<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[The North American — 77]]></title><description><![CDATA[One future. Three nations. Essays, intelligence, and stories on North America's unrealized potential — written for regular people across our continent who need to be informed about their country and region.  ]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HW_R!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F093f2a6f-93c3-413d-8992-f579c6e3139a_800x800.png</url><title>The North American — 77</title><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Wed, 01 Jul 2026 13:25:21 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[The North American — 77 ]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[na77@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[na77@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[na77@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[na77@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[NA77 Weekly North American Affairs · Week of June 21–27, 2026]]></title><description><![CDATA[A weekly read for North Americans who believe the continent is worth more together than apart &#8212; what moved this week, what it means, and what it asks of us.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-north-american-affairs</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-north-american-affairs</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 29 Jun 2026 13:03:02 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SmhC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f7fb6e2-131a-4121-9de0-7a071e1294c6_1200x630.svg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>THE LONGVIEW </h2><h2>The Strength to Build</h2><p><em>Three nations, each deciding to be great &#8212; and the single test, measured in megawatts, that will decide which of them is.</em> </p><p><strong>by Eduardo Joffroy</strong></p><p>This publication believes something simple and demanding: <strong>North America becomes great only when each of its three nations decides to be great on its own.</strong> Not one strong country carrying and commanding the rest. <strong>Not three economies </strong>too tied together to fail. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Three countries, each with its own vision of nation and society, with firm foundations and clear advantages &#8212; choosing to build together because strength, added to strength, multiplies.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>This week I wish I could ask the leaders of all three North American countries the same question:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Are you willing to build together? Do we agree that together we are greater that alone?  Are we willing to set aside our countries political conflicts to focus on the longview?</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>For Mexico,</strong> the question landed as a disappointment. Its growth forecast was cut again, to barely above 1%, with productivity nearly stalled. From five thousand feet up, it screams dependence &#8212; on remittances, on the U.S. consumer, on someone else&#8217;s demand. I prefer to see it as a wake-up call: an invitation to go far beyond remittances.</p><p><strong>Plan M&#233;xico,</strong> the $82.5 billion in data centers landing in Quer&#233;taro, the new industrial hubs &#8212; these are not the reflexes of a country waiting to be rescued. They are the unfinished work of one that decided to be great. Dependence is a story told about you. Building is a decision you make.</p><p><strong>Canada</strong> got the same question and answered out loud. Its new national AI strategy is, beneath the official language, a refusal: the refusal to keep cutting the wood and pumping the oil for a richer neighbor, and the decision to build the industries of the century at home.</p><p><strong>And the United States,</strong> with all its advantages, faces the hardest version of the question: not whether it can invent, but whether it can build fast enough to keep what it invents.</p><p><strong>Three nations, three decisions to be great. </strong>But deciding is the cheap part. The expensive part &#8212; the test that turns the wish to be great into the proof of it &#8212; arrived this week with the least glamorous word in the language: </p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong>ELECTRICITY.</strong></em></p><p><strong>The race that defines our century</strong> &#8212; artificial intelligence, and everything stacked on top of it &#8212; <strong>is not held back by a lack of talent, or even a lack of capital. It is held back by energy.</strong> <strong>Mexico has to multiply</strong> its data-center electricity sixfold <strong>by 2030</strong> if it wants to sustain the investment already arriving; an American developer is building its own substation in Quer&#233;taro rather than wait for the public grid; <strong>and the hardest, most fought-over chapter in the entire USMCA renegotiation is &#8212; not by coincidence &#8212; energy.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>In the age of intelligent machines, the border that decides the future is not the line on the map. It is the edge of the power grid.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>That is the whole argument, and it is a builder&#8217;s argument. <strong>A country&#8217;s greatness in this century will be measured in megawatts</strong> before it is measured in models &#8212; in whether it can land the permits, the money, and the concrete for the power that intelligence runs on. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>The country that builds energy at scale keeps the future; the one that can&#8217;t, rents it.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>And here, at last, being great and being continental are the same thing. Three nations that can each build their own energy, their chips, their ports, their rails and their launch pads do not need one another. <strong>They choose one another. And an alliance of the strong is the only one that lasts; one of the weak collapses at the first blow.</strong></p><p><strong>That is why North America&#8217;s argument has to grow up. </strong>The continent does not become great because its countries are too tied together to fail. <strong>It becomes great because each one decides, on its own, to do the hard, unglamorous work of building for the Western Hemisphere&#8217;s future &#8212; and discovers that the strength it earned alone is worth more, not less, when it shares it.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Greatness is neither inherited nor free. It is built. And today it is built in megawatts. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Dreaming costs nothing; the grid does not &#8212; and the future will belong to whoever pays for it.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SmhC!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f7fb6e2-131a-4121-9de0-7a071e1294c6_1200x630.svg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!SmhC!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9f7fb6e2-131a-4121-9de0-7a071e1294c6_1200x630.svg 424w, 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stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><div><hr></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h2 style="text-align: center;">AFFAIRS</h2></div><div class="pullquote"><h3>TRADE &amp; POLICY</h3></div><p><em>The architecture that lets goods, capital, and trust cross three borders &#8212; and where it is cracking.