(Lower Basin proposal, May 1; <a href="https://edit.doi.gov/node/67571">Interior</a>, Jul 31)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The principal temporary provisions of Minutes 323 and 330 end December 31.</strong> Under Minute 330, Mexico committed to <strong>400,000 acre-feet</strong> of additional conservation through 2026, supported by <strong>$65 million</strong> in US funding for projects in the Mexicali Valley <em>(IBWC)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Valley of Mexico loses an estimated 23 cubic meters of water every second to leaks</strong> &#8212; more than the Cutzamala system&#8217;s design capacity of 19 cubic meters per second. The additional pumping needed to compensate contributes to subsidence of as much as <strong>50 centimeters a year</strong> in parts of the city <em>(Agua Capital, <a href="https://www.unam.mx/">UNAM</a> and <a href="https://www.unesco.org/">UNESCO</a>)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mexico exported nearly 30 billion cubic meters of virtual water in 2024; 78% went to the United States.</strong> Beef and pork alone represented 22.7% of the total <em>(<a href="https://www.wwf.org.mx/">WWF M&#233;xico</a> and <a href="https://politica.expansion.mx/mexico/2026/07/10/exportaciones-mexicanas-agua-virtual-y-huella-hidrica">AgroDer</a>)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Four <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Quint%C3%ADn,_Baja_California">San Quint&#237;n</a> aquifers are being depleted by 68.5 million cubic meters a year.</strong> Dissolved solids reach 11 times the national limit, while 56% of the valley receives piped water only intermittently <em>(<a href="https://www.gob.mx/conagua">CONAGUA</a> studies, 2024)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The <a href="https://www.usace.army.mil/">US Army Corps of Engineers</a> approved the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_5_(Enbridge)">Line 5</a> tunnel</strong> 12 days after Michigan&#8217;s Supreme Court rejected the state permit. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa">Ottawa</a> has invoked the 1977 Transit Pipelines Treaty <em>(Michigan Public, Aug 12)</em>.</p></li></ul><h3>SOCIAL &amp; CITIZENS</h3><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mexico recorded more entries during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_FIFA_World_Cup">World Cup</a> month, but fewer air and non-border tourists.</strong> The country received <strong>8.2 million entries</strong> in June, an increase of 2.1%. Non-border tourism fell 3.2% and air arrivals declined 5.3%, although total spending still rose 5.9% <em>(<a href="https://www.inegi.org.mx/">INEGI</a>, Aug 13)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Border Patrol recorded 9,295 apprehensions in July</strong>, 6% fewer than in June. <a href="https://www.cbp.gov/">CBP</a> says this marks 15 consecutive months without releases into the US interior. The agency processed <strong>$342 billion</strong> in imports during the same month <em>(CBP, Aug 13)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mexico has received 271,193 returning nationals since January 2025.</strong> That includes <strong>171,508</strong> arriving by land and <strong>99,685</strong> by air. The government has issued <strong>55,500</strong> remittance cards <em>(<a href="https://www.gob.mx/inm">INM</a> and <a href="https://www.gob.mx/segob">Segob</a>, Aug 14)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Canada will end its Remote Area Border Crossing program on September 14.</strong> Active permits remain valid through 11:59 p.m. on September 13. About 90% of users are American; travelers will instead report by telephone or enter through a staffed port <em>(<a href="https://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/">CBSA</a>)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Baja California lost 3.9% in remittances</strong> during the first half of the year while Mexico gained 3.1%. It was the second-largest decline among the states <em>(<a href="https://www.banxico.org.mx/">Banxico</a> data analysis, Aug 13)</em>.</p><h3>AI &amp; SPACE &#8212; THE RACE OF OUR CENTURY</h3></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-C813Jlf_G8&amp;t=1147s">Nvidia</a> is turning compute itself into a Wall Street asset class.</strong> On August 10 it partnered with Apollo, Blackstone, BlackRock, Brookfield, Goldman Sachs and KKR to mobilize over $500 billion in financing for AI infrastructure, with Jensen Huang arguing GPU capacity can be rented and refinanced like real estate or cell towers <em>(NVIDIA Blog, Aug 10)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario">Ontario</a> will require data centers to earn access to the electrical grid.</strong> Projects will face economic, data-sovereignty and community review, along with a possible dedicated electricity rate for large loads <em>(<a href="https://ero.ontario.ca/">Ontario Environmental Registry</a>, Aug 13)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.infobae.com/america/agencias/2026/08/13/kio-evalua-invertir-1300-millones-de-dolares-para-su-mayor-centro-de-datos-en-mexico/">KIO</a> plans to invest as much as $1.3 billion through 2030</strong>, including a 100-megawatt campus in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_City">Quer&#233;taro</a>. The state already holds <strong>72%</strong> of Mexico&#8217;s operating data-center capacity, with requests for another <strong>540 megawatts</strong> of grid access <em>(KIO and Infobae)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>An <a href="https://www.fcc.gov/">FCC</a> filing outlines a return to the launch site for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship_flight_tests">Starship Flight 14</a> booster</strong>, potentially enabling a tower catch. The mission is targeting a full orbit no earlier than <strong>August 28</strong> <em>(<a href="https://www.advanced-television.com/2026/08/13/spacex-will-catch-starship-14/">Advanced Television</a>, Aug 13)</em>.</p></li></ul><h2>DATA</h2><ul><li><p><strong>1,352,595 acre-feet</strong> &#8212; Mexico&#8217;s initial Colorado River allocation for 2026. No 2027 figure has been published.</p></li><li><p><strong>3,519.91 feet</strong> &#8212; Lake Powell&#8217;s record low on August 15.</p></li><li><p><strong>1,040.46 feet</strong> &#8212; the level at which Lake Mead crossed its previous record on August 7.</p></li><li><p><strong>May 1957</strong> &#8212; the last time Mead and Powell contained this little water combined.</p></li><li><p><strong>$19&#8211;26 billion</strong> &#8212; estimated annual US duty losses attributed to transshipment and tariff evasion.</p></li><li><p><strong>16.9775 pesos per dollar</strong> &#8212; the peso&#8217;s strongest level since June 3, 2024.</p></li><li><p><strong>&#8722;0.6% / &#8722;2.1%</strong> &#8212; July&#8217;s decline in US retail sales and inflation-adjusted Mexican same-store sales.</p></li><li><p><strong>+51.8% / +13%</strong> &#8212; growth in Mexican heavy-truck production and intermodal freight.</p></li><li><p><strong>23 m&#179;/s</strong> &#8212; estimated water losses from leaks in the Valley of Mexico.</p></li><li><p><strong>Nearly 30 billion m&#179;</strong> &#8212; Mexico&#8217;s virtual-water exports in 2024, 78% of them bound for the United States.</p></li><li><p><strong>Up to $1.3 billion</strong> &#8212; KIO&#8217;s planned investment through 2030.</p></li></ul><h2>KEY DATES</h2><ul><li><p><strong>Aug 19</strong> &#8212; Section 338 tariffs on Canadian goods are scheduled to take effect.</p></li><li><p><strong>Aug 19</strong> &#8212; Mexico&#8217;s first forum on AI and social-media regulation, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n">Nuevo Le&#243;n</a>.</p></li><li><p><strong>Aug 24</strong> &#8212; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas,_Arizona">Douglas, Arizona</a>, reopens to Mexican cattle.</p></li><li><p><strong>Aug 28</strong> &#8212; earliest announced date for Starship Flight 14.</p></li><li><p><strong>Sep 1</strong> &#8212; Mexico&#8217;s Congress opens, with AI legislation among its early priorities.</p></li><li><p><strong>First week of Sep</strong> &#8212; fourth US&#8211;Mexico bilateral round.</p></li><li><p><strong>Sep 9</strong> &#8212; <a href="https://www.bankofcanada.ca/">Bank of Canada</a> interest-rate decision.</p></li><li><p><strong>Sep 12</strong> &#8212; comments close on Ontario&#8217;s data-center framework.</p></li><li><p><strong>Sep 14</strong> &#8212; Canada&#8217;s Remote Area Border Crossing program ends.</p></li><li><p><strong>Sep 15&#8211;16</strong> &#8212; Federal Reserve interest-rate decision.</p></li><li><p><strong>Sep 24</strong> &#8212; Banxico interest-rate decision.</p></li><li><p><strong>Sep 30</strong> &#8212; Interior&#8217;s stated deadline for the Colorado River Record of Decision.</p></li><li><p><strong>Oct 1</strong> &#8212; the <strong>2027 water year</strong> begins, with the post-2026 operating framework scheduled to start.</p></li><li><p><strong>Dec 31</strong> &#8212; the principal temporary operating provisions of <strong>Minutes 323 and 330</strong> end.</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Sources:</strong> International Boundary and Water Commission &#183; Bureau of Reclamation &#183; Associated Press &#183; WWF M&#233;xico and AgroDer &#183; Agua Capital &#183; UNAM &#183; UNESCO &#183; CONAGUA &#183; Danish Environmental Protection Agency &#183; The White House &#183; USTR &#183; CBP &#183; INM &#183; Segob &#183; US Census Bureau &#183; INEGI &#183; ANTAD &#183; ANPACT &#183; Association of American Railroads &#183; Banxico &#183; Canada Border Services Agency &#183; Michigan Public &#183; Ontario Environmental Registry &#183; FCC &#183; CBC &#183; CTV News &#183; BNN Bloomberg &#183; La Jornada &#183; Infobae.</em></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Water Series PI: Spending the Water We Inherited ]]></title><description><![CDATA[It is a test of whether North America can act together before scarcity turns neighbors into enemies.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/water-series-pi-spending-the-water</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/water-series-pi-spending-the-water</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 14 Aug 2026 14:02:47 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#171717" style="color: rgb(23, 23, 23);">An employee came to work in our Monterrey a few years back with a black eye. </span></strong><span data-color="#171717" style="color: rgb(23, 23, 23);">Two of her</span> neighbors attacked her the night before while they waited in line for the same water truck, carrying the same empty buckets, hoping there would be enough for everyone.  The reason for the violence was desperateness and fear.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_del_agua_en_Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n_de_2022">Monterrey's water crisis</a></strong> peaked in June and July of 2022, when a severe drought tied to a persistent La Ni&#241;a pattern, on top of years of overuse, dropped the Cerro Prieto dam to under 1% capacity, the worst failure since 1984. It wasn't just weather: a metro area that had grown past 6 million people was drawing on infrastructure sized for a much smaller city, while agriculture took roughly 70% of the state's water and heavy industrial users like Heineken and Ternium kept extracting through the shortage. </p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>The government imposed scheduled rationing by zone, but distribution ran along income lines, and in July residents protested and even burned pipes to block water being diverted toward wealthier parts of the city.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">That is what scarcity does once when it becomes real; violence is right in the other side of it.  Even before these events hit Monterrey, I had been thinking about water for years, but that moment changed how I understood it. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Scarcity is usually presented through percentages, reservoir elevations, and drought maps. Sometimes conversations that seem to be too far away from us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nothing really matters until things start to change in your day to day. With real consequences come, unexpected human behavior against each other; patience transforms into suspicion &amp; anger; Neighbors become enemies, regions accuse other regions of stealing, while the water itself keeps moving beneath, across, and beyond the lines we&#8217;ve drawn.</p><h2>Warning signs</h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>In 2018, I attended a water convention in</strong> <strong>Rosarito, Baja California</strong>, with my friend <strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/culver-van-der-jagt-3145657/">Culver Van Der Jagt</a></strong>, founder of the water-saving technology &amp; company <strong><a href="https://sinktwice.com/?srsltid=AfmBOoqwNvGrnZKbMFhT-b4Q3HV80LfgKXMXViNNJWDpwVdgnZDpQfpe">Sink Twice</a></strong>. Through him I began paying attention to the <strong><a href="https://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/pao/pdfiles/mextrety.pdf">1944 treaty governing water the U.S. and Mexico share</a></strong>, on both the <strong>Colorado and the Rio Bravo</strong>. It felt distant from the convention floor back then, but today as I look back, It seems like the foundation underneath it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Since that trip to Rosarito in search of opportunities with Sink Twice, Culver has kept me updated with studies, statistics &amp; raw data on the water situation specifically in certain regions of the US &amp; Mexico.  Culver&#8217;s detailed descriptions and hard data that ground his arguments kept me with an antenna on my head on everything water related.  </p><p style="text-align: justify;">He even helped me check my apartment and apartment building for leaks and to lower my water consumption by over 50% through very specific tactics and practices that work incredible.</p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;">A big part of my life is in Arizona and Sonora, spending lots of time in Tucson &amp; Nogales specifically.  On one occasion I took road trip with my wife to Page, Arizona with the intention to see the Horseshoe Bend, Antelope Canyon and Buckskin Gulp; there is a sight that is hard to miss crossing the Arizona-Utah border;<strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Powell"> Lake Powell</a></strong> and the white mineral rings around the Lake walls. </p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EwgF!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EwgF!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EwgF!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EwgF!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EwgF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!EwgF!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F710ec66a-4c59-4768-a576-10b3715feb97_2752x1536.png" width="1456" height="813" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><sup>(Digital drawing of Lake Powell running out of water)</sup></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In Sonora, where I grew up, my family had a summer home at the beach town San Carlos overlooking the third green of a golf course called San Carlos Country Club. That green hasn&#8217;t really been green in over 20 years, because there hasn&#8217;t been enough water to maintain it. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">When we were kids in the 80&#8217;s we used to run and play on golf course as it was our private green huge backyard.  Those memories are priceless.  As an adult and a father today, seeing the transition from green to desert has been a hard pill to swallow.  I had always wished that my son would be able to live the same experiences that I did in that same house but things had never been the same ever since the water scarecity.  </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The whole Country Club neighbourhood had a different face, home values plummeted and the development changed owners many times and for the worse.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8twW!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1da4cbc-50f4-473b-904f-cf17abaaafe1_2752x1536.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8twW!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1da4cbc-50f4-473b-904f-cf17abaaafe1_2752x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8twW!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1da4cbc-50f4-473b-904f-cf17abaaafe1_2752x1536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8twW!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1da4cbc-50f4-473b-904f-cf17abaaafe1_2752x1536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8twW!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1da4cbc-50f4-473b-904f-cf17abaaafe1_2752x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Without water, there is no life.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Elsewhere in the state of Sonora around 2002, a huge fight over the <strong><a href="https://www.jornada.com.mx/2013/04/05/estados/032n1est">El Novillo</a></strong> reservoir <strong>turned Ciudad Obreg&#243;n (highly agricultural region) against Hermosillo (Capital of Sonora)</strong>, each side certain the other was stealing its water. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Six hundred miles east, the <strong><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Bravo">Rio Bravo</a></strong> is already failing the same test, its own shared reservoirs running low, its own border cities rationing.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Monterrey had its own crisis. <a href="http://How Mexico City Averted All-Out Drought Bloomberg.com https://www.bloomberg.com &#8250; news &#8250; features &#8250; mexico-...">Mexico City </a>later feared its Cutzamala system could reach &#8220;Day Zero.&#8221;</strong> These places share no watershed, they are different systems entirely. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>But the pattern repeats: </strong>when water supply weakens and institutions fail to prepare, scarcity turns social before anything else and what lies ahead is pure doubt.</p><h2>A Record Written in Snow</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">This spring, I went looking for evidence of how bad the Western snowpack had become. What I found was worse than I expected. According to the <strong><a href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/state-offices/colorado/news/record-low-april-1-snowpack-across-western-us-means-impending-water">USDA&#8217;s Natural Resources Conservation Service</a></strong>, 67 % of 1,575 snow measurement sites across the American West tied or set record lows on April 1. Among long-running snow courses with 70-plus years of data, 65% recorded their lowest or second-lowest snowpack on record.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png" width="1456" height="997" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:997,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:136872,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/211071393?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-R9C!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F88a04b2f-65f8-43bf-955e-51befe186335_1580x1082.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">The Snow in the Rocky Mountains is the <strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River">Colorado <span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">River</span></a><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">&#8217;s</span> </strong>principal savings deposit. When it fails to accumulate, less water reaches the farms, cities, and reservoirs below. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">By the end of June, <strong><a href="https://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/cs/gcd.html">Lake Powell held roughly 24 % of its live capacity</a></strong>. By early August, <strong><a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2026/08/07/climate/lake-mead-record-low-water-level-colorado-river">Lake Mead had fallen to its lowest recorded elevation</a> </strong>since it was filled nearly 90 years ago. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">North America is already operating under this condition with no clear plans in sight.</p><h2>The Inheritance</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">The modern Southwest was built on an extraordinary promise: that dams, canals, treaties, and engineering could make an arid region reliably productive. <strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam">Hoover Dam</a> </strong>began storing water in <strong><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">Lake Mead </span></strong>in the 1930s and <strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Canyon">Glen Canyon Dam</a></strong> created <strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Powell">Lake Powell</a></strong> three decades later. That storage let wet years cover dry ones. It turned desert into farmland and made cities like <strong>Phoenix, Las Vegas, and Los Angeles possible.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">A full reservoir makes annual consumption look sustainable even when withdrawals exceed what the river can reliably replace. By 1988, the <strong><a href="https://www.usbr.gov/"><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">Bureau of Reclamation</span></a><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">&#8217;s</span></strong> own data mark the year the basin&#8217;s annual use caught up with its annual supply. </p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Every year since, the region has drawn against a margin built in the 50 years before it. It was not income. It was savings.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">The deeper problem isn&#8217;t only that less snow is falling. It&#8217;s that <strong>North America </strong>has built cities, farms, and expectations around more water than this river can now be trusted to provide.</p><h2>One River, Fragmented Governance</h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Colorado River</strong> <strong>supports roughly 40 million people, 30 Tribal Nations, seven U.S. states, and two Mexican states,</strong> one physically connected system governed through a patchwork of treaties, compacts, and court decisions built across a century of different political eras.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The seven U.S. basin states had deadlines in November 2025 and February 2026 to agree on how to manage the river once current rules expire (They missed both). </p><p style="text-align: justify;">On July 31, the federal government released its own proposal instead: <strong>Arizona, California, and Nevada</strong> could face combined cuts of up to 3 million acre-feet a year through 2036. <strong>Mexico </strong>is already receiving nearly 6 percent less than its base <strong>Colorado River</strong> allocation this year, an 80,000 acre-foot cut under the new framework.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png" width="1456" height="979" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:979,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:159478,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/211071393?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YmGk!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F42c588db-1c56-4dff-97c3-9ec98c5ed508_2200x1480.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Every side here believes that waiting protects its own position, and that&#8217;s exactly why voluntary cooperation keeps breaking down. None of this stays regional. Cut farm production in the basin and the price shows up in a supermarket a thousand miles away. Push people out of a community that&#8217;s turned too expensive or too unsafe, and they carry that pressure into someone else&#8217;s housing market. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Canada</strong> never draws a drop from the <strong>Colorado</strong>, and Canadians still eat the food grown with it. A region can&#8217;t keep its water crisis behind its own border. It exports the consequences right along with the produce, on water it no longer has to spare.</p><h2>Beyond Day Zero</h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/major-cities-mexico-water-day-zero">Mexico City</a> </strong>was once warned that parts of its water system could reach <strong><a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/major-cities-mexico-water-day-zero">Day Zero in June 2024</a></strong>. The date arrived, rain came, and the capital did not run dry. <strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town_water_crisis">Cape Town</a></strong> faced a similar countdown in 2018, and avoided disaster through severe conservation, infrastructure work, public cooperation, and eventually, rain.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Don&#8217;t mistake either outcome for proof that things simply work out. <strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray%E2%80%93Darling_basin">Murray-Darling, Austral<span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">ia&#8217;</span></a><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">s</span></strong> own shared basin, had a real plan in place and still collapsed into water theft and political crisis, because enforcement could never match peoples fears &amp; ambitions. A dramatic date can mobilize people. It can also convince them a crisis is one event, so that once the date passes and the tap still runs, the danger looks exaggerated. </p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Scarcity rarely arrives like a switch flipping off. It arrives through higher prices, deeper wells, and unequal access. The real question isn&#8217;t when a system reaches zero. It&#8217;s how much damage we accept before we change course.</strong></em></p></blockquote><h2>The Ledger Comes First</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">Fear is not a water strategy. What comes next in this series is an honest ledger, in the <strong>Colorado basin </strong>and on the <strong>Rio Bravo</strong> alike, of where the water goes and who carries the cost of conserving it. Shorter showers matter, but household discipline cannot replace agricultural reform, infrastructure investment, and real cooperation between governments that don&#8217;t yet trust each other with this.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="813" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:813,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1991781,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/211071393?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0cSb!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F665be91e-65df-4f64-875f-45bf5689fc86_2752x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>What We Owe the Future</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">The most important fact about the <strong>Colorado River</strong> isn&#8217;t that it might disappear on a particular date. It&#8217;s that we inherited a margin of security we didn&#8217;t build, and inheritance carries an obligation as much as it carries a gift. We didn&#8217;t design the treaties, dams, and incentives that produced this crisis. But we will decide whether to defend them unchanged until the reservoirs fail, or adapt them while adaptation is still possible.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">I began paying attention to this at a convention in <strong>Rosarito</strong> eight years ago. It became real to me on an ordinary morning in Monterrey, on the face of someone I knew. Since then, I&#8217;ve watched white rings expand around reservoirs, golf courses turn brown, and data that raises the hairs on my neck.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">What happens next won&#8217;t be decided by the river. It will be decided by whether three countries that already move trade, labor, and capital across these borders can learn to move responsibility across them too, before scarcity decides it for us</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png" width="1456" height="813" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:813,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:6058296,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/211071393?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!P36U!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F72508bc0-2fa4-4aef-bedc-961955ca0a90_2752x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Sources:</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (<a href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/state-offices/colorado/news/record-low-april-1-snowpack-across-western-us-means-impending-water">nrcs.usda.gov</a>), Bureau of Reclamation, Glen Canyon Dam operations (<a href="https://www.usbr.gov/uc/water/crsp/cs/gcd.html">usbr.gov</a>), CNN, August 7, 2026 (<a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2026/08/07/climate/lake-mead-record-low-water-level-colorado-river">cnn.com</a>), Los Angeles Times, December 2022 (<a href="https://www.latimes.com/lifestyle/story/2022-12-08/sink-twice-toilet-tank-cover-to-save-water-review">latimes.com</a>), sinktwice.com, Wikipedia, Treaty relating to the utilization of waters of the Colorado and Tijuana Rivers and of the Rio Grande (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_relating_to_the_utilization_of_waters_of_the_Colorado_and_Tijuana_Rivers_and_of_the_Rio_Grande">en.wikipedia.org</a>), climate-diplomacy.org, Acueducto Independencia case study (<a href="https://climate-diplomacy.org/case-studies/water-conflict-over-acueducto-independencia-mexico">climate-diplomacy.org</a>), Heraldo de Tamaulipas (<a href="https://heraldodetamaulipas.com/crisis-del-agua-golpea-a-12-municipios-de-tamaulipas-frontera-y-victoria-en-semaforo-rojo/">heraldodetamaulipas.com</a>), Texas Public Radio (<a href="https://www.tpr.org/environment/2026-01-22/how-the-rgv-is-preparing-for-when-the-rio-grande-runs-dry">tpr.org</a>), Bureau of Reclamation Final EIS and public statements, CONAGUA, National Geographic (<a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/partner-content-south-africa-danger-of-running-out-of-water">nationalgeographic.com</a>), Crikey, June 2026 (<a href="https://www.crikey.com.au/2026/06/02/murray-darling-basin-plan-water-buybacks/">crikey.com.au</a>), The Conversation (<a href="https://theconversation.com/water-theft-laws-and-penalties-in-the-murray-darling-basin-are-a-dogs-breakfast-heres-how-we-can-fix-them-227862">theconversation.com</a>).</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Weekly Signal on North American ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Week of August 2&#8211;8= A weekly read for North Americans who believe the continent is worth more together than apart &#8212; what moved this week, what it means, and what it asks of us.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/weekly-signal-on-north-american</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/weekly-signal-on-north-american</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 10 Aug 2026 12:09:17 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AsfZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d919798-e546-4088-8393-302d2446a1f0_1600x900.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AsfZ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d919798-e546-4088-8393-302d2446a1f0_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AsfZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d919798-e546-4088-8393-302d2446a1f0_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AsfZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d919798-e546-4088-8393-302d2446a1f0_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AsfZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d919798-e546-4088-8393-302d2446a1f0_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AsfZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d919798-e546-4088-8393-302d2446a1f0_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AsfZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d919798-e546-4088-8393-302d2446a1f0_1600x900.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8d919798-e546-4088-8393-302d2446a1f0_1600x900.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:51456,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/210383984?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d919798-e546-4088-8393-302d2446a1f0_1600x900.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AsfZ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d919798-e546-4088-8393-302d2446a1f0_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AsfZ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d919798-e546-4088-8393-302d2446a1f0_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AsfZ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d919798-e546-4088-8393-302d2446a1f0_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!AsfZ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8d919798-e546-4088-8393-302d2446a1f0_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2><strong>THE LONGVIEW</strong></h2><h4>The Week the Numbers Changed Sides. </h4><h4><strong>By EJG</strong></h4><p style="text-align: justify;">Friday at 8:30 in the morning, <strong>Washington and Ottawa</strong> published their jobs reports at the same hour. <strong>The United States lost 23,000 jobs in July</strong>, <strong>Canada added 75,000</strong>, being its third straight month of gains. <strong>A day earlier, in Mexico City, Banxico held its rate at 6.50% on a unanimous vote</strong>, and on <strong>Friday INEGI put inflation at 3.12%, the lowest since May 2020; The peso closed the week at 17.14, its best level in a year.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">One month proves very little; Revisions come, and a single report is not an economic thesis. Its tempting to do it, but let&#8217;s be real. But what to me is clear and proved over the last eighteen months, has always run in one direction: <strong>Washington decides, and the neighbors wait.</strong> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">This week the numbers ran the other way. The two economies living under the tariff wall added jobs and calmed their prices while the largest economy in the world cut payrolls.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>In Mexico and in Canada,</strong> many will want to celebrate. It is normal to be excited, but as <strong>North Americans</strong> we need to think inclusively, strategically with a longview.  I have spent my life in cross-border trade, and that life taught me early that our customer&#8217;s bad month becomes your bad month soon after.  </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The question that we must all ask ourselves is what does great look life for North America as one united bloc?</strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">In June,<strong> 13 million remittance transfers crossed into Mexico, $5.5 billion in a single month</strong>, on the way to a record half year. Every one of those transfers began with a job in the United States. A weak Friday in Washington is a Monday problem in Guanajuato, and in Ontario too. <strong>Nobody wins by weakening their best customer.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">What the week showed is something we say often and rarely take seriously: these three economies stopped being a hierarchy years ago. <strong>They work like one integrated system; When one arm weakens, the other two do not get stronger; They carry more weight.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The calendar now makes this practical. <strong>On August 19, the 50% tariffs on Canada take effect.</strong> The first week of September, <strong>Mexico sits down in Washington</strong> for its fourth round.<strong> Mexico arrives</strong> with stable prices and a calm peso. <strong>Canada arrives </strong>with employment growing. <strong>The United States</strong> arrives with the reminder that even the strongest machine needs maintenance. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">For the first time since the tariffs began, everyone brings something real to the table, and everyone has something real to lose.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Anyone who runs a company knows that the monthly close tells you what the meetings did not. <strong>North America closed its July books this week; One set of books, and all 3 of us are in them together.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h1>AFFAIRS</h1><h3>TRADE &amp; POLICY</h3><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Canada and the United States are negotiating against the clock before August 19.</strong> Minister LeBlanc and Chief Negotiator Janice Charette briefed the provinces on August 6; Ottawa is prepared to lift provincial bans on American alcohol in exchange for tariff relief <em>(Global Affairs Canada, Aug 6; CBC, Aug 6&#8211;7)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Trump called Canada &#8220;nasty&#8221; in Las Vegas; Carney responded the next day.</strong> &#8220;I love the people but they&#8217;re nasty. Nasty leadership.&#8221; He said it August 5, the same week both teams described the talks as &#8220;constructive&#8221; <em>(CBC; BNN Bloomberg, Aug 6)</em>.</p></li></ul><h3>CAPITAL &amp; INDUSTRY</h3><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The two jobs reports landed the same morning and told opposite stories.</strong> The United States shed 23,000 jobs in July; Canada added 75,000 and cut unemployment to 6.4%, the lowest since July 2024 <em>(BLS; StatCan, Aug 7)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Banxico held its rate at 6.50% on a unanimous vote, its second straight pause.</strong> A day later, INEGI reported July inflation at 3.12%, the lowest since May 2020 <em>(Banxico, Aug 6; INEGI, Aug 7)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The peso closed the week at 17.14, its best level in a year.</strong> The dollar lost 1% on the week and is down 8.4% on the year, pressured by the weak American jobs print <em>(Banxico, Aug 7)</em>.</p></li></ul><h3>RESOURCES, RISK &amp; ENERGY</h3><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The fight over the federal Colorado River plan escalated.</strong> Arizona called Interior&#8217;s proposal &#8220;devastating&#8221;; the Upper and Lower Basins split into opposing camps. The new rules would take effect October 1, with Mexico a party to the river under the 1944 treaty <em>(Deseret News, Aug 5)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Washington signed 15% tariffs and price floors on polysilicon.</strong> The August 6 order covers wafers, cells and solar modules, targets China&#8217;s grip on the feedstock, and takes effect December 4. The bill lands on the continent&#8217;s solar and data-center buildout <em>(Bloomberg; US News, Aug 6)</em>.</p></li></ul><h3>SOCIAL &amp; CITIZENS</h3><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>You can now walk between Windsor and Detroit: 3,400 people did it on day one.</strong> The Gordie Howe bridge&#8217;s pedestrian and cycling path opened August 5, running 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. from April through October <em>(The Detroit News, Aug 6; CBC Windsor, Aug 5)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Remittances are headed for a record half year: $30.759 billion from January to June.</strong> June brought $5.472 billion, up 4.2% on the year, across 13 million transfers averaging $422 <em>(Banxico, Aug 3)</em>.</p></li></ul><h3>AI &amp; SPACE &#8212; The Race of Our Century</h3><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>SpaceX delivered its first quarterly report as a public company.</strong> Revenue of $7.8 billion, up 92% on the year, and $93.5 billion in cash after June&#8217;s IPO. The stock fell 7% after hours: AI costs weighed more than the beat <em>(CNBC; NPR; Fortune, Aug 4)</em>.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Starship Flight 14 targets late August: first orbit and first attempt to catch the ship at the tower.</strong> Musk announced it on the earnings call; the flight would deploy the first Starlink V3 satellites, pending regulatory approval. Playa Bagdad remains the Mexican side of the program <em>(Space.com, Aug 4)</em>.</p></li></ul><p></p><h1>KEY DATA</h1><ul><li><p><strong>&#8722;23,000</strong> &#8212; the jobs the United States lost in July <em>(BLS, Aug 7)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>+75,000 / 6.4%</strong> &#8212; the jobs Canada added, and its unemployment rate, the lowest since July 2024 <em>(StatCan, Aug 7)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>6.50%, unanimous</strong> &#8212; Banxico&#8217;s rate, second consecutive pause <em>(Banxico, Aug 6)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>3.12%</strong> &#8212; Mexico&#8217;s July inflation, the lowest since May 2020 <em>(INEGI, Aug 7)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>$30.759 billion</strong> &#8212; first-half remittances, an all-time record <em>(Banxico, Aug 3)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>17.14</strong> &#8212; the peso&#8217;s Friday close; the dollar is down 8.4% on the year <em>(Banxico, Aug 7)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>+92% &#8594; $7.8 billion / $93.5 billion</strong> &#8212; SpaceX&#8217;s quarterly revenue growth and its cash pile <em>(Aug 4)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>15% plus price floors</strong> &#8212; the polysilicon order, effective December 4 <em>(Aug 6)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>3,400</strong> &#8212; walkers and cyclists on the Gordie Howe path&#8217;s first day <em>(Aug 5)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>3.2%</strong> &#8212; US annual wage growth, the lowest since May 2021 <em>(BLS, Aug 7)</em>.</p></li></ul><p></p><h1>KEY DATES</h1><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>~Aug 14&#8211;15</strong> &#8212; Reclamation&#8217;s 24-Month Study: sets the Colorado&#8217;s 2027 conditions.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aug 19</strong> &#8212; the 50% Section 338 tariffs on ~$20 billion of Canadian goods take effect.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aug 24</strong> &#8212; Douglas, Arizona reopens to Mexican cattle; Santa Teresa and Columbus follow.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Late August</strong> &#8212; Starship Flight 14: first orbit, first attempt to catch the ship at the tower.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Sep 1</strong> &#8212; Mexico&#8217;s Congress opens; the AI law among the first reforms.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>First week of September</strong> &#8212; fourth US&#8211;Mexico bilateral round, in Washington.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Sep 15&#8211;16</strong> &#8212; the Fed&#8217;s decision; markets are pricing a cut after the jobs report.</p></li><li><p><strong>Oct 1</strong> &#8212; the new Colorado River operating rules take effect.</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><h1>WHAT WE HAVE BEEN READING AND LISTENING TO</h1><p><em>A shelf that compounds &#8212; every week adds, nothing is deleted.</em></p><h4><strong>This week</strong></h4><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Read</strong> &#8212; Forbes / Tax Notes (Aug 3), <em><strong>&#8220;Blaming Canada: Trump Leans On Smoot-Hawley Tariff Authority.&#8221;</strong></em><strong> </strong>The legal history behind August 19: a 1930 law that had never been used. &#8594; <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/taxnotes/2026/08/03/blaming-canada-trump-leans-on-smoot-hawley-tariff-authority/">https://www.forbes.com/sites/taxnotes/2026/08/03/blaming-canada-trump-leans-on-smoot-hawley-tariff-authority/</a></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Read</strong> &#8212; Indeed Hiring Lab Canada (Aug 7), <em><strong>&#8220;July 2026 Labour Force Survey: The Turn Comes Into View.&#8221;</strong></em><strong> </strong>The sharpest read of Canada&#8217;s labor turn. &#8594; <a href="https://www.hiringlab.org/en-ca/2026/08/07/july-2026-labour-force-survey-the-turn-comes-into-view/">https://www.hiringlab.org/en-ca/2026/08/07/july-2026-labour-force-survey-the-turn-comes-into-view/</a></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Read</strong> &#8212; Deseret News (Aug 5), <em><strong>&#8220;The bitter battle over the Colorado River.&#8221;</strong></em><strong> </strong>Winners and losers of the federal plan, state by state. &#8594; <a href="https://www.deseret.com/politics/2026/08/05/winners-and-losers-of-interior-departments-colorado-river-water-proposal-federal-cuts-to-arizona-and-lower-basin-water-use/">https://www.deseret.com/politics/2026/08/05/winners-and-losers-of-interior-departments-colorado-river-water-proposal-federal-cuts-to-arizona-and-lower-basin-water-use/</a></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Read</strong> &#8212; NPR (Aug 4), <em><strong>&#8220;SpaceX&#8217;s revenue rises as its once-soaring stock price drifts back to Earth.&#8221;</strong></em> The space race now files quarterly reports. &#8594; <a href="https://www.npr.org/2026/08/04/nx-s1-5918536/spacex-first-earnings-report-since-ipo">https://www.npr.org/2026/08/04/nx-s1-5918536/spacex-first-earnings-report-since-ipo</a></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Read [ES]</strong> &#8212; El Financiero (Aug 3), <em>&#8220;Remesas hacia M&#233;xico crecen 3.1% en el primer semestre del a&#241;o.&#8221;</em> The record half year, told from the inside. &#8594; <a href="https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/economia/2026/08/03/remesas-hacia-mexico-crecen-31-en-el-primer-semestre-del-ano/">https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/economia/2026/08/03/remesas-hacia-mexico-crecen-31-en-el-primer-semestre-del-ano/</a></p></li></ul><h4><strong>New on the shelf</strong> <em>(sources worth following)</em></h4><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Follow</strong> &#8212; Indeed Hiring Lab Canada. Canadian labor data read by hiring economists, week by week. &#8594; <a href="https://www.hiringlab.org/en-ca/">https://www.hiringlab.org/en-ca/</a></p></li></ul><p></p><h4><strong>Extracts from NA77 &#183; in our own words</strong></h4><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>&#8220;The relationship between Mexico and the United States cannot be based on friendship alone; it has to be based on a strategic alliance.&#8221;</em> &#8212; Enrique Perret, in <strong>Camale&#243;n de Norteam&#233;rica &#183; Profile No. 2</strong> (Aug 7, 2026). &#8594;</p><div class="embedded-post-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:209874140,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/enrique-perret-profile-no-2&quot;,&quot;publication_id&quot;:5826053,&quot;embedding_publication_id&quot;:5826053,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IHKr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b9985bd-dead-457f-9330-32e757396f31_512x512.png&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Enrique Perret - Profile No. 2&quot;,&quot;truncated_body_text&quot;:&quot;Versi&#243;n espa&#241;ol (English see below)&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-08-07T13:03:21.810Z&quot;,&quot;like_count&quot;:13,&quot;comment_count&quot;:0,&quot;bylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:10412422,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Eduardo Joffroy&quot;,&quot;handle&quot;:&quot;ejoffroy&quot;,&quot;previous_name&quot;:&quot;The North American - 77&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/e89273cd-76cb-4b8e-9e4b-d1bd93942c4d_1000x1000.png&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Founder of The North American-77/ CEO @ Joffroy - North American Trade &amp; Freight End to End Integration&quot;,&quot;profile_set_up_at&quot;:&quot;2021-05-11T23:42:21.607Z&quot;,&quot;reader_installed_at&quot;:&quot;2023-01-13T15:03:25.544Z&quot;,&quot;publicationUsers&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:5942687,&quot;user_id&quot;:10412422,&quot;publication_id&quot;:5826053,&quot;role&quot;:&quot;admin&quot;,&quot;public&quot;:true,&quot;is_primary&quot;:true,&quot;publication&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:5826053,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;subdomain&quot;:&quot;thenorthamerican77&quot;,&quot;custom_domain&quot;:&quot;www.thenorthamerican.com&quot;,&quot;custom_domain_optional&quot;:false,&quot;hero_text&quot;:&quot;One future. Three nations. Essays, intelligence, and stories on North America's unrealized potential &#8212; written for regular people across our continent who need to be informed about their country and region.  &quot;,&quot;logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7b9985bd-dead-457f-9330-32e757396f31_512x512.png&quot;,&quot;author_id&quot;:10412422,&quot;primary_user_id&quot;:10412422,&quot;theme_var_background_pop&quot;:&quot;#FF6719&quot;,&quot;created_at&quot;:&quot;2025-07-29T20:34:22.631Z&quot;,&quot;email_from_name&quot;:&quot;The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;The North American &#8212; 77 &quot;,&quot;founding_plan_name&quot;:&quot;Sponsor Member&quot;,&quot;community_enabled&quot;:true,&quot;invite_only&quot;:false,&quot;payments_state&quot;:&quot;enabled&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:null,&quot;explicit&quot;:false,&quot;homepage_type&quot;:&quot;newspaper&quot;,&quot;is_personal_mode&quot;:false,&quot;logo_url_wide&quot;:null}}],&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null,&quot;status&quot;:{&quot;bestsellerTier&quot;:null,&quot;subscriberTier&quot;:1,&quot;leaderboard&quot;:null,&quot;vip&quot;:false,&quot;badge&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;subscriber&quot;,&quot;tier&quot;:1,&quot;accent_colors&quot;:null},&quot;subscriber&quot;:null}}],&quot;utm_campaign&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null}" data-component-name="EmbeddedPostToDOM"><a class="embedded-post" native="true" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/enrique-perret-profile-no-2?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_campaign=post_embed&amp;utm_medium=web&amp;embedding_publication_id=5826053"><div class="embedded-post-header"><img class="embedded-post-publication-logo" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IHKr!,w_56,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7b9985bd-dead-457f-9330-32e757396f31_512x512.png" loading="lazy"><span class="embedded-post-publication-name">The North American &#8212; 77</span></div><div class="embedded-post-title-wrapper"><div class="embedded-post-title">Enrique Perret - Profile No. 2</div></div><div class="embedded-post-body">Versi&#243;n espa&#241;ol (English see below&#8230;</div><div class="embedded-post-cta-wrapper"><span class="embedded-post-cta">Read more</span></div><div class="embedded-post-meta">9 days ago &#183; 13 likes &#183; Eduardo Joffroy</div></a></div><p><em><strong>&#8220;No somos el problema. El sistema que toleramos, s&#237;.&#8221;</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; <strong>The Rules of Poverty &#183; Paper I, </strong><em><strong>The Hundred-Year Divergence.</strong></em> &#8594; <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-hundred-year-divergence-paper">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-hundred-year-divergence-paper</a></p><p><em><strong>&#8220;The region does not lack good people. It lacks institutions that can withstand the bad ones.&#8221;</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; <strong>The Rules of Poverty &#183; Paper II, </strong><em><strong>The Capture Machine.</strong></em> &#8594; <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-capture-machine-paper-ii-de-iii">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-capture-machine-paper-ii-de-iii</a></p><p><em><strong>&#8220;Mexico&#8217;s future is in the decisions we make. El futuro de M&#233;xico no est&#225; al sur de sus problemas; est&#225; al norte de sus decisiones.&#8221;</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; <strong>The Rules of Poverty &#183; Paper III, </strong><em><strong>The Mexican Exit.</strong></em> &#8594; <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-33-the-mexican-exit">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-33-the-mexican-exit</a></p><p></p><h4><strong>From the archive &#183; Week of July 26 &#8211; August 1</strong></h4><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Washington Post</strong> &#8212; the federal Colorado plan, read by the people who know the river: it falls short of the drought. &#8594; <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2026/07/31/federal-plan-colorado-river-falls-short-what-needed-experts-say/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2026/07/31/federal-plan-colorado-river-falls-short-what-needed-experts-say/</a></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Axios</strong> &#8212; the bill for Canadian anger, in tourism dollars: $3.3 billion less. &#8594; <a href="https://www.axios.com/2026/07/28/canada-us-tourism-losses-canadian-travel">https://www.axios.com/2026/07/28/canada-us-tourism-losses-canadian-travel</a></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Port&#225;til [ES]</strong> &#8212; the patrols at Playa Bagdad: the Mexican side of Starbase. &#8594; <a href="https://portatil.mx/2026/07/28/buscan-en-costas-de-tamaulipas-restos-del-cohete-starship-de-spacex/">https://portatil.mx/2026/07/28/buscan-en-costas-de-tamaulipas-restos-del-cohete-starship-de-spacex/</a></p></li></ul><p></p><h4><strong>The Essential of the week</strong> <em>(one work from the canon, chosen for what happened this week)</em></h4><ul><li><p><strong>Shannon K. O&#8217;Neil &#8212; </strong><em><strong>The Globalization Myth: Why Regions Matter.</strong></em> The week the continent read as one labor market is the week to reread why the future belongs to regions. &#8594; <a href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300248975/the-globalization-myth/">https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300248975/the-globalization-myth/</a></p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Sources: BLS &#183; StatCan &#183; Banxico &#183; INEGI &#183; Global Affairs Canada &#183; CBC &#183; BNN Bloomberg &#183; The Globe and Mail &#183; Deseret News &#183; Bureau of Reclamation &#183; Bloomberg &#183; US News &#183; Quartz &#183; The Detroit News &#183; AM800 &#183; CNBC &#183; NPR &#183; Fortune &#183; Space.com &#183; El Financiero &#183; LatinUS &#183; La Raz&#243;n &#183; Infobae &#183; Milenio &#183; Proceso &#183; Exc&#233;lsior &#183; Forbes/Tax Notes &#183; Indeed Hiring Lab Canada.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Enrique Perret - Profile No. 2]]></title><description><![CDATA[Camale&#243;n de Norteam&#233;rica: twenty years holding the U.S.&#8211;Mexico relationship together.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/enrique-perret-profile-no-2</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/enrique-perret-profile-no-2</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 07 Aug 2026 13:03:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZOMw!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9983a529-9cdf-4519-b698-b44c0a8cb62c_2752x1536.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="pullquote"><p></p><h2 style="text-align: center;"><strong>Versi&#243;n espa&#241;ol (English see below)</strong></h2><p style="text-align: center;"></p></div><h2>0 &#8212; Intro</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">Hay un oficio que no aparece en ning&#250;n cat&#225;logo de carreras: <strong>sostener la relaci&#243;n entre dos pa&#237;ses</strong> cuando cambian los presidentes, cambian los partidos y desaparecen las instituciones.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/enrique-perret-erhard/">Enrique Perret Erhard</a> </strong>lleva m&#225;s de 20 a&#241;os haciendo esto. Lo ha hecho desde la frontera, la Ciudad de M&#233;xico, Chicago y hoy desde Washington, D.C. Durante estos 20 a&#241;os, el logotipo de la organizaci&#243;n ha cambiado pero su misi&#243;n sigue siendo la misma.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Este es el a&#241;o en que Enrique y sus organizaciones son pilares de todo lo que est&#225; pasando en Norteam&#233;rica. <strong><a href="https://www.usmexicofoundation.org">The U.S.-Mexico Foundation</a> y <a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com">North Capital Forum</a> </strong>son plataformas que re&#250;nen a los l&#237;deres m&#225;s influyentes de Norteam&#233;rica y sin duda tendr&#225;n impacto en nuestro continente.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Por eso el<strong> Profile &#8470;02 de The North American </strong>le pertenece a <strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/enrique-perret-erhard/">Enrique Perret Erhard</a>.</strong></p><h2>1 &#8212; El Inicio</h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Enrique naci&#243; en Piedras Negras, Coahuila, frontera con Eagle Pass, Texas</strong>, donde vivi&#243; sus primeros 18 a&#241;os. Naci&#243; y creci&#243; del lado mexicano junto con sus padres y sus dos hermanos. Confiesa que pudo haber nacido en EUA pero las cosas eran diferentes en la frontera en esos tiempos, y la verdad es que le creo porque yo viv&#237; lo mismo.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">En sus palabras: <em>&#8220;<strong>Hace 50 a&#241;os, en la frontera, nadie sent&#237;a urgencia de nacer americano; del lado mexicano se ve&#237;an m&#225;s beneficios.&#8221;</strong></em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Creci&#243; cruzando. <em><strong>&#8220;Los que somos de la frontera, pues hay muchas cosas que es bien dif&#237;cil explicar&#8221;</strong></em><strong>,</strong> ha contado. <em>&#8220;<strong>El haber cruzado a veces hasta tres veces en el d&#237;a&#8221;</strong></em>:   al McDonald&#8217;s del otro lado, a cargar gasolina del otro lado, a la escuela. Su pasaporte de ni&#241;o era la mica con fotograf&#237;a de beb&#233; que tra&#237;amos todos los que crecimos en la l&#237;nea, cuidada en la cartera durante a&#241;os.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ten&#237;a 14 a&#241;os cuando se firm&#243; el <strong>Tratado de Libre Comercio</strong>, y &#233;l mismo marca ah&#237; el origen de su vocaci&#243;n: <strong>la relaci&#243;n M&#233;xico&#8211;Estados Unidos </strong>como inter&#233;s de vida. Su hermano mayor estudi&#243; comercio internacional, la carrera de moda de la generaci&#243;n del <strong>TLCAN,</strong> y <strong>Enrique lleg&#243; al Tec de Monterrey </strong>a los 18 a estudiar lo mismo. Desde ese primer d&#237;a en Monterrey hizo algo que pocos muchachos de 18 a&#241;os hacen a prop&#243;sito: <strong>buscar mentores.</strong></p><p>Los que encontr&#243; entonces, dice, siguen moldeando qui&#233;n es.</p><h2>2 &#8212; La Identidad</h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A Eagle Pass le dice &#8220;Igle Pass&#8221;,</strong> y su esposa se burla de &#233;l por eso. O simplemente &#8220;el otro lado&#8221;, como decimos todos los de la l&#237;nea. Esa naturalidad es la credencial que ning&#250;n posgrado otorga.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Por muchos a&#241;os, Perret vio como desventaja no haber nacido del lado americano. Hoy lo lee al rev&#233;s: de haber nacido all&#225;, no habr&#237;a estudiado en Monterrey, no habr&#237;a sido diplom&#225;tico mexicano y no vivir&#237;a en Washington. La vida que tiene existe por la decisi&#243;n de su madre.</p><p><strong>Lo que parec&#237;a carencia se volvi&#243; su ventaja competitiva.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Enrique habla el idioma de la frontera</strong> y el idioma de <strong>Washington, D.C. </strong>sin traducirse a s&#237; mismo. Yo crec&#237; igual, en <strong>Ambos Nogales</strong>, cruzando a diario para ir a la escuela. Los que venimos de la l&#237;nea nos reconocemos r&#225;pido. Es un verdadero orgullo ver a talento que viene de la frontera, como Enrique, en los escenarios m&#225;s relevantes de Norteam&#233;rica y del mundo, representando muy bien nuestros intereses.</p><h2>3 &#8212; El Oficio del Puente</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">Enrique trabaj&#243; 12 a&#241;os en el gobierno mexicano, todo el <strong>sexenio de Calder&#243;n y todo el de Pe&#241;a Nieto,</strong> casi siempre en promoci&#243;n econ&#243;mica. Pas&#243; por ProM&#233;xico y por la <strong>Secretar&#237;a de Econom&#237;a</strong> como secretario t&#233;cnico de competitividad, donde coordin&#243; el B20 durante la presidencia mexicana del G20 y el encuentro del <strong>World Economic Forum para Am&#233;rica Latina en 2012.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Fue <strong>consejero comercial de M&#233;xico en Chicago</strong>, jefe de gabinete del presidente de la <strong>CNBV</strong>, y en diciembre de 2014 se mud&#243; a Washington para dirigir las 15 oficinas de <strong>ProM&#233;xico en Norteam&#233;rica.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ah&#237; le toc&#243; la primera administraci&#243;n de Trump y la renegociaci&#243;n del tratado que termin&#243; en el<strong> USMCA.</strong> Y ah&#237;, en la transici&#243;n de 2018, <strong>el nuevo gobierno mexicano decidi&#243; eliminar ProM&#233;xico. </strong>La agencia fue extinguida por decreto en 2019, y <strong>M&#233;xico qued&#243; como el &#250;nico pa&#237;s de la OCDE sin agencia especializada de promoci&#243;n de comercio exterior.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Enrique hab&#237;a llegado a <strong>Washington, D.C</strong>. con un contrato de dos a&#241;os. Cuando el veh&#237;culo desapareci&#243;, enfrent&#243; lo que &#233;l ha llamado su gran tema: <em><strong>&#8220;la gran decisi&#243;n era: me quedo o me voy. Esa decisi&#243;n era una decisi&#243;n de vida.&#8221;</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">La consult&#243; con la gente que quiere y en la que conf&#237;a, y la respuesta fue consistente: tienes un expertise muy particular, aprov&#233;chalo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#201;l lo resume sin adorno: <em>&#8220;<strong>la vida me fue llevando a tener un expertise muy particular, a conocer a la gente correcta en Washington, en M&#233;xico, para poder ser ese puente que se necesita hoy.&#8221;</strong></em></p><p>Se qued&#243;; y en diciembre de 2018 tom&#243; la direcci&#243;n de la <strong><a href="https://www.usmexicofoundation.org">U.S.-Mexico Foundation</a>.</strong></p><p><strong>No cambi&#243; de causa; cambi&#243; de veh&#237;culo.</strong></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;">4 &#8212; La Obra</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">La <strong><a href="https://www.usmexicofoundation.org">U.S.-Mexico Foundation</a></strong> es una organizaci&#243;n binacional, sin fines de lucro y no partidista, fundada en 2001 para fomentar el entendimiento y la colaboraci&#243;n entre <strong>M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Bajo la direcci&#243;n de Enrique</strong> gir&#243; hacia el advocacy y construy&#243; m&#250;sculo propio: programas de inmersi&#243;n como <strong>US Mexico 360, que desde el 2018 han llevado a m&#225;s de 1000 tomadores de decisi&#243;n de Washington a conocer M&#233;xico</strong> a profundidad, y delegaciones mexicanas en sentido inverso, porque como &#233;l dice, <em><strong>&#8220;hay una brecha todav&#237;a de conocimiento de c&#243;mo funciona esta ciudad de Washington, de cu&#225;les son las palancas que hay que mover.