</em></p><p><strong>The treaty has a social majority; the negotiation has no shared consensus.</strong> A trilateral poll published June 26 found that 78% of Americans, 81% of Canadians, and 73% of Mexicans consider USMCA/T-MEC/CUSMA good for their economies &#8212; but they split on the mandate: 51% in the U.S. and 52% in<strong> Canada</strong> prefer to keep the current terms, while 50% in <strong>Mexico</strong> prefer to renegotiate<strong> (Chicago Council, June 26)</strong>. <strong>The continent enters its review with a paradox: almost everyone wants to keep the agreement; not everyone wants to keep the </strong><em><strong>same</strong></em><strong> agreement.</strong></p><p><strong>Forced labor enters North America&#8217;s tariff board.</strong> USTR&#8217;s Section 301 docket named <strong>Canada and Mexico </strong>among six economies for failing to effectively enforce a ban on importing goods made with forced labor, and proposed additional tariffs of 10% or 12.5%. The in-window date was June 22 (deadline to request to appear at hearings); written comments close July 6 and the public hearing is July 7 at the USITC. Labor traceability, customs, and supplier management become a single continental conversation &#8212; and one that can now be triggered by a unilateral U.S. lever, not only the treaty.</p><div class="pullquote"><h3>CAPITAL &amp; INDUSTRY</h3></div><p><em>Where the money is voting &#8212; and what it is voting against.</em></p><p><strong>Two central banks, one trade uncertainty.</strong> <strong>Banxico </strong>held its rate at 6.50% on June 25 (unanimous), with first-half-June inflation at 3.55% headline and 4.12% core. <strong>The Bank of Canada</strong> (deliberations published June 24) held at 2.25% and warned that new U.S. trade restrictions or a drawn-out <strong>CUSMA</strong> review could deepen the damage to trade-exposed sectors, jobs, and investment. Different inflation cycles, one shared political variable: U.S. trade uncertainty, transmitted through the exchange rate, investment, and regional chains.</p><p><strong>The peso&#8217;s daily price is integration infrastructure.</strong> Banxico published a FIX exchange rate of <strong>17.4700 pesos per dollar on June 26</strong>. In weeks of trade negotiation and divergent rates, the peso is the daily price of payroll, remittances, imports, and margins along the corridor &#8212; the thermometer of regional confidence.</p><p><em>(Secondary, dated in-window: oil fell to pre-war lows &#8212; WTI below $70, Brent ~$73.50 on June 24 &#8212; as the Iran ceasefire held. Useful color for the energy thread; CNN, June 24.)</em></p><div class="pullquote"><h3>RESOURCES, RISK &amp; ENERGY</h3></div><p><em>The continent runs on things it rarely prices correctly: water, energy, and time.</em></p><p><strong>Canada bids to be an &#8220;energy superpower&#8221; &#8212; but resilience is continental.</strong> <strong>Natural Resources Canada (June 26)</strong> reported record crude output of 5.4 million barrels a day in 2025,<strong> Canada </strong>as the world&#8217;s #4 producer supplying ~7% of global demand, and a ministerial agenda to harden energy infrastructure, advance electricity interconnections, expand biofuels, and improve emergency coordination. <strong>The Bank of Canada</strong> itself noted those energy exports are sustaining U.S. activity. Regional energy security is physical infrastructure, trade rules, and coordination &#8212; not just reserves.</p><p><strong>Screwworm: the ag border closes before the risk is local.</strong> USDA APHIS updated its <strong>New World screwworm</strong> status on June 24, adjusting the sterile-fly release polygon by modeling to prevent spread; southern ports remain closed to cattle trade, and Mexico&#8217;s<strong> SENASICA</strong> reclassifies active cases every 15 days. A biological-risk closure can be as disruptive to North American supply chains as a tariff.</p><div class="pullquote"><h3>SOCIAL &amp; CITIZENS</h3></div><p><em>Integration is not only contracts and corridors. It is the shared experience that turns three populations into one audience.</em></p><p><strong>The World Cup begins testing three countries&#8217; cultural infrastructure.</strong> FIFA announced June 26 that audio descriptive commentary will be available for every 2026 World Cup match and the closing ceremony &#8212; <strong>English and French in Canada, English and Spanish in the U.S. and Mexico</strong>. The host region has to behave as a single cultural platform &#8212; accessibility, mobility, bilingual operation &#8212; before a global audience. <em>(Context, near-window: by June 24&#8211;25 all three hosts had advanced &#8212; <strong>Mexico won its group, the U.S. won Group D, Canada advanced as a group runner-up</strong>.)</em></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Trade integrates economies. Only citizens can integrate a continent.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>The Supreme Court redraws the asylum line at the Mexico&#8211;U.S. border.</strong> On June 25 the Supreme Court decided <em><strong>Mullin v. Al Otro Lado</strong></em>: a person in Mexico does not &#8220;arrive in the United States&#8221; by attempting to cross without setting foot on U.S. soil &#8212; &#8220;arrives&#8221; occurs only at the crossing (opinion by Alito, joined by Roberts, Thomas, Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, and Barrett; Sotomayor, Kagan, and Jackson dissenting). The physical line becomes the legal line for initial asylum access and inspection: the queue, the port, and the side you stand on become part of the citizenship-and-protection regime.</p><p><strong>San Diego concentrates citizenship, security, and the everyday economy.</strong> The U.S. Attorney&#8217;s Office for the Southern District of California reported 122 border-related cases for the week <em><strong>(smuggling people for profit, illegal reentry, controlled-substance importation)</strong></em>; the district spans 140 miles of border and includes San Ysidro, the world&#8217;s busiest land crossing (DOJ SDCA, June 26).</p><p><strong>A Canada&#8211;U.S. case shows the northern border is in the same web.</strong> The Department of Justice reported June 26 that a dual <strong>Canadian-American citizen, </strong>extradited from Canada, <em><strong>pleaded guilty in a human-smuggling conspiracy that killed a family</strong></em> &#8212; including two children under three &#8212; in the St. Lawrence River. Mobility, vulnerability, and jurisdiction operate as a network on the northern border too.</p><p><em>(NOT VERIFIED in-window &#8212; held out for now: the &#8220;sixth consecutive monthly decline&#8221; in remittances. Do not publish as a this-week fact without a Banxico release dated June 21&#8211;27.)</em></p><div class="pullquote"><h3>AI &amp; SPACE &#8212; The Race of Our Century</h3></div><p><em>The running series: where the future is being built, financed, and powered across the three nations.</em></p><p><strong>AI: Mexico is becoming the continent&#8217;s factory floor &#8212; until the grid says no.</strong> The Mexican Data Center Association&#8217;s $82.5B buildout (2026&#8211;2031) is colliding with power: an Institute of the Americas warning (June 22) said the boom hinges on Mexico expanding reliable electricity; developer CloudHQ is building its own ~$4.8B campus with its own substation in Quer&#233;taro rather than wait for the public grid. <strong>The continental tell: the U.S. roughly doubled its server and processor imports from Mexico, toward ~$90 billion.</strong></p><p><strong>AI: the lanes diverge.</strong> <em>Canada advanced a national AI strategy</em> (data centres, adoption); Qualcomm launched an AI data-center CPU and signed Meta as a customer (CNBC, June 24); U.S. data-center electricity demand has nearly doubled, to ~42 GW in 2026, driving the nuclear-and-grid scramble.</p><p><strong>Space: the engines fire on the continent&#8217;s southern edge.</strong> SpaceX static-fired Ship 40 (Raptor 3 engine, ~15 seconds) at Starbase, Texas on June 26, prepping Starship&#8217;s Flight 13 &#8212; the vehicle NASA is banking on for Artemis. Starbase sits on the Rio Grande, across from Matamoros, and Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen flies on Artemis II.</p><div class="pullquote"><h2>DATA</h2></div><p><strong>78% / 81% / 73%</strong> &#8212; share who call USMCA good for their economy (U.S. / Canada / Mexico) <em>(Chicago Council, Jun 26)</em> </p><p><strong>51% / 52% / 19%</strong> &#8212; prefer to keep the current treaty terms (U.S. / Canada / Mexico) <em>(Chicago Council)</em> </p><p><strong>36% / 24% / 50%</strong> &#8212; prefer renegotiated or new terms (U.S. / Canada / Mexico) <em>(Chicago Council)</em> </p><p><strong>6.50%</strong> &#8212; Banxico target rate, held unanimously June 25 <em>(Banxico)</em> </p><p><strong>3.55% / 4.12%</strong> &#8212; Mexico headline / core inflation, first half of June <em>(Banxico)</em> </p><p><strong>2.25%</strong> &#8212; Bank of Canada policy rate; deliberations published June 24 <em>(Bank of Canada)</em> </p><p><strong>17.4700</strong> &#8212; peso FIX, June 26 <em>(Banxico)</em> </p><p><strong>10% / 12.5%</strong> &#8212; additional tariffs proposed in USTR&#8217;s Section 301 forced-labor action <em>(USTR)</em> </p><p><strong>5.4M b/d / ~7%</strong> &#8212; record Canadian crude output (2025) / Canada&#8217;s share of global demand <em>(NRCan, Jun 26)</em> </p><p><strong>$82.5B</strong> &#8212; Mexico data-center buildout, 2026&#8211;2031 <em>(MEXDC; Institute of the Americas, Jun 22)</em> </p><p><strong>~42 GW</strong> &#8212; U.S. data-center electricity demand in 2026 (up from ~23 GW in 2023) <em>(EIA/DOE)</em> </p><p><strong>122 / 140 miles</strong> &#8212; border cases filed in the week / length of border, Southern District of California <em>(DOJ SDCA, Jun 26)</em></p><div class="pullquote"><h2>KEY DATES</h2></div><p><strong>Jun 22</strong> &#8212; Deadline to request to appear at USTR Section 301 (forced-labor) hearings. </p><p><strong>Jun 24</strong> &#8212; Bank of Canada publishes deliberations (CUSMA + U.S. restrictions = macro uncertainty). </p><p><strong>Jun 25</strong> &#8212; Banxico holds at 6.50%; the Supreme Court decides <em>Mullin v. Al Otro Lado</em>. </p><p><strong>Jun 26</strong> &#8212; NRCan &#8220;energy superpower&#8221; agenda; FIFA accessibility announcement; DOJ SDCA 122-case report.</p><p><strong>Jul 6</strong> &#8212; USTR Section 301 written comments close. </p><p><strong>Jul 7</strong> &#8212; USTR Section 301 public hearing (USITC). </p><p><strong>End of 2026</strong> &#8212; Colorado River 2007 guidelines, 2019 drought contingency plans, and 1944 Water Treaty minutes expire (final post-2026 guidelines due ~August 2026).</p><div class="pullquote"><h2>NA77 COLLECTIONS</h2></div><p><em>A shelf that compounds &#8212; not a weekly list. Each edition adds; nothing is deleted.</em></p><p><strong>Added this week</strong></p><p><strong>Read (essay)</strong> &#8212; Ray Dalio, <em>&#8220;The Tribute System: The New World Order&#8221;</em> (Jun 18 &#8212; out of strict window; used only as a conceptual frame, not as a fact of the week). The global order shifts from rules to spheres of power. &#8594; </p><div class="embedded-post-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:202634008,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://raydalio.substack.com/p/the-tribute-system-the-new-world&quot;,&quot;publication_id&quot;:7978744,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Principled Perspectives&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BrHK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2bc9172-aa02-43c5-bf88-9915f4bbe350_1280x1280.png&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;The Tribute System: The New World Order&quot;,&quot;truncated_body_text&quot;:&quot;A shorter version of this note first appeared in the Financial Times.&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-06-18T20:26:50.188Z&quot;,&quot;like_count&quot;:535,&quot;comment_count&quot;:56,&quot;bylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:453822074,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ray Dalio&quot;,&quot;handle&quot;:&quot;raydalio&quot;,&quot;previous_name&quot;:null,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d7e147d9-3dc7-4e25-89ed-120a39ce838b_1382x1382.png&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;For over 50 years, global macro investor Ray Dalio led Bridgewater Associates, growing it from a NYC apartment to the world's largest hedge fund. He is also a #1 New York Times bestselling author.&quot;,&quot;profile_set_up_at&quot;:&quot;2026-02-10T18:38:38.133Z&quot;,&quot;reader_installed_at&quot;:null,&quot;publicationUsers&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:8162132,&quot;user_id&quot;:453822074,&quot;publication_id&quot;:7978744,&quot;role&quot;:&quot;admin&quot;,&quot;public&quot;:true,&quot;is_primary&quot;:true,&quot;publication&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:7978744,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Principled Perspectives&quot;,&quot;subdomain&quot;:&quot;raydalio&quot;,&quot;custom_domain&quot;:null,&quot;custom_domain_optional&quot;:false,&quot;hero_text&quot;:&quot;For over 50 years, global macro investor Ray Dalio led Bridgewater Associates, growing it from a NYC apartment to the world's largest hedge fund. He is also a #1 New York Times bestselling author.&quot;,&quot;logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d2bc9172-aa02-43c5-bf88-9915f4bbe350_1280x1280.png&quot;,&quot;author_id&quot;:453822074,&quot;primary_user_id&quot;:453822074,&quot;theme_var_background_pop&quot;:&quot;#FF6719&quot;,&quot;created_at&quot;:&quot;2026-02-10T23:07:54.005Z&quot;,&quot;email_from_name&quot;:&quot;Ray Dalio&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Ray Dalio&quot;,&quot;founding_plan_name&quot;:null,&quot;community_enabled&quot;:true,&quot;invite_only&quot;:false,&quot;payments_state&quot;:&quot;disabled&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:null,&quot;explicit&quot;:false,&quot;homepage_type&quot;:&quot;newspaper&quot;,&quot;is_personal_mode&quot;:false,&quot;logo_url_wide&quot;:null}}],&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null,&quot;status&quot;:{&quot;bestsellerTier&quot;:null,&quot;subscriberTier&quot;:null,&quot;leaderboard&quot;:null,&quot;vip&quot;:true,&quot;badge&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;vip&quot;,&quot;handle&quot;:&quot;@RayDalio&quot;,&quot;service&quot;:&quot;X&quot;,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/RayDalio&quot;},&quot;subscriber&quot;:null}}],&quot;utm_campaign&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null}" data-component-name="EmbeddedPostToDOM"><a class="embedded-post" native="true" href="https://raydalio.substack.com/p/the-tribute-system-the-new-world?