&#8221;</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">En 2022 fund&#243; el <strong><a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com">North Capital Forum</a>,</strong> el foro anual de la fundaci&#243;n en Ciudad de M&#233;xico que re&#250;ne a gobierno, sector privado, academia y sociedad civil de los tres pa&#237;ses. <strong>Creci&#243; de 700 participantes en 2022 a m&#225;s de 1,100 en 2024</strong>, con nivel real de decisi&#243;n: embajadores del T-MEC, gobernadores, fondos, corporativos. <strong>Robert F. Smith, fundador de Vista Equity Partners, fue co-chair de la edici&#243;n 2025.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">La quinta edici&#243;n ser&#225; del <strong>27 al 29 de septiembre de 2026 en Ciudad de M&#233;xico</strong>. En abril de este a&#241;o, la fundaci&#243;n convoc&#243; adem&#225;s, junto con el <strong>Meridian International Center</strong>, un foro de diplomacia en Washington con delegados de los tres pa&#237;ses.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Y hay un lado creativo que pocos en el mundo del policy conocen: Enrique es productor ejecutivo de <strong><a href="https://patijinich.com">Pati&#8217;s Mexican Table</a>,</strong> la serie de <strong>Pati Jinich</strong> que acumula premios James Beard, y de <strong><a href="https://www.pbs.org/food/shows/la-frontera-with-pati-jinich">La Frontera</a></strong> en PBS, para la cual ha recorrido decenas de cruces fronterizos contando la frontera desde adentro.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Desde 2024 es Senior Fellow del <strong><a href="https://milkeninstitute.org/experts/enrique-perret-erhard">Milken Institute</a></strong>, escribe la columna <strong><a href="https://www.milenio.com/opinion/enrique-perret">Negocios desde Washington</a></strong> <strong>en Milenio</strong>, y ha presidido o acompa&#241;ado consejos que van de <strong>Ense&#241;a por M&#233;xico a COMEXUS</strong> y el patronato del <strong>Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes.</strong></p><h2>5 &#8212; La Visi&#243;n Norteamericana</h2><p>La tesis de Enrique cabe en una frase que dijo en <strong>Border Masters en 2025:</strong></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&#8220;La relaci&#243;n entre M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos no puede estar basada solo en la amistad; tiene que estar basada en una alianza estrat&#233;gica.&#8221;</strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">La geograf&#237;a ya regal&#243; la proximidad; la confianza hay que construirla. Y la confianza, para &#233;l, se construye con instituciones:</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&#8220;Necesitamos construir m&#225;s instituciones y mejores instituciones. Necesitamos invertir m&#225;s en la relaci&#243;n entre M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos, pues no podemos dejarla en piloto autom&#225;tico.&#8221;</strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Sobre la relocalizaci&#243;n no vende humo. El nearshoring lleg&#243; para quedarse, sostiene, pero <em><strong>&#8220;el gran ganador de la relocalizaci&#243;n ha sido Estados Unidos, que es m&#225;s un reshoring.&#8221;</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">El matiz importa: <strong>la oportunidad mexicana sigue abierta, no est&#225; ganada.</strong> Su carta m&#225;s fuerte es el talento: <strong>M&#233;xico grad&#250;a 130 mil ingenieros al a&#241;o,</strong> y en sus palabras el mejor factor de <strong>M&#233;xico ante Estados Unidos </strong>es ese, talento m&#225;s proximidad m&#225;s el concepto de aliado.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sobre el bloque no se hace ilusiones y tampoco se disculpa: las asimetr&#237;as entre M&#233;xico y sus socios se conoc&#237;an desde el primer TLC, y aun as&#237; los tres pa&#237;ses, dice, <em>&#8220;<strong>deben considerarse como el bloque m&#225;s competitivo del mundo.&#8221;</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>De cara al T-MEC</strong>, su lectura desde <strong>Washington </strong>a&#250;n ante una falta de una renovaci&#243;n es de mantener &#225;nimo positivo de que <strong>Norteam&#233;rica es un bloque de competencia global</strong> que se necesita m&#225;s de lo que dejan aparentar. Y su pregunta de fondo para 2026 es la que m&#225;s me resuena: <strong>c&#243;mo empatar la visi&#243;n de Estados Unidos, la de M&#233;xico y la de Canad&#225; en una sola reinvenci&#243;n norteamericana.</strong></p><h2>6 &#8212; El Camale&#243;n del Desierto</h2><p>En la frontera le decimos camale&#243;n, aunque los bi&#243;logos insistan en que no lo es. El <em><strong>Phrynosoma platyrhinos</strong></em> es la lagartija cornuda de nuestro desierto: un animalito gordito, de cuernos, que parece prehist&#243;rico y es completamente inofensivo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Vive en los dos lados de la l&#237;nea sin pedirle permiso a nadie, porque su territorio exist&#237;a millones de a&#241;os antes de que existiera la frontera. Su piel toma el color del suelo donde nace, arena en un valle, piedra en otro. Cuando el peligro pasa cerca no corre: se queda quieto, rompe su silueta con los cuernos, se entierra en la arena si hace falta, y aguanta.</p><p>Vive de hormigas. <strong>Sobrevive a punta de paciencia.</strong></p><p>De ese animal sacamos el filtro editorial de esta casa. <strong>La pregunta Camale&#243;n</strong> se le aplica a cada persona, empresa o idea que quiere entrar a <strong>NA77</strong>:</p><ul><li><p>&#191;Se adapt&#243; a trav&#233;s de fronteras, culturas o sistemas, y sali&#243; m&#225;s fuerte sin perder su naturaleza esencial?</p></li><li><p>Las caracter&#237;sticas son las del bicho: <strong>no tener fronteras, ser altamente adaptable, ser resiliente, y nunca perder la esencia.</strong></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/enrique-perret-erhard/">Enrique Perret</a> </strong>las cumple todas: nacido en frontera, cruz&#243; la frontera todos los d&#237;as hasta sus 18 a&#241;os, se prepar&#243; en el<strong> Tec de Monterrey</strong>, alto funcionario federal en M&#233;xico, promotor comercial en Chicago, jefe de gabinete regulatorio, director regional en Washington, l&#237;der de una fundaci&#243;n binacional, productor de televisi&#243;n, senior fellow de un think tank: cada muda conserv&#243; el mismo n&#250;cleo, <strong>ser puente entre dos pa&#237;ses que conoce desde el nacimiento.</strong></p><p>Cuando su propio gobierno elimin&#243; la instituci&#243;n que &#233;l representaba, su causa solo se reforz&#243;.</p><p>Eso es exactamente lo que el camale&#243;n del desierto sabe hacer: <strong>cambiar de forma sin cambiar de naturaleza.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Por eso <strong>The North American &#8212; 77</strong> le otorga a <strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/enrique-perret-erhard/">Enrique Perret Erhard</a></strong> nuestro reconocimiento de <strong>Camale&#243;n de Norteam&#233;rica</strong>, el segundo en la historia de esta plataforma. Es un reconocimiento a la continuidad: a sostener el mismo puente a trav&#233;s de tres andamiajes institucionales distintos, dos pa&#237;ses y todos los cambios de gobierno que le tocaron encima.</p><h2>7 &#8212; En Su Voz</h2><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>&#8220;&#218;ltimamente he reflexionado mucho que como pa&#237;s nos conviene, hoy, ser aliados que otra cosa.&#8221;</em> &#8212; <strong>Sobre M&#233;xico ante Estados Unidos &#183; Forbes M&#233;xico, febrero 2025.</strong></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>&#8220;Necesitamos construir m&#225;s instituciones y mejores instituciones. Necesitamos invertir m&#225;s en la relaci&#243;n entre M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos, pues no podemos dejarla en piloto autom&#225;tico.&#8221;</em> &#8212; <strong>Sobre el trabajo que no se ve &#183; Forbes M&#233;xico, febrero 2025.</strong></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>&#8220;La relaci&#243;n entre M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos no puede estar basada solo en la amistad; tiene que estar basada en una alianza estrat&#233;gica.&#8221;</em> &#8212; <strong>Sobre amistad y alianza &#183; Border Masters / Olas Media, junio 2025.</strong></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>&#8220;La vida me fue llevando a tener un expertise muy particular, a conocer a la gente correcta en Washington, en M&#233;xico, para poder ser ese puente que se necesita hoy.&#8221;</em> &#8212; <strong>Sobre su oficio &#183; La Revoluci&#243;n de la Riqueza, marzo 2025.</strong></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>&#8220;La pregunta es c&#243;mo M&#233;xico puede ser parte de esa reinvenci&#243;n norteamericana en m&#250;ltiples productos, industrias, plataformas, tecnolog&#237;as; c&#243;mo empatamos esa visi&#243;n de Estados Unidos, de M&#233;xico, de Canad&#225; en una visi&#243;n norteamericana.&#8221;</em> &#8212; <strong>Sobre 2026 &#183; Negocios W / W Radio, enero 2026.</strong></p></li></ul><h2>7.5 &#8212; La Pregunta Abierta</h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>ProM&#233;xico</strong> fue creada por decreto en 2007 y extinguida por decreto en 2019. Todo lo que Enrique construy&#243; dentro del gobierno depend&#237;a, al final, de la firma de un presidente.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Lo que construye hoy depende de donantes y patrocinadores. Su respuesta de fondo es que el <strong>USMCA</strong> es en s&#237; mismo una instituci&#243;n, una base de reglas que da certidumbre, y que defenderlo es defender la continuidad misma.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La pregunta que queda abierta apunta hacia adentro de M&#233;xico: si un pa&#237;s que desarma sus instituciones cada seis a&#241;os puede sostener una causa de Estado que exige d&#233;cadas. La <strong><a href="https://www.usmexicofoundation.org">U.S.-Mexico Foundation</a></strong> lleva 25 a&#241;os, siete con Enrique al frente.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esa continuidad, hoy, la est&#225; dando una fundaci&#243;n privada y no el Estado mexicano. Ah&#237; hay una lecci&#243;n que el gobierno mexicano todav&#237;a no recoge.</p><h2>8 &#8212; Lo Que Sigue</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">El <strong><a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com">North Capital Forum</a></strong> llega a su quinta edici&#243;n del <strong>27 al 29 de septiembre en Ciudad de M&#233;xico</strong>, con la ambici&#243;n de siempre: que los tres pa&#237;ses se sienten a la misma mesa como bloque y no como tres vecinos con agendas paralelas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Y<strong> <a href="https://www.pbs.org/food/shows/la-frontera-with-pati-jinich">La Frontera</a></strong> sigue contando, plato a plato y cruce a cruce, la historia que las noticias no cuentan: <strong><a href="https://patijinich.com">Pati Jinich</a></strong> anda presentando su nuevo libro, <em><strong>Food from la Frontera</strong></em>, con paradas en Arizona. La diplomacia tambi&#233;n se hace en la cocina, y Perret lo entendi&#243; antes que casi todos en su gremio.</p><h2>9 &#8212; El Puesto de Escucha</h2><p><strong>D&#243;nde seguirlo</strong></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.usmexicofoundation.org/enriqueesp">U.S.-Mexico Foundation</a> &#183; <a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com">North Capital Forum</a></strong> &#8212; NCF26: 27&#8211;29 de septiembre, CDMX &#183; Columna <strong><a href="https://www.milenio.com/opinion/enrique-perret">Negocios desde Washington</a> </strong>&#8212; <strong>Milenio</strong> &#183; <strong><a href="https://milkeninstitute.org/experts/enrique-perret-erhard">Milken Institute</a> </strong>&#8212; perfil de Senior Fellow &#183;<strong> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/enrique-perret-erhard/">LinkedIn</a></strong></p></li></ul><p><strong>Para escucharlo largo</strong></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La Revoluci&#243;n de la Riqueza </strong>(marzo 2025) &#8212; su conversaci&#243;n m&#225;s personal: infancia, mentores, la decisi&#243;n de quedarse en Washington</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Border Masters / Olas Media</strong> (junio 2025) &#8212; la frontera como motor y el programa US-MX Trust 60</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Supply &amp; Demand Show</strong> (agosto 2024, en ingl&#233;s) &#8212; talento, confianza y narrativa</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Negocios W / W Radio</strong> (enero 2026) &#8212; la visi&#243;n 2026 y la revisi&#243;n del T-MEC</p></li></ul><h2>Nota del Editor</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">Conozco el trabajo de Enrique desde hace unos a&#241;os: tuve el honor de invitarlo m&#250;ltiples veces al <strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/tradehubmx/"><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">Trade Hub Summit</span></a></strong> que organizamos junto con CAAAREM en tres ediciones, he vivido el <strong><a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com">North Capital Forum</a></strong> como asistente y form&#243; parte de un comit&#233; dentro de <strong><a href="https://www.usmexicofoundation.org">The U.S.-Mexico Foundation</a>.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Lo que me impresiona de &#233;l no es el acceso ni los t&#237;tulos: cambiaron los presidentes, desapareci&#243; por decreto la instituci&#243;n que representaba, tuvo que decidir en qu&#233; pa&#237;s construir su vida, y sigui&#243; tendiendo el mismo puente. Los que venimos de la l&#237;nea sabemos lo que eso exige.</p><p><strong><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">The North American &#8212; 77 </span></strong>se cre&#243; para amplificar a personas como <strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/enrique-perret-erhard/">Enrique Perret</a></strong>: esenciales para el futuro de un mejor Norteam&#233;rica.</p><p><strong>Camale&#243;n de Norteam&#233;rica, &#8470;02. Bien ganado.</strong></p><p>Si encuentras valor en NA77, te invitamos a suscribirte y a correr la voz con tus contactos.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/enrique-perret-profile-no-2?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/enrique-perret-profile-no-2?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div class="pullquote"><p></p><h2><strong>English Version</strong></h2><p></p></div><h1>ENRIQUE PERRET</h1><p><strong>The man who keeps the bridge standing.</strong> </p><p>Profile &#8470;02 &#183; Piedras Negras &#8594; Washington, D.C. &#183; August 2026</p><p>The North American - [77] </p><div><hr></div><h2>0 &#8212; Intro</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">There is a trade no career catalog lists: <strong>keeping the relationship between two countries standing</strong> while presidents change, parties change, and institutions disappear.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/enrique-perret-erhard/">Enrique Perret Erhard</a></strong> has worked that trade for more than 20 years. He has done it from the border, from Mexico City, from Chicago, and today from Washington, D.C. Over those 20 years the logo on the organization has changed, but the mission has stayed the same.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is the year Enrique and his organizations stand as pillars of everything moving in North America. <strong><a href="https://www.usmexicofoundation.org">The U.S.-Mexico Foundation</a> </strong>and the<strong> <a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com">North Capital Forum</a></strong> are platforms that convene the most influential leaders of North America, and they will leave a mark on our continent.</p><p>That is why Profile &#8470;02 of The North American belongs to <strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/enrique-perret-erhard/">Enrique Perret Erhard</a>.</strong></p><h2>1 &#8212; The Beginning</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">Enrique was born in <strong>Piedras Negras, Coahuila</strong>, across the border from <strong>Eagle Pass, Texas</strong>, where he lived his first 18 years. He was born and raised on the Mexican side with his parents and his two brothers. He admits he could have been born in the U.S., but the border was a different world in those days, and I believe him because I lived the same thing.</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">In his words: <em><strong>&#8220;Fifty years ago on the border, nobody felt any urgency to be born American; the Mexican side looked like the better deal.&#8221;</strong></em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">He grew up crossing. Those of us from the border, he has said, carry things that are hard to explain: <em><strong>crossing as many as three times in a single day, to the McDonald&#8217;s on the other side, to buy gas on the other side, to school.</strong></em> His childhood passport was the laminated border-crossing card with a baby photo, <strong>&#8220;the mica&#8221; </strong>all of us who grew up on the line carried and guarded in our wallets for years.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>He was 14 when NAFTA was signed,</strong> and he traces his vocation to that moment: <strong>the U.S.&#8211;Mexico relationship as a life&#8217;s interest.</strong> His older brother studied international trade, the fashionable degree of the NAFTA generation, and <strong>Enrique arrived at Tec de Monterrey at 18 </strong>to study the same. From that first day in<strong> Monterrey</strong> he did something few 18-year-olds do on purpose: <strong>he went looking for mentors.</strong></p><p>The ones he found then, he says, still shape who he is.</p><h2>2 &#8212; The Identity</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">He calls <strong>Eagle Pass &#8220;Igle Pass,&#8221; </strong>and his wife teases him for it. Or simply &#8220;el otro lado,&#8221; the other side, the way all of us from the line say it. That ease is a credential no graduate school grants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">For many years Perret saw it as a disadvantage that he had not been born on the American side. Today he reads it the other way: born over there, he would have studied in <strong>San Antonio instead of Monterrey</strong>, he could never have served as a Mexican diplomat, and he would not live in Washington today. The life he has exists because of his mother&#8217;s decision.</p><p><strong>What looked like a deficit became his competitive advantage.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Enrique speaks the language of the border and the language of</strong> <strong>Washington, D.C. </strong>without translating himself. I grew up the same way, in <strong>Ambos Nogales, </strong>crossing daily to go to school. Those of us who come from the line recognize each other fast. It is a real point of pride to see talent from the border, like Enrique, on the most relevant stages of <strong>North America and the world, </strong>representing our interests well.</p><h2>3 &#8212; The Bridge Trade</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">Enrique spent 12 years in the Mexican government, <strong>the full Calder&#243;n and Pe&#241;a Nieto administrations</strong>, almost always in economic promotion. He served at ProM&#233;xico and at the <strong>Ministry of Economy</strong> as technical secretary for competitiveness, where he coordinated the <strong>B20 during Mexico&#8217;s G20 presidency and the World Economic Forum&#8217;s Latin America meeting in 2012.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">He was Mexico&#8217;s trade commissioner in Chicago, chief of staff to the president of the national banking regulator, and in December 2014 he moved to Washington to run <strong>ProM&#233;xico&#8217;s 15 offices across North America.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">There he worked through the first <strong>Trump administration </strong>and the renegotiation that <strong>produced the USMCA.</strong> And there, in the 2018 transition, <strong>the incoming Mexican government decided to eliminate ProM&#233;xico. </strong>The agency was extinguished by decree in 2019, <strong>leaving Mexico as the only OECD country without a specialized trade-promotion agency.</strong></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Enrique had arrived in Washington, D.C</strong>. on a two-year contract. When the vehicle disappeared, he faced what he has called his defining question: <em><strong>&#8220;the big decision was: do I stay or do I go. That decision was a life decision.&#8221;</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>He took it to the people he loves and trusts, and the answer was consistent: you have a very particular expertise, use it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">His own summary carries no varnish: <em><strong>&#8220;life kept leading me toward a very particular expertise, toward knowing the right people in Washington and in Mexico, to be the bridge that is needed today.&#8221;</strong></em></p><p>He stayed; and in December 2018 he took over the<strong> <a href="https://www.usmexicofoundation.org">U.S.-Mexico Foundation</a>.</strong></p><p><strong>He did not change causes; he changed vehicles.</strong></p><h2>4 &#8212; The Work</h2><p>The <strong><a href="https://www.usmexicofoundation.org">U.S.-Mexico Foundation</a></strong> is a binational, nonprofit, nonpartisan organization founded in 2001 to build understanding and cooperation between the two countries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Under Enrique it turned toward advocacy and built muscle of its own: immersion programs like <strong>US Mexico 360, that since 2018 has taken more than 1000 Washington decision makers to Mexico</strong> to understand the country in depth, and Mexican delegations in the opposite direction, because, as he puts it, <em><strong>&#8220;there is still a knowledge gap about how this city of Washington works, about which levers have to move.&#8221;</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">In 2022 he founded the <strong><a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com">North Capital Forum</a></strong>, the foundation&#8217;s annual gathering in Mexico City that brings together government, business, academia, and civil society from all three countries. <strong>It grew from 700 participants in 2022 to more than 1,100 in 2024,</strong> at genuine decision-maker level: USMCA ambassadors, governors, funds, corporations. <strong>Robert F. Smith, founder of Vista Equity Partners, served as U.S. co-chair in 2025.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The fifth edition runs <strong>September 27&#8211;29, 2026, in Mexico City</strong>. This past April the foundation also convened, with the <strong>Meridian International Cente</strong>r, a diplomacy forum in Washington with delegates from all three countries.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">And there is a creative side few people in the policy world know: Enrique is executive producer of <strong><a href="https://patijinich.com">Pati&#8217;s Mexican Table</a></strong>, Pati Jinich&#8217;s James Beard Award-winning series, and of <strong><a href="https://www.pbs.org/food/shows/la-frontera-with-pati-jinich">La Frontera</a> </strong>on PBS, for which he has traveled dozens of border crossings telling the border&#8217;s story from the inside.</p><p>Since 2024 he is a Senior Fellow at the <strong><a href="https://milkeninstitute.org/experts/enrique-perret-erhard">Milken Institute</a>,</strong> he writes the column <strong><a href="https://www.milenio.com/opinion/enrique-perret">Negocios desde Washington</a> </strong>in Milenio, and he has chaired or served on boards from <strong>Ense&#241;a por M&#233;xico to COMEXUS</strong> and the trustees of the <strong>Palacio de Bellas Artes museum.</strong></p><h2>5 &#8212; The North American Lens</h2><p>Enrique&#8217;s thesis fits in one sentence he delivered on Border Masters in 2025:</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&#8220;The relationship between Mexico and the United States cannot be based on friendship alone; it has to be based on a strategic alliance.&#8221;</strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Geography already provided the proximity; the trust has to be built. And trust, for him, is built with institutions:</p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>&#8220;We need to build more institutions and better institutions. We need to invest more in the relationship between Mexico and the United States, because we cannot leave it on autopilot.&#8221;</strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">On relocation he refuses to oversell. Nearshoring is here to stay, he argues, but <em>&#8220;<strong>the big winner of relocation has been the United States, which is living something closer to reshoring.&#8221;</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The nuance matters: <strong>Mexico&#8217;s opportunity remains open, not won.</strong> His strongest card is talent: Mexico graduates 130,000 engineers a year, and in his words Mexico&#8217;s best factor before the United States is exactly that, talent plus proximity plus the ally concept.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On the bloc itself he holds no illusions and offers no apologies: the asymmetries between Mexico and its partners were known when the first NAFTA was signed, and even so the three countries, he argues, <em>&#8220;<strong>should regard themselves as the most competitive bloc in the world.&#8221;</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">On USMCA, his read from Washington, even with no renewal yet on the table, is to stay positive: <strong>North America is a bloc for global competition that needs itself more than the parties let on</strong>. </p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">And his underlying question for 2026 is the one that resonates most with me: <strong>how to align the vision of the United States, Mexico, and Canada into a single North American reinvention.</strong></p></blockquote><h2>6 &#8212; The Desert Camale&#243;n</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">On the border we call it a camale&#243;n, even though biologists insist it is not one. <strong>The </strong><em><strong>Phrynosoma platyrhinos</strong></em> is the horned lizard of our desert: <strong>a chubby, horned little animal that looks prehistoric and is completely harmless.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">It lives on both sides of the line without asking anyone&#8217;s permission, because its territory existed millions of years before the border did. Its skin takes the color of the ground where it is born, sand in one valley, stone in another. When danger passes close it does not run:<strong> it holds still, breaks its outline with its horns, buries itself in the sand if it must, and endures.</strong></p><p>It lives on ants. <strong>It survives on patience.</strong></p><p>From that animal we took the editorial filter of this house. <strong>The Camale&#243;n question is applied to every person, company, or idea that wants to enter NA77:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Did they adapt across borders, cultures, or systems, and come out stronger without losing their essential nature?</p></li><li><p>The traits are the animal&#8217;s: <strong>no borders, highly adaptable, resilient, and never losing the essence.</strong></p></li></ul><p><strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/enrique-perret-erhard/">Enrique Perret</a></strong> meets every one of them: </p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>born on the border, crossing it daily until he was 18, trained at Tec de Monterrey, senior federal official in Mexico, trade promoter in Chicago, regulatory chief of staff, regional director in Washington, head of a binational foundation, television producer, think-tank senior fellow: through every molt he kept the same core, <strong>being a bridge between two countries he has known since birth.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">When his own government eliminated the institution he represented, his cause only grew stronger.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">That is exactly what the desert camale&#243;n knows how to do: <strong>change form without changing nature.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">For all of this, <strong>The North American &#8212; 77</strong> grants <strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/enrique-perret-erhard/">Enrique Perret Erhard</a></strong> our recognition as <strong>Camale&#243;n de Norteam&#233;rica</strong>, the second in the history of this platform. It is a recognition of continuity: holding the same bridge across three different institutional scaffoldings, two countries, and every change of government that landed on top of him.</p><h2>7 &#8212; In His Voice</h2><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>&#8220;Lately I have reflected a great deal that, as a country, what suits us today is to be allies more than anything else.&#8221;</em> &#8212; <strong>On Mexico before the United States &#183; Forbes M&#233;xico, February 2025. Translated from Spanish.</strong></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>&#8220;We need to build more institutions and better institutions. We need to invest more in the relationship between Mexico and the United States, because we cannot leave it on autopilot.&#8221;</em> &#8212; <strong>On the work nobody sees &#183; Forbes M&#233;xico, February 2025. Translated from Spanish.</strong></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>&#8220;The relationship between Mexico and the United States cannot be based on friendship alone; it has to be based on a strategic alliance.&#8221;</em> &#8212; <strong>On friendship and alliance &#183; Border Masters / Olas Media, June 2025. Translated from Spanish.</strong></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>&#8220;If it&#8217;s only a friend and a neighbor, proximity is your best factor. But if you&#8217;re an ally, it is not only proximity: there is a lot of trust in you.&#8221;</em> &#8212; <strong>On what an alliance adds &#183; The Supply &amp; Demand Show, August 2024.</strong></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>&#8220;Talent is the best factor. 130,000 engineers graduated every year from Mexico. Mexico can be a tremendous factor on talent, proximity, and then the third is this ally concept.&#8221;</em> &#8212; <strong>On Mexico&#8217;s strongest card &#183; The Supply &amp; Demand Show, August 2024.</strong></p></li></ul><h2>7.5 &#8212; The Open Question</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">ProM&#233;xico was created by decree in 2007 and extinguished by decree in 2019. Everything Enrique built inside government depended, in the end, on a president&#8217;s signature.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">What he builds today depends on donors and sponsors. His deeper answer is that the USMCA is itself an institution, a base of rules that produces certainty, and that defending it is defending continuity itself.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The question that stays open points inward, at Mexico: whether a country that dismantles its institutions every six years can sustain a cause of state that demands decades. The<strong> <a href="https://www.usmexicofoundation.org">U.S.-Mexico Foundation</a> </strong>is 25 years old, seven of them with Enrique at the helm.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">That continuity, today, is being provided by a private foundation and not by the Mexican state. There is a lesson there the Mexican government has yet to collect.</p><h2>8 &#8212; What&#8217;s Next</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">The <strong><a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com">North Capital Forum</a></strong> reaches its fifth edition <strong>September 27&#8211;29 in Mexico City,</strong> with the same ambition as always: getting the three countries to sit at one table as a bloc instead of three neighbors with parallel agendas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">And<strong> <a href="https://www.pbs.org/food/shows/la-frontera-with-pati-jinich">La Frontera</a> </strong>keeps telling, dish by dish and crossing by crossing, the story the news does not: <strong><a href="https://patijinich.com">Pati Jinich</a></strong> is presenting her new book, <em>Food from la Frontera</em>, with stops in Arizona. Diplomacy also happens in the kitchen, and Perret understood that before almost anyone in his field.</p><h2>9 &#8212; The Listening Post</h2><p><strong>Where to follow him</strong></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.usmexicofoundation.org/enrique">U.S.-Mexico Foundation</a> &#183; <a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com">North Capital Forum</a></strong> &#8212; NCF26: September 27&#8211;29, Mexico City &#183; <strong><a href="https://www.milenio.com/opinion/enrique-perret">Negocios desde Washington</a> </strong>column &#8212; Milenio &#183; <strong><a href="https://milkeninstitute.org/experts/enrique-perret-erhard">Milken Institute</a></strong> &#8212; Senior Fellow profile &#183; <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/enrique-perret-erhard/">LinkedIn</a></p></li></ul><p><strong>To hear him at length</strong></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La Revoluci&#243;n de la Riqueza</strong> (March 2025, in Spanish) &#8212; his most personal conversation: childhood, mentors, the decision to stay in Washington</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Border Masters / Olas Media</strong> (June 2025) &#8212; the border as an engine, and the US-MX Trust 60 program</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Supply &amp; Demand Show </strong>(August 2024, in English) &#8212; talent, trust, and narrative</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Negocios W / W Radio</strong> (January 2026, in Spanish) &#8212; the 2026 outlook and the USMCA review</p></li></ul><h2>Editor&#8217;s Note</h2><p style="text-align: justify;">I have known Enrique&#8217;s work for some years now: I had the honor of inviting him multiple times to the <strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/tradehubmx/">Trade Hub Summit</a></strong> we organized with <strong>CAAAREM </strong>across three editions, I have lived the <strong><a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com">North Capital Forum</a></strong> as an attendee, and I serve on a committee within <strong><a href="https://www.usmexicofoundation.org">The U.S.-Mexico Foundation</a>.</strong></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">What impresses me about him is neither the access nor the titles: <strong>presidents changed, the institution he represented was erased by decree, he had to decide in which country to build his life, and he kept building the same bridge.</strong> Those of us who come from the line know what that demands.</p></blockquote><p><strong>The North American &#8212; 77</strong> <em>was created to amplify people like <strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/enrique-perret-erhard/">Enrique Perret</a></strong>: essential to the future of a better North America.</em></p><p><strong>Camale&#243;n de Norteam&#233;rica, &#8470;02. Well earned.</strong></p><p>If you find value in NA77, please subscribe and help us spread the word.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Paper III de III · La Salida de México]]></title><description><![CDATA[C&#243;mo convertir el acceso a Am&#233;rica del Norte en progreso institucional]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 05 Aug 2026 13:03:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>LAS REGLAS DE LA POBREZA / THE RULES OF POVERTY &#183; Paper III de III </p></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png" width="1456" height="813" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:813,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:6129439,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/209835589?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!8IwM!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa1755d35-5c63-4979-ad46-04f9d40864dd_2752x1536.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><span>Esta serie empez&#243; con una pregunta que he cargado toda la vida:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#191;Por qu&#233; M&#233;xico es tan distinto de Estados Unidos y Canad&#225;?</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>M&#233;xico se sum&#243; a la econom&#237;a de Am&#233;rica del Norte hace 32 a&#241;os. Nuestras f&#225;bricas, nuestras exportaciones y nuestras cadenas de suministro pasaron a formar parte de un sistema continental; la mayor&#237;a de nuestras instituciones siguieron funcionando como antes.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">El</span><a href="https://substack.com/@ejoffroy/p-207362029"><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);"> Paper I</span></a></strong><span> pregunt&#243; c&#243;mo una regi&#243;n con tanta tierra, mar, talento, energ&#237;a y cultura se qued&#243; tan atr&#225;s de pa&#237;ses a los que alguna vez igual&#243;. Lo que encontr&#233; fueron reglas que, una y otra vez, </span><strong><span>premiaron la extracci&#243;n por encima de la inclusi&#243;n</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>y permitieron que el bajo desempe&#241;o de M&#233;xico se prolongara durante generaciones.</span></strong></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>En 1913, Argentina era m&#225;s rica por persona que Alemania o Francia. El ingreso de Am&#233;rica Latina lleg&#243; a su punto m&#225;s alto en 1980, cerca de una quinta parte del ingreso estadounidense, y desde entonces ha perdido terreno, incluso durante los a&#241;os posteriores al TLCAN.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>La regi&#243;n dej&#243; de converger hace 45 a&#241;os. La geograf&#237;a, la cultura y los recursos no pueden explicar esto por s&#237; solos. </span><strong><span>Los dos Nogales est&#225;n en el mismo desierto y comparten las mismas familias, y aun as&#237; sus ingresos guardan una proporci&#243;n aproximada de tres a uno.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://substack.com/@ejoffroy/note/p-208362128?utm_source=notes-share-action&amp;r=6769y"><span>El Paper II</span></a></strong><span> </span><strong><span>pregunt&#243; por qu&#233; esas reglas se sostienen cuando su fracaso es evidente para todos los que viven bajo ellas. La respuesta fue la m&#225;quina de captura.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Quien gana el poder, de izquierda o de derecha, redentor o general, toma el control de los tribunales, las autoridades electorales, las empresas del Estado, los medios, las fuerzas de seguridad, los contratos p&#250;blicos y los monopolios. Con el tiempo, la m&#225;quina se vuelve muy dif&#237;cil de tocar; quienes lo intentan pueden correr verdadero peligro.</span></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Este &#250;ltimo paper trata sobre el pa&#237;s latinoamericano con la ruta m&#225;s clara para salir de ese sistema, gracias a su asociaci&#243;n con Estados Unidos y Canad&#225;:   </span><strong><span>M&#201;XICO</span></strong></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>&#201;sta es la pregunta que quiero que cada mexicano se detenga a considerar. Nuestros dos vecinos han pasado las &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas elevando su ingreso por persona, su nivel de vida y su acceso al cr&#233;dito, la salud, la seguridad y las oportunidades. Compartimos un continente, un tratado comercial y, en millones de familias como la m&#237;a, la sangre.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Entonces: </span></strong></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#191;por qu&#233; vivimos as&#237;? </span></strong></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#191;C&#243;mo pasaron tantos a&#241;os antes de que acept&#225;ramos que el crecimiento no estaba llegando?</span></strong></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>El estancamiento le convino a algunos, aunque haya sido malo para la mayor&#237;a, y esa es la realidad.</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>M&#233;xico decidi&#243; ignorar las reglas del nuevo orden global, y la soberan&#237;a que conservamos se fue hacia las c&#250;pulas de poder, no hacia la poblaci&#243;n.</span></strong><span> El pa&#237;s hoy lamentablemente no est&#225; dise&#241;ado para mejorarse a traves de sus instituciones.  En Mexico carecemos de cosas muy basicas que toda nacion democractica y capitalista de instituciones tiene.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">Si Mexico fuera un pa&#237;s democr&#225;tico y de instituciones fuertes, entonces porque nos hacemos estas preguntas todas y todos los mexicanos?</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><em><span>&#191;Por qu&#233; hay tanta impunidad y corrupci&#243;n?</span></em></p></li><li><p><em><span>&#191;Por qu&#233; no alcanzamos el nivel educativo de nuestros vecinos del norte?</span></em></p></li><li><p><em><span>&#191;Por qu&#233; no tenemos acceso a cr&#233;dito competitivo?</span></em></p></li><li><p><em><span>&#191;Por qu&#233; hay tanta desigualdad e informalidad?</span></em></p></li><li><p><em><span>&#191;Por qu&#233; hay tanto crimen y tan poca confianza para invertir?</span></em></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Hemos normalizado la impunidad, la mordida, la inseguridad y un sistema de partidos que hasta due&#241;os hay como si fuera empresas privadas, y vemos operar al crimen mientras las autoridades que deber&#237;an enfrentarlo se hacen a un lado. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>A plena luz se ha golpeado a las instituciones que sostienen al pa&#237;s, las que cobran sus impuestos, mueven su comercio y manejan la energia: </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>el SAT, las aduanas, Pemex y CFE. Protegerlas y fortalecerlas deberia de ser una prioridad de nuestro gobierno.</span></strong><span> </span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Debilitamos nuestros contrapesos, dejamos que la escuela les quede a deber a los j&#243;venes, y mantenemos una econom&#237;a hecha para incluir a unos pocos.</span></p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Un pa&#237;s dise&#241;ado as&#237; convence a sus j&#243;venes de irse, y durante d&#233;cadas eso han hecho millones, que hoy nos mandan miles de millones de d&#243;lares en remesas cada a&#241;o desde pa&#237;ses que s&#237; les dieron lo que M&#233;xico nunca les dio. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>No lo digo para avergonzar a nadie que se haya ido; </span><strong><span>lo digo porque quedarnos como estamos no es digno ni es sostenible.</span></strong><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>La salida de M&#233;xico est&#225; clara y la podemos ver en modelos que ya conocemos de paises: </span><em><span>de Europa, de nuestra propia Am&#233;rica del Norte y de Asia.</span></em><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>No hay que copiarlos punto por punto, pero s&#237; podemos emular y probar, y dejar de defender el modelo que nos est&#225; fallando.</span></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Obtuvimos Acceso pero no dimos el paso</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>En 1994, el TLCAN abri&#243; la puerta. La inversi&#243;n extranjera se multiplic&#243;, las exportaciones se dispararon e industrias enteras se instalaron en suelo mexicano.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>M&#233;xico es hoy el principal socio de Estados Unidos en el comercio de bienes. En 2025 se movieron </span><strong><span>casi 872 mil millones de d&#243;lares</span></strong><span> entre los dos pa&#237;ses. Es un logro extraordinario, y uno del que los mexicanos deber&#237;amos sentirnos orgullosos.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Aun as&#237;, entre 1994 y 2025, la producci&#243;n real por persona en M&#233;xico aument&#243; apenas cerca de 19 por ciento, aproximadamente 0.6 por ciento al a&#241;o. Durante el mismo periodo creci&#243; alrededor de 1.6 por ciento anual en Estados Unidos y 1.1 por ciento en Canad&#225;. </span><strong><span>Fueron los mismos 30 a&#241;os, el mismo sistema comercial norteamericano, y M&#233;xico creci&#243; a una tercera parte del ritmo de sus vecinos.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Entre 1960 y 1980, antes del TLCAN, M&#233;xico s&#237; duplic&#243; su producci&#243;n por persona. </span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Aqui lo que paso:</span></strong><span> con un peso fijo y disciplina en los sesenta, una industria protegida que abastec&#237;a el mercado interno, y en los setenta gasto p&#250;blico, deuda y petr&#243;leo. </span><strong><span>No es un modelo que quiera defender</span></strong><span>; </span><em><span>se agot&#243; por dentro y revent&#243; en la crisis de 1982</span></em><span>. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Lo traigo por una sola raz&#243;n: </span></strong><span>aquel crecimiento vino de un empuj&#243;n, no de instituciones fuertes. </span><strong><span>El TLCAN nunca iba a lanzarnos a la modernidad por s&#237; solo.</span></strong><span> Es una ventaja comercial enorme, </span><strong><span>pero era la palanca que debimos usar para transformar a M&#233;xico por dentro:</span></strong><span> su gobierno hacia la inclusi&#243;n y su econom&#237;a hacia la competitividad global. </span><strong><span>Logramos palanca y nunca supimos dar el paso a la modernidad a traves de instituciones fuertes que generen confianza y que protejan a la ciudadania.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Despu&#233;s del tratado conseguimos acceso al mercado m&#225;s grande del mundo, el acceso que cualquier otro pa&#237;s de la regi&#243;n habr&#237;a querido tener. </span><strong><span>Lo que no hicimos fue reconfigurar el pais para alinearnos a los principios, mejores pr&#225;cticas y formas para crecer como lo hizo Canada y Estados Unidos.</span></strong><span> Las personas que entend&#237;an el problema y ten&#237;an la autoridad para actuar nunca hicieron lo suficiente.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Hasta el auge del </span><em><span>nearshoring</span></em><span> que todos celebran merece una lectura m&#225;s fr&#237;a. La inversi&#243;n extranjera alcanz&#243; un r&#233;cord de 40.9 mil millones de d&#243;lares en 2025, pero cerca de 7.4 mil millones &#8212;</span><strong><span>18 centavos de cada d&#243;lar</span></strong><span>&#8212; se clasificaron como inversi&#243;n nueva. Buena parte del resto provino de utilidades reinvertidas.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>La reinversi&#243;n es positiva:</span></strong><span> las empresas suelen reinvertir donde esperan seguir haciendo negocio, y la inversi&#243;n nueva tambi&#233;n aument&#243; con fuerza respecto al a&#241;o anterior. Aun as&#237;, la composici&#243;n plantea una pregunta m&#225;s dif&#237;cil:</span></p><blockquote><p><strong><span>&#191;Cu&#225;ntos mexicanos est&#225;n construyendo patrimonio con esta ola? </span></strong></p><p><strong><span>&#191;Cu&#225;ntas empresas, cu&#225;ntos emprendedores y cu&#225;ntas familias mexicanas la est&#225;n aprovechando de verdad?</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>La respuesta es que menos de los que deber&#237;a. </span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>La inversi&#243;n est&#225; llegando a M&#233;xico sin generar suficiente riqueza que se queda en Mexicanos o en M&#233;xico. Tampoco el valor de las exportaciones de las marcas registradas; somos sobre todo una plataforma de mano de obra barata.  </span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>M&#233;xico y Colombia siguen en el fondo de la OCDE en producci&#243;n por persona, y M&#233;xico es el pa&#237;s que menos impuestos recauda entre todos sus miembros.</span></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Le montamos una plataforma exportadora de primer mundo a una m&#225;quina vieja y, treinta a&#241;os despu&#233;s, la m&#225;quina sigue casi intacta.</span></strong></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>La Maquina de Hoy</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Vamos a nombrar sus partes. Cada una carga un n&#250;mero que podemos revisar.</span></p><ul><li><p><strong><span>Impunidad:</span></strong><span> en 2024, el 93.2 por ciento de los delitos no se denunci&#243; o no dio lugar a una carpeta de investigaci&#243;n.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Informalidad:</span></strong><span> el 54.4 por ciento de la poblaci&#243;n ocupada trabaj&#243; en condiciones de informalidad en 2024 y gener&#243; el 25.4 por ciento de la producci&#243;n del pa&#237;s.</span></p></li><li><p><strong>Cr&#233;dito:</strong> prestamos poco y a tasas altas. El cr&#233;dito al sector privado apenas llega al 35 por ciento del PIB, un tercio de lo que se presta en Chile, y eso deja a millones de familias y peque&#241;os negocios sin manera de financiar lo que quieren construir.</p></li><li><p><strong><span>Impuestos:</span></strong><span> la recaudaci&#243;n de M&#233;xico lleg&#243; a 18.3 por ciento del PIB en 2024, el nivel m&#225;s bajo de la OCDE.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Oligopolios:</span></strong><span> durante a&#241;os, un pu&#241;ado de empresas ha vivido de un mercado mexicano enorme mientras nuestras autoridades de competencia batallaban para hacerlas competir. En 2012, la OCDE estim&#243; que la falta de competencia en telecomunicaciones hab&#237;a costado a los consumidores cerca de 1.8 por ciento del PIB al a&#241;o entre 2005 y 2009.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Educaci&#243;n:</span></strong><span> s&#243;lo el 34 por ciento de los estudiantes mexicanos de 15 a&#241;os alcanza al menos el nivel b&#225;sico de competencia en matem&#225;ticas, frente a cerca del 69 por ciento en la OCDE.</span></p></li><li><p><strong><span>Pemex:</span></strong><span> despu&#233;s de a&#241;os con una deuda financiera superior a 100 mil millones de d&#243;lares, todav&#237;a deb&#237;a 85.2 mil millones al final de 2025 y segu&#237;a dependiendo del apoyo del gobierno para cumplir sus obligaciones.</span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>La m&#225;quina, adem&#225;s, se est&#225; concentrando. </span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">Entre finales de 2024 y 2025 se disolvieron siete organismos aut&#243;nomos y la mayor&#237;a de sus responsabilidades pasaron al gobierno.</span></strong><span> La primera elecci&#243;n judicial nacional eligi&#243; a un gran n&#250;mero de jueces federales con una participaci&#243;n cercana al 13%; </span><strong><span>El informe V-Dem 2026 clasifica a M&#233;xico como una autocracia electoral desde 2024.</span></strong><span> Otros monitores lo eval&#250;an de manera distinta, pero la advertencia es demasiado seria para ignorarla.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/la-maquina-de-captura-paper-ii-de?lli=1"><span>En el Paper II</span></a></strong><span> </span><strong><span>describ&#237; los 71 a&#241;os del PRI </span></strong><span>en el poder como parte de la historia del sistema, no como un ataque al gobierno actual. </span><strong><span>Cada sexenio ha tenido la oportunidad de cambiar la misma m&#225;quina, y cada administraci&#243;n ha decidido conservar demasiado de ella.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>La gran apertura democr&#225;tica de M&#233;xico lleg&#243; en el a&#241;o 2000. Despu&#233;s de 71 a&#241;os, el </span><strong><span>PRI finalmente perdi&#243; la presidencia.</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Ernesto Zedillo, el &#250;ltimo presidente del PRI, entreg&#243; el poder a Vicente Fox, del PAN, y el PAN </span></strong><span>lo conserv&#243; durante doce a&#241;os, hasta el final del gobierno de </span><strong><span>Felipe Calder&#243;n.</span></strong><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Cambiar al partido en el poder no cambi&#243; la estructura de fondo. </span><strong><span>Termin&#243; el monopolio del PRI, pero la m&#225;quina continu&#243;, s&#243;lo que en nuevas manos.</span></strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Lo que Espa&#241;a nos ense&#241;a, dos veces</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>He estado leyendo</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Nations_Fail"><span> </span></a><em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Nations_Fail"><span>Why Nations Fail</span></a></em><span>, y hay un cap&#237;tulo que no me suelta. </span><strong><span>Cuenta la historia de Espa&#241;a e Inglaterra.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>En el siglo XVI, Espa&#241;a era la superpotencia. La plata de Am&#233;rica pasaba por Sevilla, y la Corona se asegur&#243; de que tambi&#233;n pasara por sus manos. El comercio era un monopolio real</span></strong><span>; </span><em><span>comerciar era un privilegio concedido a un grupo limitado; la riqueza del imperio pertenec&#237;a, en buena medida, a la corte y a las pocas familias que la rodeaban.</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Inglaterra</span></strong><span> estaba lejos de ser incluyente bajo cualquier definici&#243;n moderna. Sus comerciantes, sin embargo, ten&#237;an m&#225;s espacio para negociar por cuenta propia. </span><strong><span>Con el tiempo, el Parlamento limit&#243; la capacidad de la Corona para confiscar, y la propiedad se volvi&#243; m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de arrebatarle a quien la hab&#237;a creado.</span></strong></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Espa&#241;a cay&#243; en suspensi&#243;n de pagos una y otra vez incluso mientras flu&#237;a la plata americana.</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>Inglaterra se convirti&#243; despu&#233;s en el centro del mundo industrial. En el arco largo de la historia, el sistema que dio a m&#225;s personas espacio para participar produjo mucha m&#225;s prosperidad.</span></strong></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>M&#233;xico hered&#243; buena parte del viejo manual espa&#241;ol. </span></strong><em><span>El sistema extractivo sembrado aqu&#237; no se fue con los espa&#241;oles; la independencia se lo entreg&#243; a nuevos due&#241;os y, desde entonces, ha pasado de mano en mano, con otro nombre y otra pintura.</span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Cinco siglos de experiencia muestran que esto no puede explicarse por la sangre ni reducirse a la cultura o la herencia. </span><strong><span>El mexicano sale adelante cuando vive bajo reglas que protegen su esfuerzo.</span></strong><span> Millones de migrantes mexicanos han demostrado lo que se vuelve posible cuando el trabajo duro est&#225; respaldado por calles m&#225;s seguras, cr&#233;dito m&#225;s profundo e instituciones que permiten construir y conservar lo construido.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Espa&#241;a tambi&#233;n ofrece una lecci&#243;n m&#225;s reciente, y es la que me da esperanza.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Durante buena parte del siglo XX, Espa&#241;a fue pobre</span></strong><span> para los est&#225;ndares europeos, cerrada y autoritaria. </span><strong><span>Despu&#233;s de Franco,</span></strong><span> </span><strong><span>el pa&#237;s inici&#243; su transici&#243;n democr&#225;tica, adopt&#243; una nueva constituci&#243;n y se ancl&#243; a sus vecinos.</span></strong><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>La membres&#237;a en la Comunidad Europea, en 1986,</span></strong><span> </span><em><span>dio a esas reformas un ancla externa, las hizo m&#225;s dif&#237;ciles de revertir y llev&#243; al pa&#237;s a aceptar reglas compartidas de comercio, competencia y administraci&#243;n p&#250;blica.</span></em><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Polonia sigui&#243; despu&#233;s una versi&#243;n m&#225;s exigente del mismo proceso, con est&#225;ndares, plazos y monitoreo.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Espa&#241;a, el imperio que alguna vez esparci&#243; un sistema extractivo por Am&#233;rica, termin&#243; encontrando su propio camino hacia una mayor inclusi&#243;n. La gravedad de sus vecinos ayud&#243; a jalarla hacia adelante.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>M&#233;xico as&#237; como Espa&#241;a a tenido al oportunidad de cambiar pero ha optado por continuar en un sistema que extrae y que no incluye. Compartimos 3,000 kil&#243;metros de frontera, un tratado comercial y un sistema de producci&#243;n con la econom&#237;a m&#225;s grande del planeta y con Canad&#225;. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Ambos EUA y Canad&#225; </span></strong><span>tienen problemas serios propios, como todos los paises del mundo, sin embargo saben atender sus problemas sin debilitar a sus instituciones o perder su razon de existir. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Tambi&#233;n tienen cr&#233;dito m&#225;s profundo, mayor capacidad para hacer cumplir la ley y algunos de los sistemas institucionales m&#225;s exitosos del mundo moderno. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>La evidencia de que existe otro camino ha estado a un lado toda mi vida.</span></strong></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Instituciones en el papel, exclusi&#243;n en la pr&#225;ctica</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>M&#233;xico es muy bueno para escribir leyes y crear instituciones. La redacci&#243;n nunca ha sido nuestra principal debilidad; </span><strong><span>el problema de fondo es c&#243;mo funcionan nuestras instituciones y a qui&#233;n sirven en la pr&#225;ctica.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Instituciones que deber&#237;an estar ayudando a M&#233;xico a convertirse en un pa&#237;s moderno, seguro e incluyente, siguen recorriendo el viejo camino de la exclusi&#243;n porque demasiados intereses viven de &#233;l: </span><em><strong><span>monopolios, sindicatos soldados a los partidos, contratistas soldados a los presupuestos y pol&#237;ticos soldados a sus franquicias.</span></strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">Estos intereses funcionan como anticuerpos.</span></strong><span> </span><em><span>Cuando una reforma amenaza un centro de poder, el sistema la rodea y la disuelve poco a poco.</span></em><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>El Paper II </span></strong><span>mostr&#243; este mecanismo a lo largo de un continente. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Como naci&#243;n y como sociedad, nunca hemos decidido con suficiente claridad qu&#233; tipo de pa&#237;s queremos. La constituci&#243;n habla de la soberan&#237;a y del pueblo, pero deja mucho espacio para la subjetividad.  Este espacio de ambig&#252;edad en nuestra constituci&#243;n ha sido abusada una y otra vez. </span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Creo que nuestra constituci&#243;n se deberia de re-escribir y afinar a los tiempos de hoy y a lo que m&#225;s le conviene a las o los mexicanos por los proximos 100 a&#241;os.</span></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Quiero ser honesto sobre los l&#237;mites de este ensayo; </span><strong><span>No tengo el mapa completo de la salida, y desconf&#237;o de quien diga tenerlo.</span></strong><span> </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>El primer paso es admitir, como naci&#243;n, que la forma en que nos hemos gobernado no ha producido el progreso ni la riqueza que los mexicanos merecemos.</span></strong><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Cuando dejemos de defender el sistema por costumbre, lealtad partidista, orgullo o miedo, el trabajo ser&#225; m&#225;s f&#225;cil de ver.</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Necesitamos abrir cada instituci&#243;n y observarla de cerca:</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><em><span>&#191;Cu&#225;les son d&#233;biles?</span></em></p></li><li><p><em><span>&#191;Cu&#225;les est&#225;n infladas?</span></em></p></li><li><p><em><span>&#191;Qu&#233; nos falta?</span></em></p></li><li><p><em><span>&#191;D&#243;nde est&#225;n los contrapesos?</span></em></p></li><li><p><em><span>&#191;Qu&#233; instituciones existen porque los ciudadanos las necesitan, y cu&#225;les sobreviven porque benefician a alguien poderoso?</span></em></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Algunas tendr&#225;n que repararse; otras deber&#225;n fortalecerse, rehacerse o cerrarse. </span><strong><span>M&#233;xico necesita instituciones dise&#241;adas para un gobierno moderno y para un mercado libre capaz de competir con el mundo.</span></strong><span> Demasiados de nuestros sistemas todav&#237;a pertenecen al pa&#237;s que &#233;ramos hace 50 a&#241;os.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Ser&#225; dif&#237;cil, pero al menos podemos empezar con la ventaja de tener ejemplos que funcionan cerca de casa.</span></p><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Lo que debemos hacer ahora</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>La justicia y la seguridad, primero.</span></strong><span> M&#233;xico gast&#243; cerca del 0.5 por ciento del PIB en seguridad interna y justicia en 2025, mientras que una estimaci&#243;n reciente situ&#243; el impacto econ&#243;mico de la violencia en alrededor del 11 por ciento del PIB. Las dos cifras miden cosas diferentes, pero el desbalance es muy dif&#237;cil de defender. </span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Toda reforma importante depende de la seguridad y la justicia, porque el capital, los negocios formales y la gente talentosa se retiran de los lugares donde los contratos valen poco y el delito casi nunca tiene consecuencias.</span></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Educar al pa&#237;s entero, sin esperar al gobierno.</span></strong><span> Una sociedad educada es el suelo sobre el que se sostiene todo lo dem&#225;s: </span><em><span>forma mejores ciudadanos; los que defienden a los &#225;rbitros descritos en el Paper II, y mejores trabajadores; los que pueden capturar el valor de la inversi&#243;n que llega a nuestra frontera en vez de verla pasar de largo.</span></em><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>El gobierno tiene que elevar el piso de cada escuela p&#250;blica</span></strong><span>, pero el reto es demasiado grande y urgente para dej&#225;rselo &#250;nicamente al Estado; </span><strong><span>necesita un compromiso real del sector privado</span></strong><span>. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Empresas, f&#225;bricas, universidades, c&#225;maras y grupos comunitarios pueden abrir sus espacios despu&#233;s de hora y convertirlos en aulas, y </span><strong><span>los mexicanos que ya saben algo pueden ense&#241;&#225;rselo a quienes todav&#237;a no.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Cambiar c&#243;mo escogemos a los &#225;rbitros</span></strong><span> &#8212;tribunales, autoridades electorales y reguladores&#8212;. Los requisitos deben ser p&#250;blicos, exigentes y basados en el m&#233;rito. Los nombramientos deben distribuirse en el tiempo para que un solo gobierno no pueda ocupar todos los puestos a la vez, y remover a un funcionario independiente por razones pol&#237;ticas deber&#237;a ser dif&#237;cil y visible para todos. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Esto protege a cada partido: </span></strong><span>cualquiera que hoy gobierna puede estar ma&#241;ana en la oposici&#243;n, y </span><strong><span>los &#225;rbitros independientes son el mejor seguro que todos los bandos pueden comprar.</span></strong><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Construirlos requerir&#225; la participaci&#243;n de los pol&#237;ticos, porque las instituciones duraderas no pueden imponerse desde fuera del sistema pol&#237;tico.