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_campaign=post_embed&amp;utm_medium=web"><div class="embedded-post-header"><img class="embedded-post-publication-logo" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BrHK!,w_56,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2bc9172-aa02-43c5-bf88-9915f4bbe350_1280x1280.png" loading="lazy"><span class="embedded-post-publication-name">Principled Perspectives</span></div><div class="embedded-post-title-wrapper"><div class="embedded-post-title">The Tribute System: The New World Order</div></div><div class="embedded-post-body">A shorter version of this note first appeared in the Financial Times&#8230;</div><div class="embedded-post-cta-wrapper"><span class="embedded-post-cta">Read more</span></div><div class="embedded-post-meta">12 days ago &#183; 535 likes &#183; 56 comments &#183; Ray Dalio</div></a></div><p><strong>Read (Substack)</strong> &#8212; Ruben Hassid, <em>&#8220;AI will fail&#8221;</em> (Jun 23). Two centuries of experts who declared the best technology of their time dead on arrival &#8212; and now AI. The same reflex that bets against every general-purpose technology bets against continental integration. &#8594; </p><div class="embedded-post-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:203065938,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://ruben.substack.com/p/why-ai-will-fail&quot;,&quot;publication_id&quot;:4937949,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;How to AI&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iFXb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb79b521d-928b-4be7-a507-a898d7234513_1280x1280.png&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;AI will fail.&quot;,&quot;truncated_body_text&quot;:null,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-06-24T02:55:54.438Z&quot;,&quot;like_count&quot;:616,&quot;comment_count&quot;:151,&quot;bylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:339636559,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ruben Hassid&quot;,&quot;handle&quot;:&quot;ruben&quot;,&quot;previous_name&quot;:&quot;How to AI&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4df84eb2-227f-435e-913c-4210fe339229_1203x1203.png&quot;,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Click on '&#120283;&#120316;&#120324; &#120321;&#120316; &#120276;&#120284;'.&quot;,&quot;profile_set_up_at&quot;:&quot;2025-05-06T12:44:11.307Z&quot;,&quot;reader_installed_at&quot;:&quot;2025-05-23T13:20:30.662Z&quot;,&quot;publicationUsers&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:5036710,&quot;user_id&quot;:339636559,&quot;publication_id&quot;:4937949,&quot;role&quot;:&quot;admin&quot;,&quot;public&quot;:true,&quot;is_primary&quot;:true,&quot;publication&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:4937949,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;How to AI&quot;,&quot;subdomain&quot;:&quot;ruben&quot;,&quot;custom_domain&quot;:null,&quot;custom_domain_optional&quot;:false,&quot;hero_text&quot;:&quot;Stop collecting prompts. Finish something with AI today. Simply follow my step-by-step guides with screenshots. I'll send you a free gift once you&#8217;re ready to subscribe.&quot;,&quot;logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b79b521d-928b-4be7-a507-a898d7234513_1280x1280.png&quot;,&quot;author_id&quot;:339636559,&quot;primary_user_id&quot;:339636559,&quot;theme_var_background_pop&quot;:&quot;#FF6719&quot;,&quot;created_at&quot;:&quot;2025-05-06T12:45:07.622Z&quot;,&quot;email_from_name&quot;:&quot;Ruben Hassid&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Ruben Hassid&quot;,&quot;founding_plan_name&quot;:&quot;Founding Circle&quot;,&quot;community_enabled&quot;:true,&quot;invite_only&quot;:false,&quot;payments_state&quot;:&quot;enabled&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:null,&quot;explicit&quot;:false,&quot;homepage_type&quot;:&quot;newspaper&quot;,&quot;is_personal_mode&quot;:false,&quot;logo_url_wide&quot;:null}}],&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:1000,&quot;status&quot;:{&quot;bestsellerTier&quot;:1000,&quot;subscriberTier&quot;:null,&quot;leaderboard&quot;:null,&quot;vip&quot;:false,&quot;badge&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;bestseller&quot;,&quot;tier&quot;:1000},&quot;subscriber&quot;:null}}],&quot;utm_campaign&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null}" data-component-name="EmbeddedPostToDOM"><a class="embedded-post" native="true" href="https://ruben.substack.com/p/why-ai-will-fail?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_campaign=post_embed&amp;utm_medium=web"><div class="embedded-post-header"><img class="embedded-post-publication-logo" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iFXb!,w_56,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb79b521d-928b-4be7-a507-a898d7234513_1280x1280.png" loading="lazy"><span class="embedded-post-publication-name">How to AI</span></div><div class="embedded-post-title-wrapper"><div class="embedded-post-title">AI will fail.</div></div><div class="embedded-post-cta-wrapper"><span class="embedded-post-cta">Read more</span></div><div class="embedded-post-meta">6 days ago &#183; 616 likes &#183; 151 comments &#183; Ruben Hassid</div></a></div><p><strong>Watch / Follow</strong> &#8212; FIFA 2026 accessibility (Jun 26). Audio descriptive commentary for every match, with operating languages by host nation: a high-value, continental social pick.</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Sources: Chicago Council on Global Affairs &#183; USTR (Section 301) &#183; Banco de M&#233;xico &#183; Bank of Canada &#183; Natural Resources Canada &#183; USDA APHIS / SENASICA &#183; Supreme Court of the United States (Mullin v. Al Otro Lado) &#183; U.S. Department of Justice (SDCA and Office of Public Affairs) &#183; FIFA &#183; MEXDC / Institute of the Americas &#183; CNBC &#183; EIA/DOE &#183; Space.com &#183; CNN &#183; Ray Dalio (Principled Perspectives) &#183; Ruben Hassid (How to AI).</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[NA77 Semanal de Asuntos de Norteamérica - 21 a 27 Junio 2026]]></title><description><![CDATA[Tres naciones, cada una decidida a ser grande &#8212; y la &#250;nica prueba, medida en megawatts, que dir&#225; cu&#225;l de ellas lo logra.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-semanal-de-asuntos-de-norteamerica</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-semanal-de-asuntos-de-norteamerica</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 28 Jun 2026 13:31:20 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vXs7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F027fb907-6098-4fca-8542-2553b2c74722_1200x630.svg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h1>The Longview</h1><h3>La Fuerza de Construir</h3><p>Por Eduardo Joffroy</p><div><hr></div><p>En NA77 creenmos algo simple: </p><p>Norteam&#233;rica es grande s&#243;lo cuando cada una de sus 3 naciones deciden ser grandes individualmente. Nunca carga uno al otro. No 3 econom&#237;as demasiado entrelazadas e imposible de separarse. Tres pa&#237;ses, cada uno con su propia visi&#243;n de naci&#243;n y de sociedad, con cimientos firmes y ventajas claras &#8212; que eligen construir juntos porque la fuerza, sumada a la fuerza, se multiplica.</p><p>Tres naciones que reconocen entre ellas sus creencias compartidas, principios y sistemas que les permite sumar y ser una fuerza como un bloque.  Tres naciones que abrazan sus diferencias y entienden que el di&#225;logo y los desacuerdos son parte del camino a la grandeza.</p><p>Esta semana me gustar&#237;a poder hacerle la misma pregunta a los l&#237;deres de los tres pa&#237;ses de Norteam&#233;rica:</p><p><strong>&#191;Est&#225;n dispuestos a construir juntos? &#191;Est&#225;n de acuerdo que juntos somos mas?</strong></p><p><strong>A M&#233;xico la pregunta le lleg&#243; como decepci&#243;n</strong>. Su pron&#243;stico de crecimiento se recort&#243; otra vez, apenas por encima del 1%, con la productividad casi parada. Visto desde 5 mil pies de altura, grita dependencia &#8212; de las remesas, del consumidor estadounidense, de la demanda ajena. Yo prefiero verlo como un despertar: un llamado a ir mucho m&#225;s all&#225; de las remesas.</p><p><strong>El Plan M&#233;xico, los 82 mil millones de d&#243;lares</strong> en centros de datos que aterrizan en Quer&#233;taro, los nuevos polos industriales &#8212; no son los reflejos de un pa&#237;s que espera a que lo rescaten. Son el trabajo pendiente de uno que decidi&#243; ser grande. La dependencia es una historia que cuentan sobre ti. Construir es una decisi&#243;n que tomas t&#250;.</p><p><strong>Canad&#225; recibi&#243; la misma pregunta y la respondi&#243; en voz alta.</strong> Su nueva estrategia nacional de inteligencia artificial es, debajo del lenguaje oficial, una negativa: la negativa a seguir cortando la le&#241;a y bombeando el petr&#243;leo para un vecino m&#225;s rico, y la decisi&#243;n de construir en casa las industrias del siglo.</p><p><strong>Y Estados Unidos, con todas sus ventajas, enfrenta la versi&#243;n m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de la pregunta:</strong> no si puede inventar, sino si puede construir lo bastante r&#225;pido para conservar lo que inventa.</p><p><strong>Tres naciones, tres decisiones de ser grandes.</strong> Pero decidir es lo barato. Lo caro &#8212; la prueba que convierte el deseo de ser grande en la prueba de serlo &#8212; lleg&#243; esta semana con la palabra menos glamorosa del idioma: <strong>Electricidad.</strong></p><p>La carrera que define nuestro siglo &#8212; la inteligencia artificial y todo lo que se monta encima &#8212; no la frena la falta de talento, ni siquiera la falta de capital. <strong>La frena la energ&#237;a</strong>. </p><p><strong>M&#233;xico tiene que multiplicar por 6 la electricidad </strong>de sus centros de datos para 2030 si quiere sostener la inversi&#243;n que ya est&#225; llegando; un desarrollador estadounidense construye su propia subestaci&#243;n en Quer&#233;taro en lugar de esperar a la red p&#250;blica; <strong>y el cap&#237;tulo m&#225;s dif&#237;cil y peleado de toda la renegociaci&#243;n del T-MEC es &#8212; no por casualidad &#8212; la energ&#237;a.</strong></p><blockquote><p><strong>En la era de las m&#225;quinas inteligentes, la frontera que decide el futuro no es la l&#237;nea en el mapa. Es el borde de la red el&#233;ctrica.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Ese es todo el argumento, y es un argumento de constructores. <strong>La grandeza de un pa&#237;s en este siglo se medir&#225; en megawatts antes que en modelos</strong> &#8212; en si consigue los permisos, el dinero y el concreto para la energ&#237;a sobre la que corre la inteligencia. <strong>El pa&#237;s que construya energ&#237;a a gran escala se queda con el futuro; el que no, lo renta.</strong></p><p>Y aqu&#237;, por fin, ser grande y ser continental son lo mismo. Tres naciones que pueden construir su propia energ&#237;a, sus chips, sus puertos, sus v&#237;as y sus plataformas de lanzamiento no se necesitan entre s&#237;. <strong>Se eligen. Y una alianza entre fuertes es la &#250;nica que dura; una entre d&#233;biles se cae al primer golpe.</strong></p><p><strong>Por eso el argumento de Norteam&#233;rica tiene que madurar. </strong>El continente no se vuelve grande porque sus pa&#237;ses est&#233;n demasiado amarrados como para fracasar. <em><strong>Se vuelve grande porque cada uno decide, por su cuenta, hacer el trabajo dif&#237;cil y sin glamour de construir &#8212; y descubre que la fuerza que gan&#243; solo vale m&#225;s, no menos, cuando la comparte.</strong></em></p><blockquote><p><strong>La grandeza no se hereda ni es gratis. Se construye. Y hoy se construye en megawatts. So&#241;ar no cuesta nada; la red el&#233;ctrica, s&#237;. El futuro ser&#225; de quien la pague.</strong></p></blockquote><p></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?utm_source=email&amp;r=&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?utm_source=email&amp;r="><span>Subscribe</span></a></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vXs7!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F027fb907-6098-4fca-8542-2553b2c74722_1200x630.svg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" 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stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h2 style="text-align: center;">LOS ASUNTOS</h2></div><div class="pullquote"><h3>COMERCIO Y POL&#205;TICA</h3></div><p><em>La arquitectura que permite que mercanc&#237;as, capital y confianza crucen tres fronteras &#8212; y por d&#243;nde se est&#225; agrietando.</em></p><p><strong>El tratado tiene mayor&#237;a social; la negociaci&#243;n no tiene consenso.</strong> Una encuesta trilateral publicada el 26 de junio encontr&#243; que 78% de los estadounidenses, 81% de los canadienses y 73% de los mexicanos consideran que el T-MEC/USMCA/CUSMA es bueno para sus econom&#237;as &#8212; pero se dividen en el mandato: 51% en EE. UU. y 52% en Canad&#225; prefieren mantener los t&#233;rminos actuales, mientras 50% en M&#233;xico prefiere renegociar (Chicago Council, 26 jun). El continente entra a su revisi&#243;n con una paradoja: casi todos quieren conservar el acuerdo; no todos quieren conservar el mismo acuerdo.</p><p><strong>El trabajo forzado entra al tablero arancelario de Norteam&#233;rica.</strong> El expediente Section 301 del USTR se&#241;al&#243; a Canad&#225; y M&#233;xico entre seis econom&#237;as por no hacer cumplir efectivamente la prohibici&#243;n de importar bienes hechos con trabajo forzado, y propuso aranceles adicionales de 10% o 12.5%. La fecha dentro de la ventana fue el 22 de junio (l&#237;mite para pedir comparecencia); los comentarios escritos cierran el 6 de julio y la audiencia p&#250;blica es el 7 de julio en la USITC. La trazabilidad laboral, la aduana y la gesti&#243;n de proveedores se vuelven una sola conversaci&#243;n continental &#8212; y ahora pueden activarse con una palanca unilateral de EE. UU., no solo con el tratado.</p><div class="pullquote"><h3>CAPITAL E INDUSTRIA</h3></div><p><em>Por d&#243;nde est&#225; votando el dinero &#8212; y contra qu&#233;.</em></p><p><strong>Dos bancos centrales, una misma incertidumbre comercial.