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Transparencia total en el dinero de campa&#241;a.</span></strong><span> M&#233;xico debe mantener un financiamiento p&#250;blico fuerte para que los partidos no dependan de unas cuantas fortunas privadas. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>El p&#250;blico debe saber qui&#233;n aporta el dinero y qui&#233;n se beneficia de &#233;l, sobre todo cuando los donantes tienen v&#237;nculos con contratistas del gobierno. Hay que proteger la autonom&#237;a del INE y fortalecer su capacidad para auditar, investigar e imponer consecuencias reales. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Ning&#250;n ministerio, gobernador, contratista o fortuna privada deber&#237;a poder comprar un partido pol&#237;tico por una puerta que el p&#250;blico no puede ver.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Volverse formal, radicalmente m&#225;s simple.</span></strong><span> Abrir un negocio, pagar impuestos, importar y exportar mercanc&#237;as, contratar a un trabajador y registrar una propiedad son procesos que yo reemplazar&#237;a de fondo, en lugar de administrar peque&#241;as mejoras durante a&#241;os. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Brasil ofrece un ejemplo:</span></strong><span> lanz&#243; </span><strong><span>Pix</span></strong><span> en 2020 y, cinco a&#241;os despu&#233;s, casi 170 millones de brasile&#241;os lo utilizaban. Pix redujo el costo de mover dinero, incorpor&#243; a millones a las finanzas digitales y le dio a los negocios peque&#241;os un sistema de pagos antes reservado a las grandes empresas. </span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>No borr&#243; la informalidad, pero mostr&#243; qu&#233; tan r&#225;pido cambia la gente sus h&#225;bitos cuando un sistema es &#250;til, barato y digno de confianza.</span></p></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Las y los mexicanos necesitan ver instituciones que trabajen para ellos sin importar qui&#233;n gobierne, y necesitan ver resultados en un plazo razonable. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Algunos cambios podr&#237;an empezar a construirla:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Bancos que compiten.</strong> Crear un ecosistema bancaria altamente competitivo para que ofrezcan m&#225;s al consumidor.</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Piso legal y financiamiento para emprender.</strong> Empezar algo en M&#233;xico deber&#237;a sentirse como una decisi&#243;n razonable, no como un acto de fe.</p></li><li><p><strong>Gente joven y capaz en el gobierno.</strong> El exalcalde de San Pedro Garza Garc&#237;a,<a href="https://linktr.ee/miguelbtrevino"> Miguel Trevi&#241;o</a>, ha hablado de atraer talento joven al servicio p&#250;blico y de usar la tecnolog&#237;a para hacer los servicios m&#225;s r&#225;pidos, sencillos y baratos (lo cuenta en su documental<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x77gzVTb7mQ"> </a><em><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x77gzVTb7mQ">Construyendo el Norte</a></em>). Demasiados mexicanos talentosos no ven el servicio p&#250;blico como un lugar donde puedan construir una carrera seria, y necesitamos a m&#225;s de ellos dentro del gobierno si esperamos que la maquinaria gubernamental mejore.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Aduana, comercio y talento.</span></strong><span> La aduana y el comercio deben ser simples y eficientes; M&#233;xico deber&#237;a ser reconocido como uno de los pa&#237;ses m&#225;s modernos y favorables al comercio, uno que mueve la actividad leg&#237;tima con verificaci&#243;n y confianza, no tratando a cada persona y empresa como posibles infractores. Y necesitamos recuperar talento y abrir las puertas a gente valiosa de todo el mundo, con un sistema migratorio moderno y eficiente, para que las empresas y las instituciones mexicanas atraigan al mejor talento disponible.</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>El T-MEC como ancla.</span></strong><span> El 1 de julio de 2026, los tres gobiernos hicieron su primera revisi&#243;n conjunta; Estados Unidos no confirm&#243; la extensi&#243;n por diecis&#233;is a&#241;os, y el acuerdo entra en revisiones anuales, vigente hasta 2036, con negociaciones bilaterales ya en marcha. Ese calendario asusta a un pa&#237;s sin preparaci&#243;n y disciplina a uno serio. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>El T-MEC es mucho m&#225;s estrecho que la Uni&#243;n Europea</span></strong><span> y no puede reconstruir nuestra polic&#237;a, escoger a nuestros jueces ni limpiar nuestras cuentas; Washington y Ottawa negociar&#225;n por sus intereses, como todo gobierno. Pero M&#233;xico puede usar la revisi&#243;n para obligarse a cumplir una promesa: publicar nuestros propios est&#225;ndares y plazos &#8212;cu&#225;nto tardan los tribunales en resolver un caso, c&#243;mo se asignan los contratos, qu&#233; tan r&#225;pido libera la aduana el comercio leg&#237;timo, c&#243;mo se nombra a los reguladores, c&#243;mo reportan las empresas del Estado&#8212; y medirlos en p&#250;blico cada a&#241;o. </span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Una naci&#243;n ejerce su soberan&#237;a cuando escoge su propio rumbo y se hace responsable de los resultados.</span></strong><span> Adoptar est&#225;ndares que protejan a los ciudadanos mexicanos fortalecer&#237;a esa soberan&#237;a, no la entregar&#237;a. Espa&#241;a us&#243; a Europa como su ancla; </span></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>M&#233;xico puede usar a Am&#233;rica del Norte, siempre que el compromiso empiece aqu&#237;, en casa.</span></strong></p></div><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Nuestra Casa es M&#233;xico</span></strong></h2><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>M&#233;xico es una naci&#243;n rica </strong>en territorio, energ&#237;a, geograf&#237;a, cultura y, sobre todo, en gente. Una naci&#243;n rica se debe a s&#237; misma los sistemas que permiten a su gente demostrar de lo que es capaz. <strong>Maximizar el potencial de M&#233;xico significa maximizar a los mexicanos:</strong> su seguridad, su cr&#233;dito, su educaci&#243;n, su libertad para crear y su derecho a construir y conservar lo construido.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Nuestros vecinos del norte tienen muchas fallas propias. Aun as&#237;, sus instituciones han producido m&#225;s seguridad, cr&#233;dito m&#225;s profundo, mayor productividad y m&#225;s oportunidades para m&#225;s personas, durante m&#225;s tiempo, que el sistema que hemos defendido en casa. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">La respuesta honesta es reconocer lo que funciona, aprenderlo, adaptarlo a M&#233;xico y ponernos a alcanzarlos. Cinco siglos de evidencia apuntan a lo mismo: <strong>los pa&#237;ses prosperan cuando sus reglas protegen el esfuerzo de la mayor&#237;a, no el privilegio de unos cuantos.</strong></p><p><strong>El futuro de M&#233;xico no est&#225; al sur de sus problemas; est&#225; al norte de sus decisiones.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><span>Aqu&#237; concluye Las Reglas de la Pobreza / The Rules of Poverty.</span></em></p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The North American &#8212; 77! This post is public so feel free to share it.</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-iii-de-iii-la-salida-de-mexico?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The North American &#8212; 77 is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support my work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Fuentes: Banco Mundial (ingreso per c&#225;pita, d&#243;lares constantes 2015); INEGI / ENOE y ENVIPE 2024; OCDE (recaudaci&#243;n, telecomunicaciones 2012, PISA); Secretar&#237;a de Econom&#237;a (IED 2025); Pemex (deuda, cierre 2025); IEP, &#205;ndice de Paz M&#233;xico (costo de la violencia); V-Dem 2026; Banco Central de Brasil (Pix); Miguel Trevi&#241;o, documental <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x77gzVTb7mQ">Construyendo el Norte</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Nations_Fail">Why Nations Fail</a>, Acemoglu y Robinson.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Singal on North America - ESP]]></title><description><![CDATA[NA77 Semanal de Asuntos de Norteam&#233;rica &#183; Semana del 26 de julio al 1 de agosto de 2026. Lectura semanal para norteamericanos que creen que el continente vale m&#225;s unido que separado]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/singal-on-north-america-esp</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/singal-on-north-america-esp</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 03 Aug 2026 13:03:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6fX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1444496-25cb-4920-b8fd-1cd5ecc848f2_1200x630.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6fX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1444496-25cb-4920-b8fd-1cd5ecc848f2_1200x630.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6fX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1444496-25cb-4920-b8fd-1cd5ecc848f2_1200x630.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6fX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1444496-25cb-4920-b8fd-1cd5ecc848f2_1200x630.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6fX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1444496-25cb-4920-b8fd-1cd5ecc848f2_1200x630.webp 1272w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6fX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1444496-25cb-4920-b8fd-1cd5ecc848f2_1200x630.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6fX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1444496-25cb-4920-b8fd-1cd5ecc848f2_1200x630.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6fX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1444496-25cb-4920-b8fd-1cd5ecc848f2_1200x630.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6fX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1444496-25cb-4920-b8fd-1cd5ecc848f2_1200x630.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>LONGVIEW </h2><h5>por Eduardo Joffroy</h5><h3>Los puentes hablan m&#225;s fuerte que un presidente</h3><p><em>En el a&#241;o comercial m&#225;s complejo que recordamos, el primero en cruzar el puente nuevo fue un tr&#225;iler cargado de autopartes lunes temprano.</em></p><p>El puente <a href="https://gordiehoweinternationalbridge.com/">Gordie Howe</a> abri&#243; el lunes a las 10:30 de la ma&#241;ana sin presencia de funcionarios americanos; Ottawa cancel&#243; la ceremonia conjunta por los aranceles. </p><p>La familia Howe cruz&#243; primero, en honor a un hombre nacido en Saskatchewan que termin&#243; siendo realeza de Detroit. Minutos despu&#233;s cruz&#243; el primer cami&#243;n comercial, salido de Tecumseh, Ontario, cargado de autopartes para Michigan.</p><p>En la semana en que Washington cuenta los d&#237;as para un arancel de 50% a productos canadienses, la primera carga que cruz&#243; la obra binacional m&#225;s grande en un siglo fueron refacciones para f&#225;bricas americanas.</p><blockquote><p>Tengo d&#233;cadas de experiencia en comercio exterior, y en mi familia ya son siglos, y les puedo decir que el comercio privado se mueve y encuentra su destino, sin importar la pol&#237;tica. <strong>S&#237;, la pol&#237;tica puede complicar, retrasar y encarecer, pero no va a parar lo que los humanos queremos lograr en comercio y en confianza. La pol&#237;tica se mueve al ritmo de las noticias.</strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>La carga y la confianza son algo mucho m&#225;s profundo y duradero.</strong></p><p>El puente tom&#243; 20 a&#241;os de planeaci&#243;n y 8 de construcci&#243;n. Lo aprob&#243; un gobierno y lo termin&#243; otro, en plena guerra de aranceles. Canad&#225; pag&#243; los 6,400 millones de d&#243;lares y admite que las casetas tardar&#225;n 50 a&#241;os en pagarlo. Es una apuesta al a&#241;o 2076, a 5.75 d&#243;lares el cruce.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>M&#233;xico creci&#243; 1.5% en el trimestre</strong>, su mejor ritmo desde finales de 2020. Canad&#225; apunta a un rebote de 3.4% anualizado. Las dos econom&#237;as que viven bajo el muro arancelario crecieron a pesar de &#233;l. <strong>Al parecer, los mercados est&#225;n leyendo las cosas distinto de lo que dicen las noticias.</strong></p><p>Y lleg&#243; el otro dato: <strong>los canadienses recortaron 3,300 millones de d&#243;lares </strong>en viajes a Estados Unidos. Una familia puede enojarse y quedarse en casa; una l&#237;nea de producci&#243;n no puede darse ese lujo. El cami&#243;n de Tecumseh sali&#243; porque alguien en Michigan lo estaba esperando.</p><p><strong>La infraestructura se decide una vez y se paga durante d&#233;cadas, sin saber qu&#233; pol&#237;tica le va a tocar.</strong> A este puente le van a tocar aranceles, elecciones y gobiernos de todos los humores, y va a seguir cobrando caseta hasta el 2076.</p><p>Los tres pa&#237;ses van a seguir discutiendo: septiembre trae otra ronda en Washington y agosto trae el arancel del d&#237;a 19. Que sigan discutiendo; nosotros, mientras tanto, seguiremos buscando la forma de conectarnos mejor: mejorando infraestructura, vaciando concreto, integrando nuestros sistemas y eliminando fricciones para seguir creciendo.</p><p>Hay que construir cosas que duren mucho m&#225;s que un pleito sin bases.</p><div><hr></div><h2>LOS ASUNTOS</h2><h3>COMERCIO Y POL&#205;TICA</h3><p><strong>Union Pacific y Norfolk Southern refinaron su fusi&#243;n de 72,000 millones de d&#243;lares con protecciones in&#233;ditas para clientes.</strong> La entrega del 27 de julio completa lo que ped&#237;a el regulador; esperan cerrar a mediados de 2027. El sistema combinado toca los cruces con M&#233;xico y el tr&#225;fico canadiense <em>(STB / Norfolk Southern, 27 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>Desde el 30 de julio, el cobre entra a Estados Unidos declarando d&#243;nde se fundi&#243; y d&#243;nde se vaci&#243;.</strong> CBP activ&#243; el reporte obligatorio de pa&#237;s de fundici&#243;n y vaciado para cable y alambre bajo la Secci&#243;n 232. M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; est&#225;n entre los proveedores principales <em>(CBP, 30 jul)</em>.</p><h3>CAPITAL E INDUSTRIA</h3><p><strong>La Fed sostuvo su tasa en 3.50&#8211;3.75% con votaci&#243;n 9&#8211;3 &#8212; y los tres disidentes quer&#237;an subirla.</strong> La inflaci&#243;n lleva m&#225;s de cinco a&#241;os arriba de la meta del 2%. El peso se sostuvo cerca de 17.44 <em>(Reserva Federal, 29 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>Las dos econom&#237;as bajo el muro arancelario rebotaron la misma semana.</strong> M&#233;xico creci&#243; 1.5% trimestral, su mejor ritmo desde finales de 2020; el estimado adelantado de Canad&#225; marca 3.4% anualizado para el segundo trimestre <em>(INEGI, 30 jul; StatCan, 31 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>El super&#225;vit comercial de M&#233;xico en junio: 4,090 millones de d&#243;lares, ocho veces el de un a&#241;o antes.</strong> Muy arriba del pron&#243;stico de 2,280 millones <em>(INEGI, fines de julio)</em>.</p><h3>RECURSOS, RIESGO Y ENERG&#205;A</h3><p><strong>Washington escribi&#243; el plan del R&#237;o Colorado que los siete estados no pudieron acordar en tres a&#241;os.</strong> Reclamation propone quitarle ~3 millones de acres-pie a la Cuenca Baja en la d&#233;cada; Arizona, California y Nevada recortar&#237;an ~20% en dos a&#241;os. Arizona ya lo llam&#243; &#8220;inaceptable&#8221;. M&#233;xico es parte del r&#237;o por el tratado de 1944 <em>(Reclamation v&#237;a NBC y The Washington Post, 31 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>El corredor ganadero ya tiene n&#250;mero: hasta 80,000 cabezas al mes cuando Douglas opere a ritmo pleno.</strong> El caso activo de gusano barrenador m&#225;s cercano qued&#243; a 325 millas de la frontera; Santa Teresa y Columbus siguen si el riesgo se sostiene <em>(USDA, 24&#8211;29 jul)</em>.</p><h3>SOCIAL Y CIUDADAN&#205;A</h3><p><strong>El Gordie Howe abri&#243; el lunes 27: seis carriles, 2.5 kil&#243;metros, la 401 conectada con la I-75.</strong> La familia Howe cruz&#243; primero; despu&#233;s, un tr&#225;iler de Tecumseh, Ontario, con autopartes para Michigan. Cruzar cuesta 5.75 d&#243;lares, casi la mitad que el Ambassador <em>(CBC / The Detroit News, 27 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>Los canadienses recortaron 3,300 millones de d&#243;lares en viajes a Estados Unidos.</strong> Los cruces de residentes canadienses cayeron 25.4% en 2025 &#8212; la baja m&#225;s profunda fuera de pandemia &#8212; y sigue en 2026. Detroit, Buffalo y Seattle absorben el golpe <em>(Axios sobre datos de StatCan, 28 jul)</em>.</p><h3>IA Y ESPACIO &#8212; La Carrera de Nuestro Siglo</h3><p><strong>La nave de Starship segu&#237;a flotando, intacta, cinco d&#237;as despu&#233;s de amarizar; el Vuelo 14 intentar&#225; en agosto el primer atrape en la torre.</strong> SpaceX apunta a una cadencia mensual. En Playa Bagdad, Conibio sigue patrullando en busca de restos del propulsor <em>(Space.com, 29 jul; Port&#225;til, 28 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>El capex no se detiene: Microsoft gastar&#225; ~190,000 millones de d&#243;lares este a&#241;o; Meta subi&#243; su piso a 130,000&#8211;145,000 millones.</strong> El mercado premi&#243; a uno (+8%) y castig&#243; al otro (&#8722;8%). La cuenta la paga la misma red el&#233;ctrica que Alberta ya raciona <em>(CNBC, 29 jul)</em>.</p><h2>LAS CIFRAS</h2><ul><li><p><strong>3.50&#8211;3.75% / 9&#8211;3</strong> &#8212; la tasa que sostuvo la Fed y la votaci&#243;n; los tres votos en contra ped&#237;an subirla <em>(Fed, 29 jul)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>+1.5% trimestral</strong> &#8212; el crecimiento de M&#233;xico en el segundo trimestre, el mejor desde finales de 2020 <em>(INEGI, 30 jul)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>+3.4% anualizado</strong> &#8212; el estimado adelantado de Canad&#225; para el segundo trimestre <em>(StatCan, 31 jul)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>4,090 millones de d&#243;lares</strong> &#8212; el super&#225;vit comercial de M&#233;xico en junio, ocho veces el de un a&#241;o antes <em>(INEGI, fines de julio)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>~3 millones de acres-pie / ~20%</strong> &#8212; el recorte propuesto al Colorado en la d&#233;cada, y el recorte a dos a&#241;os para Arizona, California y Nevada <em>(Reclamation, 31 jul)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>5.75 vs 10 d&#243;lares</strong> &#8212; la caseta del Gordie Howe contra la del Ambassador <em>(27 jul)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>20 a&#241;os / 6,400 millones / 50 a&#241;os</strong> &#8212; la planeaci&#243;n, el costo y las casetas que tomar&#225; pagar el puente <em>(27 jul)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>&#8722;25.4% / &#8722;3,300 millones de d&#243;lares</strong> &#8212; la ca&#237;da de cruces canadienses en 2025 y el gasto en viajes que se esfum&#243; <em>(Axios/StatCan, 28 jul)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>~190,000 y 130,000&#8211;145,000 millones de d&#243;lares</strong> &#8212; el capex de Microsoft y el nuevo rango de Meta <em>(29 jul)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>5 d&#237;as</strong> &#8212; lo que la nave de Starship llevaba flotando y transmitiendo despu&#233;s de amarizar <em>(Space.com, 29 jul)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>80,000 cabezas al mes</strong> &#8212; el flujo eventual por Douglas a partir del 24 de agosto <em>(USDA, 24&#8211;29 jul)</em>.</p></li></ul><h2>FECHAS CLAVE</h2><ul><li><p><strong>~14&#8211;15 de agosto</strong> &#8212; Estudio de 24 meses de Reclamation: fija las condiciones 2027 con los embalses en m&#237;nimos.</p></li><li><p><strong>19 de agosto</strong> &#8212; Entran en vigor los aranceles de la Secci&#243;n 338 (50% sobre ~20,000 millones de d&#243;lares canadienses); foro de IA de la SEP en Nuevo Le&#243;n.</p></li><li><p><strong>24 de agosto</strong> &#8212; Douglas, Arizona, inicia su reapertura gradual al ganado mexicano.</p></li><li><p><strong>Agosto</strong> &#8212; Vuelo 14 de Starship: primer intento de atrapar la nave en la torre.</p></li><li><p><strong>1 de septiembre</strong> &#8212; Abre el Congreso mexicano; la ley de IA entre las primeras cinco reformas.</p></li><li><p><strong>Principios de septiembre</strong> &#8212; Cuarta ronda bilateral M&#233;xico&#8211;Estados Unidos, en Washington.</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><h2>LO QUE HEMOS ESTADO LEYENDO Y ESCUCHANDO</h2><p><em>Una repisa que se acumula &#8212; cada semana suma, nada se borra.</em></p><p><strong>Esta semana</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Leer</strong> &#8212; The Washington Post (31 jul), <em>&#8220;A new Colorado River plan requires cuts for three states. Deeper cuts are still possible.&#8221;</em> El plan federal, le&#237;do por quienes conocen el r&#237;o: los expertos ya advierten que se queda corto frente a la sequ&#237;a. &#8594; <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2026/07/31/federal-plan-colorado-river-falls-short-what-needed-experts-say/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2026/07/31/federal-plan-colorado-river-falls-short-what-needed-experts-say/</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Ver</strong> &#8212; CBC News (28 jul), <em>&#8220;From above: What traffic on the Gordie Howe bridge looks like.&#8221;</em> El puente desde el aire en su primera semana: seis carriles que costaron 20 a&#241;os. &#8594; <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/from-above-what-traffic-on-the-gordie-howe-bridge-looks-like-9.7286147">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/from-above-what-traffic-on-the-gordie-howe-bridge-looks-like-9.7286147</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Leer</strong> &#8212; Axios (28 jul), <em>&#8220;Drop in Canadian travel to US costs tourism billions.&#8221;</em> La factura del enojo, en d&#243;lares de turismo: 3,300 millones menos. &#8594; <a href="https://www.axios.com/2026/07/28/canada-us-tourism-losses-canadian-travel">https://www.axios.com/2026/07/28/canada-us-tourism-losses-canadian-travel</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Ver</strong> &#8212; Space.com (29 jul), foto del d&#237;a: la nave de Starship, entera y a flote cinco d&#237;as despu&#233;s de su amarizaje. &#8594; <a href="https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/spacex-starship-still-floating-5-days-after-flight-space-photo-of-the-day-for-july-29-2026">https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/spacex-starship-still-floating-5-days-after-flight-space-photo-of-the-day-for-july-29-2026</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Leer [ES]</strong> &#8212; Port&#225;til (28 jul), <em>&#8220;Buscan en costas de Tamaulipas restos del cohete Starship de SpaceX.&#8221;</em> El lado mexicano del programa espacial m&#225;s famoso del mundo: patrullas en Playa Bagdad. &#8594; <a href="https://portatil.mx/2026/07/28/buscan-en-costas-de-tamaulipas-restos-del-cohete-starship-de-spacex/">https://portatil.mx/2026/07/28/buscan-en-costas-de-tamaulipas-restos-del-cohete-starship-de-spacex/</a></p></li></ul><p><strong>Nuevo en la repisa</strong> <em>(fuentes que valen la pena seguir)</em></p><ul><li><p><strong>Seguir</strong> &#8212; AZ Luminaria. Periodismo sin fines de lucro desde Arizona: agua, frontera y desierto, contados desde adentro. &#8594; <a href="https://azluminaria.org">https://azluminaria.org</a></p></li></ul><p><strong>Desde NA77 &#183; nuestras propias p&#225;ginas</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Eduardo Joffroy &#8212; </strong><em><strong>La Era F&#237;sica / The Physical Age.</strong></em> Concreto, red el&#233;ctrica y acero: la era que el Gordie Howe acaba de inaugurar. &#8594; <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/part-2-the-physical-age">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/part-2-the-physical-age</a></p></li><li><p><strong>La serie </strong><em><strong>Las Reglas de la Pobreza / The Rules of Poverty</strong></em> &#8212; por qu&#233; el continente creci&#243; disparejo, y c&#243;mo se corrige:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Paper I &#8212; </strong><em><strong>The Hundred-Year Divergence.</strong></em><strong> &#8594; </strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-hundred-year-divergence-paper">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-hundred-year-divergence-paper</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Paper II &#8212; </strong><em><strong>The Capture Machine.</strong></em><strong> &#8594; </strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-capture-machine-paper-ii-de-iii">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-capture-machine-paper-ii-de-iii</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Paper III &#8212; </strong><em><strong>The Mexican Exit / La Salida Mexicana.</strong></em><strong> &#8594; </strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-33-the-mexican-exit">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-33-the-mexican-exit</a></p></li></ul></li></ul><p><strong>Del archivo &#183; Semana del 19 al 25 de julio</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Global Trade Alert</strong> &#8212; la Secci&#243;n 338 desarmada con calculadora: 6.27% de arancel promedio, ni una l&#237;nea en el cap&#237;tulo de veh&#237;culos. El 19 de agosto ya est&#225; a la vista. &#8594; <a href="https://globaltradealert.org/blog/section-338-canada-august-2026">https://globaltradealert.org/blog/section-338-canada-august-2026</a></p></li><li><p><strong>El Colef / Uniradio [ES]</strong> &#8212; las 70 mil personas que cruzan cada d&#237;a de Tijuana a San Diego a trabajar, con una d&#233;cima parte de la n&#243;mina de Tijuana encima. &#8594; <a href="https://www.uniradiobaja.com/sociedad/las-70-mil-personas-cruzan-cada-dia-tijuana-san-diego-trabajar-mueven-una-decima-parte-economia-local-n895350">https://www.uniradiobaja.com/sociedad/las-70-mil-personas-cruzan-cada-dia-tijuana-san-diego-trabajar-mueven-una-decima-parte-economia-local-n895350</a></p></li><li><p><strong>MIT Technology Review</strong> &#8212; la l&#237;nea de transmisi&#243;n que Nueva York espera de Qu&#233;bec: 1,250 MW sin redundancia. &#8594; <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2026/07/23/1140739/power-line-grid-chpe/">https://www.technologyreview.com/2026/07/23/1140739/power-line-grid-chpe/</a></p></li></ul><p><strong>El Esencial de la semana</strong> <em>(una obra del canon, elegida por lo que pas&#243; esta semana)</em></p><ul><li><p><strong>Andrew Selee &#8212; </strong><em><strong>Vanishing Frontiers: The Forgotten History of Mexico and the United States.</strong></em> La semana en que abri&#243; un puente sin ceremonia es la semana para releer a Selee: la integraci&#243;n ya existe, debajo de la pol&#237;tica. &#8594; <a href="https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/andrew-selee/vanishing-frontiers/9781610398596/">https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/andrew-selee/vanishing-frontiers/9781610398596/</a></p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><em>Fuentes: STB &#183; Norfolk Southern &#183; Transport Topics &#183; CBP &#183; Reserva Federal &#183; CNBC &#183; INEGI &#183; StatCan &#183; BNN Bloomberg &#183; Reuters &#183; Argus &#183; Bureau of Reclamation &#183; NBC News &#183; The Washington Post &#183; UPI &#183; AZ Luminaria &#183; USDA/APHIS &#183; Texas Tribune &#183; Bloomberg &#183; CBC &#183; The Detroit News &#183; The Globe and Mail &#183; Fox 2 Detroit &#183; Dezeen &#183; Axios &#183; Space.com &#183; TechTimes &#183; Port&#225;til &#183; Mexico News Daily &#183; Global Trade Alert &#183; El Colef/Uniradio &#183; MIT Technology Review.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Singal on North America - ENG]]></title><description><![CDATA[NA77 Weekly North American Affairs &#183; Week of July 26 &#8211; August 1, 2026 A weekly read for North Americans who believe the continent is worth more together than apart]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/singal-on-north-america-eng</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/singal-on-north-america-eng</guid><pubDate>Sun, 02 Aug 2026 13:30:36 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6fX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1444496-25cb-4920-b8fd-1cd5ecc848f2_1200x630.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6fX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1444496-25cb-4920-b8fd-1cd5ecc848f2_1200x630.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6fX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1444496-25cb-4920-b8fd-1cd5ecc848f2_1200x630.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6fX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1444496-25cb-4920-b8fd-1cd5ecc848f2_1200x630.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6fX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1444496-25cb-4920-b8fd-1cd5ecc848f2_1200x630.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6fX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1444496-25cb-4920-b8fd-1cd5ecc848f2_1200x630.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!k6fX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb1444496-25cb-4920-b8fd-1cd5ecc848f2_1200x630.webp" width="1200" height="630" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>THE LONGVIEW</h2><h3>Bridges Speak Louder Than a President</h3><p><em>In the most complicated trade year in memory, the first thing across the new bridge was a truck full of auto parts, at 10:30 on a Monday morning.</em> </p><p>by Eduardo Joffroy</p><p>The <a href="https://gordiehoweinternationalbridge.com/">Gordie Howe</a> bridge opened Monday at 10:30 in the morning. No US official showed up; Ottawa had cancelled the joint ceremony over the tariffs. The Howe family crossed first, in honor of a man born in Saskatchewan who became Detroit royalty. Minutes later came the first commercial truck, out of Tecumseh, Ontario, loaded with auto parts for Michigan.</p><p><strong>In the week Washington counts down to a 50% tariff on Canadian goods,</strong> the first cargo across the largest binational project in a century was parts for American factories.</p><blockquote><p>I have decades of experience in cross-border trade, and in my family it runs back centuries, and I can tell you that private commerce moves and finds its destination, whatever the politics. Yes, politics can complicate, delay and add cost, but it will not stop what we humans want to achieve in trade and in trust. Politics runs on the news cycle.</p></blockquote><p>Freight and trust are something much deeper, and much more lasting.</p><p>The bridge took 20 years of planning and 8 of construction. One government approved it and another finished it, in the middle of a tariff war. Canada paid the $6.4 billion and admits the tolls will take 50 years to pay it off. <strong>It is a bet on the year 2076, at $5.75 a crossing.</strong></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Mexico grew 1.5%</strong> in the quarter, its best pace since late 2020. Canada points to a 3.4% annualized rebound. The two economies living under the tariff wall grew in spite of it. It seems the markets are reading things differently from what the news is saying.</p><p>And the other number arrived too: <strong>Canadians cut $3.3 billion in travel spending to the United States</strong>. A family can get angry and stay home; a production line cannot afford that luxury. The truck from Tecumseh rolled because somebody in Michigan was waiting for it.</p><blockquote><p>Infrastructure gets decided once and paid for over decades, without knowing what politics it will live through. This bridge will live through tariffs, elections and governments of every mood, and it will keep collecting tolls until 2076.</p></blockquote><p>The three countries will keep arguing: September brings another round in Washington, and August brings the tariff on the 19th. Let them keep arguing; meanwhile we will keep looking for ways to connect better: improving infrastructure, pouring concrete, integrating our systems and removing frictions so we can keep growing.</p><p><strong>Build things that last far longer than a baseless fight.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2>AFFAIRS</h2><h3>TRADE &amp; POLICY</h3><p><strong>Union Pacific and Norfolk Southern sharpened their $72 billion merger with customer protections no rail deal has offered before.</strong> The July 27 filing completes what the regulator required; they expect to close in mid-2027. The combined system touches the Mexico gateways and Canadian traffic <em>(STB / Norfolk Southern, Jul 27)</em>.</p><p><strong>Since July 30, copper enters the United States declaring where it was smelted and where it was cast.</strong> CBP switched on mandatory smelt-and-cast reporting for wire and cable under Section 232. Mexico and Canada are among the top suppliers <em>(CBP, Jul 30)</em>.</p><h3>CAPITAL &amp; INDUSTRY</h3><p><strong>The Fed held its rate at 3.50&#8211;3.75% on a 9&#8211;3 vote &#8212; and all three dissenters wanted a hike.</strong> Inflation has run above the 2% target for more than five years. The peso held near 17.44 <em>(Federal Reserve, Jul 29)</em>.</p><p><strong>The two economies under the tariff wall rebounded the same week.</strong> Mexico grew 1.5% on the quarter, its best pace since late 2020; Canada&#8217;s advance estimate puts Q2 at 3.4% annualized <em>(INEGI, Jul 30; StatCan, Jul 31)</em>.</p><p><strong>Mexico&#8217;s June trade surplus: $4.09 billion, eight times a year earlier.</strong> Well above the $2.28 billion forecast <em>(INEGI, late July)</em>.</p><h3>RESOURCES, RISK &amp; ENERGY</h3><p><strong>Washington wrote the Colorado River plan the seven states could not agree on in three years.</strong> Reclamation proposes taking ~3 million acre-feet from the Lower Basin over the decade; Arizona, California and Nevada would cut ~20% within two years. Arizona already calls it &#8220;unacceptable.&#8221; Mexico is a party to the river under the 1944 treaty <em>(Reclamation via NBC and The Washington Post, Jul 31)</em>.</p><p><strong>The cattle corridor now has a number: up to 80,000 head per month once Douglas runs at full rhythm.</strong> The nearest active screwworm case sat 325 miles from the border; Santa Teresa and Columbus follow if the risk holds <em>(USDA, Jul 24&#8211;29)</em>.</p><h3>SOCIAL &amp; CITIZENS</h3><p><strong>The Gordie Howe opened Monday the 27th: six lanes, 2.5 kilometers, Highway 401 connected to I-75.</strong> The Howe family crossed first; then a truck from Tecumseh, Ontario, carrying auto parts to Michigan. Crossing costs $5.75, nearly half the Ambassador <em>(CBC / The Detroit News, Jul 27)</em>.</p><p><strong>Canadians cut $3.3 billion in travel spending to the United States.</strong> Canadian-resident crossings fell 25.4% in 2025 &#8212; the deepest drop outside the pandemic &#8212; and the slide continues in 2026. Detroit, Buffalo and Seattle absorb the hit <em>(Axios on StatCan data, Jul 28)</em>.</p><h3>AI &amp; SPACE &#8212; The Race of Our Century</h3><p><strong>Starship&#8217;s ship was still afloat, intact, five days after splashdown; Flight 14 will attempt the first tower catch in August.</strong> SpaceX is targeting a monthly cadence. At Playa Bagdad, Conibio keeps patrolling for booster debris <em>(Space.com, Jul 29; Port&#225;til, Jul 28)</em>.</p><p><strong>The capex keeps climbing: Microsoft will spend ~$190 billion this year; Meta raised its floor to $130&#8211;145 billion.</strong> The market rewarded one (+8%) and punished the other (&#8722;8%). The bill lands on the same grid Alberta is already rationing <em>(CNBC, Jul 29)</em>.</p><h2>DATA</h2><ul><li><p><strong>3.50&#8211;3.75% / 9&#8211;3</strong> &#8212; the rate the Fed held and the vote; all three dissents asked for a hike <em>(Fed, Jul 29)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>+1.5% on the quarter</strong> &#8212; Mexico&#8217;s Q2 growth, the best since late 2020 <em>(INEGI, Jul 30)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>+3.4% annualized</strong> &#8212; Canada&#8217;s advance estimate for the second quarter <em>(StatCan, Jul 31)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>$4.09 billion</strong> &#8212; Mexico&#8217;s June trade surplus, eight times a year earlier <em>(INEGI, late July)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>~3 million acre-feet / ~20%</strong> &#8212; the proposed Colorado cut for the decade, and the two-year cut for Arizona, California and Nevada <em>(Reclamation, Jul 31)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>$5.75 vs $10</strong> &#8212; the Gordie Howe toll against the Ambassador&#8217;s <em>(Jul 27)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>20 years / $6.4 billion / 50 years</strong> &#8212; the planning, the cost, and the tolls it will take to pay off the bridge <em>(Jul 27)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>&#8722;25.4% / &#8722;$3.3 billion</strong> &#8212; the 2025 fall in Canadian crossings, and the trip spending that vanished <em>(Axios/StatCan, Jul 28)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>~$190 billion and $130&#8211;145 billion</strong> &#8212; Microsoft&#8217;s capex and Meta&#8217;s new range <em>(Jul 29)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>5 days</strong> &#8212; how long Starship&#8217;s ship had been floating and transmitting after splashdown <em>(Space.com, Jul 29)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>80,000 head per month</strong> &#8212; the eventual flow through Douglas starting August 24 <em>(USDA, Jul 24&#8211;29)</em>.</p></li></ul><h2>KEY DATES</h2><ul><li><p><strong>~Aug 14&#8211;15</strong> &#8212; Reclamation&#8217;s 24-Month Study: sets 2027 conditions with the reservoirs at record lows.</p></li><li><p><strong>Aug 19</strong> &#8212; Section 338 tariffs take effect (50% on ~$20 billion of Canadian goods); SEP&#8217;s AI forum in Nuevo Le&#243;n.</p></li><li><p><strong>Aug 24</strong> &#8212; Douglas, Arizona begins its phased reopening to Mexican cattle.</p></li><li><p><strong>August</strong> &#8212; Starship Flight 14: first attempt to catch the ship at the tower.</p></li><li><p><strong>Sep 1</strong> &#8212; Mexico&#8217;s Congress opens; the AI law among the first five reforms.</p></li><li><p><strong>Early September</strong> &#8212; Fourth US&#8211;Mexico bilateral round, in Washington.</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><h2>WHAT WE HAVE BEEN READING AND LISTENING TO</h2><p><em>A shelf that compounds &#8212; every week adds, nothing is deleted.</em></p><p><strong>This week</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Read</strong> &#8212; The Washington Post (Jul 31), <em>&#8220;A new Colorado River plan requires cuts for three states. Deeper cuts are still possible.&#8221;</em> The federal plan, read by the people who know the river: the experts already warn it falls short of the drought. &#8594; <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2026/07/31/federal-plan-colorado-river-falls-short-what-needed-experts-say/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2026/07/31/federal-plan-colorado-river-falls-short-what-needed-experts-say/</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Watch</strong> &#8212; CBC News (Jul 28), <em>&#8220;From above: What traffic on the Gordie Howe bridge looks like.&#8221;</em> The bridge from the air in its first week: six lanes that took 20 years. &#8594; <a href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/from-above-what-traffic-on-the-gordie-howe-bridge-looks-like-9.7286147">https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/windsor/from-above-what-traffic-on-the-gordie-howe-bridge-looks-like-9.7286147</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Read</strong> &#8212; Axios (Jul 28), <em>&#8220;Drop in Canadian travel to US costs tourism billions.&#8221;</em> The bill for the anger, in tourism dollars: $3.3 billion less. &#8594; <a href="https://www.axios.com/2026/07/28/canada-us-tourism-losses-canadian-travel">https://www.axios.com/2026/07/28/canada-us-tourism-losses-canadian-travel</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Watch</strong> &#8212; Space.com (Jul 29), photo of the day: Starship&#8217;s ship, whole and afloat five days after splashdown. &#8594; <a href="https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/spacex-starship-still-floating-5-days-after-flight-space-photo-of-the-day-for-july-29-2026">https://www.space.com/space-exploration/launches-spacecraft/spacex-starship-still-floating-5-days-after-flight-space-photo-of-the-day-for-july-29-2026</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Read [ES]</strong> &#8212; Port&#225;til (Jul 28), <em>&#8220;Buscan en costas de Tamaulipas restos del cohete Starship de SpaceX.&#8221;</em> The Mexican side of the world&#8217;s most famous space program: patrols at Playa Bagdad. &#8594; <a href="https://portatil.mx/2026/07/28/buscan-en-costas-de-tamaulipas-restos-del-cohete-starship-de-spacex/">https://portatil.mx/2026/07/28/buscan-en-costas-de-tamaulipas-restos-del-cohete-starship-de-spacex/</a></p></li></ul><p><strong>New on the shelf</strong> <em>(sources worth following)</em></p><ul><li><p><strong>Follow</strong> &#8212; AZ Luminaria. Nonprofit journalism from Arizona: water, border and desert, told from the inside. &#8594; </p></li></ul><p>https://azluminaria.org</p><p><strong>From NA77 &#183; our own pages</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>The </strong><em><strong>Rules of Poverty / Las Reglas de la Pobreza</strong></em><strong> series</strong> &#8212; why the continent grew unevenly, and how that gets fixed:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Paper I &#8212; </strong><em><strong>The Hundred-Year Divergence.</strong></em><strong> &#8594; </strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-hundred-year-divergence-paper">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-hundred-year-divergence-paper</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Paper II &#8212; </strong><em><strong>The Capture Machine.</strong></em><strong> &#8594; </strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-capture-machine-paper-ii-de-iii">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-capture-machine-paper-ii-de-iii</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Paper III &#8212; </strong><em><strong>The Mexican Exit / La Salida Mexicana.</strong></em><strong> &#8594; </strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-33-the-mexican-exit">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-33-the-mexican-exit</a></p></li></ul></li></ul><p><strong>From the archive &#183; Week of July 19&#8211;25</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Global Trade Alert</strong> &#8212; Section 338 taken apart with a calculator: a 6.27% average tariff, not one line in the vehicles chapter. August 19 is now in sight. &#8594; <a href="https://globaltradealert.org/blog/section-338-canada-august-2026">https://globaltradealert.org/blog/section-338-canada-august-2026</a></p></li><li><p><strong>El Colef / Uniradio [ES]</strong> &#8212; the 70,000 people who cross from Tijuana to San Diego every day for work, carrying a tenth of Tijuana&#8217;s wage bill with them. &#8594; <a href="https://www.uniradiobaja.com/sociedad/las-70-mil-personas-cruzan-cada-dia-tijuana-san-diego-trabajar-mueven-una-decima-parte-economia-local-n895350">https://www.uniradiobaja.com/sociedad/las-70-mil-personas-cruzan-cada-dia-tijuana-san-diego-trabajar-mueven-una-decima-parte-economia-local-n895350</a></p></li><li><p><strong>MIT Technology Review</strong> &#8212; the transmission line New York is waiting on from Qu&#233;bec: 1,250 MW with no redundancy. &#8594; <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2026/07/23/1140739/power-line-grid-chpe/">https://www.technologyreview.com/2026/07/23/1140739/power-line-grid-chpe/</a></p></li></ul><p><strong>The Essential of the week</strong> <em>(one work from the canon, chosen for what happened this week)</em></p><ul><li><p><strong>Andrew Selee &#8212; </strong><em><strong>Vanishing Frontiers: The Forgotten History of Mexico and the United States.</strong></em> The week a bridge opened without a ceremony is the week to reread Selee: the integration already exists, beneath the politics. &#8594; <a href="https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/andrew-selee/vanishing-frontiers/9781610398596/">https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/andrew-selee/vanishing-frontiers/9781610398596/</a></p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><em>Sources: STB &#183; Norfolk Southern &#183; Transport Topics &#183; CBP &#183; Federal Reserve &#183; CNBC &#183; INEGI &#183; StatCan &#183; BNN Bloomberg &#183; Reuters &#183; Argus &#183; Bureau of Reclamation &#183; NBC News &#183; The Washington Post &#183; UPI &#183; AZ Luminaria &#183; USDA/APHIS &#183; Texas Tribune &#183; Bloomberg &#183; CBC &#183; The Detroit News &#183; The Globe and Mail &#183; Fox 2 Detroit &#183; Dezeen &#183; Axios &#183; Space.com &#183; TechTimes &#183; Port&#225;til &#183; Mexico News Daily &#183; Global Trade Alert &#183; El Colef/Uniradio &#183; MIT Technology Review.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Paper 3/3: The Mexican Exit ]]></title><description><![CDATA[How Mexico can turn North American access into institutional progress]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-33-the-mexican-exit</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-33-the-mexican-exit</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 31 Jul 2026 14:39:33 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>THE RULES OF POVERTY / LAS REGLAS DE LA POBREZA &#183; Paper III of III </h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png" width="1200" height="630" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:630,&quot;width&quot;:1200,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:25793,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/209216509?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JG8n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05dfac0d-d07b-4c08-bf6c-f6ece34eadc0_1200x630.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><p>This series began with a question I have carried my whole life: <strong>why is Mexico so different from the United States and Canada?</strong></p><p>Mexico joined the North American economy 32 years ago. Our factories, exports and supply chains became part of a continental system; most of our institutions continued working as they had before.</p><p>Paper I asked how a region with this much land, ocean, talent, energy and culture fell so far behind countries it once matched. <strong>I found rules that consistently rewarded extraction over inclusion and allowed Mexico&#8217;s underperformance to continue for generations.</strong></p><p><strong>In 1913, Argentina was richer per person than Germany or France.</strong> <strong>Latin America&#8217;s income peaked at about a fifth of American income in 1980 and has drifted down ever since, including during the years after NAFTA</strong>. </p><p><strong>The region stopped converging 45 years ago. </strong>Geography, culture and resources cannot explain this by themselves. The two Nogales sit in the same desert and share the same families, yet their incomes stand roughly three to one.</p><p>Paper II asked why these rules stay in place when their failure is obvious to everyone who lives under them. <strong>The answer was the capture machine. </strong></p><p><strong>Whoever wins power, left or right, redeemer or general, takes control of the courts, electoral bodies, state companies, media, security forces, government contracts and monopolies.</strong> <em>Over time, the machine becomes very difficult to touch; those who try can face real danger.</em></p><blockquote><p>This final paper is about the Latin American country with the clearest possible route out of that system because of its partnership with the US &amp; Canada: <strong>Mexico.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Here is the question I want every Mexican to sit with. Our two neighbors have spent the last decades growing their income per person, their standard of living and their access to credit, healthcare, security and opportunity. We share a continent, a trade agreement and, in millions of families like mine, blood.</p><p><strong>Why, then, do we live this way? How did so many years pass before we accepted that the growth was not coming?</strong></p><h2>Access without the formula</h2><p>In 1994, NAFTA opened the door. Foreign investment multiplied, exports exploded and entire industries moved to Mexican soil.</p><p>Mexico is now the largest goods-trading partner of the United States. In 2025, nearly $872 billion moved between the two countries. This is an extraordinary achievement, and one that Mexicans should be proud of.</p><blockquote><p>Still, from 1994 to 2025, Mexico&#8217;s real output per person rose by only about 19 percent, which is roughly 0.6 percent a year. Over the same period, it grew by about 1.6 percent a year in the United States and 1.1 percent in Canada. Same thirty years, same open border, and we grew at a third of our neighbors&#8217; pace.</p><p>Between 1960 and 1980, before NAFTA, Mexico doubled its output per person. After NAFTA, we gained access to the largest market in the world; it was the access every other country in the region wanted. </p><p><em><strong>What we did not gain was the formula for turning that access into progress for most Mexicans. The people who understood the problem and had the authority to act never did enough.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Even the nearshoring boom everyone is celebrating deserves a colder read. Foreign investment reached a record $40.9 billion in 2025, while about $7.4 billion, or 18 cents of every dollar, was classified as new investment. <strong>Much of the rest came from reinvested earnings.</strong></p><p>Reinvestment is positive; companies tend to reinvest where they expect to keep doing business, and new investment also rose sharply from the previous year. Even so, the composition raises a harder question: </p><blockquote><p><strong>how many Mexicans are building wealth from this wave? How many Mexican companies, entrepreneurs and families are actually riding it?</strong></p></blockquote><p>The answer is fewer than there should be. Investment is arriving in Mexico without making enough Mexicans wealthy. <strong>Mexico and Colombia remain at the bottom of the OECD in output per person, and Mexico collects the least tax of any member.</strong></p><p>We attached a first-world export platform to an old machine, and thirty years later <strong>the machine remains largely intact.</strong></p><h2>The chassis</h2><p>We should name its parts. Each one carries a number we can check.</p><ul><li><p><strong>Impunity:</strong> in 2024, 93.2 percent of crimes were either never reported or did not result in an investigation file.</p></li><li><p><strong>Informality: </strong>about 55 percent of Mexican workers are informal, and together the informal economy produces only about a quarter of the country&#8217;s output.</p></li><li><p><strong>Credit:</strong> private-sector credit equals about 35 percent of Mexico&#8217;s GDP. In Chile, it is above 100 percent.</p></li><li><p><strong>Tax: </strong>Mexico&#8217;s tax revenue reached 18.3 percent of GDP in 2024, last in the OECD.</p></li><li><p><strong>Oligopolies:</strong> for years, a handful of companies have lived off a huge Mexican market while our competition authorities struggled to make them compete. In 2012, the OECD estimated the loss to consumers in telecommunications at close to 1.8 percent of GDP a year for 2005 to 2009. That estimate is from an earlier period, but it shows how much weak competition can cost ordinary Mexicans.</p></li><li><p><strong>Education:</strong> only 34 percent of Mexican students reach a basic level in mathematics, compared with 69 percent across the OECD.</p></li><li><p><strong>Pemex: </strong>after years with financial debt above $100 billion, Pemex still owed $85.2 billion at the end of 2025 and remained dependent on government support to meet its obligations.</p></li></ul><p><strong>The machine is also becoming more concentrated.</strong> </p><blockquote><p>Between late 2024 and 2025, seven autonomous agencies were dissolved and most of their responsibilities were moved into the government. The first national judicial election chose a large group of federal judges with turnout of about 13 percent. V-Dem now places Mexico in the grey zone of electoral autocracy. Other monitors classify it differently, but the warning is serious.</p></blockquote><p><strong>In Paper II,</strong> I described the PRI&#8217;s 71 years in power as part of the history of the system, not as an attack on today&#8217;s government. </p><p>Every sexenio, the six years each Mexican president governs, has had a chance to change the same machine, and every administration has chosen to preserve too much of it.</p><blockquote><p>Mexico&#8217;s great democratic opening came in the year 2000. After 71 years, the PRI finally lost the presidency. <strong>Ernesto Zedillo, </strong>the last PRI president, handed power to <strong>Vicente Fox of the PAN</strong>, and the PAN held it for twelve years, through <strong>Felipe Calder&#243;n.</strong> </p><p><strong>Changing the party in power did not change the deeper structure. The PRI monopoly ended while the machine continued.</strong></p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-33-the-mexican-exit?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/paper-33-the-mexican-exit?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><h2>What Spain teaches us, twice</h2><p><strong>I have been reading </strong><em><strong>Why Nations Fail</strong></em><strong>, and one chapter will not leave me alone. It tells the story of Spain and England.</strong></p><p><strong>In the 1500s, Spain was the superpower.</strong> The silver of the Americas ran through Seville, and the Crown made sure it also ran through the Crown. Trade was a royal monopoly; commerce was a privilege granted to a limited group; the wealth of the empire belonged largely to the court and the few families around it.</p><p>England was far from inclusive by any modern definition. Its merchants, however, had more room to trade on their own account. Parliament eventually limited the Crown&#8217;s power to confiscate, and property became harder to take from the person who had created it.</p><blockquote><p>Spain defaulted repeatedly even while American silver was flowing. England later became the center of the industrial world. Over the long arc of history, the system that gave more people room to participate produced far greater prosperity.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Mexico inherited much of Spain&#8217;s old rulebook. </strong>The extractive system planted here did not leave with the Spaniards; <strong>independence handed it to new owners, </strong>and it has been passed down, renamed and repainted ever since. </p><p><strong>Five hundred years of evidence have shown that this has nothing to do with blood, culture or heritage.</strong> <em>Mexicans get ahead when they live under rules that protect their effort. Millions of Mexican immigrants have shown what becomes possible when hard work is backed by safer streets, deeper credit and institutions that let people build and keep what they build.</em></p><p>Spain also offers a more recent lesson, and this is the one that gives me hope.</p><p>For much of the twentieth century, Spain was poor by European standards, closed and autocratic. After Franco, the country began its democratic transition, adopted a new constitution and anchored itself to its neighbors. Spain had already begun changing before it entered the European Community in 1986. Membership gave those reforms an outside anchor and made them harder to reverse, and Spain agreed to live within shared rules on trade, competition and public administration. Poland later followed a more demanding version of the same process, with standards, deadlines, monitoring and a common body of law.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Spain, the empire that once spread an extractive system across the Americas, eventually found its own way toward greater inclusion. The gravity of its neighbors helped pull it forward.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Mexico has an extraordinary version of that opportunity. We share 3,000 kilometers of border, a trade agreement and a production system with the largest economy on earth and with Canada. </p><p>These countries have serious problems of their own, and their governments will always defend their own interests. They also have deeper credit, stronger enforcement and some of the oldest institutional systems in the world. The evidence that another road exists has been sitting next door my entire life.</p><h2>Institutions on paper, exclusion in practice</h2><p>Mexico is very good at writing laws and creating institutions.<strong> Drafting has never been our main weakness; the deeper problem is how our institutions operate and whom they actually serve.</strong></p><blockquote><p>Institutions that should be helping Mexico become a more inclusive country keep following the old path of exclusion because too many interests live off that path. Monopolies, unions welded to parties, contractors welded to budgets, pol&#237;ticos welded to their franchises.</p><p>These interests work like antibodies. When a reform threatens a center of power, the system surrounds it and slowly dissolves it. Paper II showed this mechanism across a continent. Here I am telling you that it also operates in my country, and that I have watched it work.</p></blockquote><p>As a nation and as a society, we have never clearly decided what kind of country we want and then measured the distance between that vision and the country we have. It may sound like a soft exercise; in practice, it is one of the hardest things an institution can face. Once a society writes its standards down, every institution can be measured against them.</p><blockquote><p>I want to be honest about the limits of this paper. I do not have a full map of the exit, and I distrust anyone who claims to have one. The first step is admitting, as a nation, that the way we have governed ourselves has failed to produce the progress and wealth Mexicans deserve. Once we stop defending the system out of habit, party loyalty or pride, the work becomes easier to see.</p></blockquote><p><strong>We need to open every institution and look closely at it. Which ones are weak? Which ones are bloated? What is missing? Where is the oversight? Which institutions exist because citizens need them, and which ones survive because someone powerful benefits from them? </strong></p><p>Some will need to be repaired, others strengthened, rebuilt or closed. Mexico needs institutions designed for a modern government and a free market that competes with the world. Too many of our systems still belong to the country we were fifty years ago.</p><p>This will be difficult. We can at least begin with the advantage of having working examples close to home.</p><h2>The exit depends on trust</h2><p>Lasting change depends on people believing it will survive the next election. Mexicans need to see institutions working for them regardless of who governs, and they need to see results within a reasonable period.<strong> Trust is what carries real reform across sexenios.</strong></p><p>A few changes could begin building that trust.</p><p><strong>Push the banks</strong> to compete so they grow in size, reach and ambition, and so credit finally reaches ordinary families and businesses at prices that make building possible. Things like open banking and public loan guarantees could get credit to young companies before they are big enough to be safe bets.</p><p><strong>Entrepreneurs and innovators</strong> need clear legal ground and real financing. Starting something in Mexico should feel like a reasonable decision instead of an act of faith.</p><p>Former mayor Miguel Trevi&#241;o has also spoken about bringing young, capable people into government and using technology to make public services faster, simpler and cheaper. Too many talented Mexicans do not see public service as a place where they can build a serious career. We need more of them inside government if we expect the machinery of government to improve.</p><p>These are early steps. The heavier work should follow a clear order.</p><h2>What we must do now</h2><p>The police, prosecutors and courts come first. Mexico spends about 0.7 percent of GDP on civilian policing and justice, while a recent estimate placed <strong>the economic cost of violence at around 11 percent of GDP in 2025. </strong>The two numbers measure different things, but the imbalance is very hard to defend. Every major reform depends on security and justice, because capital, formal businesses and talented people all retreat from places where contracts mean little and crime carries almost no consequence.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Educate the whole country</strong>, and do not wait for the government to do it alone. An educated society is the ground everything else on this list stands on: it makes better citizens, the ones who defend the referees Paper II described, and better workers, the ones who can capture the value of the investment arriving at our border instead of watching it pass through. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Government has to raise the floor in every public school. But this is too big and too urgent to leave to the state alone; it needs a real commitment from the private side. </p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Companies, factories, universities, chambers and community groups can open their spaces after hours and turn them into classrooms, and the Mexicans who already know something can teach the ones who do not. A country that decides to teach itself, in every space it has, closes the gap between the talent we are born with and the skills the world now pays for.</p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">We also need to <strong>change how we choose the referees: </strong>the courts, the electoral authorities and the regulators. The requirements should be public, demanding and based on merit. Appointments should be spread across time so one government cannot fill every position at once. Removing an independent official for political reasons should be difficult, and visible to everyone. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">This protects every party. Any party governing today may be in opposition tomorrow, and independent referees are the best insurance every side can buy. Building them will take the politicians, because lasting institutions cannot be imposed from outside the political system.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Campaign money should be transparent in real time.</strong> Mexico should keep strong public financing so parties do not become dependent on a few private fortunes. The public should know who is providing campaign money and who benefits from it, especially when donors have connections to government contractors. <strong>The INE already oversees much of this system; its autonomy should be protected, and its power to audit, investigate and impose real consequences should be strengthened.</strong> No ministry, governor, contractor or private fortune should be able to buy a political party through a door the public cannot see.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Becoming formal also needs to be radically simpler.