</strong> Banxico mantuvo su tasa en 6.50% el 25 de junio (decisi&#243;n un&#225;nime), con inflaci&#243;n de la primera quincena de junio en 3.55% general y 4.12% subyacente. El Banco de Canad&#225; (deliberaciones publicadas el 24 de junio) mantuvo en 2.25% y advirti&#243; que nuevas restricciones comerciales de EE. UU. o una revisi&#243;n prolongada del CUSMA podr&#237;an profundizar el da&#241;o en sectores, empleo e inversi&#243;n expuestos al comercio. Ciclos de inflaci&#243;n distintos, una misma variable pol&#237;tica: la incertidumbre comercial estadounidense, transmitida por tipo de cambio, inversi&#243;n y cadenas regionales.</p><p><strong>El precio diario del peso es infraestructura de integraci&#243;n.</strong> Banxico public&#243; un tipo de cambio FIX de 17.4700 pesos por d&#243;lar el 26 de junio. En semanas de negociaci&#243;n comercial y tasas divergentes, el peso es el precio diario de n&#243;minas, remesas, importaciones y m&#225;rgenes a lo largo del corredor &#8212; el term&#243;metro de la confianza regional.</p><p><em>(Secundario, fechado en ventana: el petr&#243;leo cay&#243; a m&#237;nimos previos a la guerra &#8212; WTI por debajo de $70, Brent ~$73.50 el 24 de junio &#8212; al sostenerse el alto el fuego con Ir&#225;n. Color &#250;til para el hilo energ&#233;tico; CNN, 24 jun.)</em></p><div class="pullquote"><h3>RECURSOS, RIESGO Y ENERG&#205;A</h3></div><p><em>El continente funciona con cosas que rara vez cotiza bien: el agua, la energ&#237;a y el tiempo.</em></p><p><strong>Canad&#225; busca ser &#8220;superpotencia energ&#233;tica&#8221; &#8212; pero la resiliencia es continental.</strong> Recursos Naturales de Canad&#225; (26 de junio) report&#243; una producci&#243;n r&#233;cord de crudo de 5.4 millones de barriles diarios en 2025, a Canad&#225; como cuarto productor mundial con ~7% de la demanda global, y una agenda ministerial para blindar la infraestructura energ&#233;tica, avanzar interconexiones el&#233;ctricas, expandir biocombustibles y mejorar la coordinaci&#243;n de emergencias. El propio Banco de Canad&#225; se&#241;al&#243; que esas exportaciones de energ&#237;a est&#225;n sosteniendo la actividad de EE. UU. La seguridad energ&#233;tica regional es infraestructura f&#237;sica, reglas de comercio y coordinaci&#243;n &#8212; no solo reservas.</p><p><strong>Gusano barrenador: la frontera agropecuaria se cierra antes de que el riesgo sea local.</strong> USDA APHIS actualiz&#243; el 24 de junio su estatus del gusano barrenador del Nuevo Mundo, ajustando por modelaci&#243;n el pol&#237;gono de liberaci&#243;n de moscas est&#233;riles para evitar la dispersi&#243;n; los puertos del sur siguen cerrados al comercio de ganado y SENASICA reclasifica los casos activos cada 15 d&#237;as. Un cierre por riesgo biol&#243;gico puede ser tan disruptivo para las cadenas norteamericanas como un arancel.</p><div class="pullquote"><h3>SOCIAL &amp; CIUDADAN&#205;A</h3></div><p><em>La integraci&#243;n no son solo contratos y corredores. Es la experiencia compartida que convierte a tres poblaciones en una sola audiencia.</em></p><p><strong>El Mundial empieza a probar la infraestructura cultural de tres pa&#237;ses.</strong> La FIFA anunci&#243; el 26 de junio que el comentario descriptivo de audio estar&#225; disponible en todos los partidos del Mundial 2026 y en la ceremonia de clausura &#8212; ingl&#233;s y franc&#233;s en Canad&#225;, ingl&#233;s y espa&#241;ol en EE. UU. y M&#233;xico. La regi&#243;n anfitriona tiene que comportarse como una sola plataforma cultural &#8212; accesibilidad, movilidad, operaci&#243;n biling&#252;e &#8212; frente a una audiencia global. <em>(Contexto, casi en ventana: para el 24&#8211;25 de junio los tres anfitriones ya hab&#237;an avanzado &#8212; M&#233;xico gan&#243; su grupo, EE. UU. gan&#243; el Grupo D, Canad&#225; avanz&#243; como segundo de grupo.)</em></p><p><em>El comercio integra econom&#237;as. Solo los ciudadanos pueden integrar un continente.</em></p><p><strong>La Corte Suprema redibuja la l&#237;nea del asilo en la frontera M&#233;xico&#8211;EE. UU.</strong> El 25 de junio la Corte Suprema decidi&#243; <em>Mullin v. Al Otro Lado</em>: una persona que est&#225; en M&#233;xico no &#8220;llega a Estados Unidos&#8221; al intentar cruzar sin pisar territorio estadounidense &#8212; &#8220;llegar&#8221; ocurre solo en el cruce (opini&#243;n de Alito, con Roberts, Thomas, Gorsuch, Kavanaugh y Barrett; disienten Sotomayor, Kagan y Jackson). La l&#237;nea f&#237;sica se vuelve la l&#237;nea jur&#237;dica para el acceso inicial al asilo y la inspecci&#243;n: la fila, el puerto y el lado en que te paras pasan a formar parte del r&#233;gimen de ciudadan&#237;a y protecci&#243;n.</p><p><strong>San Diego concentra ciudadan&#237;a, seguridad y econom&#237;a cotidiana.</strong> La Fiscal&#237;a federal del Distrito Sur de California report&#243; 122 casos relacionados con la frontera en la semana (tr&#225;fico de personas con fines de lucro, reingreso tras deportaci&#243;n, importaci&#243;n de sustancias controladas); el distrito abarca 140 millas de frontera e incluye San Ysidro, el cruce terrestre m&#225;s transitado del mundo (DOJ SDCA, 26 jun).</p><p><strong>Un caso Canad&#225;&#8211;EE. UU. muestra que la frontera norte est&#225; en la misma red.</strong> El Departamento de Justicia inform&#243; el 26 de junio que un ciudadano con doble nacionalidad canadiense-estadounidense, extraditado desde Canad&#225;, se declar&#243; culpable en una conspiraci&#243;n de tr&#225;fico de personas que cost&#243; la vida a una familia &#8212; incluidos dos ni&#241;os menores de tres a&#241;os &#8212; en el r&#237;o San Lorenzo. Movilidad, vulnerabilidad y jurisdicci&#243;n operan en red tambi&#233;n en el norte.</p><p><em>(NO VERIFICADO en ventana &#8212; fuera por ahora: la &#8220;sexta ca&#237;da mensual consecutiva&#8221; de remesas. No publicar como hecho de la semana sin un comunicado de Banxico fechado entre el 21 y el 27 de junio.)</em></p><div class="pullquote"><h3>IA Y ESPACIO &#8212; La Carrera de Nuestro Siglo</h3></div><p><em>La serie en curso: d&#243;nde se est&#225; construyendo, financiando y alimentando el futuro a trav&#233;s de las tres naciones.</em></p><p><strong>IA: M&#233;xico se vuelve el piso de f&#225;brica del continente &#8212; hasta que la red el&#233;ctrica dice que no.</strong> El plan de 82,500 millones de d&#243;lares en centros de datos (2026&#8211;2031) de la Asociaci&#243;n Mexicana de Data Centers choca con la energ&#237;a: una advertencia del Institute of the Americas (22 de junio) se&#241;al&#243; que el boom depende de que M&#233;xico ampl&#237;e su electricidad confiable; el desarrollador CloudHQ construye su propio campus de ~$4,800 millones con subestaci&#243;n propia en Quer&#233;taro en lugar de esperar a la red p&#250;blica. Se&#241;al continental: EE. UU. casi duplic&#243; sus importaciones de servidores y procesadores desde M&#233;xico, hacia ~$90 mil millones.</p><p><strong>IA: los carriles se separan.</strong> Canad&#225; avanz&#243; una estrategia nacional de inteligencia artificial (centros de datos, adopci&#243;n); Qualcomm lanz&#243; un CPU de IA para data centers y sum&#243; a Meta como cliente (CNBC, 24 jun); la demanda el&#233;ctrica de los data centers en EE. UU. casi se duplic&#243;, a ~42 GW (2026), empujando la carrera nuclear y de red el&#233;ctrica.</p><p><strong>Espacio: los motores encienden en el borde sur del continente.</strong> SpaceX hizo una prueba est&#225;tica de la nave Ship 40 (motor Raptor 3, ~15 segundos) en Starbase, Texas, el 26 de junio, rumbo al Vuelo 13 de Starship &#8212; el veh&#237;culo con el que la NASA cuenta para Artemis. El gancho que NA77 puede hacer suyo: Starbase est&#225; sobre el R&#237;o Bravo, frente a Matamoros, y el astronauta canadiense Jeremy Hansen vuela en Artemis II.</p><div class="pullquote"><h2>DATOS</h2></div><p><strong>78% / 81% / 73%</strong> &#8212; consideran que el T-MEC es bueno para su econom&#237;a (EE. UU. / Canad&#225; / M&#233;xico) <em>(Chicago Council, 26 jun)</em> </p><p><strong>51% / 52% / 19%</strong> &#8212; prefieren mantener los t&#233;rminos actuales del tratado (EE. UU. / Canad&#225; / M&#233;xico) <em>(Chicago Council)</em> </p><p><strong>36% / 24% / 50%</strong> &#8212; prefieren t&#233;rminos renegociados o nuevos (EE. UU. / Canad&#225; / M&#233;xico) <em>(Chicago Council)</em> </p><p><strong>6.50%</strong> &#8212; tasa objetivo de Banxico, mantenida por unanimidad el 25 jun <em>(Banxico)</em> </p><p><strong>3.55% / 4.12%</strong> &#8212; inflaci&#243;n general / subyacente de M&#233;xico, primera quincena de junio <em>(Banxico)</em> </p><p><strong>2.25%</strong> &#8212; tasa del Banco de Canad&#225;; deliberaciones publicadas el 24 jun <em>(Banco de Canad&#225;)</em> </p><p><strong>17.4700</strong> &#8212; tipo de cambio FIX, 26 jun <em>(Banxico)</em> </p><p><strong>10% / 12.5%</strong> &#8212; aranceles adicionales propuestos en la acci&#243;n Section 301 por trabajo forzado <em>(USTR)</em> </p><p><strong>5.4 millones b/d / ~7%</strong> &#8212; producci&#243;n r&#233;cord de crudo de Canad&#225; (2025) / su parte de la demanda global <em>(NRCan, 26 jun)</em> </p><p><strong>$82,500 millones</strong> &#8212; inversi&#243;n en centros de datos en M&#233;xico, 2026&#8211;2031 <em>(MEXDC; Institute of the Americas, 22 jun)</em> </p><p><strong>~42 GW</strong> &#8212; demanda el&#233;ctrica de data centers en EE. UU. en 2026 (vs. ~23 GW en 2023) <em>(EIA/DOE)</em> </p><p><strong>122 / 140 millas</strong> &#8212; casos fronterizos presentados en la semana / longitud de frontera, Distrito Sur de California <em>(DOJ SDCA, 26 jun)</em></p><div class="pullquote"><h2>FECHAS CLAVE</h2></div><p><strong>22 jun</strong> &#8212; vence el plazo para comparecer en audiencias USTR Section 301 (trabajo forzado). </p><p><strong>24 jun</strong> &#8212; el Banco de Canad&#225; publica deliberaciones (CUSMA + restricciones de EE. UU. = incertidumbre macro). </p><p><strong>25 jun</strong> &#8212; Banxico mantiene 6.50%; la Corte Suprema decide <em>Mullin v. Al Otro Lado</em>. </p><p><strong>26 jun</strong> &#8212; agenda de &#8220;superpotencia energ&#233;tica&#8221; de NRCan; anuncio de accesibilidad de la FIFA; reporte de 122 casos del DOJ SDCA. </p><p><strong>6 jul</strong> &#8212; cierran los comentarios escritos de USTR Section 301. </p><p><strong>7 jul</strong> &#8212; audiencia p&#250;blica USTR Section 301 (USITC). </p><p><strong>Fin de 2026</strong> &#8212; expiran las reglas del R&#237;o Colorado de 2007, los planes de contingencia de 2019 y las actas del Tratado de Aguas de 1944 (gu&#237;as post-2026 ~agosto 2026).</p><div class="pullquote"><h2>NA77 COLLECTIONS</h2></div><p><em>Una repisa de colecciones de NA77 para nuestros lectores que estar&#225; accesible para suscriptores. Cada edici&#243;n suma; nada se borra.</em></p><p><strong>Se suma esta semana</strong></p><p><strong>Leer / Escuchar</strong> &#8212; Ray Dalio, <em><strong>&#8220;The Tribute System: The New World Order&#8221;</strong></em><strong> </strong>(18 jun &#8212; fuera de ventana estricta; se usa solo como marco conceptual, no como hecho de la semana). El orden global pasa de reglas a esferas de poder. &#8594; </p><div class="embedded-post-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:202634008,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://raydalio.substack.com/p/the-tribute-system-the-new-world&quot;,&quot;publication_id&quot;:7978744,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;Principled Perspectives&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BrHK!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2bc9172-aa02-43c5-bf88-9915f4bbe350_1280x1280.png&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;The Tribute System: The New World Order&quot;,&quot;truncated_body_text&quot;:&quot;A shorter version of this note first appeared in the Financial Times.&quot;,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-06-18T20:26:50.188Z&quot;,&quot;like_count&quot;:531,&quot;comment_count&quot;:56,&quot;bylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:453822074,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:null,&quot;profile_set_up_at&quot;:&quot;2026-02-10T18:38:38.133Z&quot;,&quot;previous_name&quot;:null,&quot;reader_installed_at&quot;:null,&quot;publicationUsers&quot;:[{&quot;publication&quot;:{&quot;custom_domain_optional&quot;:false,&quot;email_from_name&quot;:&quot;Ray Dalio&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:null,&quot;primary_user_id&quot;:453822074,&quot;is_personal_mode&quot;:false,&quot;custom_domain&quot;:null,&quot;logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d2bc9172-aa02-43c5-bf88-9915f4bbe350_1280x1280.png&quot;,&quot;payments_state&quot;:&quot;disabled&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Principled Perspectives&quot;,&quot;hero_text&quot;:&quot;For over 50 years, global macro investor Ray Dalio led Bridgewater Associates, growing it from a NYC apartment to the world's largest hedge fund. He is also a #1 New York Times bestselling author.&quot;,&quot;explicit&quot;:false,&quot;author_id&quot;:453822074,&quot;homepage_type&quot;:&quot;newspaper&quot;,&quot;logo_url_wide&quot;:null,&quot;id&quot;:7978744,&quot;founding_plan_name&quot;:null,&quot;invite_only&quot;:false,&quot;theme_var_background_pop&quot;:&quot;#FF6719&quot;,&quot;subdomain&quot;:&quot;raydalio&quot;,&quot;created_at&quot;:&quot;2026-02-10T23:07:54.005Z&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Ray Dalio&quot;,&quot;community_enabled&quot;:true},&quot;is_primary&quot;:true,&quot;public&quot;:true,&quot;publication_id&quot;:7978744,&quot;role&quot;:&quot;admin&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:8162132,&quot;user_id&quot;:453822074}],&quot;handle&quot;:&quot;raydalio&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;For over 50 years, global macro investor Ray Dalio led Bridgewater Associates, growing it from a NYC apartment to the world's largest hedge fund. He is also a #1 New York Times bestselling author.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/d7e147d9-3dc7-4e25-89ed-120a39ce838b_1382x1382.png&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ray Dalio&quot;,&quot;status&quot;:{&quot;vip&quot;:true,&quot;subscriberTier&quot;:null,&quot;subscriber&quot;:null,&quot;leaderboard&quot;:null,&quot;badge&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://x.com/RayDalio&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;vip&quot;,&quot;service&quot;:&quot;X&quot;,&quot;handle&quot;:&quot;@RayDalio&quot;},&quot;bestsellerTier&quot;:null}}],&quot;utm_campaign&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null}" data-component-name="EmbeddedPostToDOM"><a class="embedded-post" native="true" href="https://raydalio.substack.com/p/the-tribute-system-the-new-world?