</strong> Opening a business, paying taxes, importing &amp; exporting goods, hiring a worker and registering property are the places where I would replace the process instead of managing small improvements over many years. Brazil offers a useful example. It launched Pix in 2020, and five years later nearly 170 million Brazilians use it. Pix lowered the cost of moving money, brought millions of people into digital finance, and gave small businesses a payment system that had once been much easier for large companies to use. Pix did not erase informality, but it showed how fast people change their habits when a system is useful, cheap and easy to trust.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Customs and trade should be simple and efficient. </strong>Mexico should become known as one of the most modern, trade-forward countries in the world: a country that moves legitimate commerce on verification and trust instead of treating every person and business as a possible offender.  </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mexico needs to bring back talent and start filling up with great, diverse and international people and to do this it needs to transform to an inclusive and highly efficient immigration system to assure that Mexican organizations and institutions are filled with the best talent in the world.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The USMCA review can give this work an outside anchor. This month, the three governments completed their first joint review. The United States declined to confirm the sixteen-year extension. The agreement stays in force until 2036 and now enters annual reviews until the three countries agree to extend it, and bilateral negotiations are already underway. That calendar creates uncertainty for an unprepared country, and it is a discipline for a serious one.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>USMCA is narrower than joining the European Union, and it has no power over us from the outside. </strong>It cannot rebuild our police, choose our judges or clean our public accounts. Washington and Ottawa will negotiate for their own interests, as every government does. </p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Mexico can still use the review to hold itself to a promise. <strong>Alongside the negotiations, we could publish our own standards and deadlines:</strong> <em>how long courts take to resolve a case, how contracts are awarded, how fast customs clears legitimate trade, how regulators are appointed, how state companies report their finances, and how new competitors enter concentrated markets. </em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The results should be public and measured every year</strong>, so Mexican citizens, businesses, universities and civil organizations can see whether the country is moving forward or backward.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A nation exercises its sovereignty when it chooses its own direction and takes responsibility for the results. Adopting standards that protect Mexican citizens would strengthen that sovereignty, not surrender it.</strong> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">We could use access to our largest market as the reason to finally fix what we have postponed for forty years. <strong>Spain used Europe as its anchor; Mexico can use North America, once the commitment begins here at home.</strong></p><h2>Home</h2><p>Mexico is a rich nation in territory, energy, geography, culture and, above all, people. A rich nation owes itself the systems that let its people show what they can do. <strong>Maximizing Mexico&#8217;s potential means maximizing Mexicans: their safety, their credit, their schooling, their freedom to create and their right to build and keep what they build.</strong></p><p>Our northern neighbors have plenty of failures of their own. Their institutions have still produced more security, deeper credit, stronger productivity and more opportunity for more people, over a longer time, than the system we have defended at home. <strong>The honest response is to recognize what works, learn from it, adapt it to Mexico, and start catching up. Five hundred years of experience already showed us which rules give more people a chance to prosper.</strong></p><p>Mexico&#8217;s future is in the decisions we make.</p><blockquote><p>El futuro de M&#233;xico no est&#225; al sur de sus problemas; est&#225; al norte de sus decisiones.</p></blockquote><p><em>This concludes The Rules of Poverty / Las Reglas de la Pobrez</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share The North American &#8212; 77</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Signal on North America]]></title><description><![CDATA[NA77 Semanal de Asuntos de Norteam&#233;rica &#183; Del 19 al 25 de julio, 2026]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-on-north-america-cc4</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-on-north-america-cc4</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 27 Jul 2026 13:03:07 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SWd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F833ddd34-db00-4f99-8cd6-fc91e765c33c_1600x900.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SWd!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F833ddd34-db00-4f99-8cd6-fc91e765c33c_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SWd!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F833ddd34-db00-4f99-8cd6-fc91e765c33c_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SWd!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F833ddd34-db00-4f99-8cd6-fc91e765c33c_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SWd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F833ddd34-db00-4f99-8cd6-fc91e765c33c_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SWd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F833ddd34-db00-4f99-8cd6-fc91e765c33c_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SWd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F833ddd34-db00-4f99-8cd6-fc91e765c33c_1600x900.png" width="1456" height="819" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SWd!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F833ddd34-db00-4f99-8cd6-fc91e765c33c_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SWd!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F833ddd34-db00-4f99-8cd6-fc91e765c33c_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SWd!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F833ddd34-db00-4f99-8cd6-fc91e765c33c_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!9SWd!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F833ddd34-db00-4f99-8cd6-fc91e765c33c_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>THE LONGVIEW</h2><h3>Las Excepciones</h3><p><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eduardojoffroy/">por Eduardo Joffroy</a></p><p>Esta semana Washington demostro al mundo que no ha terminado con sus estrategias arancelarias. <strong>Desempolvaron la Secci&#243;n 338 de 1930</strong>, una ley que ning&#250;n presidente hab&#237;a usado, <strong>y le apunt&#243; a Canad&#225; con un arancel del 50%; en la lista entraron</strong><em><strong> el vino, el cemento y los palos de hockey.</strong></em></p><blockquote><p><strong>Lo que no entr&#243;: </strong><em>energ&#237;a, potasa, minerales cr&#237;ticos</em>.</p></blockquote><p>Como agente aduanal aprend&#237; que la leyes importan, pero m&#225;s importan los reglamentos y, en este caso, <strong>el anexo</strong>. Los grandes anuncios son mucho para los medios; la lista de excepciones es para los que saben como Norteamerica es interdependiente ya en productos escenciales. Por ejemplo, <strong>el petroleo crudo de Alberta o el fertilizante de Saskatchewan que con aranceles solo impacta a Estados Unidos.</strong> En Washington saben perfectamente donde si pueden atacar y donde no.  Esperemos a ver como reacciona Canada a estos ataques.</p><p>El anuncio tiene un prop&#243;sito que en NA77 creemos que es mas electoral. <em>La clase media americana dej&#243; de creer en la globalizaci&#243;n hace a&#241;os, y ning&#250;n economista la va a convencer de lo contrario antes de que las elecciones hagan su trabajo.</em></p><p>Presionar al mundo gana votos en casa. Esa es la agenda, y significa tiempos dif&#237;ciles de aqu&#237; a <strong>las elecciones en Estados Unidos.</strong></p><p>Pero alguien siempre paga los aranceles y por lo general no es el exportador. Cuando la factura les llegue a las empresas y a los consumidores americanos, mientras otras regiones del mundo crecen m&#225;s r&#225;pido, la pol&#237;tica seguro cambiar&#225;. </p><p><strong>El costo m&#225;s grande no est&#225; calculado:</strong> la incertidumbre, y la oportunidad perdida de formar un bloque econ&#243;mico que compita con el mundo, <em>juntos</em>.</p><p><strong>Canad&#225;</strong> recibi&#243; el enojo y la excepci&#243;n en el mismo documento. <strong>Washington </strong>puede grabar su vino; no puede tocar su potasa. <strong>Ottawa deber&#237;a leer eso como palanca y negociar as&#237;.</strong></p><blockquote><p><strong>Estados Unidos</strong> deber&#237;a leer su propia letra chica: un gobierno que exenta lo que no puede dejar de comprar ya le entreg&#243; a sus socios el mapa de sus dependencias. </p></blockquote><p>Y <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> llega a una cuarta ronda en <strong>Washington</strong> en septiembre con la mejor mano de todas si llega con datos duros.</p><p>Pasa por los parques industriales de M&#233;xico y lee los anuncios de los edificios para que sepan de d&#243;nde son las principales maquiladoras; <em>La mayor&#237;a de las exportaciones de M&#233;xico son de empresas americanas manufactur&#225;ndose y export&#225;ndose a s&#237; mismas. </em></p><blockquote><p><strong>Un arancel a M&#233;xico es un impuesto al contribuyente americano.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Traer toda esa manufactura de regreso suena bien para jalar votos pero no sobrevive un Excel.</p><p>Mientras el enojo agota su curso, la cadena de suministro que mantiene viva a Norteam&#233;rica tiene una sola tarea: mantener el rumbo y adaptarse. Los camiones tienen que seguir cruzando y la red el&#233;ctrica se tiene que seguir construyendo, porque eso ninguna proclama lo puede regatear.</p><p>Las empresas que ganen la pr&#243;xima d&#233;cada ser&#225;n las que siguieron construyendo mientras los dem&#225;s discut&#237;an.</p><p>Lean lo que exentan, no lo que gravan. Ese es el continente, con la letra de Washington.</p><div><hr></div><h2>LOS ASUNTOS</h2><h3>COMERCIO Y POL&#205;TICA</h3><p><strong>&#8220;Uno con Canad&#225;, uno con M&#233;xico&#8221;: Washington ya no negocia en tr&#237;logo.</strong> Greer al Senado (22 jul): quiere &#8220;al menos algunos acuerdos &#8212; uno con Canad&#225;, uno con M&#233;xico&#8221; antes de fin de a&#241;o; reglas de origen y trabajo se van a 2027. Tercera ronda cerrada en la CDMX; la cuarta, en Washington, primera quincena de septiembre <em>(Senado/Reuters, 22 jul; USTR, 23 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>La Secci&#243;n 338, desmontada con calculadora: 19 de cada 20 d&#243;lares gravados son canasta automotriz &#8212; y ni una l&#237;nea est&#225; en el cap&#237;tulo de veh&#237;culos.</strong> Cubre $17.7 mil mdd desde el 19 de agosto; el arancel promedio de Canad&#225; sube a 6.27%. Cumplir el T-MEC no protege <em>(Global Trade Alert, 21 jul; Casa Blanca, 20 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>Expir&#243; la sobretasa global del 10% y la reemplaz&#243; una Secci&#243;n 301 permanente, sin tope ni fecha de salida.</strong> Canad&#225; queda en 10%; Econom&#237;a sostiene que m&#225;s del 80% de la exportaci&#243;n mexicana sigue entrando sin arancel. Carney: &#8220;todo est&#225; sobre la mesa&#8221; <em>(CBC, 24 jul; France 24/AFP, 24 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>Greer puso el agua en la mesa de comercio.</strong> Al Senado: al presidente le costar&#225; aceptar renovaci&#243;n o revisiones &#8220;si M&#233;xico no est&#225; jugando en todas las &#225;reas &#8212; y el tratado de aguas es una de ellas&#8221;. El tratado de 1944 ya es expediente comercial <em>(Comit&#233; de Finanzas del Senado v&#237;a Reuters, 22 jul)</em>.</p><h3>CAPITAL E INDUSTRIA</h3><p><strong>El n&#250;mero humano del nearshoring: 3.19 millones de empleos IMMEX, 100 mil menos que hace dos a&#241;os.</strong> Son 29 meses seguidos de contracci&#243;n manufacturera, la racha m&#225;s larga registrada. Index lo atribuye a automatizaci&#243;n, costos y aranceles <em>(INEGI v&#237;a El Universal y El Heraldo de M&#233;xico, 23 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>El mapa ferroviario se redibuj&#243;: CN apoya la fusi&#243;n UP&#8211;Norfolk Southern a cambio de concesiones; CPKC queda sola defendiendo la competencia.</strong> Y los sindicatos ganaron: la STB orden&#243; publicar antes del 27 los anexos de empleo &#8212; puestos que se eliminan y ad&#243;nde se mueven <em>(AP, 23 jul; STB, 22 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>El Mundial qued&#243; adentro del &#237;ndice de precios de dos pa&#237;ses.</strong> StatCan: alojamiento +19.4% en Ontario y +20.0% en BC por las sedes; en M&#233;xico, las tarifas de hotel cayeron al terminar el torneo. Inflaci&#243;n: Canad&#225; 2.8%, M&#233;xico 3.10% <em>(StatCan, 20 jul; INEGI, 23 jul; MarketWatch)</em>.</p><h3>RECURSOS, RIESGO Y ENERG&#205;A</h3><p><strong>El humo se volvi&#243; expediente arancelario.</strong> Trump (Truth Social, 24 jul): los costos del aire &#8220;sucio y contaminado&#8221; se sumar&#225;n a los aranceles de Canad&#225;. El detalle que invierte la historia: el 21, Columbia Brit&#225;nica alertaba humo entrando desde el sur, del otro lado de la frontera <em>(US News, 24 jul; Gobierno de BC, 21 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>Powell (23%) y Mead (27%): el nivel combinado m&#225;s bajo desde 1957.</strong> El Interior promete plan federal; M&#233;xico, parte del r&#237;o por el tratado de 1944, no est&#225; en el cuarto &#8212; y esta misma semana Washington convirti&#243; ese tratado en condici&#243;n comercial <em>(CNN, 22 jul; LA Times, 21 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>La sanidad funcion&#243; donde la pol&#237;tica no: el ganado mexicano vuelve por fases desde el 24 de agosto.</strong> USDA reabre Douglas, Arizona, con inspecci&#243;n animal por animal, y reconoce la infraestructura sanitaria de Sonora y Chihuahua; siguen Santa Teresa y Columbus <em>(USDA, 24 jul; Texas Tribune, 24 jul)</em>.</p><h3>SOCIAL Y CIUDADAN&#205;A</h3><p><strong>El puente Gordie Howe cort&#243; list&#243;n sin un solo funcionario estadounidense.</strong> La obra binacional m&#225;s grande en un siglo ($6.4 mil mdd) abre el lunes 27; Ottawa cancel&#243; la celebraci&#243;n conjunta por los aranceles y admite que tomar&#225; 50 a&#241;os de peajes pagar su deuda <em>(CP24/CBC, 24 jul; The Detroit News, 24 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>La frontera tambi&#233;n es anterior a la frontera: la Naci&#243;n Tohono O&#8217;odham llev&#243; su caso a tribunal.</strong> Un juez federal escuch&#243; el 22 su demanda contra un segundo muro dentro de su reservaci&#243;n y pidi&#243; m&#225;s informaci&#243;n a las partes <em>(Rep. Grijalva, 22 jul; The Arizona Republic, 25 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>Canad&#225; est&#225; comprando talento franc&#243;fono m&#225;s r&#225;pido de lo que plane&#243; admitirlo.</strong> 40,500 invitaciones francesas en el a&#241;o contra una meta de 30,267 admisiones; el sorteo del 22 baj&#243; el corte a CRS 399, m&#237;nimo hist&#243;rico <em>(IRCC; Moving2Canada, 22 jul)</em>.</p><h3>IA Y ESPACIO &#8212; La Carrera de Nuestro Siglo</h3><p><strong>Starship vol&#243; el 24: primera carga desplegada (20 Starlink V3) y el amarizaje m&#225;s suave de su historia, con la nave &#237;ntegra en el &#205;ndico.</strong> &#8220;Flotando y transmitiendo telemetr&#237;a&#8221;, report&#243; SpaceX <em>(Florida Today, 24 jul; Space.com, 25 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>El propulsor amariz&#243; m&#225;s duro de lo planeado en el Golfo &#8212; y en Tamaulipas esperan sus restos, por cuarta vez.</strong> Conibio prev&#233; escombros en Playa Bagdad en 24&#8211;72 horas. V&#237;a transparencia: Profepa mantiene 3 expedientes reservados; la SRE reservar&#225; el caso 5 a&#241;os como &#8220;asunto diplom&#225;tico&#8221; <em>(Expansi&#243;n, 24 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>La factura de la IA aterriza en casa: Alberta asign&#243; ~1,200 MW a centros de datos y su industria espera que la luz triplique su precio.</strong> M&#225;s de 900 MW son de Meta. La misma semana, Alphabet subi&#243; su capex 2026 a $195&#8211;205 mil mdd <em>(DeSmog/National Observer, 20 jul; Alphabet, 22 jul)</em>.</p><p><strong>La regulaci&#243;n mexicana de IA va por dos v&#237;as, y ninguna es industrial todav&#237;a.</strong> Foros de la SEP con UNESCO sobre infancia y pantallas (Nuevo Le&#243;n, 19 ago; Chiapas, 3 sep) y una ley entre las primeras cinco reformas del Congreso el 1 de septiembre <em>(La Raz&#243;n, 21 jul; Infobae/Proceso, 22 jul)</em>.</p><h2>LAS CIFRAS</h2><ul><li><p><strong>3.19 millones / &#8722;100 mil</strong> &#8212; los empleos IMMEX en mayo, y las plazas perdidas en dos a&#241;os: el n&#250;mero humano del nearshoring <em>(INEGI, 23 jul)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>$17.7 mil mdd / 6.27%</strong> &#8212; el comercio canadiense cubierto por la Secci&#243;n 338 desde el 19 de agosto, y el arancel promedio resultante <em>(Global Trade Alert, 21 jul)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>153.4 mil mdd / +16.1%</strong> &#8212; el comercio transfronterizo de mayo y su crecimiento anual: el flujo, en pico, no en declive <em>(BTS, 22 jul)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>50 a&#241;os</strong> &#8212; los peajes que Ottawa admite necesitar para pagar la deuda del puente Gordie Howe <em>(The Detroit News, 24 jul)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>23% / 27%</strong> &#8212; Powell y Mead: el almacenamiento combinado m&#225;s bajo desde 1957 <em>(CNN, 22 jul)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>50,000&#8211;70,000</strong> &#8212; las personas que cruzan cada d&#237;a de Tijuana a San Diego a trabajar; en 2020 aportaban el 10.29% de la masa salarial de Tijuana <em>(El Colef v&#237;a Uniradio, 20 jul)</em>.</p></li></ul><h2>FECHAS CLAVE</h2><ul><li><p><strong>27 jul</strong> &#8212; Abre al tr&#225;fico el puente Gordie Howe; vence el plazo de la STB para publicar los anexos de empleo de la fusi&#243;n UP&#8211;NS.</p></li><li><p><strong>19 ago</strong> &#8212; Entran en vigor los aranceles de la Secci&#243;n 338 contra Canad&#225;.</p></li><li><p><strong>24 ago</strong> &#8212; Reabre por fases el puerto de Douglas, Arizona, al ganado mexicano.</p></li><li><p><strong>1 sep</strong> &#8212; El Congreso mexicano abre su periodo con la ley de IA entre las primeras cinco reformas.</p></li><li><p><strong>Primera quincena de septiembre</strong> &#8212; Cuarta ronda bilateral M&#233;xico&#8211;EE. UU., en Washington.</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><h2>LO QUE HEMOS ESTADO LEYENDO Y ESCUCHANDO</h2><p><em>Una repisa que se acumula &#8212; cada semana suma, nada se borra.</em></p><p><strong>Esta semana</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Leer</strong> &#8212; Global Trade Alert (21 jul), <em>&#8220;Section 338 tariffs raise Canada&#8217;s average US tariff to 6.27%.&#8221;</em> El mejor an&#225;lisis t&#233;cnico de la semana: 439 l&#237;neas gravadas y ninguna en el cap&#237;tulo de veh&#237;culos. &#8594; <a href="https://globaltradealert.org/blog/section-338-canada-august-2026">https://globaltradealert.org/blog/section-338-canada-august-2026</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Leer [ES]</strong> &#8212; Uniradio Informa / El Colef (20 jul), <em>&#8220;Las 70 mil personas que cruzan cada d&#237;a de Tijuana a San Diego.&#8221;</em> El dato Ambos de la semana. &#8594; <a href="https://www.uniradiobaja.com/sociedad/las-70-mil-personas-cruzan-cada-dia-tijuana-san-diego-trabajar-mueven-una-decima-parte-economia-local-n895350">https://www.uniradiobaja.com/sociedad/las-70-mil-personas-cruzan-cada-dia-tijuana-san-diego-trabajar-mueven-una-decima-parte-economia-local-n895350</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Leer [ES]</strong> &#8212; Expansi&#243;n (24 jul), <em>&#8220;Restos del propulsor del Starship de SpaceX vuelven a caer en el Golfo de M&#233;xico.&#8221;</em> Reporteo que nadie m&#225;s hizo: del lado mexicano, expedientes reservados. &#8594; <a href="https://expansion.mx/empresas/2026/07/24/restos-del-propulsor-del-starship-de-spacex-vuelven-a-caer-en-el-golfo-de-mexico">https://expansion.mx/empresas/2026/07/24/restos-del-propulsor-del-starship-de-spacex-vuelven-a-caer-en-el-golfo-de-mexico</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Escuchar [ES]</strong> &#8212; Norte Econ&#243;mico (Banorte), <em>&#8220;Perspectiva Semanal: del 22 al 26 de julio.&#8221;</em> La mesa econ&#243;mica de referencia en espa&#241;ol, sobre la misma semana de este correo. &#8594; <a href="https://creators.spotify.com/pod/profile/norte-economico/episodes/Perspectiva-Semanal-de-Norte-Econmico-Del-22-al-26-de-julio-e2m82ij">https://creators.spotify.com/pod/profile/norte-economico/episodes/Perspectiva-Semanal-de-Norte-Econmico-Del-22-al-26-de-julio-e2m82ij</a></p><p></p></li><li><p><strong>Desde NA77- <a href="https://substack.com/@ejoffroy">Serie </a></strong><em><strong><a href="https://substack.com/@ejoffroy">Las Reglas de la Pobreza / The Rules of Poverty</a></strong></em><a href="https://substack.com/@ejoffroy"> </a>(en curso):</p><ul><li><p>Paper I &#8212; <a href="https://substack.com/@ejoffroy/note/p-207362029?utm_source=notes-share-action&amp;r=6769y">The Hundred-Year Divergence</a></p></li><li><p>Paper II &#8212; <a href="https://substack.com/@ejoffroy/note/p-208286386?utm_source=notes-share-action&amp;r=6769y">The Capture Machine</a></p></li></ul><p></p></li><li><p><strong>Shannon K. O&#8217;Neil &#8212; </strong><em><strong>The Globalization Myth: Why Regions Matter</strong></em><strong>.</strong> La semana en que Washington grav&#243; a sus socios y exent&#243; sus dependencias es la semana para releer el argumento de O&#8217;Neil: el futuro es de las regiones que compiten juntas. &#8594; <a href="https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300248975/the-globalization-myth/">https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300248975/the-globalization-myth/</a></p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><em>Fuentes: USTR &#183; Casa Blanca &#183; Comit&#233; de Finanzas del Senado &#183; Reuters &#183; CBC &#183; CP24 &#183; The Detroit News &#183; Michigan Advance &#183; Al Jazeera &#183; Global Trade Alert &#183; France 24/AFP &#183; StatCan &#183; INEGI &#183; El Universal &#183; El Heraldo de M&#233;xico &#183; La Jornada &#183; BTS &#183; STB &#183; AP &#183; Business Wire &#183; US News &#183; Gobierno de Columbia Brit&#225;nica &#183; CNN &#183; Los Angeles Times &#183; The Arizona Republic &#183; USDA &#183; Texas Tribune &#183; Rep. Grijalva &#183; IRCC &#183; Moving2Canada &#183; CBS News/FactSet &#183; Florida Today &#183; Space.com &#183; Expansi&#243;n &#183; DeSmog &#183; National Observer &#183; Alphabet/Investing &#183; La Raz&#243;n &#183; Infobae &#183; Proceso &#183; El Colef/Uniradio &#183; The Hub &#183; CSIS &#183; Banorte/Norte Econ&#243;mico &#183; NASA SVS.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[“La Máquina de Captura” Paper II de III]]></title><description><![CDATA[LAS REGLAS DE LA POBREZA / THE RULES OF POVERTY (SERIE)]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/la-maquina-de-captura-paper-ii-de</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/la-maquina-de-captura-paper-ii-de</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 25 Jul 2026 13:03:33 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4e061c51-3f9a-4a38-bcca-824ff7b4ef45_2848x2144.png" length="0" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>La semana pasada mi sobrino ley&#243; el<a href="https://substack.com/@ejoffroy/p-207362029"> </a><strong><a href="https://substack.com/@ejoffroy/p-207362029">Paper I de esta serie</a> (</strong><em><strong>The Hundred-Year Divergence</strong></em><strong>) y le hizo pensar en </strong><em><strong>Why Nations Fail</strong></em><strong>, de Daron Acemoglu y James A. Robinson.</strong> Ya hab&#237;a escuchado del libro, pero nunca lo hab&#237;a le&#237;do. Por su recomendaci&#243;n, y porque me fascinan estos temas, lo compr&#233; y ya voy muy avanzado, por lo que seguro tendr&#225; impacto en la serie.</p><p>A las pocas p&#225;ginas me encontr&#233; con mi pasado y mi presente: Ambos Nogales.</p><p>Dos ciudades con el mismo nombre, el mismo desierto, el mismo clima y las mismas familias. Por generaciones hemos vivido siendo parte de una sola comunidad, mientras debajo de nosotros operan dos sistemas de gobierno y de econom&#237;a completamente distintos.</p><p>Toda la vida vi la diferencia y nunca pude entender c&#243;mo las cosas m&#225;s b&#225;sicas pod&#237;an ser tan distintas de un lado y del otro.</p><ul><li><p><strong>De un lado</strong>, calles en buen estado, sem&#225;foros que serv&#237;an, se&#241;alizaci&#243;n clara, patrullas modernas y una ciudad pensada a prop&#243;sito.<strong> </strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Del otro lado,</strong> cuadra tras cuadra, faltaban esas mismas cosas b&#225;sicas y mucho mas</p></li></ul><p><strong>Nogales</strong> tiene una topograf&#237;a distinta a cualquier ciudad porque est&#225; llena de cerros, lo cual, hasta cierto punto, es similar a <strong>San Francisco</strong> <em>(pero sin mar y unos detalles mas jajaja)</em>: una ciudad hermosa si se sabe aprovechar, y con un clima muy bueno porque est&#225; alto sobre el nivel del mar.</p><p>En el lado americano aprovecharon esos cerros y dise&#241;aron la ciudad entendiendo su naturaleza. <strong>En Nogales, Sonora</strong>, los cerros se llenaron de &#8220;|paracaidistas&#8221; que fueron aprovechados por grandes terratenientes para obligar al gobierno a meter servicios.   Se ve la pobreza por todos lados, no hay suficientes servicios y no hay calles que conectan bien la ciudad. </p><blockquote><p>Toda la gente de Nogales vive atrapada entre cerros que no se pueden cruzar, el ferrocarril que parti&#243; la ciudad en dos, el tr&#225;fico pesado y la frontera con Estados Unidos.</p></blockquote><p>Lo que el libro me dio fue una explicaci&#243;n muy detallado de algo que no terminaba de entender en mi cabeza.</p><p><strong>Nogales, Arizona, y Nogales, Sonora,</strong> viven bajo sistemas y reglas distintas, y con el tiempo, bajo culturas distintas de ciudadan&#237;a y de trabajo.</p><ul><li><p><strong>De un lado</strong> hay instituciones que funcionan, cr&#233;dito accesible y competitivo, estado de derecho, contratos que se sostienen, cortes que ayudan a resolver un pleito, y una autoridad que respeta y se hace respetar.</p></li><li><p><strong>Del otro lado</strong> est&#225; el mismo talento, la misma &#233;tica de trabajo y las mismas ganas de querer m&#225;s para la vida de uno. Pero ese esfuerzo choca con un sistema que no est&#225; dise&#241;ado para sacarle el m&#225;ximo al ciudadano.</p></li></ul><p>Al paso de los siglos, sin duda esto impacta en el nogalense de Sonora. Es gracias a las inversiones de las maquiladoras que el nogalense se mantiene con buenos salarios y competencias profesionales. Sin embargo, no se comparan las posibilidades que se te ofrecen de un lado con las del otro.</p><blockquote><p>La misma gente. La misma tierra. Reglas distintas.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Esa conexi&#243;n humana, que corre junto a una desconexi&#243;n de instituciones, es la raz&#243;n por la que empec&#233; a escribir. </strong>He pasado la vida viendo a <strong>Am&#233;rica del Norte </strong>funcionar como aliados en el comercio y como mundos muy separados en la vida diaria. </p><p>Un cami&#243;n mueve un producto por todo el continente bajo reglas aduanales y de transporte ya pactadas, mientras la gente que construy&#243;, vendi&#243; y transport&#243; ese producto vive con accesos muy distintos a la seguridad, la justicia, la educaci&#243;n y el capital.</p><p>Comerciamos en billones de d&#243;lares (<em>trillions</em> USD) y aun as&#237; aceptamos esa distancia entre los mismos socios que comercian. Yo me niego a aceptarla como el orden natural de este continente.</p><p><strong>El Paper I </strong>pregunt&#243; c&#243;mo una regi&#243;n con tanto talento, tierra, energ&#237;a, cultura y potencial se qued&#243; tan atr&#225;s. Este paper pregunta&#8230;<em><strong>por qu&#233; las reglas siguen en pie aunque su fracaso ya es evidente para todos los que viven bajo ellas?</strong></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NWxf!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5c6722d-07a2-4ea3-b9f7-78d9ec1f5cad_1600x1204.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NWxf!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5c6722d-07a2-4ea3-b9f7-78d9ec1f5cad_1600x1204.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NWxf!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5c6722d-07a2-4ea3-b9f7-78d9ec1f5cad_1600x1204.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NWxf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5c6722d-07a2-4ea3-b9f7-78d9ec1f5cad_1600x1204.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NWxf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5c6722d-07a2-4ea3-b9f7-78d9ec1f5cad_1600x1204.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NWxf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5c6722d-07a2-4ea3-b9f7-78d9ec1f5cad_1600x1204.png" width="1456" height="1096" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NWxf!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5c6722d-07a2-4ea3-b9f7-78d9ec1f5cad_1600x1204.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NWxf!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5c6722d-07a2-4ea3-b9f7-78d9ec1f5cad_1600x1204.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NWxf!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5c6722d-07a2-4ea3-b9f7-78d9ec1f5cad_1600x1204.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!NWxf!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fa5c6722d-07a2-4ea3-b9f7-78d9ec1f5cad_1600x1204.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Porque le funcionan a quienes las controlan.</strong></p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><h3><strong>La m&#225;quina detr&#225;s de los discursos</strong></h3><p>En mis d&#233;cadas operando negocios he aprendido a detectar fallas en la operaci&#243;n desde el cuello de botella hacia atr&#225;s. Si la carga no se mueve, culpar al chofer o al cami&#243;n no resuelve nada. Uno mapea d&#243;nde se detuvo, identifica a las personas clave, entiende las reglas y el proceso, y revisa si alguien se beneficia de que el flujo est&#233; detenido. </p><p><em>Al final, cuando encuentras c&#243;mo arreglarlo, casi siempre tambi&#233;n encuentras a qui&#233;n le conven&#237;a dejarlo as&#237;.</em></p><blockquote><p><strong>M&#233;xico</strong> est&#225; lleno de sistemas y subsistemas as&#237;. Generan ineficiencias enormes, cuestan oportunidades, no le sirven al ciudadano y s&#237; benefician a unos pocos a costa de los dem&#225;s.</p><p><strong>La mala gobernanza merece la misma disciplina: </strong><em>buscar la causa ra&#237;z y corregirla. </em></p><p><strong>Ning&#250;n pa&#237;s del Top 10 tiene un sistema perfecto.</strong> </p><p>Ni Estados Unidos, ni Francia, ni Canad&#225;, ni Australia, ni Corea del Sur, ni Jap&#243;n. Todos llevan d&#233;cadas o siglos mejorando. La diferencia es que sus sistemas aprendieron a detectar a los que abusan de las reglas, a expulsarlos, y a corregir las reglas para que abusar sea cada vez m&#225;s dif&#237;cil.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Dos ejemplos concretos:</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Corea del Sur</strong> ha metido a la c&#225;rcel a cuatro expresidentes por corrupci&#243;n; a dos de ellos, <strong>Park Geun-hye y Lee Myung-bak</strong>, los sentenciaron en 2018 a 24 y 15 a&#241;os (<a href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/southkorea/politics/20250119/from-roh-to-yoon-history-of-koreas-arrested-presidents">Korea Times</a>).</p></li><li><p><strong>Estados Unidos</strong>, despu&#233;s del esc&#225;ndalo de <strong>Watergate,</strong> forz&#243; la renuncia del <strong>presidente Nixon en 1974 </strong>y aprob&#243; la <strong>Ley de &#201;tica en el Gobierno de 1978</strong>, que obliga a los altos funcionarios a declarar su patrimonio y cre&#243; una oficina permanente de &#233;tica (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_in_Government_Act">Ethics in Government Act</a>).</p></li></ul><p>En ning&#250;n caso el sistema era perfecto. En los dos, el sistema reaccion&#243; y se corrigi&#243;. <strong> </strong><em><strong>Porque no hacemos esto en Mexico cada ves que vemos que el sistema nos falla?</strong></em></p><p><strong>Los fracasos de Am&#233;rica Latina abundan: </strong></p><p><em>Caen presidentes, se reescriben constituciones, desaparecen partidos, los generales se vuelven pol&#237;ticos, los empresarios se vuelven reformadores, y los reformadores terminan due&#241;os del mismo sistema que prometieron desmontar.</em></p><p><em><strong>Es curioso no ver casos de exito en Latinoamerica cuando tenemos ejemplos muy buenos de vecinos. Esto se explica con mucha claridad en Why Nations Fail y no tiene nada que ver con la gente.  </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>El problema se origina desde la conquista de gran parte de Latinoam&#233;rica, la forma en como se llevo a cabo a diferencia de Estados Unidos y Canad&#225;. Aun con todo esto, toda sociedad o pa&#237;s puede decidir reformarse y cambiar de rumbo como lo hizo Corea del Sur y China.</strong></em></p><p>Debajo de todo ese movimiento, siempre aparecen los mismos puntos de control y las mismas fallas de fondo:</p><ul><li><p><em>Los tribunales, porque el poder necesita protegerse de las consecuencias.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Las autoridades electorales, porque el poder necesita controlar c&#243;mo se le puede quitar.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Las empresas del Estado y los contratos p&#250;blicos, porque el poder necesita dinero.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Los medios, porque el poder necesita que la gente solo vea una parte de la historia.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Las fuerzas de seguridad, porque el poder necesita una respuesta cuando se le acaba el apoyo.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Un mercado que no est&#225; dise&#241;ado para incentivar la innovaci&#243;n, la eficiencia y la calidad.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Un sistema bancario con poca o nula competencia, muy involucrado en el cr&#233;dito al gobierno.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Un sistema legal d&#233;bil, que no le da al emprendedor el respaldo legal que necesita.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Un sistema educativo pobre, porque no es prioridad.</em></p></li></ul><p>Lo incre&#237;ble es que la mayor&#237;a de los pa&#237;ses de <strong>Am&#233;rica Latina fallan</strong> en varios de estos puntos y, aun as&#237;, en la foto se presumen como democracias. </p><p>Los congresos sesionan. Hay &#8220;elecciones&#8221;. Hay partidos que representan a las distintas facciones. Los jueces usan la toga. Los peri&#243;dicos siguen imprimiendo. Y la constituci&#243;n se presume en las paredes de los palacios de gobierno.</p><p>Las instituciones conservan el t&#237;tulo de democracia y de capitalismo, pero la realidad es otra. Un sistema pol&#237;tico y econ&#243;mico que no mejora y que no compite por ser mejor que los dem&#225;s es un sistema tomado por intereses de unos cuantos.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Esa es la m&#225;quina de captura.</strong></p></div><p>La ideolog&#237;a es solo la pintura. La usan los revolucionarios y la usan los conservadores. La usan los gobiernos militares y la usan los civiles. Funciona con nacionalizaci&#243;n o con privatizaci&#243;n, con socialismo o con capitalismo de cuates, y con cada mezcla que nuestra regi&#243;n ha inventado.</p><p>A la m&#225;quina no le importa qu&#233; canci&#243;n est&#233; sonando. Solo necesita el acceso a los controles que le aseguran el poder.</p><h3>L<strong>os &#225;rbitros van primero</strong></h3><p><strong>M&#233;xico</strong> vio a la m&#225;quina defenderse a s&#237; misma la noche del <strong>6 de julio de 1988.</strong></p><p>Esa noche el sistema de conteo se apag&#243;. La frase que qued&#243; en nuestra memoria fue <strong>&#8220;se cay&#243; el sistema&#8221;</strong>. Cuando el sistema volvi&#243;, <strong>Carlos Salinas de Gortari</strong> iba camino a la presidencia y <strong>Cuauht&#233;moc C&#225;rdenas no.</strong> Las boletas que hubieran podido aclarar lo ocurrido fueron destruidas despu&#233;s.</p><p>Los mexicanos lo hemos sabido siempre. Ya hay estudios: investigadores revisaron m&#225;s de 53,000 actas de casilla y encontraron alteraciones consistentes con fraude en al menos el 30 por ciento, unas 16,000 actas. </p><p>Las alteraciones fueron m&#225;s frecuentes donde no hab&#237;a representantes de la oposici&#243;n y donde los gobernadores del PRI ten&#237;an la organizaci&#243;n y el motivo para inflar el resultado (<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/fingerprints-of-fraud-evidence-from-mexicos-1988-presidential-election/8F3C1BCA4C53FE85EA48E51321E339E9">American Political Science Review</a>).</p><p>Fue una organizaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica usando al Estado con precisi&#243;n para protegerse a s&#237; misma.  <em>Sin embargo nuestro sistema electoral est&#225; empeorando.</em></p><p>El PRI entendi&#243; algo que toda captura exitosa entiende: el &#225;rbitro importa m&#225;s que la campa&#241;a.</p><ul><li><p><em>Un gobierno que controla el conteo puede aguantar a una oposici&#243;n, porque la gente tarde o temprano se cansa de protestar.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Un gobierno que controla la corte puede darse el lujo de una constituci&#243;n que dice una cosa mientras se hace otra.</em></p></li><li><p><em>Un gobierno que controla al fiscal puede aprobar una ley anticorrupci&#243;n sabiendo que nadie de su equipo va a pisar la c&#225;rcel.</em></p></li></ul><p>O por lo menos as&#237; ha sido hasta hoy.</p><p><strong>Venezuela </strong>sigui&#243; la misma l&#243;gica con otras palabras. Despu&#233;s del paro petrolero de 2002&#8211;03, el gobierno despidi&#243; a unos 18,000 empleados de PDVSA y los reemplaz&#243; por gente leal, no por gente con experiencia, en la empresa que financiaba al Estado. En 2004, la<strong> Asamblea Nacional ampli&#243; el Tribunal Supremo de 20 a 32 magistrados</strong>, llen&#243; los asientos nuevos y aument&#243; su poder para remover jueces (<a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/09/18/decade-under-chavez/political-intolerance-and-lost-opportunities-advancing-human">Human Rights Watch</a>).</p><p>Primero capturaron el dinero. Luego siguieron con el freno legal.</p><p><strong>Bolivia us&#243; un procedimiento con apariencia m&#225;s legal. </strong>En 2016, los votantes rechazaron en un refer&#233;ndum que <strong>Evo Morales</strong> pudiera buscar otro periodo. En 2017, el <strong>Tribunal Constitucional </strong>decidi&#243; que ese l&#237;mite no aplicaba y le permiti&#243; reelegirse de todos modos. En otras palabras, el resultado de una votaci&#243;n directa fue revertido por el mismo tribunal que deb&#237;a proteger la constituci&#243;n. M&#225;s tarde, el sistema interamericano de derechos humanos determin&#243; que la reelecci&#243;n presidencial indefinida no es un derecho humano (<a href="https://www.oas.org/fpdb/press/Informe-Preliminar---MOE-Bolivia-23-10-19.pdf">Organizaci&#243;n de los Estados Americanos</a>).</p><p>Este tipo de captura es la m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de ver, porque sigue todos los pasos legales normales. La corte emite un fallo. La autoridad electoral anuncia un resultado. Por fuera todo se ve en orden, pero la decisi&#243;n ya no refleja lo que la gente vot&#243;.</p><h3><strong>Todos los bandos la han usado</strong></h3><p>Este argumento va a incomodar a los dos lados, y est&#225; bien que as&#237; sea.</p><p><strong>Tanto la izquierda como la derecha</strong> han operado la misma m&#225;quina. Ninguna tiene la conciencia limpia. El problema es que cada bando ve con claridad los abusos del otro y trata los propios como si fueran errores sin importancia.</p><p><strong>El Chile de Augusto Pinochet</strong> mostr&#243; que un gobierno puede predicar el libre mercado mientras reparte la riqueza p&#250;blica entre sus conocidos.<strong> SQM, que era del Estado,</strong> termin&#243; en manos de <strong>Julio Ponce Lerou, exyerno de Pinochet, </strong>mediante operaciones que quedaron como el s&#237;mbolo de la privatizaci&#243;n con dedicatoria (<a href="https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/chiles-embattled-lithium-king/">Americas Quarterly</a>). Cambi&#243; el due&#241;o, pero los mismos de siempre siguieron benefici&#225;ndose del Estado.</p><p><strong>El Per&#250; de Alberto Fujimori y Vladimiro Montesinos </strong>dej&#243; la mejor prueba, porque Montesinos grababa lo que hac&#237;a. En los videos se ve el dinero entregado a pol&#237;ticos, jueces y due&#241;os de medios. Lo que m&#225;s pagaba, por mucho, era la televisi&#243;n: le daba al due&#241;o de un canal cerca de cien veces m&#225;s que a un juez o a un pol&#237;tico, porque le importaba m&#225;s controlar lo que la gente ve&#237;a que controlar un juzgado. Adentro del ej&#233;rcito us&#243; los ascensos para lo mismo. Comprar una sola instituci&#243;n le duraba poco; comprar a todas a la vez, la corte, el congreso, la televisi&#243;n y las fuerzas armadas, le aseguraba el control (<a href="https://web.stanford.edu/class/comm1a/readings/mcmillan-how-to-subvert.pdf">Journal of Economic Perspectives, v&#237;a Stanford</a>).</p><p><strong>Odebrecht convirti&#243; esto en una industria.</strong> La constructora brasile&#241;a cre&#243; una oficina interna, <strong>la Divisi&#243;n de Operaciones Estructuradas,</strong> dedicada a manejar empresas fantasma, cuentas en el extranjero y calendarios de pago para sobornos. <strong>Admiti&#243; haber pagado unos 788 millones de d&#243;lares a funcionarios, intermediarios y partidos en tres continentes. Odebrecht y Braskem aceptaron al menos 3,500 millones de d&#243;lares en sanciones</strong> (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/odebrecht-and-braskem-plead-guilty-and-agree-pay-least-35-billion-global-penalties-resolve">Departamento de Justicia de EE. UU.</a>). El esquema cruz&#243; partidos y fronteras porque un contrato p&#250;blico se firma igual, sin importar la ideolog&#237;a del que firma.</p><p>Aqu&#237; es donde nuestra conversaci&#243;n como regi&#243;n casi siempre falla. Buscamos al culpable que confirma lo que ya pens&#225;bamos. Defendemos al pol&#237;tico que habla como nosotros. Le perdonamos el atajo porque, seg&#250;n nuestro bando, va hacia algo bueno. Y mientras tanto, la m&#225;quina sigue trabajando. Nunca se voltea a ver al sistema fallido, se busca apuntar dedos a las personas, y ese es el grave error.</p><h3><strong>Las Redes que Enredan</strong></h3><p><strong>En Am&#233;rica Latina</strong> s&#237; existen redes pol&#237;ticas reales.<strong> El Foro de S&#227;o Paulo </strong>naci&#243; en 1990 de una reuni&#243;n convocada por el <strong>Partido de los Trabajadores de Brasil y Fidel Castro</strong>, con cuarenta y ocho partidos y organizaciones. Sus reuniones y declaraciones son p&#250;blicas (<a href="https://forodesaopaulo.org/brief-history-and-foundations/">Foro de S&#227;o Paulo</a>). <strong>El Grupo de Puebla,</strong> fundado en 2019, junta a expresidentes, exministros y l&#237;deres pol&#237;ticos, y tiene un brazo jur&#237;dico, <strong>CLAJUD,</strong> que defiende a l&#237;deres de izquierda de lo que llama <em>lawfare</em> (<a href="https://www.grupodepuebla.org/en/clajud/">Grupo de Puebla</a>).</p><p>Estas redes comparten ideas, contactos y defensas entre aliados. Eso est&#225; documentado. Lo que no est&#225; documentado es un centro &#250;nico que d&#233; &#243;rdenes a cada gobierno y controle todo el dinero de la regi&#243;n. Digo las dos cosas a prop&#243;sito, porque el momento en que uno afirma m&#225;s de lo que puede probar, deja de hacer an&#225;lisis y empieza a hacer propaganda.</p><p>La derecha tambi&#233;n tiene sus redes: c&#225;maras empresariales, relaciones militares, capital familiar, alianzas con medios y socios internacionales. Algunas defendieron la democracia y la competencia abierta. Otras defendieron privilegios y aliados autoritarios.</p><p>La regla debe ser la misma para todos: seguir la relaci&#243;n, seguir el dinero, se&#241;alar la decisi&#243;n concreta, y detenerse donde se acaba la prueba.</p><p>La m&#225;quina no necesita un cuartel secreto. Se repite sola porque los mismos incentivos existen en cada capital. A una corte se le presiona. A un regulador se le debilita. Una empresa del Estado esconde transferencias. La publicidad oficial premia al que se porta bien. Un mando policial asciende por lealtad. El molde viaja de un pa&#237;s a otro porque funciona.</p><h3><strong>Lo que s&#237; sobrevive</strong></h3><p><strong>Am&#233;rica Latina</strong> ha tenido buenos reformadores e instituciones serias. Muchas reformas murieron porque se hicieron para ganar un caso, no para aguantar la venganza que ven&#237;a despu&#233;s. Otras s&#237; aguantaron. La diferencia entre unas y otras es el punto central de este paper.</p><p><strong>La CICIG en Guatemala</strong> fue uno de los mejores intentos de la regi&#243;n. Naci&#243; de un acuerdo entre <strong>Guatemala y la ONU </strong>y trabaj&#243; junto a fiscales locales contra redes criminales dentro del Estado. Para 2019 hab&#237;a contribuido a m&#225;s de 660 procesos y 400 condenas, y ayud&#243; a que el presidente<strong> Otto P&#233;rez Molina </strong>renunciara en 2015 por el caso de corrupci&#243;n aduanera La L&#237;nea (<a href="https://news.un.org/es/story/2019/09/1461472">Noticias ONU</a>). Pero cuando las investigaciones llegaron al c&#237;rculo del siguiente presidente, su gobierno no renov&#243; el mandato y la<strong> CICIG termin&#243; en 2019 </strong>(<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/08/31/guatemala-president-sabotages-fight-justice">Human Rights Watch</a>).</p><p><strong>La CICIG gan&#243; muchos casos,</strong> pero depend&#237;a de una sola decisi&#243;n pol&#237;tica para seguir viva. Ah&#237; est&#225; la diferencia entre un buen golpe y una instituci&#243;n que dura.</p><p>Los bancos centrales son el mejor ejemplo de lo que s&#237; dura. <strong>Chile le dio independencia al suyo en 1989, Colombia en 1992, M&#233;xico en 1993 y Per&#250; ese mismo a&#241;o. </strong>Ayudaron otras cosas, pero la evidencia de ocho d&#233;cadas muestra una relaci&#243;n clara: entre m&#225;s independiente el banco central, m&#225;s baja la inflaci&#243;n (<a href="https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/wp/2022/english/wpiea2022186-print-pdf.pdf">Fondo Monetario Internacional</a>).</p><p>Esa reforma sobrevivi&#243; porque ech&#243; ra&#237;ces. Cre&#243; profesionales, carreras, reputaci&#243;n y un p&#250;blico que se acuerda de lo que la inflaci&#243;n destruye. Atacar al banco central se volvi&#243; m&#225;s caro que cambiar una ley o correr a un funcionario.</p><p><strong>Uruguay ense&#241;a algo parecido, </strong>y es de mis ejemplos favoritos. Sus partidos, en competencia real, pasaron poco a poco del favor a unos cuantos a servir a todos, porque el rival pod&#237;a exhibir cualquier exclusi&#243;n y quitarles votos. La competencia justa termin&#243; dando mejores resultados para todos. Es la misma l&#243;gica del libre mercado bien regulado, aplicada a la pol&#237;tica.</p><p><strong>Costa Rica tom&#243; una decisi&#243;n firme en 1948:</strong> aboli&#243; su ej&#233;rcito y con eso cerr&#243; una v&#237;a tradicional hacia el poder. No todas las decisiones sirven para todos los pa&#237;ses, pero fue una apuesta clara que despu&#233;s se pudo ir ajustando.</p><p><strong>Chile sum&#243; otra capa en 2001</strong> con una regla fiscal que oblig&#243; al gobierno a ahorrar el auge del cobre en lugar de gast&#225;rselo, y eso financi&#243; la mejor respuesta de la regi&#243;n a la crisis de 2009. </p><p><strong>Brasil construy&#243; PIX, </strong>un sistema p&#250;blico de pagos instant&#225;neos que hoy usan el 93 por ciento de los adultos, con unas ocho mil millones de operaciones al mes, todas rastreables. </p><p><strong>Colombia lo demuestra en tiempo real:</strong> su corte, creada en 1991, lleva dos a&#241;os frenando decretos de emergencia del gobierno actual, uno de ellos tumbado por seis votos contra dos. Esa corte no le responde al presidente al que hoy le pone freno, porque &#233;l no la construy&#243;.</p><p><strong>Chile, Uruguay, Costa Rica y Colombia </strong>construyeron reglas que sobrevivieron a quienes las crearon. Colombia es el caso m&#225;s claro: la corte qued&#243; lista una generaci&#243;n antes de que existiera el gobierno que hoy la enfrenta.</p><p><strong>Dise&#241;ar para el peor gobernante</strong></p><p>Pasamos demasiado tiempo pidiendo presidentes honestos, jueces valientes, empresarios responsables, periodistas &#233;ticos y soldados patriotas. Ojal&#225; los tuvi&#233;ramos a todos. Pero un pa&#237;s que necesita que todos sean buenos al mismo tiempo para funcionar ya fall&#243; en su dise&#241;o.</p><p>La prueba de una buena instituci&#243;n es simple: tiene que aguantar aunque llegue la peor persona posible a dirigirla. Si no aguanta, est&#225; mal hecha.</p><p>Un pa&#237;s es de sus ciudadanos, y el gobierno les debe cuentas y resultados. De ah&#237; salen unas reglas de sentido com&#250;n. Nadie deber&#237;a poder cambiar a todos los jueces y &#225;rbitros en una sola elecci&#243;n. Las cuentas del Estado, los contratos y los conflictos de inter&#233;s deber&#237;an ser p&#250;blicos y f&#225;ciles de revisar. Un ascenso en la polic&#237;a o el ej&#233;rcito deber&#237;a seguir reglas profesionales que no cambien cada sexenio. Y el dinero p&#250;blico deber&#237;a dejar un rastro que no se borre cuando llega un gobierno nuevo.</p><p><strong>Una idea me la dej&#243;<a href="https://linktr.ee/miguelbtrevino"> Miguel Trevi&#241;o</a>, exalcalde de San Pedro Garza Garc&#237;a, Nuevo Le&#243;n, en su documental<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x77gzVTb7mQ"> Construyendo el Norte</a>:</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;El problema de M&#233;xico es uno&#8230; Los j&#243;venes m&#225;s talentosos y de mayor potencial no ven el servicio p&#250;blico como el camino para desarrollarse profesionalmente. Si no traemos a esos j&#243;venes al espacio de decisi&#243;n, donde est&#225; el dinero p&#250;blico, donde est&#225;n las facultades, donde est&#225; el acceso al micr&#243;fono y a la narrativa, donde se decide la mayor parte del rumbo de este pa&#237;s, este pa&#237;s no tiene futuro. Pero si los traemos&#8230; ah&#237; est&#225; el talento, y ah&#237; es donde nuestro pa&#237;s puede despegar.&#8221;</em></p></blockquote><p>Me dej&#243; un gran mensaje ese video, y me hace todo el sentido del mundo lo que dice Miguel sobre los mejores j&#243;venes y el servicio p&#250;blico. Soy creyente de que la innovaci&#243;n es el camino al progreso. Si los j&#243;venes no participan en nuestras instituciones, en la mejora continua y en la innovaci&#243;n de nuestros sistemas, no vamos a ver a un M&#233;xico diferente.</p><p>La idea de fondo es que capturar el poder salga caro, se vea a la luz y se pueda revertir.</p><p>Ese trabajo no tiene la emoci&#243;n de una campa&#241;a, y qu&#233; bueno. </p><blockquote><p>El drama pol&#237;tico siempre nos empuja a buscar a un salvador o a un enemigo. Arreglar las instituciones hace lo contrario: reparte el poder y le da a m&#225;s gente la capacidad de decir &#8220;no&#8221;.</p></blockquote><p>Por eso tambi&#233;n necesita gente fuera del gobierno que las cuide. El abogado que defiende a una corte independiente aunque el fallo perjudique a su partido. El empresario que defiende la competencia justa aunque le convenga m&#225;s el privilegio. El periodista que revisa incluso al bando que &#233;l prefiere. Y el ciudadano que se preocupa por el &#225;rbitro antes de que el mal fallo le toque a &#233;l.</p><p><em><strong>Hoy tenemos algo que las generaciones anteriores no ten&#237;an: la tecnolog&#237;a para ponernos de acuerdo entre millones. </strong>La mayor&#237;a de la gente vive confundida entre lo que le dicen sus pol&#237;ticos y lo que de verdad necesita</em>. </p><p>Un pa&#237;s exitoso es el que busca lo mejor para sus ciudadanos y los eleva con instituciones fuertes, tanto en lo pol&#237;tico como en lo econ&#243;mico, entendiendo que competimos con el mundo y que no vivimos en una burbuja. </p><p>Llevamos demasiado tiempo esperando a un l&#237;der que salve a instituciones que los ciudadanos no defendimos.</p><h3><strong>Am&#233;rica del Norte necesita un Norte</strong></h3><p>Aqu&#237; el argumento regresa a casa.</p><p><strong>Am&#233;rica del Norte </strong>ya integr&#243; f&#225;bricas, campos, ferrocarriles, energ&#237;a, datos, familias y cadenas de suministro. <strong>M&#233;xico, Estados Unidos y Canad&#225;</strong> pueden fabricar un mismo producto entre los tres. Ya demostramos que la cooperaci&#243;n crea valor a escala de continente. Lo que no hemos aceptado es la responsabilidad institucional que viene con eso.</p><p>Un tratado comercial define de d&#243;nde es un producto, cu&#225;nto paga de arancel y c&#243;mo se resuelve un pleito. Pero un tratado no le da, por s&#237; solo, una buena escuela a un estudiante, cr&#233;dito accesible a un negocio peque&#241;o, seguridad a una familia, ni la certeza a un inversionista de que el &#225;rbitro seguir&#225; en su lugar cuando cambie el marcador.</p><p><strong>Canad&#225;</strong> es la prueba de que s&#237; se puede. Es un pa&#237;s mediano, pegado a la econom&#237;a m&#225;s grande del mundo, que construy&#243; cortes, elecciones limpias y un servicio p&#250;blico profesional. Tiene sus fallas y su corrupci&#243;n, como todos, pero su sistema tiene m&#225;s candados para detener y corregir un abuso.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico </strong>tambi&#233;n ha construido candados as&#237;. <strong>El Banco de M&#233;xico </strong>aut&#243;nomo cerr&#243; la &#233;poca en que un pol&#237;tico pod&#237;a convertir el gasto en inflaci&#243;n de la noche a la ma&#241;ana. Las reformas electorales de los noventa sacaron a las elecciones federales del control del gobierno y por eso fue posible la derrota del PRI en el a&#241;o 2000. Los mexicanos construimos esas instituciones despu&#233;s de vivir lo que hab&#237;a antes. Hoy algunas de esas conquistas est&#225;n bajo presi&#243;n, y eso nos deber&#237;a preocupar a todos en el continente, porque las consecuencias las compartimos.</p><p>Una plataforma de producci&#243;n de primer mundo no se sostiene sobre instituciones d&#233;biles y f&#225;ciles de capturar. El <em>nearshoring</em> necesita integraci&#243;n de verdad. Que empresas de todo el mundo apuesten por <strong>M&#233;xico demuestra que nos ven como un pa&#237;s que quiere modernizarse y fortalecer sus instituciones.</strong> El que <strong>Estados Unidos y Canad&#225;</strong> firmaran un tratado con nosotros le dio al mundo luz verde para confiar en M&#233;xico. Pero no podemos dormirnos en los laureles, porque tarde o temprano se cae el tel&#243;n.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico es la mayor oportunidad todav&#237;a sin cumplir de este continente. </strong>El mexicano que escap&#243; del sistema lo demuestra con las remesas y con el impacto que genera, sobre todo en <strong>Estados Unidos</strong>. Y el mexicano que sigue dentro de una m&#225;quina que no le da lo que necesita para producir, prosperar y crear riqueza es el mayor activo que tiene el pa&#237;s.</p><p>S&#233; esto porque vengo de <strong>Ambos Nogales.</strong></p><p>La l&#237;nea entre las dos ciudades no separa a dos tipos de gente. Separa a dos sistemas. Uno le da a m&#225;s personas una oportunidad justa de construir, recuperarse, competir y quedarse. El otro todav&#237;a deja que demasiado talento pague de m&#225;s en inseguridad, en tr&#225;mites a discreci&#243;n, en impunidad y en privilegios.</p><p>Nosotros, los ciudadanos, debemos darle norte a <strong>Am&#233;rica del Norte.</strong> El gobierno ser&#225; parte del trabajo, pero la responsabilidad no se delega a la pr&#243;xima elecci&#243;n. Las reglas son de todos los que viven bajo ellas.</p><blockquote><p>A la regi&#243;n no le faltan buenas personas. Le faltan instituciones que aguanten a las malas.</p></blockquote><p><em>Sigue:<strong> Paper III, La Salida Mexicana / The Mexican Exit.</strong></em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/la-maquina-de-captura-paper-ii-de?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/la-maquina-de-captura-paper-ii-de?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p>&#8212;</p><p><em>Fuentes: American Political Science Review (Cant&#250;, 2019); Korea Times; Ethics in Government Act (EE. UU., 1978); Human Rights Watch; Organizaci&#243;n de los Estados Americanos; Americas Quarterly; McMillan y Zoido, Journal of Economic Perspectives (2004); Departamento de Justicia de EE. UU.; Foro de S&#227;o Paulo; Grupo de Puebla / CLAJUD; Naciones Unidas; documento de trabajo del Fondo Monetario Internacional (2022); documental &#8220;Construyendo el Norte&#8221; (Miguel Trevi&#241;o); registro de verificaci&#243;n de la serie v0.2 (2026-07-16) para las adiciones de Uruguay, Costa Rica, Chile, Brasil y Colombia.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[“The Capture Machine” Paper II de III]]></title><description><![CDATA[LAS REGLAS DE LA POBREZA / THE RULES OF POVERTY (SERIE)]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-capture-machine-paper-ii-de-iii</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-capture-machine-paper-ii-de-iii</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2026 13:42:41 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2e095fe2-3eaf-4279-8792-9a124ab6f927_1600x900.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rI1m!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc00626e5-31da-4f10-ab6b-2730e3357fb9_1456x819.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rI1m!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc00626e5-31da-4f10-ab6b-2730e3357fb9_1456x819.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!rI1m!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc00626e5-31da-4f10-ab6b-2730e3357fb9_1456x819.webp 848w, 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">(Version Espanol usando la aplicacion de Substack)</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Last week my nephew read <strong><a href="https://substack.com/@ejoffroy/p-207362029">Paper I of this series</a> (</strong><em><strong>The Hundred-Year Divergence</strong></em><strong>)</strong>, and it made him think of <em><strong>Why Nations Fail</strong></em><strong>, by Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson.</strong> I had heard of the book but never read it. On his recommendation, and because these subjects fascinate me, I bought it, and I am well into it, so it will surely leave a mark on this series.</p><p>A few pages in, I ran into my past and my present: <strong>Ambos Nogales.</strong></p><p>Two cities with the same name, the same desert, the same climate, and the same families. For generations we have lived as one community while two completely different systems of government and economy run underneath us.</p><p>All my life I saw the difference, and I could never understand how the most basic things could be so different on one side and the other.</p><p><strong>On one side,</strong> decent streets, working traffic lights, clear signage, modern patrol cars, and a city built on purpose. <strong>On the other side,</strong> block after block, those same basic things were missing.</p><p><strong>Nogales </strong>has a topography unlike any other city, because it is full of hills, which up to a point makes it similar to San Francisco (minus the sea and other things LOL): a beautiful city when you know how to use it, with a very good climate because it sits high above sea level. </p><blockquote><p>The American side they used those hills and designed the city around its nature. <strong>In Nogales, Sonora, the hills filled up with informal settlements. You see poverty everywhere, there are not enough services, and there are no streets that connect the city well. </strong></p><p><strong>Everyone in Nogales lives boxed in by hills you cannot cross, by the railroad that split the city in two, by heavy traffic, and by the border with the United States.</strong></p><p>What the book gave me was a name for a difference I have never accepted.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Nogales, Arizona, and Nogales, Sonora,</strong> <em>live under different systems and rules, and over time, under different cultures of citizenship and work.</em></p><p><strong>One side</strong> has institutions that function, credit that is accessible and competitive, the rule of law, contracts that hold, courts that help settle a dispute, and an authority that respects people and is respected in return.</p><p><strong>The other side</strong> has the same talent, the same work ethic, and the same drive to want more out of life. But that effort runs into a system that is not built to get the most out of its citizens.</p><p><strong>Over centuries, that shapes the person born in Nogales, Sonora. </strong>It is thanks to the investment of the maquiladoras that people there hold on to decent wages and real professional skills. Even so, the opportunities offered on one side do not compare with the other.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Same people. Same land. Different rules.</strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>That human connection, running right next to a disconnection between institutions, is why I started writing. </strong>I have spent my life watching North America work as allies in trade and as very separate worlds in daily life. </p><p>A truck moves a product across the whole continent under customs and transport rules we already agreed on, while the people who built, sold, and moved that product live with very different access to safety, justice, education, and capital.</p><blockquote><p>We trade in the trillions of dollars and still accept that distance between the very partners who trade. I refuse to accept it as the natural order of this continent.</p><p><strong>Paper I </strong>asked how a region with so much talent, land, energy, culture, and potential fell so far behind. This paper takes on the harder question: <strong>why the rules stay in place even after their failure is obvious to everyone living under them.</strong></p></blockquote><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Because they work for the people who control them.</strong></p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:&quot;button-wrapper&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary button-wrapper" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p></p><h3><strong>The machine behind the speeches</strong></h3><p>In my decades running businesses, I have learned to inspect a failing operation from the bottleneck backward. If the cargo is not moving, blaming the driver or the truck solves nothing. You map where it stopped, identify the key people, understand the rules and the process, and check whether someone benefits from keeping the flow stuck. </p><p><strong>In the end, when you find how to fix it, you usually also find who wanted it left that way.</strong></p><p><strong>Mexico is full of systems like that.</strong> They create huge inefficiencies, they cost opportunities, they do not serve the citizen, and they do benefit a few at everyone else&#8217;s expense.</p><p><strong>Bad governance deserves the same discipline: </strong>find the root cause and fix it. <strong>No country in the Top 10 has a perfect system.</strong> <strong>Not the United States, not France, not Canada, not Australia, not South Korea, not Japan.</strong> <em>All of them have spent decades or centuries improving. The difference is that their systems learned to detect the people who abuse the rules, to expel them, and to fix the rules so that abuse gets harder each time.</em></p><p>Two concrete examples:</p><ul><li><p><strong>South Korea</strong> has sent four former presidents to prison for corruption; two of them, Park Geun-hye and Lee Myung-bak, were sentenced in 2018 to 24 and 15 years (<a href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/southkorea/politics/20250119/from-roh-to-yoon-history-of-koreas-arrested-presidents">Korea Times</a>).</p></li><li><p><strong>The United States,</strong> after the Watergate scandal, forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 and passed the Ethics in Government Act of 1978, which requires senior officials to disclose their assets and created a permanent ethics office (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_in_Government_Act">Ethics in Government Act</a>).</p></li></ul><blockquote><p>Neither system was perfect. In both, the system reacted and corrected itself.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Latin America&#8217;s failures look chaotic from a distance</strong>. <em>Presidents fall. Constitutions get rewritten. Parties disappear. Generals become politicians, businessmen become reformers, and reformers end up owning the same system they promised to dismantle.</em></p><p><strong>Under all that movement, the same chokepoints and the same underlying failures keep showing up:</strong></p><ul><li><p>The courts, because power needs protection from consequences.</p></li><li><p>The electoral bodies, because power needs to control how it can be removed.</p></li><li><p>The state companies and public contracts, because power needs money.</p></li><li><p>The media, because power needs people to see only part of the story.</p></li><li><p>The security forces, because power needs an answer when its support runs out.</p></li><li><p>A market not designed to incentivize innovation, efficiency, and quality.</p></li><li><p>A banking system with little or no competition that is highly involved in government lending.</p></li><li><p>A weak legal system that does not offer the entrepreneur the legal support they need.</p></li><li><p>A poor education system, because it is not a priority.</p></li></ul><blockquote><p>The remarkable thing is that most Latin American countries fail at several of these and still present themselves as <strong>democracies in the photograph.</strong> </p><p><em>The congresses meet. There are &#8220;elections.&#8221; There are parties representing the different factions. The judges wear robes. The newspapers keep printing. And the constitution is displayed on the walls of government buildings.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>The institutions keep the title of democracy and capitalism</strong>, but the reality is different. A political and economic system that does not improve and does not compete to be better than others is a system taken over by the interests of a few.</p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>That is the capture machine.</strong></p></div><p>The ideology is only the paint. Revolutionaries use it and conservatives use it. Military governments use it and civilian ones use it. It works under nationalization or privatization, under socialism or crony capitalism, and under every mix our region has invented.</p><p>The machine does not care what song is playing. It only needs access to the controls that keep it in power.</p><p></p><h3><strong>The referees go first</strong></h3><p><strong>Mexico </strong>saw the machine defend itself on the night of <strong>July 6, 1988.</strong></p><p>That night the vote count went dark. The phrase that stayed in our memory was <strong>&#8220;se cay&#243; el sistema,&#8221; </strong>the system crashed. When it came back, <strong>Carlos Salinas de Gortari </strong>was on his way to the presidency and <strong>Cuauht&#233;moc C&#225;rdenas</strong> was not. The ballots that could have cleared it up were destroyed later.</p><p>For years we understood it by instinct. <strong>Now there are studies: </strong>researchers reviewed more than 53,000 polling-station tallies and found alterations consistent with fraud in at least 30 percent, about 16,000 of them.<em> The alterations were more common where the opposition had no representatives present and where PRI governors had the organization and the motive to inflate the result (<a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/fingerprints-of-fraud-evidence-from-mexicos-1988-presidential-election/8F3C1BCA4C53FE85EA48E51321E339E9">American Political Science Review</a>).</em></p><p>It was a political organization using the state, with precision, to protect itself.</p><p><strong>The PRI</strong> understood something every successful capture understands: the referee matters more than the campaign.</p><ul><li><p><em>A government that controls the count can put up with an opposition, because people eventually get tired of protesting.</em></p></li><li><p><em>A government that controls the court can afford a constitution that says one thing while it does another.</em></p></li><li><p><em>A government that controls the prosecutor can pass an anti-corruption law knowing no one on its team will see a jail cell.</em></p></li></ul><p>Or at least that is how it has worked until today.</p><p><strong>Venezuela followed</strong> the same logic with different words. After the 2002&#8211;03 oil strike, the government fired around 18,000 PDVSA employees and replaced them with loyal people, not experienced ones, at the company that funded the state. In 2004, the National Assembly expanded the Supreme Court from 20 to 32 justices, filled the new seats, and increased its power to remove judges (<a href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/09/18/decade-under-chavez/political-intolerance-and-lost-opportunities-advancing-human">Human Rights Watch</a>).</p><p>First they captured the money. Then came the legal brake.</p><p><strong>Bolivia used a procedure</strong> with a more legal appearance. In 2016, voters rejected a referendum that would have let Evo Morales run for another term. In 2017, the Constitutional Tribunal decided that limit did not apply and let him run anyway. In other words, the result of a direct vote was reversed by the same court that was supposed to protect the constitution. Later, the Inter-American human rights system ruled that indefinite presidential reelection is not a human right (<a href="https://www.oas.org/fpdb/press/Informe-Preliminar---MOE-Bolivia-23-10-19.pdf">Organization of American States</a>).</p><p>This kind of capture is the hardest to see, because it follows all the normal legal steps. The court issues a ruling. The electoral authority announces a result. From the outside everything looks in order, but the decision no longer reflects what people voted.</p><p></p><h3><strong>Every side has used it</strong></h3><p>This argument will make both sides uncomfortable, and that is fine.</p><p><strong>Both the left and the right</strong> have run the same machine. Neither has a clean conscience. The problem is that each side sees the other&#8217;s abuses clearly and treats its own as minor mistakes.</p><p><strong>Pinochet&#8217;s Chile </strong>showed that a government can preach the free market while handing public wealth to its friends. SQM, which belonged to the state, ended up controlled by Julio Ponce Lerou, Pinochet&#8217;s former son-in-law, through deals that became the symbol of privatization with a name already on it (<a href="https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/chiles-embattled-lithium-king/">Americas Quarterly</a>). The owner changed, but the same insiders kept benefiting from the state.</p><p><strong>Fujimori and Montesinos in Peru</strong> left the clearest proof, because <strong>Montesinos filmed what he did.</strong> The videos show cash handed to politicians, judges, and media owners. What he paid the most for, by far, was television: he gave a channel owner about a hundred times what he gave a judge or a politician, because controlling what people saw mattered more to him than controlling a courtroom. Inside the army he used promotions the same way. Buying one institution did not last; buying all of them at once, the court, the congress, television, and the armed forces, is what secured his control (<a href="https://web.stanford.edu/class/comm1a/readings/mcmillan-how-to-subvert.pdf">Journal of Economic Perspectives, via Stanford</a>).</p><p><strong>Odebrecht turned this into an industry.</strong> The Brazilian construction company set up an internal office, the Division of Structured Operations, dedicated to running shell companies, offshore accounts, and payment schedules for bribes. It admitted paying about <strong>$788 million to officials, middlemen, and parties across three continents. Odebrecht and Braskem accepted at least $3.5 billion in penalties</strong> (<a href="https://www.justice.gov/archives/opa/pr/odebrecht-and-braskem-plead-guilty-and-agree-pay-least-35-billion-global-penalties-resolve">U.S. Department of Justice</a>). The scheme crossed parties and borders because a public contract gets signed the same way, whatever the ideology of the person signing.</p><p>This is where our conversation as a region almost always fails. We look for the villain who confirms what we already thought. We defend the politician who talks like us. We forgive the shortcut because, according to our side, it leads somewhere good. And meanwhile, the machine keeps working. </p><blockquote><p>We never turn to look at the failed system; we try to point fingers at people, and that is the serious mistake.</p></blockquote><p></p><h3><strong>Networks that don&#8217;t Work</strong></h3><p><strong>There are real political networks in Latin America.</strong> The <strong>Foro de S&#227;o Paulo</strong> grew out of a 1990 meeting convened by <strong>Brazil&#8217;s Workers&#8217; Party and Fidel Castro,</strong> with forty-eight parties and organizations. Its meetings and declarations are public (<a href="https://forodesaopaulo.org/brief-history-and-foundations/">Foro de S&#227;o Paulo</a>). <strong>The Grupo de Puebla,</strong> founded in 2019, brings together former presidents, former ministers, and political leaders, and has a legal arm, <strong>CLAJUD,</strong> that defends left-leaning leaders against what it calls <em>lawfare</em> (<a href="https://www.grupodepuebla.org/en/clajud/">Grupo de Puebla</a>).</p><p>These networks share ideas, contacts, and mutual defense among allies. That is documented. What is not documented is a single center giving orders to every government and controlling all the money in the region. I say both parts on purpose, because the moment you claim more than you can prove, you stop doing analysis and start doing propaganda.</p><p><strong>The right has its networks too:</strong> <em>business chambers, military relationships, family capital, media alliances, and international partners. Some defended democracy and open competition. Others defended privilege and authoritarian allies.</em></p><p><strong>The rule has to be the same for everyone: </strong>follow the relationship, follow the money, point to the specific decision, and stop where the proof runs out.</p><blockquote><p>The machine does not need a secret headquarters. It repeats on its own because the same incentives exist in every capital. A court gets pressured. A regulator gets weakened. A state company hides transfers. Official advertising rewards good behavior. A police commander gets promoted for loyalty. The blueprint travels from one country to another because it works.</p></blockquote><p></p><h3><strong>What survives</strong></h3><p><strong>Latin America </strong>has had good reformers and serious institutions. Many reforms died because they were built to win a case, not to survive the retaliation that came after. Others survived. The difference between the two is the whole point of this paper.</p><p><strong>CICIG in Guatemala </strong>was one of the region&#8217;s best attempts. It came out of an agreement between <strong>Guatemala and the UN</strong> and worked alongside local prosecutors against criminal networks inside the state. By 2019 it had contributed to more than 660 prosecutions and 400 convictions, and it helped force <strong>President Otto P&#233;rez Molina</strong> to resign in 2015 over the <strong>La L&#237;nea customs</strong>-<strong>corruption case </strong>(<a href="https://news.un.org/es/story/2019/09/1461472">UN News</a>). But when the investigations reached the next president&#8217;s circle, his government did not renew the mandate, and <strong>CICIG ended in 2019 (<a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/08/31/guatemala-president-sabotages-fight-justice">Human Rights Watch</a>).</strong></p><p><strong>CICIG won a lot of cases, </strong>but it depended on a single political decision to stay alive. That is the difference between a good hit and an institution that lasts.</p><p><strong>Central banks are the best example of what does last</strong>. <em>Chile made its central bank independent in 1989, Colombia in 1992, Mexico in 1993, and Peru the same year. Other things helped, but eight decades of evidence show a clear relationship: the more independent the central bank, the lower the inflation </em>(<a href="https://www.imf.org/-/media/files/publications/wp/2022/english/wpiea2022186-print-pdf.pdf">International Monetary Fund</a>).</p><p>That reform survived because it grew roots. It created professionals, careers, reputations, and a public that remembers what inflation destroys. <strong>Attacking the central bank became more expensive than changing a law or firing an official.</strong></p><p><strong>Uruguay teaches something similar</strong>, and it is one of my favorite examples. Its parties, in real competition, moved little by little from favoring a few to serving everyone, because a rival could expose any exclusion and take their votes. Fair competition ended up producing better results for everyone. It is the same logic as a well-regulated free market, applied to politics.</p><p><strong>Costa Rica made a firm decision in 1948: </strong>it abolished its army and closed off a traditional road to power. Not every decision fits every country, but it was a clear bet that could then be adjusted over time.</p><p><strong>Chile added another layer in 2001 </strong>with a fiscal rule that forced the government to save the copper boom instead of spending it, which financed the region&#8217;s best response to the 2009 crisis. </p><p><strong>Brazil built PIX</strong>, a public instant-payment system now used by 93 percent of adults, with about eight billion transactions a month, all traceable. </p><p><strong>Colombia shows it in real time</strong>: its court, created in 1991, has spent two years blocking emergency decrees from the current government, one of them struck down six votes to two. That court does not answer to the president it is now restraining, because he did not build it.</p><p><strong>Chile, Uruguay, Costa Rica, and Colombia</strong> built rules that outlived the people who created them. </p><p><strong>Colombia is the clearest case: </strong>the court was ready a generation before the government now facing it existed.</p><p></p><h3><strong>Design for the worst leader</strong></h3><p>We spend too much time asking for honest presidents, brave judges, responsible businesspeople, ethical journalists, and patriotic soldiers. I wish we had them all. But a country that needs everyone to be good at the same time in order to work has already failed at its design.</p><blockquote><p><strong>The test of a good institution is simple: </strong>it has to hold up even if the worst possible person takes charge of it. If it cannot, it is badly built.</p></blockquote><p>A country belongs to its citizens, and the government owes them accounts and results. From there come a few common-sense rules. No one should be able to replace all the judges and referees in a single election. The state&#8217;s accounts, its contracts, and its conflicts of interest should be public and easy to check. A promotion in the police or the army should follow professional rules that do not change every administration. And public money should leave a trail that does not disappear when a new government arrives.</p><p><strong>An idea I took from <a href="https://linktr.ee/miguelbtrevino">Miguel Trevi&#241;o</a>, former mayor of San Pedro Garza Garc&#237;a, Nuevo Le&#243;n, in his documentary <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x77gzVTb7mQ">Construyendo el Norte</a>:</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;Mexico&#8217;s problem is clear&#8230;The most talented young people, the ones with the most potential, do not see public service as a path to build a professional life. If we do not bring those young people into the rooms where decisions are made, where the public money is, where the authority is, where the microphone and the narrative are, where most of this country&#8217;s direction gets decided, then this country has NO future. </em></p><p><em><strong>But if we do bring them in, that is where the talent is, and that is where our country can take off.&#8221;</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>That short video left a strong message with me, and what Miguel says about the best young people and public service makes complete sense to me. I believe innovation is the road to progress. If young people do not take part in our institutions, in continuous improvement, and in the innovation of our systems, we are not going to see a different Mexico.</p><blockquote><p>The basic idea is to make capturing power expensive, visible, and reversible.</p></blockquote><p>That work has none of the excitement of a campaign, and that is good. Political drama always pushes us to look for a savior or an enemy. <strong>Fixing institutions does the opposite: it spreads power out and gives more people the ability to say &#8220;no.&#8221;</strong></p><blockquote><p><strong>That is why it also needs people outside government to protect it.</strong> The lawyer who defends an independent court even when the ruling hurts his party. The businessperson who defends fair competition even when privilege would pay better. The journalist who scrutinizes even the side he prefers. And the citizen who cares about the referee before the bad call lands on him.</p></blockquote><p>We now have something earlier generations did not:<strong> the technology to reach agreement among millions of us. Most people live confused between what their politicians tell them and what they actually need. </strong></p><p>A successful country is one that seeks the best for its citizens and lifts them up with strong institutions, both political and economic, understanding that we compete with the world and do not live in a bubble. </p><p>We have spent too long waiting for a leader to save institutions that we citizens never defended.</p><p></p><h3><strong>North America needs its North Star</strong></h3><p>This is where the argument comes home.</p><p><strong>North America </strong>has already integrated factories, farms, railroads, energy, data, families, and supply chains. <strong>Mexico, the United States, and Canada</strong> can build one product among the three of them. We have proven that cooperation creates value at continental scale. What we have not accepted is the institutional responsibility that comes with it.</p><p>A trade agreement defines where a product comes from, how much tariff it pays, and how a dispute is settled. <strong>But a trade agreement does not, on its own, give a student a good school, a small business affordable credit, a family security, or an investor the certainty that the referee will still be there when the score changes.</strong></p><p><strong>Canada is the proof that it can be done.</strong> It is a mid-sized country next to the largest economy in the world, and it built courts, clean elections, and a professional civil service. It has its failures and its corruption, like everyone, but its system has more locks to stop and correct an abuse.</p><p><strong>Mexico has built locks like that too.</strong> The autonomous <strong>Bank of Mexico</strong> closed the era when a politician could turn spending into inflation overnight. The electoral reforms of the 1990s took federal elections out of the government&#8217;s control, and that is why the <strong>PRI&#8217;s defeat in 2000 was possible</strong>. We Mexicans built those institutions after living through what came before. Today some of those gains are under pressure, and that should worry all of us on the continent, because we share the consequences.</p><p>A first-world production platform does not hold up on weak institutions that are easy to capture. <strong>Nearshoring needs real integration. The fact that companies from around the world are betting on Mexico shows they see us as a country that wants to modernize and strengthen its institutions</strong>. </p><p><em>When the United States and Canada signed a treaty with us, it gave the world a green light to trust Mexico. But we cannot rest on our laurels, because sooner or later the curtain falls.</em></p><p><strong>Mexico is the greatest still-unfinished opportunity on this continent. </strong>The Mexican who escaped the system proves it with remittances and with the impact he creates, above all in the United States. <strong>And the Mexican still inside a machine that does not give him what he needs to produce, prosper, and build wealth is the country&#8217;s greatest asset.</strong></p><p>I know this because I come from<strong> Ambos Nogales.</strong></p><p>The line between the two cities does not separate two kinds of people. It separates two systems. One gives more people a fair chance to build, recover, compete, and stay. The other still lets too much talent pay extra in insecurity, in discretion, in impunity, and in privilege.</p><p><strong>We, the citizens, need show the way for North America.</strong> <em>Government will be part of the work, but the responsibility is not handed off to the next election. The rules belong to everyone who lives under them.</em></p><blockquote><p>The region does not lack good people. It lacks institutions that can withstand the bad ones.</p></blockquote><p><em>Next: <strong>Paper III, The Mexican Exit / La Salida Mexicana.</strong></em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-capture-machine-paper-ii-de-iii?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-capture-machine-paper-ii-de-iii?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p></p><p>&#8212;</p><p><em>Sources: American Political Science Review (Cant&#250;, 2019); Korea Times; Ethics in Government Act (U.S., 1978); Human Rights Watch; Organization of American States; Americas Quarterly; McMillan &amp; Zoido, Journal of Economic Perspectives (2004); U.S. Department of Justice; Foro de S&#227;o Paulo; Grupo de Puebla / CLAJUD; United Nations; International Monetary Fund working paper (2022); &#8220;Construyendo el Norte&#8221; documentary (Miguel Trevi&#241;o); series verification register v0.2 (2026-07-16) for the Uruguay, Costa Rica, Chile, Brazil, and Colombia additions.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Signal on North America (2 min)]]></title><description><![CDATA[Semana del 12 al 18 de julio de 2026 &#183; Una lectura semanal para norteamericanos que creen que el continente vale m&#225;s junto que separado &#8212; qu&#233; se movi&#243; esta semana, qu&#233; significa, y qu&#233; nos pide.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-on-north-america-esp-2-min</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-on-north-america-esp-2-min</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 20 Jul 2026 13:03:19 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yBa7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffca961b8-f9f4-40cd-80af-238c6dc7100d_1456x819.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yBa7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffca961b8-f9f4-40cd-80af-238c6dc7100d_1456x819.webp" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yBa7!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffca961b8-f9f4-40cd-80af-238c6dc7100d_1456x819.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yBa7!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffca961b8-f9f4-40cd-80af-238c6dc7100d_1456x819.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yBa7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffca961b8-f9f4-40cd-80af-238c6dc7100d_1456x819.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yBa7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffca961b8-f9f4-40cd-80af-238c6dc7100d_1456x819.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yBa7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffca961b8-f9f4-40cd-80af-238c6dc7100d_1456x819.webp" width="1456" height="819" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yBa7!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffca961b8-f9f4-40cd-80af-238c6dc7100d_1456x819.webp 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yBa7!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffca961b8-f9f4-40cd-80af-238c6dc7100d_1456x819.webp 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yBa7!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffca961b8-f9f4-40cd-80af-238c6dc7100d_1456x819.webp 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yBa7!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffca961b8-f9f4-40cd-80af-238c6dc7100d_1456x819.webp 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2><strong><span>&#8220;THE LONGVIEW&#8221; - </span></strong><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">Ambos Nogales</span></h2><h5><strong><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">por</span><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eduardojoffroy/"><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);"> Eduardo Joffroy</span></a></strong></h5><h3><em><span data-color="#b64102" style="color: rgb(182, 65, 2);">Nosotros, el pueblo, debemos tomar el tim&#243;n de Norteam&#233;rica.</span></em></h3><p>Esta semana mi sobrino me recomend&#243; un libro: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Why-Nations-Fail-Origins-Prosperity/dp/0307719227">Why Nations Fail</a> de <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Daron-Acemoglu/e/B001H6IPC6/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_1">Daron Acemoglu</a> y <a href="https://www.amazon.com/James-A-Robinson/e/B007MBC6ZW/ref=dp_byline_cont_book_2">James A. Robinson</a>. Y me lo recomend&#243; porque ley&#243; el episodio 1 de <a href="https://substack.com/@ejoffroy/note/p-207362029?utm_source=notes-share-action&amp;r=6769y">Las Reglas de la Pobreza</a>, la serie que estoy escribiendo. Ya hab&#237;a escuchado del libro, pero nunca lo hab&#237;a le&#237;do. Voy avanzado, as&#237; que seguramente dejar&#225; su huella en este Longview y, sin duda, en el cierre de la serie. Y en el primer cap&#237;tulo me encontr&#233; con mi pasado y mi presente: <strong><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/columns/y2025/salinasleonnogales.html">Ambos Nogales.</a></strong></p><blockquote><p><strong>Dos ciudades llamadas Nogales</strong>, separadas por una frontera, viviendo dos destinos distintos. La lecci&#243;n es la que siempre he conocido: nuestros sistemas de gobierno y condiciones de vida son muy distintos, pero los seres humanos que cruzamos esa l&#237;nea todas las semanas, interrelacionados por generaciones, somos los mismos.</p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A3dU!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60c8ed4c-f377-4d51-9f95-53956f312651_1026x684.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A3dU!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60c8ed4c-f377-4d51-9f95-53956f312651_1026x684.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A3dU!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60c8ed4c-f377-4d51-9f95-53956f312651_1026x684.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A3dU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60c8ed4c-f377-4d51-9f95-53956f312651_1026x684.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A3dU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60c8ed4c-f377-4d51-9f95-53956f312651_1026x684.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A3dU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60c8ed4c-f377-4d51-9f95-53956f312651_1026x684.jpeg" width="1026" height="684" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/60c8ed4c-f377-4d51-9f95-53956f312651_1026x684.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:684,&quot;width&quot;:1026,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;A metal obelisk&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="A metal obelisk" title="A metal obelisk" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A3dU!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60c8ed4c-f377-4d51-9f95-53956f312651_1026x684.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A3dU!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60c8ed4c-f377-4d51-9f95-53956f312651_1026x684.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A3dU!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60c8ed4c-f377-4d51-9f95-53956f312651_1026x684.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!A3dU!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F60c8ed4c-f377-4d51-9f95-53956f312651_1026x684.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Esta es la raz&#243;n por la cual decid&#237; empezar a escribir. <strong>Esta conexi&#243;n humana, simult&#225;nea a una total desconexi&#243;n institucional y de calidad de vida, es algo que simplemente no acepto.</strong></p><p>En <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_campaign=profile_chips">The North American &#8212; 77</a> creemos que hay que nivelar la cancha en nuestro continente. <strong>Un cr&#233;dito bancario a una PYME en M&#233;xico tienen una tasa de inter&#233;s de entre el 20% y 30% anual compuesto cuando, en Estados Unidos o Canad&#225;, a una empresa similar lo consigue entre un 7% y 10% anual;</strong> esto simplemente no es aceptable siendo parte del mismo continente, donde comerciamos billones de d&#243;lares pero vivimos realidades completamente distintas.</p><p>Ese es solo uno de muchos factores que hacen que un Nogales sea tan diferente del otro. M&#225;s de esto en la serie. <strong>Les pido de coraz&#243;n que me ayuden a compartirla.</strong></p><p>Hoy se cerr&#243; el <strong>Mundial de Futbol 2026</strong>. <strong>Espa&#241;a venci&#243; 1&#8211;0 a Argentina</strong> con gol de <strong>Ferran Torres </strong>en el tiempo extra: dos naciones de habla hispana mostrando talento de talla global, inteligencia superior y la perseverancia necesaria para levantar la <strong>Copa del Mundo.</strong></p><p>Honestamente, para m&#237; era un gane sin importar qui&#233;n ganara. Si ganaba <strong>Argentina</strong>, la copa regresaba a <strong>Latinoam&#233;rica</strong>; gan&#243; <strong>Espa&#241;a</strong>, y se va a<strong> Europa</strong>. Ambos pa&#237;ses comparten historia, idioma, cultura, valores de familia y la pasi&#243;n por el futbol. <strong>Muy parecido a M&#233;xico.</strong></p><p>El partido se jug&#243; en <strong>terreno Americano</strong>, un pa&#237;s que tambi&#233;n naci&#243; de una colonizaci&#243;n europea pero con resultados totalmente distintos. Y aqu&#237; est&#225; la tesis central del libro que me regal&#243; mi sobrino:</p><blockquote><p>La diferencia entre las naciones no fue la sangre, ni el clima, ni el idioma. Fueron las instituciones que cada colonizaci&#243;n dej&#243; sembradas. Donde las reglas dieron acceso a derechos, competencia justa y capital para perseguir sue&#241;os, la prosperidad se acumul&#243; generaci&#243;n tras generaci&#243;n.</p></blockquote><p>Donde las reglas se dise&#241;aron para extraer, la desigualdad y la pobreza tambi&#233;n se heredaron. Y cuando lleg&#243; la independencia, los l&#237;deres que se quedaron con el poder tras el rompimiento con Espa&#241;a no desmantelaron ese sistema; lo continuaron a su forma.</p><p><strong>Privilegios para los de arriba, extracci&#243;n para el resto;</strong> el mismo arreglo que hoy tiene estancada a la mayor&#237;a de Latinoam&#233;rica.<strong> Acemoglu y Robinson</strong> lo documentan pa&#237;s por pa&#237;s; nosotros lo hemos vivido generaci&#243;n tras generaci&#243;n.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Los dos Nogales </strong>son el experimento perfecto: misma gente, misma tierra, distintas reglas.</p></blockquote><p>Fue muy dif&#237;cil para m&#237; ver ese partido y no pensar en todo esto. Si algo debemos reconocer quienes somos de Latinoam&#233;rica y compartimos sangre e historia con pa&#237;ses como Espa&#241;a y Estados Unidos, es que <strong>ya nos lleg&#243; la hora de cambiar los sistemas que no funcionaron; sistemas que solo le funcionaron a unos pocos.</strong></p><p><strong>La capacidad la tenemos todos y, m&#225;s importante a&#250;n, el derecho que Dios nos dio;</strong> igual que cualquiera en el mundo. Pero la cancha en la que jugamos no est&#225; pareja como en la que se jug&#243; el Mundial.</p><p><strong>En temas del tratado:</strong> el martes 21, en la <strong>Ciudad de M&#233;xico, Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico</strong> abren la tercera ronda bilateral de la era de revisi&#243;n anual, mientras <strong>Canad&#225; sigue esperando sin una silla clara</strong> en la mesa trilateral.</p><p>Es evidente que <strong>hay diferencias marcadas entre Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico</strong>, y es ah&#237; donde m&#225;s se tendr&#225; que trabajar para que los pa&#237;ses que presumen ser los socios comerciales m&#225;s grandes del mundo puedan, adem&#225;s, confiar el uno en el otro.</p><p><strong>Lo que vemos en estas negociaciones es el reflejo de siglos de diferencia en filosof&#237;a y pr&#225;ctica de gobierno</strong>; la misma diferencia que separa un Nogales del otro, y que hoy separa el costo del capital, la seguridad de una inversi&#243;n y el futuro de un estudiante seg&#250;n el lado de la l&#237;nea donde naci&#243;.</p><p>Tomar el tim&#243;n es involucrarnos de la forma en que cada quien pueda. </p><p><em>Es alzar la voz, levantar la mano, formar parte de organizaciones nacionales e internacionales; es usar la fuerza de la iniciativa privada para exigir el cambio de las reglas del juego.</em></p><p>M&#225;s adelante presentar&#233; una propuesta para atacar uno de los problemas m&#225;s grandes de M&#233;xico: <strong>el acceso masivo a la educaci&#243;n.</strong></p><p>El deber de esta plataforma es ver a Norteam&#233;rica como una sola y promover su integraci&#243;n inteligente y mutuamente ben&#233;fica. Pero es dif&#237;cil no ver que lo que m&#225;s detiene al continente es tambi&#233;n lo que m&#225;s oportunidad representa: <strong>M&#233;xico.</strong></p><p>Comparte: <a href="https://open.substack.com/pub/thenorthamerican77/p/signal-on-north-america-esp-2-min?r=6769y&amp;utm_campaign=post-expanded-share&amp;utm_medium=web">The North American &#8212; 77</a> &#183; <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe">Suscr&#237;bete</a></p><div><hr></div><h2>SE&#209;ALES DE NORTEAM&#201;RICA</h2><p>1 &#183; <strong>La mesa est&#225; puesta en la Ciudad de M&#233;xico.</strong> La tercera ronda EU&#8211;M&#233;xico abre la semana del 20 de julio &#8212; tres d&#237;as, a nivel de principales, con Greer en persona &#8212; y la tarea entregada por M&#233;xico ya fue reconocida p&#250;blicamente. <em>(USTR, 17 jul)</em></p><p>2 &#183; <strong>La inflaci&#243;n abre una puerta.</strong> El CPI de EU cay&#243; 0.4% en junio &#8212; la mayor ca&#237;da desde 2020, a 3.5% anual &#8212; el Banco de Canad&#225; sostuvo en 2.25% por sexta vez, y el peso cerr&#243; en 17.44. Proceso, no ruptura. <em>(BLS; BoC; Banxico)</em></p><p>3 &#183; <strong>M&#233;xico legisla certeza.</strong> Decretos de inversi&#243;n, ventanilla &#250;nica de comercio y un programa carretero de 523,000 millones de pesos &#8212; contra una IED r&#233;cord de 23,590 millones de d&#243;lares en el primer trimestre y una ca&#237;da de 78% en nuevos anuncios de nearshoring. El capital que ya est&#225; adentro redobla; el capital de afuera espera. <em>(Presidencia; Mexico Business News)</em></p><p>4 &#183; <strong>Los chips se quedan en casa.</strong> TSMC elev&#243; su compromiso en Arizona a 265,000 millones de d&#243;lares; BNSF planea una terminal ferroviaria de 4,000 millones en Barstow. La cadena de suministro de la IA se est&#225; reancorando en el continente. <em>(NYT / Manifest; Supply Chain Dive)</em></p><p>5 &#183; <strong>Canad&#225; construye en silencio.</strong> Una bodega de un mill&#243;n de pies cuadrados operada por 525 robots en Ontario, y hasta C$400 millones al complejo de Teck en Trail para minerales cr&#237;ticos. Papel corto, concreto largo. <em>(DC Velocity; NRCan)</em></p><p>6 &#183; <strong>El r&#237;o corre m&#225;s r&#225;pido que la pol&#237;tica.</strong> Las reglas post-2026 del Colorado siguen empantanadas; se plantea un acuerdo puente de dos a&#241;os. 40 millones de personas y el Valle de Mexicali planean alrededor del agua sin reglamento para 2027. <em>(USBR; Water Desk)</em></p><p>7 &#183; <strong>Una ventana de lanzamiento la noche antes de la mesa.</strong> Starship Flight 13 apunta al 20 de julio con espacio a&#233;reo mexicano en el corredor; Volaris anunci&#243; Starlink en toda su flota desde 2027. Un solo sistema continental. <em>(Space.com; Aerocluster)</em></p><div><hr></div><h2>CURACI&#211;N NA77 </h2><p><em>Organizaciones, voces y contenido que seguimos sobre la integraci&#243;n norteamericana.</em></p><p><strong>Organizaciones.</strong></p><ul><li><p><a href="https://www.usmexicofoundation.org/">U.S.-Mexico Foundation</a> &#183; <a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com/">North Capital Forum</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://thedialogue.org/">Inter-American Dialogue &#8212; Programa M&#233;xico</a>, dirigido por <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/lila-abed/">Lila Abed</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.nasconetwork.com/">NASCO Network</a>, dirigida por <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/tiffany-newsom-melvin-6964088/">Tiffany Melvin</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://milkeninstitute.org/international/latin-america">Milken Institute &#8212; Latin America</a></p></li><li><p><a href="http://www.cabc.co/">Canadian American Business Council</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.pnwer.org/">PNWER</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.amcham.org.mx/">AmCham M&#233;xico</a> &#183; <a href="https://www.whitepaper.mx/">Whitepaper.mx</a></p></li></ul><p><strong>Podcasts.</strong></p><ul><li><p><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/3RQMRdCWwh9yZosDD3YfCo?si=1c2c5bcb8ca146d1">Proyecto 1954</a> &#8212; el nuevo podcast de la U.S.-Mexico Foundation, con <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/enrique-perret-erhard-b4502761/">Enrique Perret</a>, <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/emilio-cadena-nearshoring-expert/">Emilio Cadena</a> y <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/karlo-teran-28803036/">Karlo Ter&#225;n</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.cgai.ca/the_global_exchange_podcast">The Global Exchange (CGAI)</a> &#8212; la lectura canadiense semanal de Colin Robertson sobre el comercio continental</p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/program/canada-institute">Canusa Street (Wilson Center)</a> &#8212; la relaci&#243;n Canad&#225;&#8211;EU, desde ambas capitales</p></li><li><p><a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/2NRQLgFpozCqIJcSMcYgLE">MexMoves</a> &#8212; Damian Fraser y Eduardo Garc&#237;a sobre las historias de M&#233;xico que mueven mercados</p></li><li><p><a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/0LnC5v04Xrh1JX4jGRGVOr">Whitepaper Podcast</a> &#8212; incluida su nueva conversaci&#243;n con Enrique Perret</p></li><li><p><a href="https://bakerbriefing.podbean.com/e/2026-usmca-review/">Baker Briefing</a> &#8212; la revisi&#243;n del T-MEC, explicada por quienes lo negociaron</p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.csis.org/podcasts/35-west">35 West (CSIS)</a> &#8212; Kenneth Smith Ramos sobre la Revisi&#243;n Conjunta</p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/aq-podcast-the-mexico-u-s-relationships-most-delicate-phase/">AQ Podcast</a> &#8212; la fase m&#225;s delicada de la relaci&#243;n M&#233;xico&#8211;EU</p></li><li><p><a href="https://open.spotify.com/show/6b6Wbihc9gDl75YaQVc3YA?si=67e7c1801b3541c3">Mexico: The Podcast</a> &#8212; los an&#225;lisis a fondo de The Mexico Political Economist sobre la historia, pol&#237;tica y econom&#237;a de M&#233;xico</p></li></ul><p><strong>Lecturas.</strong></p><ul><li><p><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Why-Nations-Fail-Origins-Prosperity/dp/0307719227">Why Nations Fail</a> (2012), de Daron Acemoglu (MIT) y James A. Robinson (Universidad de Chicago). En 2024 ganaron el Premio Nobel de Econom&#237;a, junto con Simon Johnson.</p></li></ul><p><strong>Esta semana.</strong> Me sent&#233; con <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/ana-c%C3%A9spedes-cant%C3%BA-169a51132/">Ana C&#233;spedes Cant&#250;</a> y <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/jessica-contrerasm/">Jessica Contreras</a> de la oficina de <strong>Latinoam&#233;rica del Milken Institute</strong>, para explorar c&#243;mo podemos contribuir a la expansi&#243;n del Instituto a trav&#233;s de M&#233;xico &#8212; donde el capital global paciente se encuentra con las organizaciones privadas mexicanas. <strong>Global Investors&#8217; Symposium: Ciudad de M&#233;xico, 27&#8211;28 de octubre.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h1>LA FRANJA</h1><p><strong>Cifras.</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>&#8722;0.4%</strong> &#8212; la variaci&#243;n mensual del CPI de EU en junio, la mayor ca&#237;da desde abril de 2020; 3.5% anual <em>(BLS, 14 jul)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>2.25%</strong> &#8212; la tasa del Banco de Canad&#225;, sostenida por sexta vez consecutiva <em>(BoC, 15 jul)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>265,000 millones de d&#243;lares</strong> &#8212; el compromiso total de TSMC en Arizona tras el aumento de 100,000 millones de esta semana <em>(17 jul)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>&#8722;78%</strong> &#8212; la ca&#237;da en nuevos anuncios de nearshoring en el primer trimestre, contra una IED r&#233;cord de 23,590 millones de d&#243;lares: el capital de adentro redobla, el de afuera espera <em>(SE / Mexico Business News)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>17.4418</strong> &#8212; el FIX del peso del viernes; el mercado sigue leyendo proceso, no ruptura <em>(Banxico, 17 jul)</em></p></li></ul><p><strong>Fechas.</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Semana del 20 jul</strong> &#8212; tercera ronda bilateral EU&#8211;M&#233;xico, Ciudad de M&#233;xico (tres d&#237;as, a nivel de principales); la ventana de Starship Flight 13 abre la noche anterior</p></li><li><p><strong>4 sep</strong> &#8212; <a href="https://eventos.whitepaper.mx/offtherecord/">Off the Record de Whitepaper</a></p></li><li><p><strong>27&#8211;29 sep</strong> &#8212; <a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com/">North Capital Forum, Ciudad de M&#233;xico</a></p></li><li><p><strong>27&#8211;28 oct</strong> &#8212; <a href="https://milkeninstitute.org/events">Milken Institute Global Investors&#8217; Symposium, Ciudad de M&#233;xico</a></p></li></ul><p><strong>Lecturas.</strong></p><ul><li><p>Acemoglu y Robinson, <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Why-Nations-Fail-Origins-Prosperity/dp/0307719227">Why Nations Fail</a></em> &#8212; el estudio ganador del Nobel sobre por qu&#233; son las instituciones, no la geograf&#237;a ni la cultura, las que deciden la prosperidad. El cap&#237;tulo uno abre en los dos Nogales. El Longview de esta semana empez&#243; ah&#237; tambi&#233;n.</p></li><li><p>Mike Froman (CFR), <em>&#8220;<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/tariffs-delayed-denied-council-on-foreign-relations-0jnue/">Tariffs delayed, not denied&#8221;</a></em><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/tariffs-delayed-denied-council-on-foreign-relations-0jnue/"> </a>&#8212; por qu&#233; el fallo de la Suprema Corte sobre IEEPA en febrero fren&#243; el instrumento, no el apetito. &#8594; <a href="https://www.cfr.org/">cfr.org</a></p></li><li><p>Build Canada, <em>&#8220;<a href="https://buildcanada.substack.com/p/art-of-the-deals">Art of the deals</a>&#8221;</em> &#8212; la diplomacia de oleoductos de Carney, contada con la irreverencia que le hace falta a la cobertura de infraestructura canadiense. &#8594; <a href="https://buildcanada.substack.com/">buildcanada.com</a></p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><em>Fuentes: USTR (17 jul) &#183; Presidencia de M&#233;xico / ma&#241;aneras (14&#8211;17 jul) &#183; BLS &#183; US Census Bureau &#183; Bank of Canada &#183; Banco de M&#233;xico &#183; Secretar&#237;a de Econom&#237;a &#183; Mexico Business News &#183; AmCham M&#233;xico S&#237;ntesis Diaria (13&#8211;17 jul) &#183; Natural Resources Canada &#183; DC Velocity &#183; Supply Chain Dive &#183; NYT &#183; Space.com &#183; USBR / Water Desk &#183; Monterrey Aerocluster &#183; Transparency International CPI 2025 &#183; Acemoglu &amp; Robinson, Why Nations Fail &#183; US-Mexico Foundation &#183; Inter-American Dialogue &#183; NASCO Network &#183; Milken Institute.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA["The Hundred-Year Divergence" Paper I of III]]></title><description><![CDATA[Latin America did not fail to get rich. It built the machinery that kept it poor.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-hundred-year-divergence-paper</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-hundred-year-divergence-paper</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2026 13:00:20 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmY2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f06e3ed-8231-4c8a-8fb9-429165ce04c9_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cmY2!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8f06e3ed-8231-4c8a-8fb9-429165ce04c9_1200x630.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>In 1913, a young man standing on a dock in Genoa with a ticket in his hand faced a choice:</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Two ships, two destinations: </span><strong><span>New York or Buenos Aires. </span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>It was not an obvious call. </span><strong><span>Argentina that year was the tenth-richest country on Earth per person</span></strong><span> &#8212; </span><em><span>wealthier than Germany</span></em><span>, </span><em><span>wealthier than France, wealthier than the empire of Austria-Hungary. </span></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>It's so easy to forget a past you never lived. This was not so long ago &#8212; and things change fast. During this World Cup I have been reflecting on the nations of the world, and on why Latin America can perform so well on the field, on the world stage, and so poorly when it comes to its economies, governments, and societies.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>What is it that we just dont get right?</span></strong></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Buenos Aires </span></strong><span>was building a subway before Madrid had one. </span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">The phrase <em><strong>riche comme un argentin</strong></em><strong> &#8212; rich as an Argentine &#8212;</strong> was current in Paris, and it was not a joke. The Maddison Project&#8217;s 2023 revision <strong>puts the average Argentine at about 60 percent of American income that year &#8212; estimates vary by revision, some run higher &#8212; but every version places Argentina squarely in Western Europe&#8217;s league.</strong></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Millions of Italians and Spaniards </span></strong><span>looked at the two ships and chose the southern one, and by the standards of 1913 they chose well.  </span><strong><span>Their great-grandchildren are now standing in visa lines.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>That reversal is the single most important economic fact about our hemisphere, and </span><em><span>we almost never look at it directly. We talk around it. We talk about poverty as if it were weather</span></em><span> &#8212; something that happens to a region, an atmospheric condition of the tropics. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>We talk about </span><strong><span>&#8220;developing countries&#8221; </span></strong><span>as if development were a slow train that </span><strong><span>Latin America </span></strong><span>boarded late but will eventually ride to the same station. The data says something much harder. </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Latin America is not converging slowly. </span><strong><span>It stopped converging forty-five years ago, and in most of the region it has been moving backward relative to the rich world ever since.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">This series exists to look at the fact directly. Not to lament it &#8212; to diagnose it, the way an operator diagnoses a failing system: find the mechanism, name it, and fix it. If we can figure out how to get the region back to where Argentina started &#8212; and Mexico to where South Korea and Canada are today &#8212; we might just unleash one of the greatest regions on the globe.  </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>So I will try my best to deliver clarity, value and direction.</span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Paper I will establish what happened</span></strong><span>, with numbers that could survive a fact-check by any central bank on the continent. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Paper II will names the machine that did it.</span></strong><span> </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Paper III will be about the one country that has been offered a way out </span></strong><span>&#8212; </span><strong><span>Mexico </span></strong><span>&#8212; and what it would actually take to walk through that door.</span></p></li></ul><p><strong>The North American- 77 </strong>is a platform that advocates for smarter North American integration&#8212; and we believe that <strong>a modern Mexico</strong> is a key piece of the continent's future and continued success.</p><p></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The gap, measured honestly</span></strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Start with today, World Bank figures, 2024. </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The United States</span></strong><span> produces about $86,000 USD per person per year. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Canada,</span></strong><span> $55,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Germany, </span></strong><span>$56,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Australia, </span></strong><span>$65,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>South Korea, </span></strong><span>$36,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Japan, </span></strong><span>$34,000.</span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Now the other column. </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Uruguay &#8212; the wealthiest economy in Latin America per person</span></strong><span> &#8212; produces about $24,000 USD per year. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Chile, </span></strong><span>$17,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Mexico,</span></strong><span> $14,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Argentina,</span></strong><span> $14,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Brazil, </span></strong><span>$10,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Colombia, </span></strong><span>$8,000. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Bolivia, </span></strong><span>$4,400. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Venezuela, </span></strong><span>by the best available estimate, $4,200.</span></p></li></ul><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Adjust for purchasing power and the picture softens but does not change: </span><strong><span>the </span></strong><em><strong><span>best-performing</span></strong></em><strong><span> economy in Latin America sits below the </span></strong><em><strong><span>worst-performing</span></strong></em><strong><span> economy of the rich world. </span></strong></p></blockquote><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Uruguay</span></strong><span> at purchasing-power parity reaches about $37,000; </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Japan, </span></strong><span>the least wealthy of the rich comparators, stands at $54,000. </span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>There is no overlap. Between the two columns runs a gap that no Latin American country &#8212; not one, in two centuries of independence &#8212; has fully crossed.</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Defenders of the slow-train theory will say:</span></strong><span> </span><em><span>patience, the region is catching up.</span></em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span> It is not, and this is the number that should end the argument. </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>In 1980, Latin America&#8217;s income per person stood at 19.8 percent of the US level. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>In 2000, 13.9 percent. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Today, 13.3 percent. </span></p></li></ul><h4><em><sup>(Those figures are computed from World Bank data in constant dollars at market exchange rates. Measure the same gap in purchasing-power terms and the levels roughly double &#8212; but the shape of the line does not change: the peak is around 1980, and it points down. Whichever ruler you use, convergence stopped two generations ago.)</sup></em></h4><p><span>The region&#8217;s relative position peaked when Jimmy Carter was president and has eroded for two generations since. </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Meanwhile South Korea </span></strong><span>&#8212; which in 1950 earned less than a third of what Mexico earned per person &#8212; went from 6.5 percent of US income to over 70 percent. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The train exists.</span></strong><span> Korea boarded it. Latin America stood on the platform holding a first-class ticket it never used.</span></p></blockquote><p></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Four collapses, one pattern</span></strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The regional average hides the drama. Go country by country and the divergence stops being a statistic and becomes a series of decisions.</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Argentina</span></strong><span> did not decline; Argentina was dismantled. </span></p></blockquote><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Nine sovereign defaults since independence. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Six military coups between 1930 and 1976 &#8212; the armed forces governed twenty-five of the fifty-three years in that span. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>In 1947, a compliant Congress removed nearly the entire Supreme Court, and every government since has understood the lesson: the referee can be fired. </span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The inflationary consequences arrived on schedule &#8212;</span><strong><span> roughly 5,000 percent in 1989, 211 percent as recently as 2023 </span></strong><span>&#8212; </span><em><span>because a state that answers to no court eventually answers to no budget either. </span></em></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The country that was tenth in the world in 1913 had fallen to 31 percent of US income by 2022.</span></strong><span> </span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Whether the current stabilization holds is a live question;</span><strong><span> the historical pattern it must break is a hundred years old.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Venezuela</span></strong><span> is what the endgame looks like. In the late 1990s it pumped 3.2 million barrels of oil a day and sat atop the largest proven reserves on the planet. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Then, in three moves visible to anyone watching, the machinery of extraction was seized: </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>eighteen thousand employees</span></strong><span> of the state oil company purged in 2003 and replaced with loyalists; </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>the Supreme Court</span></strong><span> expanded from twenty justices to thirty-two in 2004 and filled in a single legislative session &#8212; after which, across some forty-five thousand rulings, it never once decided against the government; </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>and finally the electoral authority itself.</span></strong><span> </span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>What followed was the largest peacetime economic collapse in modern history &#8212; </span><strong><span>GDP down more than 75 percent between 2013 and 2021, per the IMF </span></strong><span>&#8212; and </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>the largest displacement in the hemisphere&#8217;s history: 7.9 million people, a quarter of the country, gone. </span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Venezuela in 1950 earned 56 percent of US income per person. </span><strong><span>By 2022, 9 percent.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Cuba</span></strong><span> ran the same experiment with different branding and needed permanent outside financing to survive it &#8212; </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Soviet subsidies </span></strong><span>worth roughly a fifth of national income through the late 1980s</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Venezuelan oil </span></strong><span>on concessionary terms. </span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Both patrons are now gone</span></strong><span>, and the result is visible from space: recurring nationwide blackouts, a rationing system in collapse, and an exodus without precedent &#8212; </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>by official count </span><strong><span>a tenth of the island&#8217;s population left between 2021 and 2023 alone; independent demographers say the true figure is closer to a quarter.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Bolivia</span></strong><span> is the quiet case, and in some ways the most instructive, because it fell without a dictatorship and without a US embargo to blame. </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>It rode the commodity boom</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>banked fifteen billion dollars in reserves by 2014</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>spent the next decade consuming them while gas production</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>starved of investment under state control</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>fell by three-quarters. </span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>When the constitutional court was asked in 2017 whether term limits applied to the president, it overruled a referendum the government had just lost. </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The reserves are now effectively gone, the country imports the fuel it once exported, and inflation is running at its worst level in four decades.</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Four countries, four ideological wardrobes &#8212; </span><strong><span>Peronist, Bolivarian, Communist, plurinational</span></strong><span> &#8212; </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>and underneath, one identical sequence: </span><strong><span>capture the court, capture the referee, capture the cash flow, and ride the machine until it stops.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The exceptions that prove the rule</span></strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Now hold the counterexamples up to the light, because they are the most hopeful data we have.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Uruguay</span></strong><span> &#8212; pa&#237;s chico, ejemplo grande &#8212; is</span><strong><span> today the only full democracy in South America by the Economist&#8217;s measure and ranks thirteenth in the world on perceived integrity of government: ahead of Canada, well ahead of the United States.</span></strong><span> </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>It also happens to have the </span><strong><span>highest income per person in Latin America.</span></strong><span> This is not Scandinavian genetics; </span><strong><span>Uruguayans are the same gallegos and tanos who populated Buenos Aires across the river. </span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The scholarship on Uruguay points to something almost boringly structural: genuinely competitive political parties, over a century old, that </span><strong><span>found they could no longer win elections through clientelism and were forced &#8212; by competition, not by virtue &#8212; to deliver universal goods instead.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Chile</span></strong><span> built the region&#8217;s most serious economic institutions &#8212; </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>an independent central bank in 1989</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>a fiscal rule in 2001 that saved the copper windfall instead of spending it</span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>and became the only country in Latin America to gain productivity ground on the United States since 1960. </span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Its social explosion in 2019 and two failed constitutional rewrites since are a warning of a different kind, one this series will return to: institutions can deliver growth and still fail to deliver belonging.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Costa Rica</span></strong><span> abolished its army in 1948, spent the money on teachers and clinics, and today has a life expectancy above the OECD average and a medical-device export sector worth nine billion dollars a year.</span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Three societies, same colonial inheritance, same language, same church, same supposed cultural handicaps</span></strong><span> &#8212; and materially different outcomes, achieved through nothing more exotic than institutions that survived their founders.</span></p></blockquote><p></p><h3><strong><span>Killing the comfortable explanations</span></strong></h3><p><span>Every Latin American has heard the alternative theories, usually over dinner, usually delivered with a shrug. They deserve a direct answer, because the shrug is part of the problem.</span></p><p><strong><span>&#8220;It&#8217;s geography &#8212; the tropics, the distance, the terrain., just the way we are, just the way it is&#8221;</span></strong><span> </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Stand on International Street in Ambos Nogales &#8212; the split city where my family has worked the border for four generations. North side: Nogales, Arizona. South side: Nogales, Sonora. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Same desert, same aquifer, same heat, same families &#8212; the same last names on both sides of the fence, cousins waving at cousins. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>When Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson needed one image to open the book that won them the 2024 Nobel Prize in economics</span></strong><span>, they chose these two towns, because household income on the north side is roughly three times the south side and geography explains none of it. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The desert did not change at the boundary line. The rules did.</span></strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#8220;It&#8217;s culture &#8212; we are simply like this.&#8221;</span></strong><span> Then explain the diaspora. The Mexican who crosses to Houston, the Venezuelan engineer in Toronto, the Argentine in Madrid &#8212; the same person, with the same culture, the same work ethic, the same abuela &#8212; becomes dramatically more productive within a few years of stepping across a border. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Culture does not evaporate at customs. </span><strong><span>What changes is the system the person plugs into</span></strong><span>: enforceable contracts, functioning courts, credit at survivable rates, a state that shows up. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Latin Americans are among the hardest-working people in the OECD&#8217;s statistics wherever the rules allow work to compound.</span></strong><span> The culture argument is not just wrong; it is the most corrosive idea in the hemisphere, because it teaches two hundred million talented people that the problem is them. </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>No somos el problema. </span><strong><span>El sistema que toleramos, s&#237;.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>&#8220;It&#8217;s the resources &#8212; the curse of commodities.&#8221;</span></strong><span> Venezuela has more oil than Saudi Arabia and cannot keep the lights on in Maracaibo. </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Meanwhile Australia </span></strong><span>&#8212; a commodity exporter of iron ore, coal, and gas, as dependent on dirt and rock as any Andean republic &#8212; produces $65,000 per person and has not had a recession-driven collapse in a generation. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Norway drowns in oil</span></strong><span> and leads half the world&#8217;s quality-of-life tables. Commodities are not a curse. </span></p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Commodities are a stress test. Institutions that pass the test turn windfalls into sovereign funds; institutions that fail turn them into PDVSA.</span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>What survives, after geography, culture, and resources are eliminated, is the thing the 2024 Nobel committee spent its citation on: </span><strong><span>institutions. </span></strong></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The rules that decide whether effort compounds or evaporates. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Whether a court can be packed. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Whether a referendum can be overruled. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Whether a state oil company is a national asset or a political checkbook. </span></p></li></ul><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Economists call the two varieties </span><em><span>inclusive</span></em><span> and </span><em><span>extractive</span></em><span>. An operator would put it more plainly: </span><strong><span>systems built so that everyone&#8217;s work adds up, versus systems built so that a few can skim what everyone else builds.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>Latin America inherited the second kind </span></strong><span>&#8212; that is what the encomienda and the mita were, extraction franchises with a royal seal, and modern research can still measure their footprint: districts of Peru subjected to colonial forced mining labor have measurably lower household consumption </span><em><span>today</span></em><span>, five hundred years later. </span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>But inheritance is not destiny</span></strong><span>, and this is where the comfortable and the honest explanations part ways forever. </span></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Uruguay inherited the same system and rebuilt it. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Costa Rica inherited it and disarmed it. </span></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Korea inherited something arguably worse &#8212; colonization, war, partition &#8212; and left the entire region behind in a single lifetime. </span></p></li></ul><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The inheritance explains where the region started. </span><strong><span>It does not explain why, one hundred years after that dock in Genoa</span></strong><span>, so much of the region keeps choosing to maintain the machinery it inherited.</span></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>Someone maintains it. Someone staffs it, defends it, modernizes it, repaints it each generation in whatever ideological color sells &#8212; revolutionary red, sustainability green, young orange&#8230;you name it. </span></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>The machinery of extraction did not survive five centuries by accident. </span><strong><span>It survived because it works &#8212; for the people operating it.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><span>That machine &#8212; how it is built, the five parts it always captures, and the documented cases where societies have actually beaten it &#8212; is Paper II.</span></p><p></p><h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span>The North American stakes</span></strong></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A reader in Chicago or Vancouver</strong> may ask why this belongs in a publication about <strong>North America.</strong> Here is why: </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The most consequential question on this continent&#8217;s agenda is whether <strong>Mexico &#8212; 130 million people, the United States&#8217; largest trading partner in history, the demographic engine of North America </strong>&#8212; completes its integration as a full institutional &amp; modern partner or remains half-in, half-out: first-world factories bolted onto machinery Paper II will make uncomfortably familiar.</p><p><strong>Canada is the standing proof of what is possible:</strong> a middle power with a modern western  system sharing a border and a market with the American colossus that converged instead of diverging &#8212; <strong>$55,000 per person, courts nobody can pack, elections nobody disputes.</strong></p><p><strong>Mexico is the test </strong>of whether that outcome can be chosen rather than merely inherited. <strong>The Latin American </strong>record laid out above is not someone else&#8217;s story. It is the control group for <strong>the biggest decision North America will make in our lifetime.</strong></p><p><strong>One future, three nations </strong>&#8212; <em>but only if the third one exits the pattern this paper has just described.</em></p><p><strong>The dock in Genoa is gone</strong>, but the choice it represented never went away; it just moved. <em>It sits today in Guadalajara, Monterrey, Leon, Medell&#237;n and C&#243;rdoba, in front of every engineer deciding whether to build at home or leave, every family weighing the visa line.</em></p><p>For a century, the region has answered that question with its feet, and the feet all point north. The work of our generation is to make staying the rational choice &#8212; and that will not be done with speeches about potential.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Latin America&#8217;s shortfall was not fated. It was built </strong>&#8212; law by law, purge by purge, packed court by packed court. And what was built by human hands can be unbuilt by them.</p></blockquote><p><em>Next: Paper II &#8212; <strong>The Capture Machine / La M&#225;quina de Captura.</strong></em><span>&#8212;</span></p><h5 style="text-align: justify;"><span>Sources for every figure in this essay: World Bank WDI (2024), Maddison Project Database 2023, IMF, UNHCR/R4V, OECD, ECLAC, Transparency International CPI 2024, EIU Democracy Index 2024, Dell (Econometrica, 2010), Acemoglu &amp; Robinson (2012; Nobel 2024). Full verification register in the series dossier.</span></h5>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[¿Está Norteamérica lista para la Carrera del Siglo?]]></title><description><![CDATA[La &#250;ltima entrega de esta serie de 4 partes explora las posibilidades de Norteam&#233;rica dentro o fuera de la carrera del Espacio y la IA.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/esta-norteamerica-lista-para-la-carrera</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/esta-norteamerica-lista-para-la-carrera</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 15 Jul 2026 13:03:21 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qc7R!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fd87e90-7def-4e82-bf8f-3b563e5dc6e8_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qc7R!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fd87e90-7def-4e82-bf8f-3b563e5dc6e8_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qc7R!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fd87e90-7def-4e82-bf8f-3b563e5dc6e8_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!qc7R!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3fd87e90-7def-4e82-bf8f-3b563e5dc6e8_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><strong>Este es el &#8220;paper&#8221; 4 de 4</strong>, dedicado a una tesis y una evaluaci&#243;n de lo que la carrera de la IA y el Espacio puede significar para Norteam&#233;rica. Este es el alegato final:</p><p><strong>Imaginemos a Norteam&#233;rica tal como es en este momento.</strong></p><p>Tres pa&#237;ses con tres pol&#237;ticas exteriores separadas, pleitos arancelarios, fricciones fronterizas, disputas de agua y vientos pol&#237;ticos soplando en direcciones distintas en las tres capitales.</p><p>La confianza en su punto m&#225;s bajo en una generaci&#243;n &#8212; mientras la carrera que definir&#225; este siglo ya est&#225; en marcha, <strong>y el mayor rival econ&#243;mico de Estados Unidos, China, la corre con un plan medido en d&#233;cadas.</strong></p><p>Esa es la fotograf&#237;a real.</p><p>Esta serie dedic&#243; tres ediciones a explicar por qu&#233; esta carrera favorece a una Norteam&#233;rica unida y coordinada:</p><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">La </span><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-race-of-our-century-series-episode"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Parte 1</span></a><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-race-of-our-century-series-episode">dibuj&#243;</a> la meta: </strong>un equipo, tres autos &#8212; tres naciones, tres banderas, tres marcos legales, compartiendo una estrategia, no un chasis.</p><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">La </span><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/num-24-la-era-fisica"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Parte 2</span></a><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> mostr&#243;</span></strong> de qu&#233; est&#225; hecha la carrera: la construcci&#243;n f&#237;sica m&#225;s grande desde los ferrocarriles.</p><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">La </span><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/nadie-lo-tiene-todo"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Parte 3</span></a><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> mape&#243; </span></strong>todo lo que se necesita para ganar y encontr&#243; que ninguna naci&#243;n por s&#237; sola tiene la lista completa. Solo este continente la tiene.</p><p>Este &#250;ltimo paper hace el argumento hacia el que toda la serie ha venido caminando, y es simple:</p><blockquote><p>Primero, seamos claros: <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Norteam&#233;rica puede perder esta carrera.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p>La primera forma en que creo que podemos perderla es seguir divididos como continente frente a la competencia por ganar esta carrera espec&#237;fica, que podr&#237;a impactar a todos en el mundo.</p><p>La segunda es el riesgo de dejar a los norteamericanos fuera de la carrera del siglo.</p><p>La primera pierde la carrera. La segunda pierde a los consumidores y a los constructores del futuro.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="813" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:813,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1960752,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/206399261?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>As&#237; que este paper tiene dos enfoques:</strong></p><ul><li><p>mostrar lo que le cuesta a cada pa&#237;s ir solo.</p></li><li><p>mostrar c&#243;mo debe verse el trato para la gente que hace la construcci&#243;n.</p></li></ul><p>Empecemos con <strong>Estados Unidos</strong> solo. Se pasa los a&#241;os decisivos reconstruyendo, a un costo enorme, lo que ya existe al lado &#8212; porque no tiene suficiente capacidad dom&#233;stica en procesamiento de minerales, manufactura, generaci&#243;n de energ&#237;a y mano de obra calificada para moverse a la velocidad que esta carrera exige.</p><p>Todas las inversiones comprometidas por empresas como <em><strong>OpenAI, Oracle, TSMC, Micron, SpaceX, NVIDIA, Microsoft, Google, Meta, Anthropic</strong></em> y m&#225;s necesitar&#225;n diversificar su base de clientes. <em>Ya estamos viendo aprietos financieros y temores en empresas como Meta sobre sus estrategias de IA.</em> Las inversiones han sido masivas, pero los resultados est&#225;n por verse. Apalancando estas inversiones con el respaldo pleno de M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; como socios en esta carrera, estas inversiones hist&#243;ricas podr&#237;an protegerse de las ca&#237;das.</p><blockquote><p>Como ya lo se&#241;al&#243; la Parte 2, ah&#237; se mostr&#243; lo que pasa con el terreno que<strong> Estados Unidos</strong> deja desatendido: alguien m&#225;s se instala, puerto por puerto, estaci&#243;n por estaci&#243;n.</p></blockquote><p>M&#233;xico es hoy una naci&#243;n por transformar: hist&#243;ricamente ha sido el eslab&#243;n de bajo costo de la cadena de suministro de alguien m&#225;s. A trav&#233;s de la IA, la fuerza laboral mexicana podr&#237;a alcanzar una productividad y un crecimiento nunca antes vistos.</p><p>La gran oportunidad est&#225; en la poblaci&#243;n grande m&#225;s joven del continente &#8212; <strong>130 millones de personas, m&#225;s de 110,000 nuevos ingenieros al a&#241;o </strong>&#8212; que deben ser parte de una estrategia norteamericana de IA para asegurar que sean los constructores y consumidores del futuro en la era de la IA.</p><blockquote><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Un M&#233;xico listo para la IA </span></strong>no es un favor que alguien concede. Es un muro de carga en la propia econom&#237;a de Norteam&#233;rica.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Canad&#225; </strong>solo bien puede triunfar &#8212; y esa es la trampa.</p><p><strong>Miren de cerca c&#243;mo termina un &#233;xito canadiense en solitario: </strong>la investigaci&#243;n la comercializan empresas de otros lados, los minerales se embarcan en bruto y el talento se va al sur. Un Canad&#225; m&#225;s fuerte dentro de un continente m&#225;s d&#233;bil. Bueno para Canad&#225;. <strong>Insuficiente para Norteam&#233;rica.</strong></p><p>Tres pa&#237;ses, tres manos incompletas. Cada vez m&#225;s, la escala pertenece a los bloques coordinados, no a los pa&#237;ses aislados.</p><p>Y el reloj no es neutral: <strong>la fertilidad est&#225; por debajo del nivel de reemplazo en las tres naciones.</strong> La ventana demogr&#225;fica se est&#225; cerrando. No deber&#237;amos desperdiciar la fuerza laboral que tenemos mientras esperamos que otra generaci&#243;n resuelva el problema.</p><p><em>Supongamos que lo construimos todo &#8212; las plantas, las redes el&#233;ctricas, los centros de datos, los sitios de lanzamiento &#8212; y la mayor&#237;a de la gente termina fuera del trato.</em></p><p>El trabajador reemplazado por la IA tambi&#233;n era un cliente. Cada persona automatizada fuera de un ingreso es un comprador restado del mercado. Los economistas han empezado a medir este riesgo: un estudio de 2025 sobre regiones europeas encontr&#243; que donde la innovaci&#243;n en IA se duplic&#243;, la participaci&#243;n del trabajo en el ingreso cay&#243;.&#185; Eso todav&#237;a no es una ley establecida de la econom&#237;a. Es una advertencia que ser&#237;a necio ignorar.</p><blockquote><p>Un continente que automatiza a su gente hasta sacarla del mercado es una f&#225;brica <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">cancelando sus propios pedidos.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p>Esto es algo que deben atender todas las naciones del mundo, pero espec&#237;ficamente Norteam&#233;rica. Compartimos tanto que no podemos ignorar los riesgos de no prepararnos para la era de la IA.</p><blockquote><p>Empezando por las habilidades, para preparar a la gente a trabajar a trav&#233;s de la IA, no solo junto a ella.</p></blockquote><p>Despu&#233;s necesitamos pensar en serio en nuevos modelos de propiedad que protejan al trabajo de quedar desplegado tan lejos del valor que se crear&#225; en la era de la IA.</p><p>Con esto me refiero a que necesitamos pensar en darle a la fuerza laboral un pedazo del pastel; una participaci&#243;n financiera real en el valor que ayuda a crear.</p><p>La capacitaci&#243;n hace al trabajador m&#225;s capaz. La propiedad le da al trabajador un derecho sobre el futuro.</p><p>Y antes de que alguien busque una etiqueta pol&#237;tica, vean qui&#233;n ya lo est&#225; haciendo.<strong> KKR &#8212; capital privado,</strong> no una caridad &#8212; ha otorgado acciones a trabajadores por hora en docenas de las empresas que posee, porque los negocios donde los trabajadores tienen un pedazo rinden mejor y se venden por m&#225;s. Cuando vendi&#243; un fabricante de puertas del Medio Oeste, los choferes de cami&#243;n se fueron con cheques de seis cifras.</p><p><strong>Ronald Reagan</strong> llam&#243; a la propiedad de los empleados<strong> &#8220;un camino digno de un pueblo libre&#8221;</strong>. En Estados Unidos hoy, alrededor de quince millones de trabajadores participan en planes de propiedad accionaria para empleados, con cerca de dos billones de d&#243;lares en activos.&#178; Los empleados-propietarios j&#243;venes muestran un patrimonio familiar neto muy superior al de sus pares.&#179; Las plantas de manufactura que adoptan estos planes miden ganancias de productividad, no p&#233;rdidas.&#8308; <strong>Esto no es redistribuci&#243;n. Es la idea m&#225;s capitalista que existe: m&#225;s capitalistas.</strong></p><p>Imaginen un nuevo centro de datos en Quer&#233;taro. Los t&#233;cnicos est&#225;n capacitados para operar sistemas asistidos por IA y bien pagados por su trabajo. Pero el trato no termina con el cheque. Una peque&#241;a porci&#243;n del proyecto vive en una estructura de propiedad para empleados o de reparto de utilidades. Si la instalaci&#243;n crece en valor, su participaci&#243;n crece tambi&#233;n. No solo le dan mantenimiento al futuro. Son due&#241;os de una parte de &#233;l.</p><p>Ahora seamos honestos sobre el terreno, porque lo conozco de primera mano. La propiedad de los empleados es com&#250;n en<strong> Estados Unidos </strong>&#8212; y se detiene en la frontera. Un trabajador en Ohio recibe un plan de acciones; el trabajador de la misma empresa en su planta de Quer&#233;taro, haciendo un trabajo similar, recibe una n&#243;mina.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico</strong> est&#225; m&#225;s cerca de esta idea de lo que la mayor&#237;a cree &#8212; la ley mexicana ya obliga a las empresas a repartir utilidades entre sus empleados: <strong>diez por ciento, cada a&#241;o, por estatuto.</strong> El h&#225;bito de compartir resultados no es ajeno ah&#237;, pero definitivamente no es lo mismo.</p><p><strong>Lo que falta es la participaci&#243;n que se acumula:</strong> M&#233;xico no tiene un equivalente del ESOP, y la mayor&#237;a de los planes globales de acciones simplemente nunca se extendieron al sur. Eso no es raz&#243;n para abandonar la idea. Es el reto que queremos poner sobre la mesa.</p><p>Creemos que las primeras empresas que crucen la frontera con propiedad real se quedar&#225;n con los mejores ingenieros, la menor rotaci&#243;n y una lealtad que ning&#250;n salario puede comprar. <strong>C&#243;mo construirlo &#8212; las estructuras legales, el tratamiento fiscal, los primeros en moverse &#8212; merece su propio paper, y NA77 lo va a escribir.</strong></p><p>No les estamos pidiendo a los estadounidenses adoptar una idea nueva; les estamos pidiendo exportar la mejor que tienen. <strong>La &#250;nica raz&#243;n por la que esta idea est&#225; sobre la mesa son los efectos transformadores de la IA hacia la desigualdad que hoy por hoy ya es un problema serio.</strong></p><p>Aqu&#237; est&#225; por qu&#233; esto importa estrat&#233;gicamente, no solo moralmente. <strong>La ventaja de China es el mando y control: </strong>puede concentrar capital y dirigir la construcci&#243;n desde arriba, y ha demostrado que puede construir a una escala asombrosa.</p><p><strong>Nuestra ventaja deber&#237;a ser la participaci&#243;n: </strong>combinar la escala con propiedad amplia desde abajo. No es una ventaja que tengamos garantizada. Es una que estamos en posici&#243;n &#250;nica de desarrollar &#8212; si as&#237; lo decidimos. Por eso los modelos abiertos de IA deber&#237;an ser algo a evaluar para Occidente. Algo con lo que China empez&#243; y con lo que ha tenido un &#233;xito tremendo.</p><p><strong>No debemos esperar el gran tratado norteamericano; </strong>los gobiernos terminar&#225;n involucrados, quieran o no &#8212; la energ&#237;a, los minerales, las fronteras, el trabajo y las &#243;rbitas pasan por ellos. Pero la acci&#243;n no tiene que esperar a la alineaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica perfecta.</p><p><strong>Norteam&#233;rica se construy&#243; desde abajo mucho antes de que se firmara acuerdo alguno</strong> &#8212; por familias, empresas y ciudades fronterizas que nunca pidieron permiso para pertenecer a ambos mundos.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Las empresas, las ciudades, los inversionistas, las universidades y los trabajadores pueden empezar ahora: </strong>planta por planta, proyecto por proyecto.</p></blockquote><p>Ahora regresemos a la meta donde empez&#243; esta serie.</p><p><strong>Un equipo, tres autos.</strong></p><p>Un modelo de IA financiado y entrenado en <strong>Estados Unidos</strong>, corriendo con <strong>energ&#237;a y minerales canadienses</strong>, operando en plantas que <strong>ingenieros mexicanos </strong>ayudan a dise&#241;ar y operar &#8212; l<strong>anzado en cohetes cuyos componentes cruzaron dos fronteras</strong> &#8212; y construido por gente que tiene un pedazo de &#233;l: t&#233;cnicos en Quer&#233;taro, linieros en Alberta, fundadores en Austin.</p><p>Cada parte de esa imagen ya existe en alg&#250;n lugar de este continente.</p><p>Lo &#250;nico que nunca ha existido es la decisi&#243;n de correr como un solo equipo.</p><p>La carrera es real. Las piezas est&#225;n aqu&#237;. El equipo es posible. Y el premio nunca fue la m&#225;quina &#8212; era la clase de gente en la que nos convertimos mientras la construimos.</p><p>La escala se dise&#241;a. La libertad se elige.</p><p><strong>Lo que sigue.</strong> La pr&#243;xima construcci&#243;n no parte de una hoja en blanco. El espacio ya carga m&#225;s de un mill&#243;n de piezas de basura orbital, y nuestro continente todav&#237;a carga el da&#241;o de eras industriales anteriores. Pero a&#250;n hay tiempo para no repetir el viejo patr&#243;n a una escala mucho mayor. C&#243;mo construye limpio Norteam&#233;rica &#8212; en la tierra y arriba de ella &#8212; es la pr&#243;xima serie. Esta publicaci&#243;n la tomar&#225; por su nombre.</p><p><strong>Fuentes</strong></p><ol><li><p>Antonio Minniti, Klaus Prettner &amp; Francesco Venturini, &#8220;AI innovation and the labor share in European regions,&#8221; <em>European Economic Review</em> (2025) &#8212; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2025.105043">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2025.105043</a></p></li><li><p>NCEO (National Center for Employee Ownership) &#8212; ~15.1 millones de participantes totales en ESOPs (~11 millones activos); ~$2.06 billones de d&#243;lares en activos de los planes. <a href="https://www.nceo.org/research/research-findings-on-employee-ownership">https://www.nceo.org/research/research-findings-on-employee-ownership</a></p></li><li><p>NCEO / Aspen Institute &#8212; estudio observacional nacional de trabajadores de 28 a 34 a&#241;os: los empleados-propietarios mostraron un patrimonio neto familiar mediano 92% mayor y un ingreso salarial mediano 33% mayor que sus pares. Observacional, no causal. <a href="https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/employee-ownership-and-esops-what-we-know-from-recent-research-2025/">https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/employee-ownership-and-esops-what-we-know-from-recent-research-2025/</a></p></li><li><p>Estudio de 2026 sobre establecimientos manufactureros de EE. UU. &#8212; la adopci&#243;n de un ESOP se asocia con un aumento de productividad total de ~5.6&#8211;6.7% entre periodos de medici&#243;n (no anual). <a href="https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/employee-ownership-and-esops-what-we-know-from-recent-research-2025/">https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/employee-ownership-and-esops-what-we-know-from-recent-research-2025/</a></p></li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Is North America ready for the Race of the Century?]]></title><description><![CDATA[The last piece of this 4 part series explores the possibilities for North America inside or out of the Space and AI race.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/is-north-america-ready-for-the-race</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/is-north-america-ready-for-the-race</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 14 Jul 2026 13:03:16 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:134295,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/206399261?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ogSp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F009927d3-f7de-43c9-b11b-0380380ca136_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><p><strong>This is paper 4 of 4 focused on a thesis and assessment on what the AI &amp; Space Race could mean for North America.</strong>  This is the closing argument:</p><p>Picture North America as it actually is right now.</p><blockquote><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Three countries with three separate</span></strong> foreign policies, tariff fights, border frictions, water disputes &amp; political winds blowing in different directions in all three capitals. </p></blockquote><p>Trust at its lowest point in a generation &#8212; while the defining race of this century is already underway, and <strong>the United States&#8217; greatest economic rival, China, is running it with a plan measured in decades.</strong></p><p><strong>That is the actual picture. </strong></p><p>This series spent three papers laying out why this race favors a united and coordinated <strong>North America:</strong></p><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-race-of-our-century-series-episode"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Part 1</span></a> pictured the finish line: </strong>one team, three cars &#8212; three nations, three flags, three sets of laws, sharing a strategy, not a chassis. </p><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/part-2-the-physical-age"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Part 2</span></a><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span>showed what the race is made of:</strong> the biggest physical build since the railroads. </p><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/no-one-holds-it-all"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Part 3</span></a></strong> <strong>mapped everything </strong>it takes to win and found that no single nation holds the complete list. Only this continent does.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JETL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="813" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:813,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1960752,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/206399261?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F390cf916-388e-4985-b78a-43012f5473b2_2752x1536.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" 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class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>This last paper makes the argument the whole series has been walking toward, and it is simple:</p><blockquote><p><strong>First</strong>, let&#8217;s be clear that <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">North America can lose this race.</span></strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span></p><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">The first way </span></strong>I believe we can lose it is by remaining divided as a continent in relation to competing to win this specific race that could impact everyone in the world. </p><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">The second </span></strong>is the risk of leaving North Americans outside of the race of the century<strong>. </strong></p><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">The first loses the race. </span></strong>The second loses the consumers and the builders of the future.</p></blockquote><p><strong>So this paper has two focuses:</strong> </p><ul><li><p>show what going alone costs each country.</p></li><li><p>show what the deal must look like for the people doing the building.</p></li></ul><p><strong>Start with the United States alone.</strong> It spends the decisive years rebuilding, at enormous cost, what already exists next door &#8212; because it does not have enough domestic capacity in mineral processing, manufacturing, power generation, and skilled labor to move at the speed this race requires. </p><p>All of the committed investments from companies like <em><strong>OpenAI, Oracle, TSMC, Micron, SpaceX, NVIDIA, Microsoft, Google, Meta, Anthropic</strong></em> and more will need to be diversified in their customer base. We are already seeing financial crunches and fears from companies like <strong>Meta</strong> on their AI strategies.  The investments have been massive but the results are still to be seen.  Through leveraging these investments through a full support from <strong>Mexico &amp; Canada as partners in this race</strong>, these historic investments could be protected from downturns.</p><p><strong>As part 2 already signaled</strong>, it showed what happens to the ground the US leaves unattended: <strong>someone else moves in, port by port, station by station.</strong></p><p><strong>Mexico is today a nation to be transformed: </strong>Historically it has had low-cost tier of someone else&#8217;s supply chain. Through AI, the Mexican labor force could deliver never before seen productivity &amp; growth.</p><p>The great opportunity lies in the country&#8217;s youngest large population of the continent &#8212; <em><strong>130 million people, more than 110,000 new engineers a year </strong></em>&#8212; they should be part of a <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">North American AI strategy</span> </strong>to assure they are <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">future builders and consumers in the AI Age.</span></strong></p><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">An AI-ready Mexico </span></strong>is not a favor anyone grants. It is a load-bearing wall in North America&#8217;s own economy.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/is-north-america-ready-for-the-race?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/is-north-america-ready-for-the-race?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p><strong>Canada alone may well succeed</strong> &#8212; and that is the trap. </p><p><strong>Look closely at how a solo Canadian success ends:</strong> the research gets commercialized by companies elsewhere, the minerals ship out raw, and the talent drifts south. <strong>A stronger Canada</strong> inside a weaker continent. <strong>Good for Canada</strong>. Not enough for <strong>North America.</strong></p><blockquote><p><strong>Three countries, three partial hands. </strong>More and more, scale belongs to coordinated blocs, not isolated countries. </p></blockquote><p><strong>And the clock is not neutral: </strong><em>Fertility is below replacement</em> in all three nations. The demographic window is narrowing. We should not waste the workforce we have while waiting for another generation to solve the problem.</p><p><strong>Suppose we build it all </strong>&#8212; <em>the plants, the grids, the data centers, the launch sites &#8212; and most people end up outside the deal</em>. </p><p>The worker replaced by AI was also a customer. Every person automated out of an income is a buyer subtracted from the market. Economists have begun to measure this risk: a 2025 study of European regions found that where AI innovation doubled, labor&#8217;s share of income fell.&#185; That is not yet a settled law of economics. It is a warning we would be foolish to ignore. </p><blockquote><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">A continent that automates its people</span> </strong>out of the market is a factory canceling its own orders.</p></blockquote><p>This is something that needs to be addressed by all nations of the world but specifically in North America.  We share so much together that we cannot ignore the risks of not preparing for the AI age.</p><p><strong>Beginning with skills to prepare people to work </strong>through AI, not only next to it. </p><p>Then we need to really give some thought to new ownership models that can protect labor from being deployed so far from the value that will be created in the AI age.</p><p><strong>By this I mean that we need to think about giving the workforce a piece of the pie;</strong> a real financial share in the value they help create. </p><blockquote><p>Training makes the worker more capable. <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Ownership gives the worker a claim on the future.</span></strong></p></blockquote><p>And before anyone reaches for a political label, look at who is already doing this. <strong>KKR &#8212; private equity, not a charity </strong>&#8212; has granted equity to hourly workers across dozens of the companies it owns, because businesses where workers hold a piece perform better and sell for more. When it sold one Midwestern door manufacturer, the truck drivers walked away with six-figure checks. </p><p><strong>Ronald Reagan called employee ownership </strong><em>&#8220;a path that befits a free people.&#8221;</em> In <strong>the United States</strong> today, roughly fifteen million workers participate in employee stock ownership plans, holding about two trillion dollars in plan assets.&#178; Young employee-owners show far higher household net worth than their peers.&#179; Manufacturing plants that adopt these plans measure productivity gains, not losses.&#8308; This is not redistribution. It is the most capitalist idea there is: more capitalists.</p><blockquote><p>Imagine a new data center in Quer&#233;taro. The technicians are trained to run AI-assisted systems and paid well for the work. But the deal does not end with the paycheck. <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">A small portion of the project sits in an employee ownership or profit-sharing structure. If the facility grows in value, their stake grows too. </span></strong>They are not only maintaining the future. They own part of it.</p></blockquote><p>Now let&#8217;s be honest about the terrain, because I know it firsthand. <strong>Employee ownership is common in the United States</strong> &#8212; <strong>and it stops at the border.</strong> A worker in Ohio gets a stock plan; the worker at the same company&#8217;s plant in Quer&#233;taro, doing similar work, gets a paycheck. </p><p><strong>Mexico</strong> is closer to this idea than most people think &#8212; <strong>Mexican law already requires companies to share profits with employees, ten percent, every year, by statute. </strong>The habit of sharing results is not foreign there but it&#8217;s definitely not the same. </p><p><strong>What&#8217;s missing is the stake that compounds: </strong>Mexico has no equivalent of the ESOP, and most global stock plans were simply never extended south. <strong>That is not a reason to drop the idea.</strong> It is the challenge that we would like to throw out there.</p><p>We believe that the first companies to carry real ownership across the border will get the best engineers, the lowest turnover, and a loyalty no wage can buy. How to build it &#8212; the legal structures, the tax treatment, the first movers &#8212; deserves its own paper, <strong>and NA77 will write it.</strong></p><p>We are not asking the Americans to adopt a new idea; We are asking them to export their best one.  <strong>The only reason this idea is on the table is because of AI&#8217;s transformative effects on inequality, which is already a serious problem today.</strong></p><p>Here is why this matters strategically, not only morally. <strong>China&#8217;s advantage is command &amp; control:</strong> it can concentrate capital and direct construction from the top, and it has proven it can build at staggering scale. </p><p><strong>Our advantage should be participation: </strong>combining scale with broad ownership from below. That is not an advantage we hold by default. It is one we are uniquely positioned to develop &#8212; if we choose to.  This is why open AI models should be something to assess for the West.  Something that China began with and has had tremendous success with.</p><p><strong>We must not wait for the grand North American treaty</strong>; governments will end up being involved whether they want to or not &#8212; energy, minerals, borders, labor and orbits run through them. But action does not have to wait for perfect political alignment. </p><blockquote><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">North America was built from below</span></strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span>long before any agreement was signed &#8212; <em>by families, companies, and border cities that never asked permission to belong to both worlds.</em> </p></blockquote><p>Companies, cities, investors, universities, and workers can start now: plant by plant, project by project.</p><p>Now go back to the finish line where this series began. </p><p>One team, three cars. </p><p>An <strong>AI model funded and trained in the United States</strong>, running on <strong>Canadian power and minerals,</strong> operating in plants <strong>Mexican engineers help design and run</strong> &#8212; launched on rockets whose components crossed two borders &#8212; and built by people who hold a piece of it: technicians in Quer&#233;taro, linemen in Alberta, founders in Austin. </p><p>Every part of that picture already exists somewhere on this continent. </p><blockquote><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">The only thing that has never existed is the decision to run it as one team.</span></strong></p><p>The race is real. The pieces are here. The team is possible. And the prize was never the machine &#8212; it was the kind of people we become while building it.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Scale is engineered. Freedom is chosen.</strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share The North American &#8212; 77</span></a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png" width="1598" height="708" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1kW4!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F6d518b46-a077-4e3c-9a90-206d8d4feecc_1598x708.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p><strong>What comes next.</strong> The next build is not starting from a blank slate. Space already carries more than a million pieces of debris, and our continent still carries the damage of earlier industrial eras. But there is still time to avoid repeating the old pattern at a much larger scale. How North America builds clean &#8212; on the ground and above it &#8212; is the next series. This publication will take it on by name.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/is-north-america-ready-for-the-race/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/is-north-america-ready-for-the-race/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h2>Sources</h2><ol><li><p><strong>Antonio Minniti, Klaus Prettner &amp; Francesco Venturini, &#8220;AI innovation and the labor share in European regions,&#8221;</strong> <em>European Economic Review</em> (2025) &#8212; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2025.105043">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2025.105043</a></p></li><li><p><strong>NCEO (National Center for Employee Ownership) </strong>&#8212; ~15.1M total ESOP participants (~11M active); ~$2.06T in plan assets. <a href="https://www.nceo.org/research/research-findings-on-employee-ownership">https://www.nceo.org/research/research-findings-on-employee-ownership</a></p></li><li><p><strong>NCEO / Aspen Institute</strong> &#8212; national observational study of workers ages 28&#8211;34: employee-owners showed 92% higher median household net worth and 33% higher median wage income than peers. Observational, not causal. <a href="https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/employee-ownership-and-esops-what-we-know-from-recent-research-2025/">https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/employee-ownership-and-esops-what-we-know-from-recent-research-2025/</a></p></li><li><p><strong>2026 study of U.S. manufacturing establishments </strong>&#8212; ESOP adoption associated with a total productivity increase of ~5.6&#8211;6.7% between measurement periods (not annual). <a href="https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/employee-ownership-and-esops-what-we-know-from-recent-research-2025/">https://www.aspeninstitute.org/publications/employee-ownership-and-esops-what-we-know-from-recent-research-2025/</a></p></li></ol><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Signal (Asuntos)- De Norteamérica]]></title><description><![CDATA[Semana del 5 al 11 de julio de 2026; Una lectura semanal para norteamericanos que creen que el continente vale m&#225;s unido que separado &#8212; qu&#233; se movi&#243; esta semana, qu&#233; significa y qu&#233; nos exige.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-asuntos-de-norteamerica</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-asuntos-de-norteamerica</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 13 Jul 2026 13:03:50 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K1yr!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F30e076a6-cf44-4ec2-b9b2-f80e4e35d301_1600x900.svg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h2 style="text-align: center;">THE LONGVIEW por EJG</h2></div><h3><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">&#191;Cu&#225;ndo tocar fondo es un medio para un fin?</span></h3><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Las naciones no tocan fondo por accidente. Por lo general ignoran la realidad y post-ponen su cita para cambiar. Esta semana, las facturas empezaron a llegar solas.</em>  <strong>(M&#233;xico)</strong></p><p>Hay un n&#250;mero que explica esta semana mejor que cualquier discurso: <strong>Baa3</strong>. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Un escal&#243;n arriba del grado especulativo. Ah&#237; coloca<strong> Moody&#8217;s</strong> hoy el cr&#233;dito de <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> &#8212; citando d&#233;ficits estructurales, gasto r&#237;gido y el costo de cargar con <strong>Pemex, que seg&#250;n la agencia quemar&#225; unos siete mil millones de d&#243;lares al a&#241;o hasta 2029.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">El lunes de esta misma semana, <strong>Toyota anunci&#243; 3,600 millones de d&#243;lares para San Antonio y movi&#243; la mayor parte de la Tacoma de Tijuana al norte.</strong> El gobierno dijo que las dos cosas &#8212; el tratado convertido en examen anual y la camioneta que cambi&#243; de pa&#237;s &#8212; no ten&#237;an relaci&#243;n. </p><blockquote><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Los peri&#243;dicos no lo creyeron.</span> </strong>Los directores de finanzas, tampoco.</p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">La semana pasada escrib&#237; que un acuerdo que se gana cada julio vale m&#225;s que uno que se hereda una vez. Lo sostengo. Pero perm&#237;tanme decir ahora la parte dif&#237;cil, antes de que los hechos la digan por nosotros: <strong>esto se va a poner m&#225;s rudo antes de que llegue la calma.</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Una Casa Blanca que mide el &#233;xito en victorias visibles</strong> encontr&#243; una de las pocas pol&#237;ticas que funciona en todo el espectro estadounidense: <strong>actuar contra los c&#225;rteles &#8212; y contra cualquiera que el expediente pueda plausiblemente vincular con ellos.</strong> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Esperen que esa presi&#243;n escale: </strong>en aranceles, en exigencias de seguridad, en operativos dise&#241;ados para el noticiero. No estoy celebrando. Estoy pronosticando lo que creo que viene en las pr&#243;ximas semanas o meses.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aqu&#237; est&#225; la pregunta inc&#243;moda para M&#233;xico: </strong>cuando esa presi&#243;n llegue, <em><strong>&#191;qu&#233; responde el balance general del pa&#237;s ante las presiones de nuestro vecino del norte? </strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">El presupuesto federal no tiene margen &#8212; los d&#233;ficits son estructurales, no c&#237;clicos. <strong>Pemex </strong>produce p&#233;rdidas puntualmente, y la <strong>CFE</strong> todav&#237;a no puede entregar la energ&#237;a que el propio futuro del pa&#237;s exige: esta misma semana, la industria de centros de datos dijo en voz alta que hay instalaciones terminadas, a oscuras, en <strong>Quer&#233;taro</strong>, esperando <strong>megawatts</strong>, mientras <strong>82,500 millones de d&#243;lares de inversi&#243;n digital</strong> esperan una red que no fue construida para ellos.</p><blockquote><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">A M&#233;xico no le falta demanda</span></strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">. </span>Le falta entrega.</p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Hay quien dice que un pa&#237;s solo corrige el rumbo cuando toca fondo. Coincido hasta cierto punto; sobre todo en que nadie sabe realmente qu&#233; es tocar fondo. </p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">El fondo no es un lugar:</span></strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span>es una decisi&#243;n &#8212; casi siempre pospuesta. El fondo es simplemente el d&#237;a en que las facturas ya no se refinancian con ret&#243;rica. </p></blockquote><p><strong>M&#233;xico</strong> puede esperar ese d&#237;a, o puede elegir su piso ahora y girar sobre &#233;l.</p><p><strong>&#191;C&#243;mo se ve elegir el piso? </strong>Empieza por la verdad m&#225;s vieja de la econom&#237;a, la que todo gobierno tarde o temprano reaprende: <strong>los contribuyentes sostienen las econom&#237;as.</strong> No las ideolog&#237;as, no los campeones de Estado, no las remesas &#8212; los contribuyentes. El libre mercado, la libertad de emprender, el empleo formal, un mercado interno fuerte, empresas privadas nacionales que escalen, e inversi&#243;n que se queda porque puede ponerle precio a los pr&#243;ximos veinte a&#241;os. </p><p>Todos los pa&#237;ses que han salido de esta misma situaci&#243;n en la que est&#225; <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>hoy, lo hicieron de esta forma. Y la evidencia de que <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>puede no es te&#243;rica &#8212; ocurri&#243; esta misma semana. <strong>Mientras Toyota maneja al norte, Vertiv puso 150 millones de d&#243;lares y mil empleos en Reynosa para fabricar el equipo que alimenta los centros de datos de Estados Unidos.</strong> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La UNCTAD regres&#243; a M&#233;xico</strong> al top diez mundial de destinos de inversi&#243;n extranjera. <strong>La inflaci&#243;n marc&#243; 3.37%</strong> &#8212; dentro del rango objetivo del banco central, la lectura m&#225;s serena desde 2020. El peso apenas se movi&#243; ante la peor noticia comercial en una generaci&#243;n. Los fundamentos son mejores que la pol&#237;tica. Eso es exactamente lo que hace tan cara a la pol&#237;tica.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Un Baa3</strong> no se deroga por conferencia de prensa. Se deroga con aritm&#233;tica: abrir la red el&#233;ctrica al capital que ruega por construirla, dar a los inversionistas reglas que puedan valuar en d&#233;cadas y no en julios, poner los escasos pesos del Estado en la infraestructura que solo el Estado puede construir &#8212; agua, transmisi&#243;n, puertos, fronteras &#8212; y dejar que los balances privados carguen el resto.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La mesa del 20 de julio en la Ciudad de M&#233;xico</strong>, la primera revisi&#243;n anual, no es una humillaci&#243;n que soportar. <strong>Es la primera oportunidad de intercambiar certeza por certeza: cooperaci&#243;n en seguridad que Estados Unidos</strong> pueda mostrar a sus votantes, a cambio de las garant&#237;as de inversi&#243;n sin las que la industria mexicana no puede vivir.</p><blockquote><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">En el aniversario 250</span></strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span>de la econom&#237;a y democracia m&#225;s grande y exitosa de la historia (EUA), debemos de ver c&#243;mo podemos aprender y empezar a emular.</p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Y como primer movimiento para asegurar las inversiones clave que nos urgen, debemos de voltear a ver a <strong>Canad&#225;.</strong> Ofrecer garant&#237;as de largo plazo a los inversionistas institucionales privados &#8212; el capital de los fondos de pensiones canadienses est&#225; entre los m&#225;s pacientes del mundo &#8212; y el capital fluir&#225; hacia <strong>M&#233;xico,</strong> y con &#233;l el optimismo y la claridad que los inversionistas del mundo est&#225;n esperando.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Dije la semana pasada que los ex&#225;menes despiertan a los continentes. As&#237; se siente el examen: una camioneta que se va, una calificaci&#243;n a un escal&#243;n del borde, un presidente al lado con todos los incentivos para escalar.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Tiempos intensos, dolor de corto plazo &#8212; y aun as&#237;, veo la luz. Pero la luz no est&#225; al final de ning&#250;n t&#250;nel: nadie va a excavar la salida por nosotros.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Del t&#250;nel se sale cuando el ciudadano recibe lo que necesita para tener &#233;xito: Seguridad y estado de derecho; reglas claras que den certidumbre; libertad humana, mercados libres y justos; empresas nacionales exitosas que compitan con el mundo; empleo, innovaci&#243;n y capital que se queda porque es bienvenido y est&#225; seguro.</p><blockquote><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">El fondo es una decisi&#243;n.</span></strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span>El giro, tambi&#233;n.</p></blockquote><p>Una naci&#243;n nunca elige cu&#225;ndo llega la tormenta &#8212; solo lo que ha construido cuando la tormenta pega.</p><h2><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">EJG.</span></strong></h2><p class="button-wrapper" 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stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h2 style="text-align: center;">NA77 AFFAIRS</h2></div><p></p><h2><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">COMERCIO Y POL&#205;TICA</span></h2><div><hr></div><p><em>La arquitectura que permite que bienes, capital y confianza crucen tres fronteras &#8212; y d&#243;nde se est&#225; cuarteando.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La era de la revisi&#243;n anual ya tiene calendario &#8212; y Canad&#225; se queda en la sala de espera.</strong> LeBlanc llam&#243; a la revisi&#243;n anual &#8220;territorio inexplorado&#8221;: &#233;l y Ebrard le preguntaron juntos a <strong>Greer</strong> c&#243;mo funcionar&#225; y no hubo respuesta. <strong>Canad&#225;</strong> sigue sin fecha para su bilateral; <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>tiene el 20 de julio, y Ebrard estuvo en <strong>Washington </strong>desde el 8 de julio preparando una ronda que se espera encabece el propio <strong>Greer,</strong> con la lista de agravios de <strong>Estados Unidos</strong> reducida de 54 puntos a 14. Sobre la mesa: subir el contenido regional automotriz de 75% a 82%, con un piso de 50% de contenido estadounidense <em>(Canadian Press, 5 de julio; Infobae, 7 de julio; AS/COA)</em>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Las audiencias de los aranceles por trabajo forzado: M&#233;xico defiende su caso, los economistas lo llaman hueco.</strong> Las audiencias corrieron del 7 al 9 de julio en la <strong>USITC.</strong> <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> testific&#243; que no hay &#8220;fundamento legal ni base f&#225;ctica&#8221; para castigar a un pa&#237;s que comparte datos aduaneros con <strong>CBP</strong>; el abogado de la parte canadiense se&#241;al&#243; que <strong>Canad&#225; </strong>tiene una ley vigente contra estas importaciones y aun as&#237; enfrenta la misma tasa de 10%; el exfuncionario del <strong>USTR Ed Gresser </strong>estim&#243; que los aranceles recaudar&#237;an ~100,000 millones de d&#243;lares al a&#241;o de empresas estadounidenses, sobre evidencia que calific&#243; de &#8220;una hip&#243;tesis&#8221; <em>(USTR; International Trade Today, 7 de julio)</em>.</p><p></p><h2><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">CAPITAL E INDUSTRIA</span></h2><div><hr></div><p><em>D&#243;nde est&#225; votando el dinero &#8212; y contra qu&#233; est&#225; votando.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El voto de 3,600 millones de Toyota &#8212; seis d&#237;as despu&#233;s de que el tratado se volvi&#243; anual.</strong> El 6 de julio, <strong>Toyota</strong> anunci&#243; 3,600 millones de d&#243;lares y 2,000 empleos para <strong>San Antonio</strong>, trasladando la mayor parte de la producci&#243;n de la <strong>Tacoma de</strong> <strong>Tijuana a Texas</strong>. Sheinbaum neg&#243; el v&#237;nculo con el<strong> T-MEC</strong>; su propia prensa no le crey&#243;, y <strong>Ebrard</strong> respondi&#243; con una inversi&#243;n prometida de 500 millones de d&#243;lares de una automotriz que no quiso nombrar <em>(Toyota; El Financiero, 7 de julio)</em>. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">El contraflujo es real: <strong>Vertiv</strong> puso 150 millones de d&#243;lares y mil empleos en Reynosa, y la <strong>UNCTAD regres&#243; a M&#233;xico</strong> <em><strong>al top diez mundial de destinos de inversi&#243;n extranjera (8 de julio). El director de desarrollo econ&#243;mico de Laredo dijo la parte callada: Estados Unidos ha &#8220;institucionalizado la incertidumbre&#8221;.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La inflaci&#243;n mexicana se pone en verde; la Fed coquetea con un alza; el empleo canadiense sorprende.</strong> La inflaci&#243;n de junio en <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> marc&#243; 3.37% &#8212; dentro del rango de <strong>Banxico</strong>, la m&#225;s serena desde 2020 <em>(INEGI, 9 de julio)</em>. Las minutas de la Fed de junio mostraron a &#8220;algunos&#8221; funcionarios argumentando por un alza de tasas &#8212; los mercados ya debaten alzas, no recortes <em>(Fed, 8 de julio)</em>. <strong>Canad&#225;</strong> sum&#243; 18,000 empleos, pero la manufactura perdi&#243; 17,000 &#8212; el moret&#243;n arancelario dentro del titular <em>(StatCan, 10 de julio)</em>. El IPC cay&#243; por cuarta semana consecutiva; el peso cerr&#243; en 17.5350, todav&#237;a imperturbable.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Los ferrocarriles siguen consolid&#225;ndose.</strong> UP y <strong>Norfolk Southern </strong>ofrecieron desinversiones a la STB para salvar su fusi&#243;n de 85,000 millones de d&#243;lares (escrito complementario vence el 27 de julio); CPKC &#8212; el &#250;nico ferrocarril que une a las tres naciones &#8212; movi&#243; un junio r&#233;cord de grano <em>(STB; CPKC, 6&#8211;7 de julio)</em>.</p><p></p><h2><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">RECURSOS, RIESGO Y ENERG&#205;A</span></h2><div><hr></div><p><em>El continente funciona con cosas que rara vez cotiza correctamente: agua, energ&#237;a y tiempo.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Canad&#225; responde al papel corto con concreto largo &#8212; apuntado al oeste.</strong> Ottawa encarg&#243; a la estatal <strong>Trans Mountain</strong> construir un oleoducto de ~1 mill&#243;n de barriles diarios de <strong>Edmonton al Pac&#237;fico</strong> para los mercados asi&#225;ticos &#8212;<strong> 35,000 a 44,000 millones de d&#243;lares canadienses</strong> &#8212; junto a un paquete de ~20,000 millones con <strong>Columbia Brit&#225;nica para GNL</strong> y puertos <em>(Bloomberg, CBC, 2&#8211;3 de julio)</em>. Nueve d&#237;as despu&#233;s de que el tratado se volvi&#243; anual, <strong>Canad&#225;</strong> verti&#243; concreto hacia <strong>Asia</strong>. La direcci&#243;n es el mensaje.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La OPEP+ suma barriles a un cese al fuego que gotea.</strong> La OPEP+ elev&#243; la producci&#243;n de agosto en 188,000 barriles diarios <em>(5 de julio)</em>; los ataques de Ir&#225;n a buques cerca de Ormuz el 7 de julio regresaron el WTI a ~71 d&#243;lares, un alza de ~3.5% en la semana. El di&#233;sel baj&#243; 9 centavos &#8212; alivio para un corredor que se mueve en camiones <em>(EIA, 7 de julio)</em>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El r&#237;o sigue bajando; </strong>la decisi&#243;n sigue sin llegar. El lago Powell toc&#243; su nivel de verano m&#225;s bajo desde su primer llenado &#8212; ~3,526 pies, 24% de capacidad &#8212; con un m&#237;nimo hist&#243;rico proyectado para el oto&#241;o; la declaraci&#243;n ambiental final para las operaciones post-2026 volvi&#243; a aplazarse <em>(KJZZ/KUER, 4&#8211;6 de julio)</em>. La matem&#225;tica del agua corre m&#225;s r&#225;pido que la matem&#225;tica pol&#237;tica.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La frontera ganadera: el calendario muri&#243;; las moscas son la pol&#237;tica ahora.</strong> El USDA condicion&#243; cualquier reapertura de la frontera al ganado mexicano exclusivamente a los resultados de la planta de moscas est&#233;riles de Metapa. M&#233;xico cuenta ~1,950 casos de gusano barrenador en 28 estados; <strong>Estados Unidos, </strong>31. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Berdegu&#233;: </strong>&#8220;Ya es hora de normalizar el comercio de ganado con EU&#8221; <em>(USDA; SADER, 7 de julio)</em>. El cierre retira ~1.2 millones de cabezas al a&#241;o de la oferta estadounidense &#8212; los precios r&#233;cord del ganado son el impuesto que paga cada consumidor norteamericano.</p><p><strong>La semana arancelaria del cobre.</strong> El cobre en COMEX salt&#243; 13% el 8 de julio ante el inminente veredicto arancelario estadounidense sobre cobre refinado; Asarco, de <strong>Grupo M&#233;xico</strong>, avanza una reactivaci&#243;n de <strong>230 millones de d&#243;lares</strong> en Arizona y Texas &#8212; un campe&#243;n mexicano capturando m&#225;rgenes protegidos por los aranceles estadounidenses <em>(Argus; MINING.COM)</em>.</p><p></p><h2><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">SOCIAL Y CIUDADAN&#205;A</span></h2><div><hr></div><p><em>La integraci&#243;n no es solo contratos y corredores. Es la experiencia compartida que convierte a tres poblaciones en una sola audiencia.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El fin de semana en que al continente se le acab&#243; la Copa &#8212; los tres anfitriones eliminados en 72 horas.</strong> </p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Marruecos 3&#8211;0 a Canad&#225;</strong> en Houston (4 de julio); </p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Inglaterra 3&#8211;2 a M&#233;xico</strong> en el Azteca (5 de julio) &#8212; <strong>el &#8220;Aztecazo&#8221;</strong>, la primera derrota mundialista de <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>en su catedral y su sexta eliminaci&#243;n consecutiva en octavos; </p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>B&#233;lgica 4&#8211;1 a Estados Unidos en Seattle</strong> (6 de julio) <em>(FIFA; ESPN)</em>. </p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;">Los cuartos de final no tienen anfitriones &#8212;<strong> Francia venci&#243; a Marruecos, Espa&#241;a super&#243; a B&#233;lgica; </strong></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Inglaterra</strong> <strong>elimin&#243; 2&#8211;1 a Noruega</strong> en el alargue y <strong>Argentina gole&#243; 3&#8211;1 a Suiza</strong> tambi&#233;n en tiempo extra; </p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;">las semifinales quedaron listas: <strong>Francia&#8211;Espa&#241;a</strong> el 14 de julio en Dallas e <strong>Inglaterra&#8211;Argentina el 15 de julio en Atlanta</strong> &#8212; y de aqu&#237; a la final del 19 de julio en el<strong> MetLife,</strong> el torneo es solo estadounidense. </p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;">Las portadas fueron tres espejos nacionales: el &#8220;otra vez el maldito &#8216;ya merito&#8217;&#8221; de R&#233;cord, la &#8220;heroica actuaci&#243;n defensiva&#8221; de <strong>Sky Sports</strong>, el &#8220;ahora sabemos que este es un pa&#237;s de futbol&#8221; de la CBC.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Los l&#237;mites de aforo funcionaron. Nadie muri&#243; celebrando esta semana.</strong> Para M&#233;xico&#8211;Inglaterra, la CDMX despleg&#243; 40,000 servidores p&#250;blicos, limit&#243; el &#193;ngel a 25,000 personas y reparti&#243; 62 pantallas y 16 conciertos gratuitos por la ciudad. El Z&#243;calo se llen&#243;; las multitudes se dispersaron en duelo silencioso; no hubo estampida <em>(N+; Infobae, 5&#8211;6 de julio)</em>. La rendici&#243;n de cuentas avanza m&#225;s lento: cuatro investigaciones abiertas, una denuncia penal del PAN contra la alcaldesa, ninguna renuncia.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>La otra frontera de la Copa.</strong> Abogados migratorios de <strong>Massachusetts</strong> reportaron un aumento de detenciones del <strong>ICE</strong> durante las festividades del<strong> Mundial</strong>, en citas de rutina y paradas de tr&#225;nsito <em>(GBH, 7 de julio)</em>. El torneo que proces&#243; 5.9 millones de solicitudes de exenci&#243;n de visa es tambi&#233;n un experimento en vivo sobre qui&#233;n puede disfrutar la fiesta del continente.</p><p><strong>Bonnie Tyler, 1951&#8211;2026.</strong> &#8220;Total Eclipse of the Heart&#8221; encabez&#243; las listas de los tres pa&#237;ses al mismo tiempo, en 1983, cuando nadie llamaba a eso integraci&#243;n continental <em>(8 de julio)</em>.</p><p><em>El comercio integra econom&#237;as. Solo los ciudadanos integran un continente.</em></p><p></p><h2><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">IA Y ESPACIO &#8212; </span>La Carrera de Nuestro Siglo</h2><div><hr></div><p><em>La serie en curso: d&#243;nde se est&#225; construyendo, financiando y energizando el futuro en las tres naciones.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El vuelo 13 de Starship se adelant&#243; &#8212; y el espacio a&#233;reo mexicano est&#225; en el plan de vuelo.</strong> El Booster 20 encendi&#243; sus 33 motores Raptor durante un r&#233;cord de ~24 segundos el 10 de julio; el primer conjunto V3 ahora apunta a despegar tan pronto como el 14&#8211;15 de julio, con avisos de espacio a&#233;reo sobre M&#233;xico a partir del 15 <em>(NASASpaceflight; Space.com)</em>. Los medios estadounidenses cubren la cadencia como triunfo; los de Tamaulipas cubren los escombros en Playa Bagdad. El mismo cohete, orillas opuestas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Tres programas espaciales, una semana.</strong> Isaacman, de la NASA: Estados Unidos va &#8220;a ritmo&#8221; para ganarle a China el regreso a la Luna, Artemis III en 2028 <em>(CBS, 5 de julio)</em>. El canadiense Jeremy Hansen &#8212; primer no estadounidense en una misi&#243;n lunar &#8212; deja la agencia espacial tres meses despu&#233;s de su vuelo a la Luna <em>(CSA)</em>. La agencia espacial de M&#233;xico cerr&#243; su &#250;ltima convocatoria del a&#241;o con un presupuesto de ~2.5 millones de d&#243;lares &#8212; menos que un solo motor Raptor. Una carrera, tres boletos muy distintos.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El muro de los megawatts, a ambos lados de la frontera.</strong> Vertiv fabrica en Reynosa el equipo de los centros de datos de Estados Unidos; Odata elev&#243; su compromiso en M&#233;xico a ~1,200 millones de d&#243;lares &#8212; y sin embargo hay centros de datos terminados, a oscuras, en Quer&#233;taro, esperando conexi&#243;n a la red <em>(IT Masters; BNamericas)</em>. El espejo estadounidense: el campus de OpenAI en Abilene cruza este mes un gigawatt, el quinto sitio del pa&#237;s en 2026 <em>(Epoch AI)</em>. La carrera no es por los modelos. Es por los megawatts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Una econom&#237;a de IA, tres velocidades de gobernanza.</strong> OpenAI liber&#243; GPT-5.6 el 9 de julio tras un lanzamiento coordinado con el gobierno estadounidense; Canad&#225; anticip&#243; nuevas leyes de IA; el debate de M&#233;xico espera a que termine el Mundial <em>(CNBC; BetaKit; El Heraldo)</em>. Mientras tanto, Nvidia ha perdido ~1 bill&#243;n de d&#243;lares de valor en dos meses y Pek&#237;n, seg&#250;n reportes, reabri&#243; el acceso racionado a sus chips <em>(Bloomberg, 8 de julio; Japan Times, 9 de julio)</em>. La prensa asi&#225;tica llama a esta carrera un &#8220;juego de eliminaci&#243;n directa&#8221;. Norteam&#233;rica deber&#237;a leer esa frase dos veces.</p><h2><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">DATOS</span></h2><div><hr></div><ul><li><p><strong>Baa3</strong> &#8212; la calificaci&#243;n soberana de M&#233;xico, un escal&#243;n arriba del grado especulativo; Pemex quemar&#225; ~7,000 millones de d&#243;lares al a&#241;o hasta 2029 <em>(Moody&#8217;s)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>3,600 millones de d&#243;lares / 2,000 empleos</strong> &#8212; la expansi&#243;n de Toyota en San Antonio; la mayor parte de la Tacoma deja Tijuana <em>(Toyota, 6 de julio)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>54 &#8594; 14</strong> &#8212; la lista de agravios de Estados Unidos contra M&#233;xico, seg&#250;n Ebrard, rumbo a la primera revisi&#243;n anual del 20 de julio <em>(2 de julio)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>3.37%</strong> &#8212; la inflaci&#243;n mexicana de junio, dentro del rango objetivo; el sem&#225;foro en verde por primera vez desde 2020 <em>(INEGI, 9 de julio)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>+18,000 / &#8722;17,000</strong> &#8212; los empleos que gan&#243; Canad&#225; en junio / los que perdi&#243; su manufactura, el moret&#243;n arancelario dentro del titular <em>(StatCan, 10 de julio)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>17.5350</strong> &#8212; pesos por d&#243;lar en el FIX del viernes; la era de la revisi&#243;n anual apenas registra en la moneda <em>(Banxico, 10 de julio)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>~1 bill&#243;n de d&#243;lares</strong> &#8212; el valor de mercado que Nvidia perdi&#243; en menos de dos meses; hoy cotiza m&#225;s barata que el S&amp;P 500 <em>(Bloomberg, 8 de julio)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>~2.5 millones de d&#243;lares</strong> &#8212; el presupuesto de la Agencia Espacial Mexicana &#8212; menos que un motor Raptor del cohete que vuela sobre Matamoros <em>(presupuesto federal 2026)</em>.</p></li></ul><p></p><h2><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">FECHAS </span></h2><div><hr></div><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>14 de julio</strong> &#8212; inflaci&#243;n de junio en EU (CPI), el insumo decisivo para la decisi&#243;n de la Fed del 28&#8211;29 de julio; semifinal del Mundial en Dallas;  se abre la ventana del vuelo 13 de Starship (hasta el 21 de julio).</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>15 de julio</strong> &#8212; decisi&#243;n del Banco de Canad&#225; (se espera una sexta pausa consecutiva en 2.25%); semifinal del Mundial en Atlanta; entran en vigor las nuevas reglas canadienses para consultores migratorios.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>19 de julio</strong> &#8212; final del Mundial, estadio MetLife; despu&#233;s de esta fecha arranca el proceso de debate sobre regulaci&#243;n de IA en M&#233;xico, seg&#250;n Sheinbaum.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Semana del 20 de julio</strong> &#8212; tercera ronda bilateral M&#233;xico&#8211;Estados Unidos en la Ciudad de M&#233;xico: la primera revisi&#243;n anual. Se espera que Greer la encabece; las reglas de contenido automotriz (75%&#8594;82%, piso de 50% estadounidense) est&#225;n sobre la mesa.</p></li><li><p><strong>27 de julio</strong> &#8212; vence el escrito complementario de UP&#8211;Norfolk Southern ante la STB.</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Finales de julio</strong> &#8212; declaraci&#243;n ambiental final del r&#237;o Colorado (a&#250;n pendiente); se espera el veredicto arancelario estadounidense sobre cobre refinado; pr&#243;xima reuni&#243;n de la OPEP+ el 2 de agosto.</p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Correcci&#243;n: las Fechas Clave de la semana pasada listaban el 21 de julio como la fecha en que Canad&#225; subir&#237;a sus contraaranceles al acero y al aluminio. Ese plazo pertenec&#237;a a reportes de junio de 2025; no existe tal fecha en 2026. Las medidas canadienses vigentes &#8212; extensiones de cuotas y alivio arancelario a EU &#8212; corren hasta mediados de 2027. Nos exigimos el mismo est&#225;ndar que le pedimos al continente.</em></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h1 style="text-align: center;">NA77 &#215; <strong><a href="https://www.usmexicofoundation.org/">USMF</a></strong></h1></div><div><hr></div><p><em>Un anuncio.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">A partir de esta semana, <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">The North American &#8212; 77</span></strong> abre una colaboraci&#243;n con la <strong><a href="https://www.usmexicofoundation.org/">U.S.-Mexico Foundation</a> (USMF)</strong> &#8212; la instituci&#243;n binacional detr&#225;s del <strong><a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com/">North Capital Forum</a></strong> &#8212; para publicar trabajo selecto de sus <strong>Fellows del NCF26</strong>: operadores, inversionistas e investigadores que escriben sobre la relaci&#243;n <strong>M&#233;xico&#8211;Estados Unidos</strong> desde adentro de la arena, no desde arriba. Presentaremos aqu&#237; sus art&#237;culos de opini&#243;n y, en las pr&#243;ximas semanas, varios se convertir&#225;n en papers formales en nuestras p&#225;ginas.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Presentamos Op-eds de alto nivel que creemos que vale mucho la pena leer.  Estaremos presentando a cada uno en lo individual y dando luz a las ideas que valen la pena.</p><p><strong>Los primeros tres:</strong></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-lopez-4001921/">Jorge L&#243;pez</a></strong> &#8212; <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Presidente de FUNDEMEX. </span></strong>Lo que empez&#243; como la carrera de su hijo en inteligencia deportiva con los Gallos Blancos de Quer&#233;taro se convirti&#243; en una coinversi&#243;n estadounidense en un club mexicano &#8212; y en una ventana a c&#243;mo la Liga MX, el capital estadounidense y ciudades como Quer&#233;taro y Chicago est&#225;n integrando el continente a trav&#233;s del deporte, tras un Mundial que acaba de demostrar que la audiencia existe. &#8594; <a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com/ncf26/fellows/jorge-lopez">https://www.northcapitalforum.com/ncf26/fellows/jorge-lopez</a></p><p></p><p></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/reed-blakemore-b598a96b/">Reed Blakemore</a></strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/reed-blakemore-b598a96b/"> </a>&#8212; <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Director de Investigaci&#243;n y Programas, Atlantic Council Global Energy Center.</span></strong> El crudo canadiense, el gas natural estadounidense y la manufactura mexicana no son fortalezas separadas; son un solo sistema. El reto no es crear la integraci&#243;n &#8212; ya existe. Es fortalecerla: inversi&#243;n de largo plazo, infraestructura moderna, certeza regulatoria. <a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com/ncf26/fellows/reed-blakemore">https://www.northcapitalforum.com/ncf26/fellows/reed-blakemore</a></p></li></ul><p></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/mariaariza/">Mar&#237;a Ariza</a></strong> &#8212; <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Directora General de BIVA, </span></strong>la bolsa institucional de valores de M&#233;xico. La regi&#243;n pas&#243; tres d&#233;cadas construyendo cadenas de suministro integradas; todav&#237;a no construye la arquitectura financiera para fondearlas. La siguiente etapa de Norteam&#233;rica se suscribe con capital, o se queda sin construir. &#8594; <a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com/ncf26/fellows/maria-ariza">https://www.northcapitalforum.com/ncf26/fellows/maria-ariza</a></p></li></ul><p></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h1 style="text-align: center;">NA77 SELECTIONS</h1></div><div><hr></div><p><em>Un estante que se acumula &#8212; cada semana suma, nada se borra.</em></p><p><strong>Esta semana</strong></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Leer (an&#225;lisis) &#8212; CSIS, </span></strong><em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">&#8220;The United States Has Opted Not to Extend the USMCA.&#8221;</span></strong></em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span></strong>La lectura m&#225;s clara desde Washington sobre qu&#233; van a litigar realmente las revisiones anuales. &#8594; <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/united-states-has-opted-not-to-extend-usmca">https://www.csis.org/analysis/united-states-has-opted-not-to-extend-usmca</a></p><p></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Leer (opini&#243;n) &#8212; Lawrence Herman, </span></strong><em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">&#8220;&#8217;Fortress North America&#8217; is a bad idea in service of a bad deal,&#8221;</span></strong></em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span></strong>The Globe and Mail. La contracorriente canadiense m&#225;s filosa &#8212; soberan&#237;a primero, esc&#233;ptica del alineamiento a cambio de preferencias. &#8594; <a href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-usmca-fortress-north-america-canada-sovereignty/">https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-usmca-fortress-north-america-canada-sovereignty/</a></p><p></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Leer (datos) &#8212; IMCO, </span></strong><em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">&#8220;M&#233;xico inicia la revisi&#243;n del T-MEC con una ventaja relativa que debe preservar y fortalecer.&#8221;</span></strong></em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span></strong>El arancel impl&#237;cito de M&#233;xico es de 3.4% contra 9.8% de Alemania y 9.7% de Jap&#243;n &#8212; el caso optimista, con n&#250;meros. &#8594; <a href="https://imco.org.mx/en/mexico-starts-the-usmca-review-with-a-relative-advantage-it-must-preserve-and-strengthen/">https://imco.org.mx/en/mexico-starts-the-usmca-review-with-a-relative-advantage-it-must-preserve-and-strengthen/</a></p><p></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Leer (mirada externa) &#8212; South China Morning Post, </span></strong><em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">&#8220;US won&#8217;t renew USMCA trade pact as Greer targets Canada&#8217;s China ties.&#8221;</span></strong></em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span></strong>El subtexto chino que la cobertura norteamericana subestima. &#8594; <a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/us/diplomacy/article/3359084/us-wont-renew-north-american-trade-pact-greer-targets-canadas-china-ties">https://www.scmp.com/news/us/diplomacy/article/3359084/us-wont-renew-north-american-trade-pact-greer-targets-canadas-china-ties</a></p><p></p></li><li><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Leer (ensayo) &#8212; Gedan y Garc&#237;a Nice, </span></strong><em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">&#8220;The USMCA Misses Its World Cup Window of Opportunity,&#8221;</span></strong></em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span></strong>World Politics Review. La pieza que funde las dos historias del verano: tres l&#237;deres coorganizando un Mundial mientras declinan renovar su propio tratado. &#8594; <a href="https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/us-mexico-canada-usmca-trump-world-cup/">https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/us-mexico-canada-usmca-trump-world-cup/</a></p><p></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Escuchar &#8212; Baker Institute, </span></strong><em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">&#8220;What Can We Expect From the 2026 USMCA Review?&#8221;</span></strong></em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span></strong>&#8212; Gantz y Lester, grabado diez d&#237;as antes del 1 de julio, explicando la mec&#225;nica que despu&#233;s ocurri&#243;. &#8594; <a href="https://www.bakerinstitute.org/research/what-can-we-expect-2026-usmca-review">https://www.bakerinstitute.org/research/what-can-we-expect-2026-usmca-review</a></p></li></ul><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-asuntos-de-norteamerica?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-asuntos-de-norteamerica?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-asuntos-de-norteamerica/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-asuntos-de-norteamerica/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Fuentes: Moody&#8217;s Ratings &#183; Toyota Motor North America &#183; USTR &#183; Secretar&#237;a de Econom&#237;a / Presidencia de M&#233;xico (ma&#241;aneras del 2 al 8 de julio) &#183; Global Affairs Canada / Canadian Press &#183; INEGI &#183; Banco de M&#233;xico &#183; Reserva Federal (minutas del FOMC de junio) &#183; Statistics Canada &#183; Banco de Canad&#225; &#183; UNCTAD &#183; STB &#183; CPKC &#183; Bloomberg &#183; CNBC &#183; Reuters &#183; El Financiero &#183; Proceso &#183; Infobae &#183; Milenio &#183; El Universal &#183; El Imparcial &#183; El Diario de Chihuahua &#183; La Jornada &#183; N+ &#183; CBC &#183; The Globe and Mail &#183; Global News &#183; BetaKit &#183; Sky Sports &#183; FIFA &#183; ESPN &#183; NPR &#183; Al Jazeera &#183; GBH &#183; KJZZ / KUER &#183; USDA / SADER &#183; EIA &#183; Argus &#183; MINING.COM &#183; NASASpaceflight &#183; Space.com &#183; CSA &#183; Epoch AI &#183; OpenAI &#183; Japan Times &#183; SCMP &#183; Nikkei Asia &#183; IT Masters &#183; BNamericas &#183; Mexico News Daily &#183; International Trade Today &#183; AS/COA &#183; CSIS &#183; IMCO &#183; World Politics Review &#183; Baker Institute &#183; U.S.-Mexico Foundation / North Capital Forum (Fellows NCF26).</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Signal on North America]]></title><description><![CDATA[Week of July 5 &#8211; 11, 2026: A weekly read for North Americans who believe the continent is worth more together than apart &#8212; what moved this week, what it means, and what it asks of us.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-on-north-america</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-on-north-america</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 12 Jul 2026 13:00:37 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S5K4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11065b1a-d498-4e67-b428-b84aaae9e112_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">THE LONGVIEW </span></h2></div><h3>When Is Hitting Rock Bottom a Means to an End?</h3><p><em>Nations do not hit rock bottom by accident. They know where they stand &#8212; and kick the can, as if reality were a match that can go to penalties. This week, the invoices started arriving on their own.</em></p><p><strong>by Eduardo Joffroy</strong></p><p>There is a number that explains this week better than any speech: </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><em><strong>Baa3. One notch above junk</strong></em>. That is where <strong>Moody&#8217;s now places the credit of Mexico</strong> &#8212; citing structural deficits, rigid spending, and the cost of carrying <em><strong>Pemex, which the agency projects will burn roughly seven billion dollars a year through 2029.</strong></em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">On Monday of this same week, <strong>Toyota announced $3.6 billion for San Antonio and moved most of the Tacoma north from Tijuana. </strong>The government said the two things &#8212; the treaty that became a yearly exam and the truck that changed countries &#8212; had nothing to do with each other.<strong> </strong></p><blockquote><p><strong>The newspapers did not believe it. Neither did the CFOs.</strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Last week I wrote that an agreement earned every July is worth more than one inherited once. I hold that position. But let me say the harder part now, before events say it for us: this gets rougher before the calm arrives.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>A White House </strong>that measures success in visible wins has found one of the few policies that plays across the entire <strong>American spectrum: acting against the cartels</strong> &#8212; and against anyone the ledger can plausibly connect to them.<strong> Expect that pressure to escalate:</strong> in tariffs, in security demands, in operations designed for the evening news. I am not celebrating.</p><blockquote><p><strong>I am forecasting </strong>what I believe is to come in the next weeks or months.</p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Here is the uncomfortable question for Mexico:</strong> when that pressure arrives, what does the balance sheet answer? The federal budget has no room &#8212; the deficits are structural, not cyclical. <strong>Pemex produces losses on schedule, and CFE cannot yet deliver enough energy for the country&#8217;s own future:</strong> this very week, the data-center industry said out loud that finished facilities are sitting dark in Quer&#233;taro waiting for megawatts, while an $82.5 billion pipeline of digital investment waits on a grid that was not built for it.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Mexico is not short of demand. </strong>It is short of delivery.</p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Some say a country only changes course when it hits bottom. I agree to a certain extent; most of all that nobody really knows what rock bottom truly is. </p><blockquote><p><strong>Rock bottom is not a place</strong>; it is a decision &#8212; usually a postponed one. </p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">The bottom is simply the day the invoices can no longer be refinanced with rhetoric. <strong>Mexico</strong> can wait for that day, or it can choose its floor now and turn on it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>What does choosing the floor look like?</strong> Start with the oldest truth in economics, the one every government eventually relearns: <strong>taxpayers sustain economies.</strong> </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Not ideologies, not state champions, not remittances </strong>&#8212; <em>taxpayers. Free markets, the freedom to build a business, formal jobs, a strong internal market, national private companies that scale, and investment that stays because it can price the next twenty years. </em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Every country that ever escaped this trap did it the same way. And the evidence that <strong>Mexico</strong> can is not theoretical &#8212; it happened this same week. <strong>While Toyota drove north, Vertiv put $150 million and a thousand jobs into Reynosa</strong> to build the equipment that powers <strong>America&#8217;s data centers.</strong> <strong>UNCTAD put Mexico back in the world&#8217;s top ten destinations for foreign investment. Inflation printed 3.37%</strong> &#8212; inside the central bank&#8217;s target band, the calmest reading since 2020. <strong>The peso barely moved </strong>through the worst treaty news in a generation. The fundamentals are better than the politics. That is precisely what makes the politics so expensive.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A Baa3 is not repealed by press conference. It is repealed by arithmetic: <strong>open the grid to the capital that is begging to build it, give investors rules they can price across decades </strong>instead of Julys, </p><blockquote><p><strong>put the state&#8217;s scarce pesos into the infrastructure only the state can build &#8212; water, transmission, ports, borders &#8212; and let private balance sheets carry the rest.</strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">The table in <strong>Mexico City on July 20</strong>, the first annual review, is not a humiliation to endure. It is the first opportunity to trade certainty for certainty: security cooperation the <strong>United States</strong> can show its voters, in exchange for the investment guarantees Mexican industry cannot live without.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This week the United States turned 250. The lesson of that anniversary does not require idolizing the neighbor: <strong>two and a half centuries of rules that outlive governments are the most valuable asset in the world</strong> &#8212; and the most copyable.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">And here I set the analysis aside and speak as a Mexican: as a first move to secure the investments we urgently need, <strong>we must turn to Canada.</strong></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Offer long-term guarantees to institutional private investors &#8212; Canadian pension capital is among the most patient in the world &#8212; and capital will flow into Mexico, and with it the optimism and clarity that investors everywhere are waiting for.</strong></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">I said last week that tests wake continents up. <strong>This is what the test feels like:</strong> a truck that leaves, a rating one notch above the edge, a president next door with every incentive to escalate. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Intense times, short-term pain &#8212; and still, I see the light. But the light is not at the end of any tunnel: no one is going to dig the exit for us.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">A country leaves the tunnel when its citizens are given what they need to succeed: security and the rule of law; clear rules that give certainty; liberty, and markets free and fair; a strong internal market, and national companies that can compete with the world; jobs, innovation, and capital that stays because it is welcome and safe.</p><blockquote><p><strong>The bottom is a decision. So is the turn.</strong></p></blockquote><p>A nation never chooses when the storm arrives &#8212; only what it has built when the storm finds it.</p><p><strong>EJG.</strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!S5K4!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F11065b1a-d498-4e67-b428-b84aaae9e112_1200x630.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">AFFAIRS</span></h2></div><h3><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">TRADE &amp; POLICY</span></h3><div><hr></div><p><em>The architecture that lets goods, capital, and trust cross three borders &#8212; and where it is cracking.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The annual-review era gets a calendar &#8212; and Canada gets left in the waiting room.</strong> <strong>LeBlanc</strong> called the annual review <strong>&#8220;uncharted territory&#8221;</strong> &#8212; he and <strong>Ebrard </strong>jointly asked <strong>Greer </strong>how it will work and got no answer. <strong>Canada still has no bilateral date; Mexico has July 20</strong>, and <strong>Ebrard</strong> was in <strong>Washington</strong> from July 8 preparing a round<strong> Greer </strong>himself is expected to lead, with the <strong>US grievance list cut from 54 points to 14.</strong> On the table: raising auto regional content from 75% to 82%, with a 50% US floor <em>(Canadian Press, Jul 5; Infobae, Jul 7; AS/COA)</em>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The forced-labor tariff hearings: Mexico pleads its case, economists call the case hollow.</strong> Hearings ran July 7&#8211;9 at the USITC. <strong>Mexico</strong> testified there is<strong> &#8220;no legal ground or factual basis&#8221; </strong>to punish a country that shares customs data with <strong>CBP</strong>; <strong>Canada&#8217;s </strong>counsel noted it has an actual import-ban statute yet faces the same<strong> 10% rate</strong>; former <strong>USTR </strong>official <strong>Ed Gresser</strong> estimated the tariffs would collect ~<strong>$100 billion</strong> a year from <strong>US firms</strong> on evidence he called &#8220;a hypothesis&#8221; <em>(USTR; International Trade Today, Jul 7)</em>.</p><p></p><h3><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">CAPITAL &amp; INDUSTRY</span></h3><div><hr></div><p><em>Where the money is voting &#8212; and what it is voting against.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Toyota&#8217;s $3.6 billion vote &#8212; six days after the treaty went annual.</strong> On July 6, <strong>Toyota </strong>announced $3.6 billion and 2,000 jobs for<strong> San Antonio</strong>, shifting most <strong>Tacoma</strong> production from <strong>Tijuana to Texas</strong>. <strong>Sheinbaum </strong>denied a <strong>T-MEC </strong>link; her own press didn&#8217;t believe her, and <strong>Ebrard countered with a promised $500 million from an automaker he declined to name </strong><em>(Toyota; El Financiero, Jul 7)</em>. The counterflow is real: <strong>Vertiv</strong> put <strong>$150 million </strong>and 1,000 jobs into <strong>Reynosa</strong>, and <strong>UNCTAD </strong>returned <strong>Mexico </strong>to the world&#8217;s top ten FDI destinations <em>(Jul 8)</em>. <strong>Laredo&#8217;s </strong>economic development chief said the quiet part: the US has &#8220;institutionalized uncertainty.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Mexico&#8217;s inflation turns green; the Fed flirts with a hike; Canada&#8217;s jobs surprise.</strong> <strong>Mexico&#8217;s </strong>June inflation printed 3.37% &#8212; inside <strong>Banxico&#8217;s </strong>band, the calmest since 2020 <em>(INEGI, Jul 9)</em>. June<strong> FOMC</strong> minutes showed &#8220;a few&#8221; officials arguing for a hike &#8212; markets now debate hikes, not cuts <em>(Fed, Jul 8)</em>. <strong>Canada </strong>added 18,000 jobs, but manufacturing shed 17,000 &#8212; the tariff bruise inside the headline <em>(StatCan, Jul 10)</em>. The IPC fell a fourth straight week; the peso closed at 17.5350, still unmoved.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The rails keep consolidating.</strong> UP and Norfolk Southern offered the STB divestitures to save their $85 billion merger (filing due Jul 27); CPKC &#8212; the only railroad linking all three nations &#8212; hauled record June grain <em>(STB; CPKC, Jul 6&#8211;7)</em>.</p><p></p><h3><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">RESOURCES, RISK &amp; ENERGY</span></h3><div><hr></div><p><em>The continent runs on things it rarely prices correctly: water, energy, and time.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Canada answers short paper with long concrete &#8212; pointed west.</strong> Ottawa tapped state-owned <strong>Trans Mountain</strong> to build a ~1 million bbl/d pipeline from<strong> Edmonton to the Pacific for Asian markets</strong> &#8212; C$35&#8211;44 billion &#8212; alongside a ~C$20 billion LNG and ports package with BC <em>(Bloomberg, CBC, Jul 2&#8211;3)</em>. Nine days after the treaty went annual, Canada poured concrete toward Asia. The direction is the message.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>OPEC+ adds barrels into a leaky ceasefire.</strong> OPEC+ raised August output by 188,000 bpd <em>(Jul 5)</em>; Iran&#8217;s July 7 tanker attacks near <strong>Hormuz</strong> pulled WTI back to ~$71, up ~3.5% on the week. Diesel fell 9 cents &#8212; relief for a corridor that moves on trucks <em>(EIA, Jul 7)</em>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The river keeps falling; the decision keeps not arriving.</strong> Lake Powell hit its lowest summer level since first fill &#8212; ~3,526 feet, 24% full &#8212; with a new all-time low projected by autumn; the final EIS for post-2026 operations slipped again <em>(KJZZ/KUER, Jul 4&#8211;6)</em>. The water math is running ahead of the political math.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The cattle border: the schedule is dead; the flies are the policy now.</strong> USDA has tied any reopening of the cattle border entirely to results from the <strong>Metapa</strong> sterile-fly plant.<strong> Mexico </strong>counts ~<strong>1,950 screwworm</strong> cases across 28 states; the US, 31. <strong>Berdegu&#233;:</strong> <em>&#8220;Ya es hora de normalizar el comercio de ganado con EU&#8221; (USDA; SADER, Jul 7)</em>. The ban removes ~1.2 million head a year from US supply &#8212; record cattle prices are the tax every <strong>North American</strong> shopper pays.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Copper&#8217;s tariff week.</strong> COMEX copper spiked 13% on July 8 as the US refined-copper verdict nears; <strong>Grupo M&#233;xico&#8217;s Asarco advances a $230 million Arizona&#8211;Texas restart </strong>&#8212; a Mexican champion capturing tariff-protected US margins <em>(Argus; MINING.COM)</em>.</p><p></p><h3><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">SOCIAL &amp; CITIZENS</span></h3><div><hr></div><p><em>Integration is not only contracts and corridors. It is the shared experience that turns three populations into one audience.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The weekend the continent&#8217;s Cup ran out &#8212; all three hosts eliminated in 72 hours.</strong> </p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;">Morocco 3&#8211;0 Canada in Houston (Jul 4); </p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;">England 3&#8211;2 Mexico at the Azteca (Jul 5) &#8212; the &#8220;Aztecazo,&#8221; Mexico&#8217;s first World Cup defeat in its cathedral and sixth straight Round-of-16 exit;</p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;">Belgium 4&#8211;1 USA in Seattle (Jul 6) <em>(FIFA; ESPN)</em>. The quarterfinals hold zero hosts &#8212; </p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;">France beat Morocco 2&#8211;0 and Spain edged Belgium 2&#8211;1, </p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;">while England beat Norway 2&#8211;1 and Argentina beat Switzerland 3&#8211;1, </p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;">both in extra time. </p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;">The semifinals are set: France&#8211;Spain (Jul 14, Dallas) and England&#8211;Argentina (Jul 15, Atlanta) &#8212; and from here to the July 19 final at MetLife, the tournament is US-only. </p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;">The front pages were three national mirrors: R&#233;cord&#8217;s &#8220;otra vez el maldito &#8216;ya merito&#8217;,&#8221; Sky Sports&#8217; &#8220;heroic defensive display,&#8221; CBC&#8217;s &#8220;now we know this is a football country.&#8221;</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The capacity limits worked. Nobody died celebrating this week.</strong> For Mexico&#8211;England, CDMX deployed 40,000 public servants, capped the &#193;ngel at 25,000, and spread 62 screens and 16 free concerts across the city. The Z&#243;calo filled; the crowds dispersed in quiet grief; no crush <em>(N+; Infobae, Jul 5&#8211;6)</em>. <strong>Accountability moves slower: </strong>four open investigations, a PAN criminal complaint against the mayor, no resignations.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The Cup&#8217;s other border.</strong> Massachusetts immigration lawyers reported ICE detentions rising during World Cup festivities, at routine check-ins and traffic stops <em>(GBH, Jul 7)</em>. The tournament that processed 5.9 million visa-waiver applications is also a live experiment in who gets to enjoy the continent&#8217;s party.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Bonnie Tyler, 1951&#8211;2026.</strong> &#8220;Total Eclipse of the Heart&#8221; topped charts in all three countries at once, in 1983, when nobody called that continental integration <em>(Jul 8)</em>.</p><p><em>Trade integrates economies. Only citizens can integrate a continent.</em></p><p></p><h3><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">AI &amp; SPACE </span>&#8212; The Race of Our Century</h3><div><hr></div><p><em>The running series: where the future is being built, financed, and powered across the three nations.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Starship Flight 13 moved up &#8212; and Mexico&#8217;s airspace is on the flight plan.</strong> Booster 20 static-fired all 33 Raptor engines for a record ~24 seconds on July 10; the first V3 stack now targets launch as early as July 14&#8211;15, with airspace notices over <strong>Mexico</strong> filed from July 15 <em>(NASASpaceflight; Space.com)</em>. US outlets cover the cadence as triumph; <strong>Tamaulipas</strong> outlets cover the debris on <strong>Playa Bagdad. </strong>Same rocket, opposite banks.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Three space programs, one week.</strong> NASA&#8217;s Isaacman: the US is &#8220;on pace&#8221; to beat <strong>China to the Moon</strong>, Artemis III in 2028 <em>(CBS, Jul 5)</em>. <strong>Canada&#8217;s Jeremy Hansen</strong> &#8212; first <strong>non-American</strong> on a lunar mission &#8212; is leaving the space agency three months after his moon flight <em>(CSA)</em>. <strong>Mexico&#8217;s space agency</strong> closed its last funding call on a budget of ~US$2.5 million &#8212; less than one Raptor engine. One race, three very different tickets.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>The megawatt wall, on both sides of the border.</strong> Vertiv builds America&#8217;s data-center gear in <strong>Reynosa; Odata lifted its Mexico commitment to ~$1.2 billion</strong> &#8212; yet finished data centers sit dark in Quer&#233;taro waiting for grid connections <em>(IT Masters; BNamericas)</em>. <strong>The US mirror: </strong>OpenAI&#8217;s Abilene campus crosses one gigawatt this month, the fifth US site in 2026 <em>(Epoch AI)</em>. The race is not for models. It is for megawatts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>One AI economy, three governance speeds.</strong> OpenAI released GPT-5.6 on July 9 after a rollout coordinated with the <strong>US government; Canada </strong>teased new AI laws; <strong>Mexico&#8217;s debate</strong> waits until after the <strong>World Cup</strong> <em>(CNBC; BetaKit; El Heraldo)</em>. Meanwhile <strong>Nvidia has shed ~$1 trillion</strong> in two months and <strong>Beijing</strong> reportedly reopened rationed access to its chips <em>(Bloomberg, Jul 8; Japan Times, Jul 9)</em>. Asia&#8217;s press calls the race a &#8220;knockout game.&#8221; <strong>North America </strong>should read that phrase twice.</p><h2><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">DATA</span></h2><div><hr></div><ul><li><p><strong>Baa3</strong> &#8212; Mexico&#8217;s sovereign rating, one notch above junk; Pemex projected to burn ~$7 billion a year through 2029 <em>(Moody&#8217;s)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>$3.6 billion / 2,000 jobs</strong> &#8212; Toyota&#8217;s San Antonio expansion; most Tacoma production leaves Tijuana <em>(Toyota, Jul 6)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>54 &#8594; 14</strong> &#8212; the US grievance list against Mexico, per Ebrard, ahead of the July 20 first annual review <em>(Jul 2)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>3.37%</strong> &#8212; Mexico&#8217;s June inflation, inside the target band; the &#8220;sem&#225;foro&#8221; green for the first time since 2020 <em>(INEGI, Jul 9)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>+18,000 / &#8722;17,000</strong> &#8212; Canada&#8217;s June jobs gain / its manufacturing loss, the tariff bruise inside the headline <em>(StatCan, Jul 10)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>17.5350</strong> &#8212; pesos per dollar at Friday&#8217;s FIX; the annual-review era still barely registers in the currency <em>(Banxico, Jul 10)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>C$35&#8211;44 billion</strong> &#8212; the estimated cost of Canada&#8217;s new Trans Mountain pipeline to the Pacific &#8212; long concrete, pointed west <em>(Jul 2)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>+188,000 bpd</strong> &#8212; OPEC+&#8217;s August output increase; WTI still rose ~3.5% on Hormuz tanker attacks <em>(Jul 5&#8211;10)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>3,526 ft / 24%</strong> &#8212; Lake Powell&#8217;s elevation and fill level, the lowest summer reading since the reservoir first filled <em>(Jul 4&#8211;6)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>~1,950 / 31</strong> &#8212; active screwworm cases in Mexico (28 states) and the US; the cattle border stays closed, now conditions-based <em>(Jul 2&#8211;8)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>0</strong> &#8212; hosts in the World Cup quarterfinals, after all three were eliminated within 72 hours <em>(Jul 4&#8211;6)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>25,000</strong> &#8212; the capacity cap at the &#193;ngel for Mexico&#8211;England; no deaths, no crush &#8212; the June 30 lesson, applied <em>(Jul 5)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>~$1 trillion</strong> &#8212; market value shed by Nvidia in under two months; now cheaper than the S&amp;P 500 <em>(Bloomberg, Jul 8)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>~US$2.5 million</strong> &#8212; the Mexican Space Agency&#8217;s budget &#8212; less than one Raptor engine of the rocket that flies over Matamoros <em>(2026 federal budget)</em>.</p></li></ul><p></p><h2><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">KEY DATES</span></h2><div><hr></div><ul><li><p><strong>Jul 14</strong> &#8212; US June CPI, the decisive input for the July 28&#8211;29 Fed decision; World Cup semifinal, Dallas (France vs. Spain); Starship Flight 13 window opens (through Jul 21).</p></li><li><p><strong>Jul 15</strong> &#8212; Bank of Canada decision (a sixth straight hold at 2.25% expected); World Cup semifinal, Atlanta (England vs. Argentina); Canada&#8217;s new immigration-consultant rules take effect.</p></li><li><p><strong>Jul 19</strong> &#8212; World Cup Final, MetLife Stadium; Mexico&#8217;s AI-regulation debate process begins after this date, per Sheinbaum.</p></li><li><p><strong>Week of Jul 20</strong> &#8212; third US&#8211;Mexico bilateral round in Mexico City: the first annual review. Greer expected to lead; auto content rules (75%&#8594;82%, 50% US floor) on the table.</p></li><li><p><strong>Jul 27</strong> &#8212; UP&#8211;Norfolk Southern supplemental filing deadline at the STB.</p></li><li><p><strong>Late July</strong> &#8212; Colorado River final EIS (still pending); US refined-copper tariff verdict expected; next OPEC+ meeting Aug 2.</p></li></ul><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Correction: last week&#8217;s Key Dates listed July 21 as the date Canada would raise counter-tariffs on steel and aluminum. That deadline belonged to June 2025 reporting; no such 2026 date exists. Canada&#8217;s current steel measures &#8212; quota extensions and US tariff relief &#8212; run to mid-2027. We hold ourselves to the same standard we ask of the continent.</em></p><h2><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">NA77 </span>&#215; USMF (The US - Mexico Foundation)</h2><div><hr></div><p><em>An announcement.</em></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Beginning this week, The North American &#8212; 77 opens a collaboration with the <strong><a href="https://www.usmexicofoundation.org/">U.S.-Mexico Foundation</a></strong><a href="https://www.usmexicofoundation.org/"> </a>&#8212; <strong>the binational institution behind the <a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com/">North Capital Forum</a></strong> &#8212; to publish selected work from its <strong>NCF26 Fellows</strong>: operators, investors, and researchers writing about the <strong>US&#8211;Mexico relationship</strong> from inside the arena, not above it. We will showcase their op-eds here, and in the coming weeks several will become formal papers on our pages.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Every piece passes the same filter everything on this page passes: has this person or idea adapted across borders and emerged stronger? The Fellows have their own name for it &#8212; <em><strong>&#8220;This is how we see the region. This is the North American way.&#8221;</strong></em><strong>  </strong>`</p><p><strong>The first three:</strong></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-lopez-4001921/">Jorge L&#243;pez</a></strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/jorge-lopez-4001921/"> </a>&#8212; <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">President of FUNDEMEX.</span></strong> What began as his son&#8217;s career in sports intelligence at <strong>Gallos Blancos de Quer&#233;taro </strong>became an American co-investment in a Mexican club &#8212; and a window into how Liga MX, US capital, and cities like <strong>Quer&#233;taro and Chicago</strong> are integrating the continent through sport, ahead of a World Cup that just proved the audience exists. &#8594; <a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com/ncf26/fellows/jorge-lopez">https://www.northcapitalforum.com/ncf26/fellows/jorge-lopez</a></p><p></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/reed-blakemore-b598a96b/">Reed Blakemore</a></strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/reed-blakemore-b598a96b/"> </a>&#8212; <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Director of Research and Programs, Atlantic Council Global Energy Center. </span></strong>Canadian crude, American natural gas, and Mexican manufacturing are not separate strengths; they are one system. The challenge is not creating integration &#8212; it already exists. It is strengthening it: long-term investment, modern infrastructure, regulatory certainty. &#8594; <a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com/ncf26/fellows/reed-blakemore">https://www.northcapitalforum.com/ncf26/fellows/reed-blakemore</a></p><p></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/mariaariza/">Mar&#237;a Ariza</a></strong> &#8212; <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">CEO of BIVA, Mexico&#8217;s institutional stock exchange.</span> </strong>The region spent three decades building integrated supply chains; it has not yet built the financial architecture to fund them. The next stage of North America will be underwritten, or it will be underbuilt. &#8594; <a href="https://www.northcapitalforum.com/ncf26/fellows/maria-ariza">https://www.northcapitalforum.com/ncf26/fellows/maria-ariza</a></p></li></ul><h2><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">NA77 SELECTIONS</span></h2><div><hr></div><p><em>A shelf that compounds &#8212; every week adds, nothing is deleted.</em></p><p><strong>This week</strong></p><ul><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Read (analysis)</strong> &#8212; CSIS, <em>&#8220;The United States Has Opted Not to Extend the USMCA.&#8221;</em> The clearest Washington read on what the annual reviews will actually litigate. &#8594; <a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/united-states-has-opted-not-to-extend-usmca">https://www.csis.org/analysis/united-states-has-opted-not-to-extend-usmca</a></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Read (opinion)</strong> &#8212; Lawrence Herman, <em>&#8220;&#8217;Fortress North America&#8217; is a bad idea in service of a bad deal,&#8221;</em> The Globe and Mail. The sharpest Canadian contrarian take &#8212; sovereignty first, skeptical of alignment-for-preferences. &#8594; <a href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-usmca-fortress-north-america-canada-sovereignty/">https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-usmca-fortress-north-america-canada-sovereignty/</a></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Read (data)</strong> &#8212; IMCO, <em>&#8220;Mexico starts the USMCA review with a relative advantage it must preserve and strengthen.&#8221;</em> Mexico&#8217;s implicit tariff is 3.4% against Germany&#8217;s 9.8% and Japan&#8217;s 9.7% &#8212; the optimist&#8217;s case, with numbers. &#8594; <a href="https://imco.org.mx/en/mexico-starts-the-usmca-review-with-a-relative-advantage-it-must-preserve-and-strengthen/">https://imco.org.mx/en/mexico-starts-the-usmca-review-with-a-relative-advantage-it-must-preserve-and-strengthen/</a></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Read (outside view)</strong> &#8212; South China Morning Post, <em>&#8220;US won&#8217;t renew USMCA trade pact as Greer targets Canada&#8217;s China ties.&#8221;</em> The China subtext most North American coverage underplays. &#8594; <a href="https://www.scmp.com/news/us/diplomacy/article/3359084/us-wont-renew-north-american-trade-pact-greer-targets-canadas-china-ties">https://www.scmp.com/news/us/diplomacy/article/3359084/us-wont-renew-north-american-trade-pact-greer-targets-canadas-china-ties</a></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Read (essay)</strong> &#8212; Gedan &amp; Garc&#237;a Nice, <em>&#8220;The USMCA Misses Its World Cup Window of Opportunity,&#8221;</em> World Politics Review. The piece that fuses the summer&#8217;s two stories: three leaders co-hosting a World Cup while declining to renew their own treaty. &#8594; <a href="https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/us-mexico-canada-usmca-trump-world-cup/">https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/us-mexico-canada-usmca-trump-world-cup/</a></p></li><li><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Listen</strong> &#8212; Baker Institute, <em>&#8220;What Can We Expect From the 2026 USMCA Review?&#8221;</em> &#8212; Gantz &amp; Lester, recorded ten days before July 1, explaining the mechanics that then happened. &#8594; <a href="https://www.bakerinstitute.org/research/what-can-we-expect-2026-usmca-review">https://www.bakerinstitute.org/research/what-can-we-expect-2026-usmca-review</a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-on-north-america?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-on-north-america?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-on-north-america/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-on-north-america/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Sources: Moody&#8217;s Ratings &#183; Toyota Motor North America &#183; USTR &#183; Secretar&#237;a de Econom&#237;a / Presidency of Mexico (Jul 2&#8211;8 ma&#241;aneras) &#183; Global Affairs Canada / Canadian Press &#183; INEGI &#183; Banco de M&#233;xico &#183; Federal Reserve (June FOMC minutes) &#183; Statistics Canada &#183; Bank of Canada &#183; UNCTAD &#183; STB &#183; CPKC &#183; Bloomberg &#183; CNBC &#183; Reuters &#183; El Financiero &#183; Proceso &#183; Infobae &#183; Milenio &#183; El Universal &#183; El Imparcial &#183; El Diario de Chihuahua &#183; La Jornada &#183; N+ &#183; CBC &#183; The Globe and Mail &#183; Global News &#183; BetaKit &#183; Sky Sports &#183; FIFA &#183; ESPN &#183; NPR &#183; Al Jazeera &#183; GBH &#183; KJZZ / KUER &#183; USDA / SADER &#183; EIA &#183; Argus &#183; MINING.COM &#183; NASASpaceflight &#183; Space.com &#183; CSA &#183; Epoch AI &#183; OpenAI &#183; Japan Times &#183; SCMP &#183; Nikkei Asia &#183; IT Masters &#183; BNamericas &#183; Mexico News Daily &#183; International Trade Today &#183; AS/COA &#183; CSIS &#183; IMCO &#183; World Politics Review &#183; Baker Institute.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Signal: T-MEC, Mundial y una tragedia: todo lo que pasó esta semana]]></title><description><![CDATA[Una semana de todo: comercio, f&#250;tbol, tragedia y los n&#250;meros que s&#237; importan de M&#233;xico, EE.UU. y Canad&#225;.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-signal-norteamerica-28</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-signal-norteamerica-28</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 06 Jul 2026 13:03:02 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n7_n!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44125aea-55c2-4caf-ad31-93db0db56eb3_1600x900.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div 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stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h2><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">THE LONGVIEW</span></h2><h3>La Prueba Anual</h3></div><p><strong>Por Eduardo Joffroy</strong></p><p style="text-align: justify;">El mi&#233;rcoles, la reuni&#243;n comercial m&#225;s importante de la d&#233;cada dur&#243; lo que dura una videollamada. <strong>Estados Unidos, M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; se reunieron</strong> &#8212; <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">virtualmente</span></strong> &#8212; para la revisi&#243;n conjunta del T-MEC, y Washington dijo que no. No al tratado no: no a renovarlo por diecis&#233;is a&#241;os m&#225;s. </p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">El acuerdo sigue en pie. La garant&#237;a de certidumbre de largo plazo no.</span> </strong> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Desde ahora, el pacto comercial del continente se revisa cada a&#241;o, como un contrato de proveedur&#237;a general, y se vence totalmente en el 2036.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La se&#241;al es que <strong>Norteam&#233;rica</strong> acaba de perder su certeza. La lectura honesta es otra: la certeza nunca es cierta donde no hay confianza. Los tratados no protegen lo que las naciones dejan de construir. <strong>M&#233;xico y Canad&#225;</strong> llegaron con propuestas firmadas para extender diecis&#233;is a&#241;os; <strong>Estados Unidos</strong> lleg&#243; con una lista de agravios. <strong>Lo bueno de lo malo:</strong> <em>un acuerdo que hay que ganarse cada julio vale m&#225;s que uno que se hereda y se olvida.</em></p><blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Hay que decir el costo completo, sin maquillaje:</span></strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span>ning&#250;n director financiero planea una planta de veinte a&#241;os sobre un tratado de doce meses. La revisi&#243;n anual encarece el capital paciente, y el capital paciente es el que construye. Ese es el da&#241;o real, y negarlo ser&#237;a mentir.</p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Pero la respuesta al papel corto es el concreto largo. La misma semana en que los gobiernos no pudieron renovar el papel, el continente se renov&#243; a la manera antigua. <strong>Canad&#225; gan&#243;. M&#233;xico gan&#243;. Estados Unidos gan&#243;. </strong>No es met&#225;fora: es el marcador de la Copa del Mundo, tres anfitriones en octavos de final por primera vez, cero goles en contra. </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Las remesas tocaron su m&#225;ximo del a&#241;o: <strong>5,600 millones de d&#243;lares en un mes. </strong>Los centros de datos siguen aterrizando en Quer&#233;taro. El peso ni se inmut&#243;: 17.47 el viernes, como si la noticia del siglo fuera un tr&#225;mite.</p><p>Y esa misma noche de victoria, <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> ense&#241;&#243; el otro lado de la moneda. <strong>Un mill&#243;n cuatrocientas mil personas salieron a Reforma a celebrar un gol, y cuatro no regresaron a su casa.</strong> <em>(Yo estuve ah&#237;.)</em> <strong>Vi la desesperaci&#243;n de un pueblo por sentirse orgulloso de lo suyo</strong> &#8212; y vi que nadie contuvo el acceso, que la seguridad se qued&#243; en el per&#237;metro. Un pueblo que concentra toda su emoci&#243;n en un solo momento es un pueblo al que le deben demasiados motivos de orgullo. Esa deuda no se paga con festejos: se paga construyendo un pa&#237;s que d&#233; razones de orgullo todos los meses &#8212; <strong>y la infraestructura para celebrarlas sin que cueste vidas.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nGFQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9024d6e7-e52d-43e5-ac0a-1c020c081b9b_5712x3306.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nGFQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9024d6e7-e52d-43e5-ac0a-1c020c081b9b_5712x3306.jpeg 424w, 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nGFQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9024d6e7-e52d-43e5-ac0a-1c020c081b9b_5712x3306.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nGFQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9024d6e7-e52d-43e5-ac0a-1c020c081b9b_5712x3306.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nGFQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9024d6e7-e52d-43e5-ac0a-1c020c081b9b_5712x3306.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nGFQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9024d6e7-e52d-43e5-ac0a-1c020c081b9b_5712x3306.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Ah&#237; est&#225; la lecci&#243;n que los negociadores todav&#237;a no aprenden: la integraci&#243;n de este continente no vive en el tratado. </strong>Vive en las f&#225;bricas, en las familias, en los estadios y en la red el&#233;ctrica. <strong>El tratado la reconoce y la empodera; no la crea.</strong></p><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Y una propuesta.</span></strong> <strong>Este tratado necesita m&#225;s manos que las de los gobiernos: la iniciativa privada en la mesa de dise&#241;o, y pa&#237;ses aliados que ya recorrieron este camino.</strong> <em><strong>Necesita ir m&#225;s all&#225; del comercio </strong></em>&#8212; tomar en serio las realidades de los tres pa&#237;ses en lo econ&#243;mico, lo social, la seguridad, la educaci&#243;n, el potencial y la conexi&#243;n con el mundo. </p><p><strong>Esta no es la Norteam&#233;rica de hace 20 a&#241;os, ni la de 10 diez. </strong>Es un tiempo &#250;nico y exige un pensamiento distinto: comit&#233;s espec&#237;ficos, de dominios claros, donde nada quede fuera y las sillas sean de expertos, no de cuotas. <strong>Menos pol&#237;tica. M&#225;s oficio y m&#225;s visi&#243;n.</strong></p><p>El tratado dej&#243; de ser garant&#237;a y se volvi&#243; prueba. Bien. Las garant&#237;as adormecen a los continentes; las pruebas los despiertan. Cada julio tendremos que demostrar &#8212; <em>con colaboraci&#243;n, con alineaci&#243;n, con obra, con empleo, con energ&#237;a y con visi&#243;n</em> &#8212; que esta sociedad de tres conviene. No es humillaci&#243;n. Es disciplina.</p><p><strong>Nada es para siempre.</strong> Con esa conciencia hay que cuidarnos mutuamente, y cuidarse empieza por decir la verdad: hoy M&#233;xico se ve distante de sus vecinos del norte en lo que m&#225;s pesa &#8212; <em>seguridad, educaci&#243;n, acceso financiero, estado de derecho, corrupci&#243;n e impunidad.</em> </p><blockquote><p><strong>Nombrarlo no es traici&#243;n; </strong>es el primer acto de construcci&#243;n.  Un continente que se gana su tratado cada a&#241;o dura m&#225;s que uno que solo lo firm&#243;.</p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">LOS ASUNTOS DE LA SEMANA</span></h2></div><h3><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">COMERCIO Y POL&#205;TICA</span></h3><p><em><strong>La arquitectura que permite que bienes, capital y confianza crucen tres fronteras &#8212; y d&#243;nde se est&#225; cuarteando.</strong></em></p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Estados Unidos se niega a renovar el T-MEC; empieza la era de la revisi&#243;n anual.</strong> El 1 de julio, la Comisi&#243;n de Libre Comercio del T-MEC celebr&#243; su revisi&#243;n conjunta obligatoria &#8212; una reuni&#243;n virtual entre <strong>el embajador Jamieson Greer, el secretario Marcelo Ebrard y el ministro Dominic LeBlanc.</strong> <strong>Estados Unidos no acept&#243; renovar</strong> el acuerdo en su forma actual; en consecuencia, el tratado no se renueva, aunque permanece en vigor. <em><strong>El art&#237;culo 34.7.4 activa ahora revisiones conjuntas anuales hasta que las partes acuerden una extensi&#243;n o el acuerdo expire el 1 de julio de 2036.</strong></em> <strong>M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; confirmaron su respaldo</strong> a una extensi&#243;n de 16 a&#241;os; Washington respondi&#243; con su lista de d&#233;ficits y agravios <em>(USTR, 1 de julio)</em>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>M&#233;xico responde: nadie se va, y la primera revisi&#243;n anual ya tiene fecha.</strong> El 2 de julio, Ebrard precis&#243; las reglas del nuevo juego: <strong>salirse del tratado exige seis meses de aviso y ning&#250;n pa&#237;s ha expresado intenci&#243;n de hacerlo.</strong> La tercera ronda bilateral con Estados Unidos &#8212; <strong>la semana del 20 de julio, en la Ciudad de M&#233;xico</strong> &#8212; funcionar&#225; como la primera revisi&#243;n anual. M&#233;xico llegar&#225; con tres planteamientos: una agenda com&#250;n para reducir la dependencia externa, plazos definidos para las revisiones anuales y procesos claros <em>(Secretar&#237;a de Econom&#237;a / ma&#241;anera, 2 de julio)</em>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><h3><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">CAPITAL E INDUSTRIA</span></h3><p><em><strong>D&#243;nde est&#225; votando el dinero &#8212; y contra qu&#233; est&#225; votando.</strong></em></p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El empleo estadounidense se enfr&#237;a; la Reserva Federal no parpadea.</strong> La n&#243;mina no agr&#237;cola de junio sum&#243; apenas 57,000 empleos (el consenso esperaba ~115,000), con revisiones a la baja de 74,000 para abril y mayo combinados. El desempleo baj&#243; a 4.2%, pero por la raz&#243;n equivocada: la participaci&#243;n laboral cay&#243; a 61.5%, su nivel m&#225;s bajo desde marzo de 2021 <em>(BLS, 2 de julio)</em>. Un d&#237;a antes, en Sintra, el presidente de la Fed, Kevin Warsh, declar&#243; que la inflaci&#243;n sigue &#8220;demasiado alta&#8221; y no dio se&#241;al alguna sobre la decisi&#243;n de julio <em>(Foro del BCE, 1 de julio)</em>. Un mercado laboral que se enfr&#237;a y una Fed que no baja tasas: esa combinaci&#243;n cruza las tres econom&#237;as v&#237;a tipo de cambio, inversi&#243;n y demanda.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Las remesas a M&#233;xico tocan su m&#225;ximo de 2026.</strong> Banxico report&#243; 5,600 millones de d&#243;lares en remesas en mayo, un alza de 3.8% anual y el cuarto mes consecutivo de expansi&#243;n &#8212; impulsadas por el D&#237;a de las Madres y un mercado laboral estadounidense que sigue empleando a millones de trabajadores mexicanos <em>(Banxico, 1 de julio)</em>. El dato es el mismo argumento continental de siempre: la fuerza de trabajo ya est&#225; integrada; falta que la pol&#237;tica la alcance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El peso, imperturbable.</strong> El tipo de cambio FIX cerr&#243; la semana en 17.4725 pesos por d&#243;lar <em>(Banxico/DOF, 3 de julio)</em>. La no-renovaci&#243;n del tratado m&#225;s importante del hemisferio movi&#243; al peso casi nada: el mercado ley&#243; proceso, no ruptura.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><h3><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">RECURSOS, RIESGO Y ENERG&#205;A</span></h3><p><em><strong>El continente corre sobre cosas que casi nunca pone bien en precio: agua, energ&#237;a y tiempo.</strong></em></p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El petr&#243;leo afloja la presi&#243;n sobre el corredor.</strong> El WTI abri&#243; julio cerca de 68.11 d&#243;lares el 2 de julio, baj&#243; cerca de 2% hasta rondar los 67, y luego repunt&#243; a cerca de 69 el viernes (2<em>&#8211;3 de julio)</em>. Para un corredor que mueve su comercio en camiones, trenes y barcos, cada d&#243;lar menos en el crudo es margen que regresa a las tres econom&#237;as.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El r&#237;o Colorado entra en semanas de definici&#243;n.</strong> La Oficina de Reclamaci&#243;n de Estados Unidos anticipa para finales de julio el aviso de disponibilidad de la evaluaci&#243;n ambiental final (EIS) y la decisi&#243;n de registro para la operaci&#243;n del r&#237;o despu&#233;s de 2026 &#8212; sin consenso a&#250;n entre los siete estados de la cuenca. La propuesta de la Cuenca Baja compromete reducciones de 1.25 millones de acres-pie a partir de 2027. Las entregas a M&#233;xico corren por la v&#237;a binacional de la CILA bajo el Tratado de Aguas de 1944 <em>(USBR)</em>. El agua del suroeste &#8212; y del valle de Mexicali &#8212; se decide antes de agosto.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><h3><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">SOCIAL Y CIUDADAN&#205;A</span></h3><p><em><strong>La integraci&#243;n no es solo contratos y corredores. Es la experiencia compartida que convierte a tres poblaciones en una audiencia.</strong></em></p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Tres anfitriones, tres victorias, octavos de final &#8212; por primera vez.</strong> Canad&#225; venci&#243; 1&#8211;0 a Sud&#225;frica el 28 de junio en el SoFi Stadium &#8212; el primer partido de dieciseisavos en la historia de los mundiales. M&#233;xico despach&#243; 2&#8211;0 a Ecuador el 30 de junio. Estados Unidos venci&#243; 2&#8211;0 a Bosnia el 1 de julio. Tres anfitriones en octavos, cero goles en contra. Lo que sigue: Canad&#225;&#8211;Marruecos el 4 de julio, M&#233;xico&#8211;Inglaterra el 5 de julio en el Estadio Azteca, y Estados Unidos&#8211;B&#233;lgica el 6 de julio <em>(FIFA)</em>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Cuatro muertos en el festejo del &#193;ngel: la alegr&#237;a sin infraestructura mata.</strong> La noche del 30 de junio, m&#225;s de 1.4 millones de personas salieron a Reforma a celebrar el triunfo de M&#233;xico &#8212; la mayor concentraci&#243;n en la historia de la ciudad, seg&#250;n su propia jefa de Gobierno. <strong>Cuatro personas murieron por asfixia entre la multitud en el &#193;ngel de la Independencia;</strong> <strong>alrededor de 1,600 resultaron heridas, 22 de gravedad.</strong> Los testigos coinciden en el mecanismo: <em>nadie restringi&#243; el acceso, la gente sigui&#243; entrando, y quienes rescataron a los atrapados fueron los propios asistentes mientras los elementos de seguridad permanec&#237;an en el per&#237;metro</em> <em>(Gobierno CDMX, Proceso, El Financiero, N+, 30 de junio&#8211;1 de julio)</em>. La misma noche, en una cancha de <strong>Morelos,</strong> un ataque armado contra aficionados que ve&#237;an el partido dej&#243; tres muertos y nueve heridos <em>(Infobae, 1 de julio)</em>. Para el 3 de julio, el gobierno capitalino anunci&#243; cupo limitado en el <strong>Z&#243;calo, Reforma y el Estadio Ciudad de M&#233;xico</strong> <strong>para el M&#233;xico</strong>&#8211;<strong>Inglaterra, y el Reino Unido</strong> emiti&#243; una advertencia de viaje a sus aficionados <em>(Infobae, CNN, 2&#8211;3 de julio)</em>.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Hay que decirlo sin rodeos: </strong>un pueblo que necesita con esa desesperaci&#243;n sentirse orgulloso de su nacionalidad est&#225; depositando demasiada emoci&#243;n en un solo momento &#8212; un gol, una noche, una bandera. Esa hambre es real y es leg&#237;tima; la respuesta no puede ser administrarla con vallas ausentes y polic&#237;as de per&#237;metro. Un pa&#237;s que se est&#225; construyendo de verdad tiene mil motivos de orgullo repartidos en el a&#241;o &#8212; y la infraestructura civil para celebrar cualquiera de ellos sin morir en el intento. El Mundial nos est&#225; midiendo como anfitriones en todo: estadios, aeropuertos, micromobilidad, aduanas, y seguridad.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Estados Unidos cumple 250 a&#241;os &#8212; con el continente en casa.</strong> El 4 de julio de 2026, el semiquincentenario: <strong>Sail250</strong> re&#250;ne en el puerto de <strong>Nueva York</strong> unos <strong>60 barcos de 30 pa&#237;ses</strong> &#8212; presentado como la mayor concentraci&#243;n mar&#237;tima en la historia de <strong>Estados Unidos</strong> &#8212; y, el mismo d&#237;a de la fiesta nacional, la C<strong>opa del Mundo se juega en Filadelfia y Houston</strong> <em>(America250, FIFA)</em>. <strong>Estados Unidos celebra sus 250 a&#241;os siendo</strong>, esa misma tarde, anfitri&#243;n del torneo del continente. Canad&#225; celebr&#243; su d&#237;a nacional el 1 de julio.</p><p><em>El comercio integra econom&#237;as. Solo los ciudadanos integran un continente.</em></p><p></p><h3><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">IA Y ESPACIO &#8212; La Carrera de Nuestro Siglo</span></h3><p><em><strong>La serie permanente: d&#243;nde se est&#225; construyendo, financiando y energizando el futuro en las tres naciones.</strong></em></p><div><hr></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Starship enciende motores para la era V3.</strong> La nave Ship 40 complet&#243; un encendido est&#225;tico de 60 segundos el 1 de julio en Starbase, Texas, preparando el Vuelo 13 &#8212; el segundo de los veh&#237;culos V3 (Booster 20 + Ship 40) &#8212; programado para no antes del 31 de julio <em>(SpaceX/rastreadores de lanzamiento, 1 de julio)</em>. El detalle que este continente no debe olvidar: la plataforma de lanzamiento m&#225;s ambiciosa del planeta est&#225; sobre el r&#237;o Bravo, frente a Matamoros. La frontera sur de Estados Unidos es tambi&#233;n su frontera con el espacio.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>El carril mexicano de los centros de datos sigue compuesto.</strong> Un reporte publicado el 3 de julio proyecta el mercado mexicano de centros de datos verdes en ~1,300 millones de d&#243;lares hacia 2030, creciendo a ~21% anual <em>(GlobeNewswire, 3 de julio)</em>. El cuadro completo del sector: una cartera de 82,500 millones de d&#243;lares para 2026&#8211;2031, con 279 MW instalados, 205 MW en construcci&#243;n y 1,730 MW anunciados <em>(MEXDC)</em>. La industria ya le puso nombre: &#8220;Nearshoring 2.0&#8221;. La pregunta sigue siendo la de siempre &#8212; los megawatts.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><h2><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">LOS DATOS</span></h2><div><hr></div><ul><li><p><strong>2036</strong> &#8212; a&#241;o en que expira el T-MEC si las revisiones anuales no producen una extensi&#243;n; diez julios por ganarse <em>(USTR, 1 de julio)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>5,600 millones de d&#243;lares</strong> &#8212; remesas a M&#233;xico en mayo, m&#225;ximo de 2026, +3.8% anual <em>(Banxico, 1 de julio)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>17.4725</strong> &#8212; pesos por d&#243;lar, FIX del 3 de julio; el tratado no se renov&#243; y el peso ni se movi&#243; <em>(Banxico)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>3&#8211;0</strong> &#8212; anfitriones del Mundial en partidos de eliminaci&#243;n directa: tres victorias, cero goles en contra <em>(FIFA, 28 de junio&#8211;1 de julio)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>1.4 millones / 4 / ~1,600</strong> &#8212; asistentes al festejo en Reforma, muertos por asfixia, heridos &#8212; la mayor concentraci&#243;n en la historia de la CDMX <em>(Gobierno CDMX / N+, 30 de junio&#8211;1 de julio)</em>.</p></li></ul><p></p><h2><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">FECHAS CLAVE</span></h2><div><hr></div><ul><li><p><strong>6 de julio</strong> &#8212; cierran los comentarios escritos de la Secci&#243;n 301 (trabajo forzado) del USTR.</p></li><li><p><strong>7 de julio</strong> &#8212; audiencia p&#250;blica de la Secci&#243;n 301 en la USITC.</p></li><li><p><strong>21 de julio</strong> &#8212; fecha en que Canad&#225; elevar&#237;a sus contraaranceles al acero y aluminio si las negociaciones con EE. UU. siguen estancadas.</p></li></ul><p></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">LO QUE ESTAMOS SIGUIENDO</span></h2></div><div><hr></div><p><em>Una repisa que se acumula &#8212; cada semana suma, nada se borra.</em></p><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Esta semana</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Leer </strong>&#8212; <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">USTR, </span></strong><em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">declaraci&#243;n del embajador Greer sobre la revisi&#243;n conjunta del T-MEC</span></strong></em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span></strong>(1 de julio). Las palabras exactas con las que empez&#243; la era de la revisi&#243;n anual. &#8594; <a href="https://ustr.gov/about/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2026/july/ambassador-greer-issues-statement-usmca-joint-review">https://ustr.gov/about/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2026/july/ambassador-greer-issues-statement-usmca-joint-review</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Ver </strong>&#8212; Grupo F&#243;rmula, <em><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">&#8220;</span><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Trump no renovar&#225; el T-MEC: &#191;qu&#233; pasar&#225; con M&#233;xico?&#8221;</span></strong></em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span></strong>(2 de julio). Once minutos de an&#225;lisis sobre la no-renovaci&#243;n y lo que significa para la inversi&#243;n y la industria mexicana &#8212; la conversaci&#243;n de la semana, en espa&#241;ol. &#8594; </p></li></ul><div id="youtube2-1uiNWwSEt8U" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;1uiNWwSEt8U&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/1uiNWwSEt8U?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><ul><li><p><strong>Leer (libro)</strong> &#8212; <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">REGIME CHANGE</span></strong><em><strong><span> </span></strong></em><span>de</span><em><strong><span> </span></strong></em>Maggie Haberman y Jonathan Swan, <em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span></strong>Inside the Imperial Presidency of Donald Trump</em> (Simon &amp; Schuster, junio de 2026). M&#225;s de mil entrevistas sobre c&#243;mo se ejerce hoy el poder en Washington &#8212; la presidencia con la que este continente negocia cada julio. &#8594; <a href="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Regime-Change/Maggie-Haberman/9781668067246">https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Regime-Change/Maggie-Haberman/9781668067246</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Escuchar</strong> &#8212; <em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">The Intelligence</span></strong></em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> (The Economist), </span></strong><em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">"The 250-year experiment: America's birthday"</span></strong></em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span></strong>(3 de julio, 36 min). En su cumplea&#241;os 250, editores y corresponsales eval&#250;an el estado de la democracia estadounidense, su eterna paradoja migratoria y su poder intacto para exportar cultura &#8212; el vecino que este continente necesita entender. &#8594; </p><iframe class="spotify-wrap podcast" data-attrs="{&quot;image&quot;:&quot;https://i.scdn.co/image/ab6765630000ba8a7e3433fc5cf3618bc3a59105&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;The 250-year experiment: America&#8217;s birthday&quot;,&quot;subtitle&quot;:&quot;The Economist&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;Episode&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://open.spotify.com/episode/2hQpAluprS9gyD0aNHJHeh&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;noScroll&quot;:false}" src="https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/2hQpAluprS9gyD0aNHJHeh" frameborder="0" gesture="media" allowfullscreen="true" allow="encrypted-media" loading="lazy" data-component-name="Spotify2ToDOM"></iframe></li></ul><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">People &amp; Organizations</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDgkBJp8UdI">Somos Mexico</a></p></li></ul><div id="youtube2-SDgkBJp8UdI" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;SDgkBJp8UdI&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/SDgkBJp8UdI?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><ul><li><p><a href="https://thedialogue.org/">https://thedialogue.org/</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@usmexicofoundation">https://www.youtube.com/@usmexicofoundation</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.nasconetwork.com/">https://www.nasconetwork.com/</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@mexmoves2025">https://www.youtube.com/@mexmoves2025</a></p></li></ul><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">De NA77 &#183; nuestras propias p&#225;ginas</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Eduardo Joffroy &#8212; </strong><em><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/nadie-lo-tiene-todo">Nadie lo Tiene Todo (3 de julio)</a></strong></em><strong>.</strong> La IA, el espacio y la energ&#237;a se han convertido en una sola carrera &#8212; y ning&#250;n pa&#237;s por s&#237; solo tiene todo lo necesario para ganarla. El nuevo texto de NA77, y la tesis de esta semana. &#8594; <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/nadie-lo-tiene-todo">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/nadie-lo-tiene-tod</a><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/nadie-lo-tiene-todo">o</a></strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Dr. Daniel Covarrubias &#8212; </strong><em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">The Digital Wall</span></strong></em><span> </span>(Columna 01 / NADICI). La frontera que ya es digital antes que f&#237;sica. &#8594; <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-roads-are-built-the-standards">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-roads-are-built-the-standards</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Manuel Familiar &#8212; </strong><em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Build the Gateway First / Primero el Umbral.</span></strong></em> La infraestructura de entrada como decisi&#243;n estrat&#233;gica, no como tr&#225;mite. &#8594; <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/el-umbral-pendiente">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/el-umbral-pendiente</a></p></li></ul><p></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Fuentes: USTR (declaraci&#243;n del embajador Greer, 1 de julio) &#183; Secretar&#237;a de Econom&#237;a / Presidencia de M&#233;xico (ma&#241;aneras del 30 de junio y 2 de julio) &#183; BLS (Employment Situation, 2 de julio) &#183; Reserva Federal / Foro del BCE en Sintra (1 de julio) &#183; Banco de M&#233;xico (remesas y FIX) &#183; Gobierno de la CDMX &#183; Proceso &#183; El Financiero &#183; Infobae &#183; N+ &#183; CNN en Espa&#241;ol &#183; FIFA &#183; America250 &#183; U.S. Bureau of Reclamation &#183; SpaceX / rastreadores de lanzamiento &#183; MEXDC / GlobeNewswire &#183; White &amp; Case &#183; Holland &amp; Knight &#183; CRS &#183; CBC.</em></p><div class="captioned-button-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-signal-norteamerica-28?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="CaptionedButtonToDOM"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Thanks for reading The North American &#8212; 77! Feel free to share this!</p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-signal-norteamerica-28?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-signal-norteamerica-28?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-signal-norteamerica-28/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-signal-norteamerica-28/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Signal: USMCA, World Cup & a tragedy: everything this week]]></title><description><![CDATA[June 28 &#8211; July 4, 2026. A weekly read for North Americans who believe the continent is worth more together than apart &#8212; what moved this week, what it means, and what it asks of us.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-north-american-affairs</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-north-american-affairs</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 05 Jul 2026 13:02:03 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n7_n!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44125aea-55c2-4caf-ad31-93db0db56eb3_1600x900.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n7_n!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44125aea-55c2-4caf-ad31-93db0db56eb3_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n7_n!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44125aea-55c2-4caf-ad31-93db0db56eb3_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n7_n!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44125aea-55c2-4caf-ad31-93db0db56eb3_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n7_n!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44125aea-55c2-4caf-ad31-93db0db56eb3_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n7_n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44125aea-55c2-4caf-ad31-93db0db56eb3_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n7_n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44125aea-55c2-4caf-ad31-93db0db56eb3_1600x900.png" width="1456" height="819" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n7_n!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44125aea-55c2-4caf-ad31-93db0db56eb3_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n7_n!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44125aea-55c2-4caf-ad31-93db0db56eb3_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n7_n!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44125aea-55c2-4caf-ad31-93db0db56eb3_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!n7_n!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F44125aea-55c2-4caf-ad31-93db0db56eb3_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h2><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">THE LONGVIEW</span></h2><h3>The Annual Test</h3></div><p><strong>by Eduardo Joffroy</strong></p><p>On Wednesday, the most important trade meeting of the decade lasted about as long as a business conference call. <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">The United States, Mexico, and Canada met &#8212; virtually</span></strong> &#8212; for the <em><strong>USMCA&#8217;s joint review</strong></em>, and <strong>Washington said no</strong>. Not no to the treaty: no to renewing it for sixteen more years. </p><blockquote><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">The agreement stands. The guarantee is gone.</span></strong>  From now on, the continent&#8217;s trade pact gets reviewed every year, like a line of credit, until 2036.</p></blockquote><p>The signal says <strong>North America</strong> just lost its certainty. The honest reading is different: certainty is never certain where there is no trust. Treaties do not protect what nations stop building. <strong>Mexico and Canada</strong> arrived with signed proposals to extend for sixteen years; <strong>the United States</strong> arrived with a list of grievances. <strong>The good inside the bad: </strong><em>an agreement you must earn every July is worth more than one you inherit and forget.</em></p><blockquote><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Say the full cost, without makeup: </span></strong>no CFO plans a twenty-year plant on a twelve-month treaty. Annual review makes patient capital more expensive, and patient capital is the kind that builds. That is the real damage, and denying it would be lying.</p></blockquote><p>But the answer to short paper is long concrete. The same week the governments could not renew the paper, the continent renewed itself the old way. <strong>Canada won. Mexico won. The United States won.</strong> Not a metaphor: the <strong>World Cup </strong>scoreboard &#8212; three hosts in the Round of 16 for the first time, zero goals conceded. </p><p><strong>Remittances hit their high for the year: $5.6 billion in a single month. </strong>Data centers keep landing in Quer&#233;taro. The peso barely blinked: 17.47 on Friday, as if the news of the century were paperwork.</p><p>And that same night of victory, <strong>Mexico </strong>showed the other side of the coin. <strong>One million four hundred thousand people went out to Reforma to celebrate a goal, and four of them never made it home. </strong><em><strong>(</strong>I was there.</em>) <strong>I saw a people&#8217;s desperation to feel proud of what is theirs</strong> &#8212; and I saw that no one contained the crowd, that security stayed on the perimeter. A people that concentrates all its emotion into a single moment is a people owed too many reasons for pride. That debt is not paid with celebrations: it is paid by building a country that gives reasons for pride every month &#8212; <strong>and the infrastructure to celebrate them without costing lives.</strong></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nGFQ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9024d6e7-e52d-43e5-ac0a-1c020c081b9b_5712x3306.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nGFQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9024d6e7-e52d-43e5-ac0a-1c020c081b9b_5712x3306.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nGFQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9024d6e7-e52d-43e5-ac0a-1c020c081b9b_5712x3306.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nGFQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9024d6e7-e52d-43e5-ac0a-1c020c081b9b_5712x3306.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nGFQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9024d6e7-e52d-43e5-ac0a-1c020c081b9b_5712x3306.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nGFQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9024d6e7-e52d-43e5-ac0a-1c020c081b9b_5712x3306.jpeg" width="1456" height="843" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nGFQ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9024d6e7-e52d-43e5-ac0a-1c020c081b9b_5712x3306.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nGFQ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9024d6e7-e52d-43e5-ac0a-1c020c081b9b_5712x3306.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nGFQ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9024d6e7-e52d-43e5-ac0a-1c020c081b9b_5712x3306.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!nGFQ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9024d6e7-e52d-43e5-ac0a-1c020c081b9b_5712x3306.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>There is the lesson the negotiators have not yet learned</strong>: <strong>this continent&#8217;s integration does not live in the treaty.</strong> It lives in the factories, the families, the stadiums, and the power grid. <strong>The treaty recognizes it and empowers it; it does not create it.</strong></p><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">And a proposal.</span></strong> This treaty needs more hands than governments alone: the private sector at the design table, and allied nations that have walked this road before. It needs to go beyond trade &#8212; to take seriously the realities of the three countries in the economy, in society, in security, in education, in potential, and in how we connect to the world. </p><p><strong>This is not the North America of twenty years ago, or of ten.</strong> <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">It is a singular moment</span></strong>, and it demands different thinking: specific committees with clear domains, where nothing is left out and the seats belong to experts, not quotas. Less politics. More craft and more vision.</p><p><strong>The treaty stopped being a guarantee and became a test. Good. Guarantees lull continents to sleep; tests wake them up.</strong> Every July we will have to prove &#8212; with collaboration, with alignment, with work, with jobs, with energy, and with vision &#8212; that this three-nation partnership pays. Not a humiliation. A discipline.</p><p><strong>Nothing is forever. Knowing that, we owe each other care, and care begins with telling the truth: </strong>Mexico today stands distant from its northern neighbors on what weighs most &#8212; security, education, financial access, rule of law, corruption, impunity. </p><blockquote><p><strong>Naming it is not betrayal; </strong>it is the first act of building. A continent that earns its treaty every year outlasts one that only signed it.</p></blockquote><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">AFFAIRS OF THE WEEK</span></h2></div><p></p><h3><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">TRADE &amp; POLICY</span></h3><p><em>The architecture that lets goods, capital, and trust cross three borders &#8212; and where it is cracking.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>The United States declines to renew the USMCA; the annual-review era begins.</strong> On July 1, the USMCA Free Trade Commission held its mandated joint review &#8212; a virtual meeting of <strong>Ambassador Jamieson Greer, Secretary Marcelo Ebrard, and Minister Dominic LeBlanc</strong>. <strong>The United States </strong>did not agree to renew the agreement in its current form; as a result, the treaty is not renewed, though it remains in force. <strong>Article 34.7.4</strong> now triggers annual joint reviews every year until the parties agree on an extension or the agreement expires on <strong>July 1, 2036. Mexico and Canada each confirmed support for a sixteen-year extension; Washington answered </strong>with its ledger of deficits and grievances <em>(USTR, Jul 1)</em>.</p><p><strong>Mexico&#8217;s answer: nobody is leaving, and the first annual review already has a date.</strong> On <strong>July 2, Ebrard</strong> laid out the rules of the new game: leaving the treaty requires six months&#8217; notice, and no country has expressed any intent to give it. The third bilateral round with <strong>the United States</strong> &#8212; the <strong>week of July 20, in Mexico City </strong>&#8212; will function as the first annual review. <strong>Mexico </strong>will arrive with three asks: a common agenda to reduce external dependence, defined timelines for the annual reviews, and clear processes <em>(Secretar&#237;a de Econom&#237;a / ma&#241;anera, Jul 2)</em>.</p><p></p><h3><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">CAPITAL &amp; INDUSTRY</span></h3><p><em>Where the money is voting &#8212; and what it is voting against.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>U.S. hiring cools; the Fed doesn&#8217;t blink.</strong> June nonfarm payrolls added just 57,000 jobs (consensus expected ~115,000), with April and May revised down by a combined 74,000. <strong>Unemployment fell to 4.2%</strong> &#8212; but for the wrong reason: labor-force participation dropped to 61.5%, its lowest since March 2021 <em>(BLS, Jul 2)</em>. A day earlier in Sintra, <strong>Fed Chair Kevin Warsh said inflation remains &#8220;too high&#8221; </strong>and gave no signal on the July decision <em>(ECB Forum, Jul 1)</em>. A cooling labor market and a central bank holding firm: that combination crosses all three economies through the exchange rate, investment, and demand.</p><p><strong>Remittances to Mexico hit their 2026 high.</strong> Banxico reported <strong>$5.6 billion</strong> in remittances for May, up 3.8% year over year and the fourth consecutive month of growth &#8212; lifted by <strong>Mother&#8217;s Day and a U.S. labor market</strong> that still employs <strong>millions of Mexican workers</strong> <em>(Banxico, Jul 1)</em>. The figure is the same continental argument as always: the workforce is already integrated; the politics have yet to catch up.</p><p><strong>The peso, unmoved.</strong> The FIX exchange rate closed the week at 17.4725 pesos per dollar <em>(Banxico/DOF, Jul 3)</em>. The non-renewal of the hemisphere&#8217;s most important treaty barely moved the peso: the market read process, not rupture.</p><p></p><h3><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">RESOURCES, RISK &amp; ENERGY</span></h3><p><em>The continent runs on things it rarely prices correctly: water, energy, and time.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Oil eases the pressure on the corridor.</strong> WTI opened July near $68.11 on July 2, dipped about 2% to near $67, then climbed back to near $69 by Friday <em>(Jul 2&#8211;3)</em>. For a corridor that moves its trade on trucks, trains, and ships, every dollar off crude is margin returned to all three economies.</p><p><strong>The Colorado River enters its decisive weeks.</strong> The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation anticipates the final environmental impact statement (EIS) notice for post-2026 river operations in late <strong>July</strong>, with the <strong>Record of Decision</strong> targeted for the same window &#8212; still without consensus among the seven basin states. <strong>The Lower Basin proposal </strong>commits to reductions of 1.25 million acre-feet starting in 2027. <strong>Deliveries to Mexico</strong> run through the binational <strong>IBWC track under the 1944 Water Treaty </strong><em><strong>(USBR)</strong></em><strong>.</strong> The water of the <strong>Southwest &#8212; and of the Mexicali Valley &#8212; </strong>gets decided before August.</p><p></p><h3><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">SOCIAL &amp; CITIZENS</span></h3><p><em>Integration is not only contracts and corridors. It is the shared experience that turns three populations into one audience.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Three hosts, three wins, the Round of 16 &#8212; for the first time.</strong> Canada beat South Africa 1&#8211;0 on June 28 at SoFi Stadium &#8212; the first Round-of-32 match in World Cup history. Mexico dispatched Ecuador 2&#8211;0 on June 30. The United States beat Bosnia and Herzegovina 2&#8211;0 on July 1. Three hosts in the Round of 16, zero goals conceded. Next: <strong>Canada&#8211;Morocco</strong> on July 4, M<strong>exico&#8211;England on July 5 at Estadio Azteca</strong>, and USA&#8211;Belgium on July 6 <em>(FIFA)</em>.</p><p><strong>Four dead at the &#193;ngel celebration: joy without infrastructure kills.</strong> On the night of June 30, more than <strong>1.4 million people poured onto Reforma</strong> to celebrate Mexico&#8217;s win &#8212; the largest gathering in the city&#8217;s history, by its own mayor&#8217;s account. <strong>Four people died of asphyxiation</strong> in the crush at the &#193;ngel de la Independencia; around <strong>1,600 were injured, 22 seriously.</strong> </p><p><strong>Witnesses agree on the mechanism:</strong> <em>no one restricted access, the crowd kept flowing in, and the people pulling the trapped out were the attendees themselves while security forces held the perimeter (Mexico City government, Proceso, El Financiero, N+, Jun 30&#8211;Jul 1). </em></p><p>The same night, at a sports field in Morelos, gunmen attacked fans watching the match, killing three and wounding nine <em>(Infobae, Jul 1)</em>. By July 3, the city had announced capacity limits for the <strong>Z&#243;calo, Reforma, and Estadio Ciudad de M&#233;xico ahead of Mexico&#8211;England</strong>, and <strong>the United Kingdom issued a travel advisory for its fans </strong><em><strong>(Infobae, CNN, Jul 2&#8211;3)</strong></em><strong>.</strong></p><p><strong>Say it plainly:</strong> a people this desperate to feel proud of their nationality is pouring too much emotion into a single moment &#8212; one goal, one night, one flag. That hunger is real and it is legitimate; the answer cannot be to manage it with absent barriers and perimeter police. A country truly building itself has a thousand reasons for pride spread across the year &#8212; and the civic infrastructure to celebrate any of them without dying in the attempt. <strong>The World Cup</strong> is measuring us as hosts in everything: stadiums, airports, micromobility, customs, and security.</p><p><strong>America turns 250 &#8212; with the continent in the house.</strong> July 4, 2026, the semiquincentennial: <strong>Sail250</strong> gathers some 60 ships from 30 countries in <strong>New York Harbor </strong>&#8212; billed as the largest maritime gathering in <strong>U.S. history</strong> &#8212; and, on the national holiday itself, the <strong>World Cup </strong>plays in <strong>Philadelphia and Houston </strong><em>(<strong>America250, FIFA</strong>)</em>. <strong>The United States celebrates its 250th</strong> year while hosting, that very afternoon, the continent&#8217;s tournament. Canada marked its national day on July 1.</p><p><em>Trade integrates economies. Only citizens can integrate a continent.</em></p><p></p><h3><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">AI &amp; SPACE &#8212; The Race of Our Century</span></h3><p><em>The running series: where the future is being built, financed, and powered across the three nations.</em></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Starship fires up for the V3 era.</strong> Ship 40 completed a 60-second static fire on July 1 at Starbase, Texas, preparing Flight 13 &#8212; the second flight of the V3 vehicles (Booster 20 + Ship 40) &#8212; scheduled for no earlier than July 31 <em>(<strong>SpaceX</strong> / launch trackers, Jul 1)</em>. The detail this continent should never forget: the most ambitious launch complex on the planet sits on the <strong>Rio Grande</strong>, across from <strong>Matamoros.</strong> <em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">America&#8217;s southern border is also its border with space.</span></strong></em></p><p><strong>Mexico&#8217;s data-center lane keeps compounding.</strong> A report published July 3 projects <strong>Mexico&#8217;s green data center market at ~$1.3 billion by 2030</strong>, growing at ~21% a year <em>(GlobeNewswire, Jul 3)</em>. The sector&#8217;s full picture: <strong>an $82.5 billion pipeline for 2026&#8211;2031</strong>, with 279 MW installed, 205 MW under construction, and 1,730 MW announced <em>(MEXDC)</em>. The industry has already named it: <strong>&#8220;Nearshoring 2.0.&#8221;</strong> The question remains the one it has always been &#8212; the megawatts.</p><div><hr></div><h2><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">DATA</span></h2><ul><li><p><strong>2036</strong> &#8212; the year the USMCA expires if annual reviews produce no extension; ten Julys to earn <em>(USTR, Jul 1)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>$5.6 billion</strong> &#8212; remittances to Mexico in May, the 2026 high, up 3.8% year over year <em>(Banxico, Jul 1)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>17.4725</strong> &#8212; pesos per dollar, July 3 FIX; the treaty went unrenewed and the peso barely moved <em>(Banxico)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>3&#8211;0</strong> &#8212; the World Cup hosts&#8217; knockout record: three wins, zero goals conceded <em>(FIFA, Jun 28&#8211;Jul 1)</em>.</p></li><li><p><strong>1.4 million / 4 / ~1,600</strong> &#8212; Reforma celebration attendance, deaths by asphyxiation, injuries &#8212; the largest gathering in Mexico City&#8217;s history <em>(Mexico City government / N+, Jun 30&#8211;Jul 1)</em>.</p></li></ul><p><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">KEY DATES</span></p><ul><li><p><strong>Jul 6</strong> &#8212; USTR Section 301 (forced-labor) written comments close.</p></li><li><p><strong>Jul 7</strong> &#8212; Section 301 public hearing at the USITC.</p></li><li><p><strong>Jul 21</strong> &#8212; the date Canada would raise its counter-tariffs on steel and aluminum if talks with the U.S. remain stalled.</p><p></p></li></ul><div><hr></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">WHAT WE ARE FOLLOWING</span></h2></div><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">This week</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Read (primary document)</strong> &#8212; <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">USTR, </span></strong><em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Ambassador Greer&#8217;s statement on the USMCA Joint Review</span></strong></em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span></strong>(Jul 1). The exact words that opened the annual-review era. &#8594; <a href="https://ustr.gov/about/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2026/july/ambassador-greer-issues-statement-usmca-joint-review">https://ustr.gov/about/policy-offices/press-office/press-releases/2026/july/ambassador-greer-issues-statement-usmca-joint-review</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Watch [ES]</strong> &#8212; <strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Grupo F&#243;rmula, </span></strong><em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">&#8220;Trump no renovar&#225; el T-MEC:</span></strong> &#191;qu&#233; pasar&#225; con M&#233;xico?&#8221;</em> (Jul 2). Eleven minutes on the non-renewal and what it means for Mexican investment and industry &#8212; the week&#8217;s conversation, in Spanish. &#8594; </p></li></ul><div id="youtube2-1uiNWwSEt8U" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;1uiNWwSEt8U&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/1uiNWwSEt8U?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div><ul><li><p><strong>Read (book)</strong> &#8212; <strong><span>Maggie Haberman and Jonathan Swan, </span></strong><em><strong><span>Regime Change: </span></strong>Inside the Imperial Presidency of Donald Trump</em> (Simon &amp; Schuster, June 2026). More than a thousand interviews on how power is actually exercised in Washington today &#8212; the presidency this continent negotiates with every July. &#8594; <a href="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Regime-Change/Maggie-Haberman/9781668067246">https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Regime-Change/Maggie-Haberman/9781668067246</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Listen</strong> &#8212; <em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">The Intelligence</span></strong></em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> (The Economist), </span></strong><em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">"The 250-year experiment: America's birthday"</span></strong></em> (Jul 3, 36 min). On its 250th birthday, editors and correspondents take stock of American democracy, its perennial immigration paradox, and its undimmed power to export culture &#8212; the neighbor this continent needs to understand. &#8594; </p><iframe class="spotify-wrap podcast" data-attrs="{&quot;image&quot;:&quot;https://i.scdn.co/image/ab6765630000ba8a7e3433fc5cf3618bc3a59105&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;The 250-year experiment: America&#8217;s birthday&quot;,&quot;subtitle&quot;:&quot;The Economist&quot;,&quot;description&quot;:&quot;Episode&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://open.spotify.com/episode/2hQpAluprS9gyD0aNHJHeh&quot;,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;noScroll&quot;:false}" src="https://open.spotify.com/embed/episode/2hQpAluprS9gyD0aNHJHeh" frameborder="0" gesture="media" allowfullscreen="true" allow="encrypted-media" loading="lazy" data-component-name="Spotify2ToDOM"></iframe></li></ul><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">From the archive &#183; Week of June 21&#8211;27</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Read (essay)</strong> &#8212; Ray Dalio, <em>&#8220;The Tribute System: The New World Order.&#8221;</em> The global order shifts from rules to spheres of power. &#8594; </p></li></ul><div class="embedded-post-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:202634008,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://raydalio.substack.com/p/the-tribute-system-the-new-world&quot;,&quot;publication_id&quot;:7978744,&quot;embedding_publication_id&quot;:null,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Principled Perspectives&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BrHK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2bc9172-aa02-43c5-bf88-9915f4bbe350_1280x1280.png&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;The Tribute System: The New World Order&quot;,&quot;truncated_body_text&quot;:&quot;A shorter version of this note first appeared in the Financial Times.&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-06-18T20:26:50.188Z&quot;,&quot;like_count&quot;:589,&quot;comment_count&quot;:58,&quot;bylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:453822074,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ray Dalio&quot;,&quot;handle&quot;:&quot;raydalio&quot;,&quot;previous_name&quot;:null,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d7e147d9-3dc7-4e25-89ed-120a39ce838b_1382x1382.png&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;For over 50 years, global macro investor Ray Dalio led Bridgewater Associates, growing it from a NYC apartment to the world's largest hedge fund. He is also a #1 New York Times bestselling author.&quot;,&quot;profile_set_up_at&quot;:&quot;2026-02-10T18:38:38.133Z&quot;,&quot;reader_installed_at&quot;:null,&quot;publicationUsers&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:8162132,&quot;user_id&quot;:453822074,&quot;publication_id&quot;:7978744,&quot;role&quot;:&quot;admin&quot;,&quot;public&quot;:true,&quot;is_primary&quot;:true,&quot;publication&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:7978744,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Principled Perspectives&quot;,&quot;subdomain&quot;:&quot;raydalio&quot;,&quot;custom_domain&quot;:null,&quot;custom_domain_optional&quot;:false,&quot;hero_text&quot;:&quot;For over 50 years, global macro investor Ray Dalio led Bridgewater Associates, growing it from a NYC apartment to the world's largest hedge fund. He is also a #1 New York Times bestselling author.&quot;,&quot;logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d2bc9172-aa02-43c5-bf88-9915f4bbe350_1280x1280.png&quot;,&quot;author_id&quot;:453822074,&quot;primary_user_id&quot;:453822074,&quot;theme_var_background_pop&quot;:&quot;#FF6719&quot;,&quot;created_at&quot;:&quot;2026-02-10T23:07:54.005Z&quot;,&quot;email_from_name&quot;:&quot;Ray Dalio&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Ray Dalio&quot;,&quot;founding_plan_name&quot;:null,&quot;community_enabled&quot;:true,&quot;invite_only&quot;:false,&quot;payments_state&quot;:&quot;disabled&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:null,&quot;explicit&quot;:false,&quot;homepage_type&quot;:&quot;newspaper&quot;,&quot;is_personal_mode&quot;:false,&quot;logo_url_wide&quot;:null}}],&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null,&quot;status&quot;:{&quot;bestsellerTier&quot;:null,&quot;subscriberTier&quot;:null,&quot;leaderboard&quot;:null,&quot;vip&quot;:true,&quot;badge&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;vip&quot;,&quot;handle&quot;:&quot;@RayDalio&quot;,&quot;service&quot;:&quot;X&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/RayDalio&quot;},&quot;subscriber&quot;:null}}],&quot;utm_campaign&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null}" data-component-name="EmbeddedPostToDOM"><a class="embedded-post" native="true" href="https://raydalio.substack.com/p/the-tribute-system-the-new-world?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_campaign=post_embed&amp;utm_medium=web"><div class="embedded-post-header"><img class="embedded-post-publication-logo" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BrHK!,w_56,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2bc9172-aa02-43c5-bf88-9915f4bbe350_1280x1280.png" loading="lazy"><span class="embedded-post-publication-name">Principled Perspectives</span></div><div class="embedded-post-title-wrapper"><div class="embedded-post-title">The Tribute System: The New World Order</div></div><div class="embedded-post-body">A shorter version of this note first appeared in the Financial Times&#8230;</div><div class="embedded-post-cta-wrapper"><span class="embedded-post-cta">Read more</span></div><div class="embedded-post-meta">2 months ago &#183; 589 likes &#183; 58 comments &#183; Ray Dalio</div></a></div><ul><li><p><strong>Watch</strong> &#8212; <em>FIFA 2026 accessibility.</em> Audio descriptive commentary for every match, in each host nation&#8217;s languages. &#8594; <a href="https://inside.fifa.com/organisation/news/accessibility-world-cup-2026-disability-social-inclusion">https://inside.fifa.com/organisation/news/accessibility-world-cup-2026-disability-social-inclusion</a></p></li></ul><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">People &amp; Organizations</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDgkBJp8UdI">Somos Mexico</a></p><div id="youtube2-SDgkBJp8UdI" class="youtube-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;videoId&quot;:&quot;SDgkBJp8UdI&quot;,&quot;startTime&quot;:null,&quot;endTime&quot;:null}" data-component-name="Youtube2ToDOM"><div class="youtube-inner"><iframe src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/SDgkBJp8UdI?rel=0&amp;autoplay=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;enablejsapi=0" frameborder="0" loading="lazy" gesture="media" allow="autoplay; fullscreen" allowautoplay="true" allowfullscreen="true" width="728" height="409"></iframe></div></div></li><li><p><a href="https://www.whitepaper.mx/">https://thedialogue.org/</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@usmexicofoundation">https://www.youtube.com/@usmexicofoundation</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.nasconetwork.com/">https://www.nasconetwork.com/</a></p></li><li><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/@mexmoves2025">https://www.youtube.com/@mexmoves2025</a></p></li></ul><p><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">From NA77 &#183; our own pages</span></strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Eduardo Joffroy &#8212; </strong><em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">No One Holds It All</span></strong></em><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span>(Jul 4). AI, space, and energy have become a single race &#8212; and no country alone holds everything it takes to win it. NA77&#8217;s newest paper, and this week&#8217;s thesis. &#8594; <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/no-one-holds-it-all">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/no-one-holds-it-all</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Dr. Daniel Covarrubias &#8212; </strong><em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">The Digital Wall</span></strong></em><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);"> </span>(Column 01 / NADICI). The border that is already digital before it is physical. &#8594; <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-roads-are-built-the-standards">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-roads-are-built-the-standards</a></p></li><li><p><strong>Manuel Familiar &#8212; </strong><em><strong><span data-color="#9d3802" style="color: rgb(157, 56, 2);">Build the Gateway First / Primero el Umbral.</span></strong></em> Gateway infrastructure as a strategic decision, not a formality. &#8594; <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/el-umbral-pendiente">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/el-umbral-pendiente</a></p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><em>Sources: USTR (Ambassador Greer statement, Jul 1) &#183; Secretar&#237;a de Econom&#237;a / Presidency of Mexico (June 30 and July 2 ma&#241;aneras) &#183; BLS (Employment Situation, Jul 2) &#183; Federal Reserve / ECB Forum Sintra (Jul 1) &#183; Banco de M&#233;xico (remittances and FIX) &#183; Mexico City government &#183; Proceso &#183; El Financiero &#183; Infobae &#183; N+ &#183; CNN &#183; FIFA &#183; America250 &#183; U.S. Bureau of Reclamation &#183; SpaceX / launch trackers &#183; MEXDC / GlobeNewswire &#183; White &amp; Case &#183; Holland &amp; Knight &#183; CRS &#183; CBC.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-north-american-affairs?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-north-american-affairs?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-north-american-affairs/comments&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Leave a comment&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/signal-north-american-affairs/comments"><span>Leave a comment</span></a></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[No One Holds It All]]></title><description><![CDATA[AI, space, and energy have become one race &#8212; and no country holds everything it takes to win. Only one place on Earth holds all the pieces and stays free.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/no-one-holds-it-all</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/no-one-holds-it-all</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sat, 04 Jul 2026 14:01:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cBcR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2840aaf0-c270-4683-93fe-8ba6ca471051_1600x900.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cBcR!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2840aaf0-c270-4683-93fe-8ba6ca471051_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cBcR!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2840aaf0-c270-4683-93fe-8ba6ca471051_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cBcR!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2840aaf0-c270-4683-93fe-8ba6ca471051_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cBcR!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2840aaf0-c270-4683-93fe-8ba6ca471051_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cBcR!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2840aaf0-c270-4683-93fe-8ba6ca471051_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg aria-hidden="true" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p></div><div><hr></div><p>In <strong>February 2026</strong>, a rocket company bought an <strong>artificial-intelligence</strong> company for the largest sum in the history of private business. SpaceX absorbed xAI in a deal that valued the combined firm at about <strong>$1.25 trillion</strong>.&#185; Within months it folded the <strong>AI</strong> in as its own division and filed with the <strong>U.S.</strong> government for permission to put up to <strong>a million satellites</strong> in orbit &#8212; not to carry the internet, but to run data centers in <strong>space</strong>.&#178;</p><p>You do not have to admire the people involved to read the signal. That is real money &#8212; more than the yearly output of most countries &#8212; all moving in one direction. Capital that size does not chase a slogan. It chases a certainty. And the certainty is this: <strong>artificial intelligence</strong> has become a physical build so vast that the most vertically integrated company on Earth is trying to leave the planet to keep building it.</p><p>Here is the tell, though. Even that company cannot do it alone &#8212; not the compute, not the energy, not the machines, not the minerals. If a giant with <strong>a trillion dollars</strong> and its own rockets cannot assemble the whole thing by itself, that is the first clue to the real shape of this <strong>race</strong>. It is bigger than any company. And, as it turns out, bigger than any country.</p><p>Start by seeing the <strong>race</strong> for what it has become. We talk about the <strong>AI</strong> <strong>race</strong>, and separately about a new <strong>space</strong> <strong>race</strong>, and separately again about an energy crunch. They are not three <strong>races</strong>. They are one. <strong>Artificial intelligence</strong> runs on computing power, computing power runs on electricity, and electricity has become the wall everyone hits first. <strong>Space</strong> is both its own frontier and the place that computing may have to go to find the power and cooling the Earth can no longer spare. Energy sits underneath all of it. You do not lead in one of these anymore without leading in all three. Win the whole stack, or win nothing.</p><p>Every one of those frontiers runs on the same short list. Call it the stack: capital to fund it, the best <strong>AI</strong> models, the chips to run them, the compute to house them, the energy to power it, the critical minerals inside every machine, the factories to build the hardware, the rockets to reach orbit, and &#8212; beneath all of it &#8212; the people to design, build, and operate the whole thing.</p><blockquote><p><strong>No nation on Earth holds the entire list</strong>. Not one. Not the <strong>United States</strong>. Not <strong>China</strong>.</p></blockquote><p>The question is not who is ahead this morning. It is who can assemble the complete stack &#8212; and do it without risking the freedom of the human being. Too much has been paid, over too long, to win freedom in this world to now hand all the power of our data to a country that does not believe in it.</p><p>Most of the world&#8217;s great powers are in this <strong>race</strong>. But two are structurally built to reach the end of it: <strong>China</strong> and the <strong>United States</strong>. And they are built in opposite ways.</p><p><strong>China</strong> assembles the stack by command, inside one border. One government, one plan that outlasts any single leader, holding the world&#8217;s manufacturing floor, most of its mineral refining, an enormous buildout of power, and a state-run constellation of <strong>AI</strong> satellites already going up &#8212; <strong>2,800</strong> planned, the first dozen already in orbit, built to process data in <strong>space</strong> itself, edge computing in orbit.&#179; It is the most complete stack any single country has ever tried to build alone. And it is built the way a controlled system builds everything: from the top, by order.</p><p>The <strong>United States</strong> holds the other half of the world&#8217;s advantages &#8212; the frontier <strong>AI</strong> models, the capital, the software, the rockets, and more raw computing power than anyone else on Earth.&#8308; What it does not hold is the physical base. Its industrial spine is thin. Its workforce is aging. It does not fabricate its own most advanced chips; almost all of them come from a single company in <strong>Taiwan</strong>.&#8309; And it does not mine or refine its own critical minerals &#8212; <strong>China</strong> refines more than <strong>70%</strong> of them and controls roughly <strong>90%</strong> of the rare-earth magnets that go into everything from fighter jets to electric motors.&#8310; The brains are American. The body is somewhere else.</p><p><strong>This is not a new discovery in Washington</strong>. The <strong>United States</strong> has spent years trying to pull its supply chains out of <strong>China</strong>, ever since it learned how dependent it had let itself become &#8212; and it is one of the few things both American parties agree on. Tariffs, the CHIPS Act, executive orders, a scramble for nearshoring and for bringing factories home. The direction is set, and it is not reversing.</p><p>But you cannot decouple into thin air. When <strong>China</strong> restricted rare-earth exports in <strong>2025</strong>, it took only weeks for a major American automaker to shut a plant for lack of magnets.&#8311; A stack built entirely at home is a fantasy &#8212; the <strong>United States</strong> does not have the minerals in the ground or the chip factories in the desert to do it, and building them will take <strong>a decade</strong> this <strong>race</strong> will not wait through.&#8312; So the honest question was never whether to decouple. It is: decouple to where?</p><p>There is only one answer that is near, allied, already integrated, and physically complete. Not across an ocean &#8212; on the same landmass. The pieces the <strong>United States</strong> is missing are, most of them, next door. North and south.</p><p>Look at what the neighbors actually hold.</p><p><strong>Canada holds the parts the American stack is short on:</strong> energy at continental scale; critical minerals in the ground from a stable, allied supplier &#8212; exactly the diversification the whole West is now scrambling to find;&#8313; and the continent&#8217;s largest supply of fresh water, a resource that in the age of data centers has stopped being a footnote and become strategic.&#185;&#8308; It holds something less obvious, too. The deep-learning breakthrough that made this entire moment possible was kept alive, through the years most of the world ignored it, largely inside Canadian universities &#8212; by the researchers who went on to win computing&#8217;s highest honor.&#185;&#8304; <strong>Canada</strong> has been in the brains of this <strong>race</strong> from the start.</p><p><strong>Mexico holds the build.</strong> Its factories already make the hardware of North America; its aerospace clusters in Quer&#233;taro and Sonora turn out engines and precision components for the world&#8217;s largest manufacturers, anchored by a dedicated aerospace university and more than <strong>twenty-five thousand</strong> aerospace-related graduates every year.&#185;&#185; These are not cheap hands. They are engineers and builders &#8212; the youngest large workforce on the continent, at a median age <strong>near thirty</strong> while the <strong>United States</strong> and <strong>China</strong> both age <strong>past forty</strong>.&#185;&#178; A country that graduates that many engineers is not built to sell its labor. It is built to own a share of what it makes.</p><p><strong>And the United States holds what it has always held:</strong> the capital, the frontier science, the chip design, the software, and the launch.</p><p>Set them side by side and the arithmetic is almost embarrassingly simple: the piece each one lacks, another one has. Together, the three nations close the gaps each of them carries alone &#8212; water, energy, minerals, access to two oceans, people, and innovation. Apart, three incomplete stacks. Together, the only complete one on Earth that can be built by free people, under three flags, without asking <strong>Beijing</strong>&#8217;s permission for anything.</p><p>Seen this way, what <strong>North America</strong> can secure together has a name: continental security, continental energy, continental water, and the continental talent &#8212; the skilled hands and the trained minds &#8212; to compete with the entire world. None of the three holds it complete on its own. The three together do. That is what this moment is really about: for the first time in a long while, there is a clear, cold case in which together beats apart. Not out of sentiment &#8212; out of self-interest.</p><p>And here is what should end the argument: we already run this machine. North America is already one of the largest integrated economies on the planet &#8212; a single automotive part can cross these borders as many as <strong>eight times</strong> before the car is finished. We built the machine decades ago. We just operate it as three separate shifts instead of one company, and we have never once decided to aim it at the frontier on purpose.</p><p>Which brings up the thing we have to say plainly. <strong>The story of the United States, Mexico, and Canada cannot keep being only a story about drugs, cartels, addiction, migration, and trade deficits. </strong>Those are real. But while the three capitals argue about the border, the border itself is quietly carrying the supply chain that will decide whether a free world or a controlled one writes the rules of this century. The small story is starving the large one of air.</p><p>And there is a contradiction at the center of it that no one should pretend away. The <strong>United States</strong> is trying to decouple from <strong>China</strong> for its own security &#8212; and at the same time picking fights with, and laying tariffs on, the very neighbors who hold the pieces that would complete that decoupling.&#185;&#179; You cannot regionalize away from a rival while treating your own region as a threat. That is not strategy. It is the short-sighted politics that could hand the century to the one bloc that plans in decades.</p><p><strong>And this is where the USMCA renegotiation </strong>&#8212; the one that looks like it is going from bad to worse &#8212; could serve something larger than it appears. It is the table where the three could shield, as a shared security concern for all of them at once, the pieces of the stack that decide the race: <strong>energy, minerals, compute, critical manufacturing.</strong> <em>Not each one invoking &#8220;national security&#8221; against its neighbor </em>&#8212; which is exactly what is happening now &#8212; but the three defining a single continental security. That takes setting the egos and the short-term political strategies aside, and putting first what is actually at stake: <strong>the AI and space race.</strong></p><p>None of this rests on <strong>space</strong> arriving on schedule. Maybe orbit will carry the world&#8217;s computing and power one day; maybe it takes far longer than the announcements suggest, or never fully pays off. That validation is years away, and honest people should say so. </p><p><strong>But that is exactly why the continent matters now. </strong>While we wait to learn whether the answer is above us, the answer is already beside us. <strong>North America is the near-term</strong>, provable base for leadership in <strong>AI</strong>, <strong>space</strong>, and energy &#8212; whether or not the orbital bet ever fully comes in.</p><p><strong>Nobody knows what happens next.</strong> Not who wins, not what the finish line even looks like, not which technology turns out to matter most. That uncertainty is the point. <strong>In a race this long and this unclear, you do not bet on a single genius or a lucky break. You bet on the most complete and resilient base &#8212; the one place that holds every piece and can still build with </strong><em><strong>free hands.</strong></em></p><blockquote><p><strong>That place is North America. </strong>The stack is here. </p></blockquote><p>Setting the egos aside, putting the <strong>AI</strong> and <strong>space</strong> <strong>race</strong> first, and running the machine as one team &#8212; that is what would bring closer the day this <strong>race</strong> is led by our hemisphere, and not another. Whether we secure the stack, or not, is the choice each of our nations still has to make. And that is where this series goes next.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/no-one-holds-it-all?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/no-one-holds-it-all?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><ol><li><p>CNBC &#8212; SpaceX&#8211;xAI merger valued at ~$1.25 trillion (Feb 2026).</p></li><li><p>FCC (Doc DA-26-113) / SpaceNews &#8212; SpaceX &#8220;Orbital Data Center System,&#8221; application for up to one million satellites (filed 30 Jan 2026).</p></li><li><p>SpaceNews; South China Morning Post; Live Science &#8212; China&#8217;s Three-Body Computing Constellation, 2,800 satellites planned, first 12 launched 14 May 2025.</p></li><li><p>War on the Rocks &#8212; US holds ~5&#215; the aggregate AI-training compute of China and leads in high-end GPUs and design software.</p></li><li><p>Forbes; Bruegel &#8212; TSMC produces ~97% of the world&#8217;s most advanced semiconductors.</p></li><li><p>U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission (2025) &#8212; China refines &gt;70% of critical minerals and controls ~90% of rare-earth permanent magnets.</p></li><li><p>GQG Partners; Chicago Council on Global Affairs &#8212; China&#8217;s 2025 rare-earth export restrictions forced a U.S. automaker to idle a plant within weeks.</p></li><li><p>Chicago Council; Andersen Institute / CFR &#8212; meaningful processing independence requires sustained investment &#8220;not yet mobilized&#8221;; a decade-scale effort.</p></li><li><p>FP Analytics; Canada&#8217;s federal Critical Minerals Strategy &#8212; substantial reserves; a stable, allied supplier.</p></li><li><p>CIFAR / Turing Award &#8212; the deep-learning revival was sustained largely in Canadian universities; its leaders won the 2019 A.M. Turing Award.</p></li><li><p>Prodensa; American Industries Group &#8212; Mexico&#8217;s Quer&#233;taro/Sonora aerospace clusters, dedicated aerospace university (UNAQ), 25,000+ aerospace-related graduates per year.</p></li><li><p>UN Population data / national statistics &#8212; median age ~30 (Mexico) vs. ~40 (US and China).</p></li><li><p>U.S. Section 232 tariffs affecting Mexican and Canadian inputs; concurrent trade disputes with both neighbors.</p></li><li><p>Environment Canada; UNU-INWEH &#8212; Canada holds a large share of the world&#8217;s fresh water; the U.S. Southwest (Colorado River, Lake Mead) and northern Mexico face water stress, worsened by data-center water use.</p></li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>