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_campaign=post_embed&amp;utm_medium=web"><div class="embedded-post-header"><img class="embedded-post-publication-logo" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BrHK!,w_56,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fd2bc9172-aa02-43c5-bf88-9915f4bbe350_1280x1280.png" loading="lazy"><span class="embedded-post-publication-name">Principled Perspectives</span></div><div class="embedded-post-title-wrapper"><div class="embedded-post-title">The Tribute System: The New World Order</div></div><div class="embedded-post-body">A shorter version of this note first appeared in the Financial Times&#8230;</div><div class="embedded-post-cta-wrapper"><span class="embedded-post-cta">Read more</span></div><div class="embedded-post-meta">13 days ago &#183; 531 likes &#183; 56 comments &#183; Ray Dalio</div></a></div><p><strong>Leer / Escuchar (Substack)</strong> &#8212; <strong>Ruben Hassid, </strong><em><strong>&#8220;AI will fail&#8221;</strong></em><strong> (23 jun)</strong>. Dos siglos de expertos que declararon muertas a la mejor tecnolog&#237;a de su tiempo &#8212; y ahora a la IA. El mismo reflejo que apuesta contra toda tecnolog&#237;a general apuesta contra la integraci&#243;n continental. &#8594; </p><div class="embedded-post-wrap" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:203065938,&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://ruben.substack.com/p/why-ai-will-fail&quot;,&quot;publication_id&quot;:4937949,&quot;publication_name&quot;:&quot;How to AI&quot;,&quot;publication_logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iFXb!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb79b521d-928b-4be7-a507-a898d7234513_1280x1280.png&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;AI will fail.&quot;,&quot;truncated_body_text&quot;:null,&quot;date&quot;:&quot;2026-06-24T02:55:54.438Z&quot;,&quot;like_count&quot;:607,&quot;comment_count&quot;:149,&quot;bylines&quot;:[{&quot;id&quot;:339636559,&quot;bestseller_tier&quot;:1000,&quot;profile_set_up_at&quot;:&quot;2025-05-06T12:44:11.307Z&quot;,&quot;previous_name&quot;:&quot;How to AI&quot;,&quot;reader_installed_at&quot;:&quot;2025-05-23T13:20:30.662Z&quot;,&quot;publicationUsers&quot;:[{&quot;public&quot;:true,&quot;publication&quot;:{&quot;custom_domain_optional&quot;:false,&quot;language&quot;:null,&quot;email_from_name&quot;:&quot;Ruben Hassid&quot;,&quot;primary_user_id&quot;:339636559,&quot;is_personal_mode&quot;:false,&quot;custom_domain&quot;:null,&quot;logo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b79b521d-928b-4be7-a507-a898d7234513_1280x1280.png&quot;,&quot;payments_state&quot;:&quot;enabled&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;How to AI&quot;,&quot;logo_url_wide&quot;:null,&quot;explicit&quot;:false,&quot;author_id&quot;:339636559,&quot;homepage_type&quot;:&quot;newspaper&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:4937949,&quot;hero_text&quot;:&quot;Stop collecting prompts. Finish something with AI today. Simply follow my step-by-step guides with screenshots. I'll send you a free gift once you&#8217;re ready to subscribe.&quot;,&quot;founding_plan_name&quot;:&quot;Founding Circle&quot;,&quot;invite_only&quot;:false,&quot;theme_var_background_pop&quot;:&quot;#FF6719&quot;,&quot;subdomain&quot;:&quot;ruben&quot;,&quot;created_at&quot;:&quot;2025-05-06T12:45:07.622Z&quot;,&quot;community_enabled&quot;:true,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Ruben Hassid&quot;},&quot;publication_id&quot;:4937949,&quot;id&quot;:5036710,&quot;role&quot;:&quot;admin&quot;,&quot;is_primary&quot;:true,&quot;user_id&quot;:339636559}],&quot;handle&quot;:&quot;ruben&quot;,&quot;is_guest&quot;:false,&quot;bio&quot;:&quot;Click on '&#120283;&#120316;&#120324; &#120321;&#120316; &#120276;&#120284;'.&quot;,&quot;photo_url&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4df84eb2-227f-435e-913c-4210fe339229_1203x1203.png&quot;,&quot;name&quot;:&quot;Ruben Hassid&quot;,&quot;status&quot;:{&quot;vip&quot;:false,&quot;subscriberTier&quot;:null,&quot;subscriber&quot;:null,&quot;leaderboard&quot;:null,&quot;badge&quot;:{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;bestseller&quot;,&quot;tier&quot;:1000},&quot;bestsellerTier&quot;:1000}}],&quot;utm_campaign&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;newsletter&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:null}" data-component-name="EmbeddedPostToDOM"><a class="embedded-post" native="true" href="https://ruben.substack.com/p/why-ai-will-fail?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_campaign=post_embed&amp;utm_medium=web"><div class="embedded-post-header"><img class="embedded-post-publication-logo" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!iFXb!,w_56,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fb79b521d-928b-4be7-a507-a898d7234513_1280x1280.png" loading="lazy"><span class="embedded-post-publication-name">How to AI</span></div><div class="embedded-post-title-wrapper"><div class="embedded-post-title">AI will fail.</div></div><div class="embedded-post-cta-wrapper"><span class="embedded-post-cta">Read more</span></div><div class="embedded-post-meta">7 days ago &#183; 607 likes &#183; 149 comments &#183; Ruben Hassid</div></a></div><p><strong>Ver / Seguir</strong> &#8212;<strong> Accesibilidad FIFA 2026 (26 jun).</strong> Comentario descriptivo de audio en todos los partidos, con lenguas operativas por pa&#237;s anfitri&#243;n: una pieza social de alto valor continental.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-semanal-de-asuntos-de-norteamerica?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-semanal-de-asuntos-de-norteamerica?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p><em>Fuentes: Chicago Council on Global Affairs &#183; USTR (Section 301) &#183; Banco de M&#233;xico &#183; Banco de Canad&#225; &#183; Natural Resources Canada &#183; USDA APHIS / SENASICA &#183; Supreme Court of the United States (Mullin v. Al Otro Lado) &#183; U.S. Department of Justice (SDCA y Office of Public Affairs) &#183; FIFA &#183; MEXDC / Institute of the Americas &#183; CNBC &#183; EIA/DOE &#183; Space.com &#183; CNN &#183; Ray Dalio (Principled Perspectives) &#183; Ruben Hassid (How to AI).</em></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[La Era Física]]></title><description><![CDATA[La IA y el espacio no son magia. Son la construcci&#243;n f&#237;sica m&#225;s grande desde los ferrocarriles &#8212;energ&#237;a, minerales, f&#225;bricas y gente. Quien tenga eso, gana.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/num-24-la-era-fisica</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/num-24-la-era-fisica</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 13:31:44 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/be953d7d-fcfd-4868-a257-e90768aa53d5_2752x1536.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>SERIE LA CARRERA DEL SIGLO &#183; PARTE 2 DE 4</h3><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cZuh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff1eb87ae-db77-4c74-94fd-a5c2763b758e_1200x630.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Cada gran salto de los &#250;ltimos doscientos a&#241;os fue tan f&#237;sico como tecnol&#243;gico.</p><ul><li><p><strong>El ferrocarril</strong> fue acero, tierra y el trabajo de hombres que tendieron v&#237;a cruzando fronteras.</p></li><li><p><strong>Internet</strong> corre por cable en el fondo del mar, por fibra enterrada bajo las carreteras, por torres atornilladas al suelo.</p></li><li><p><strong>El tel&#233;fono inteligente </strong>que traes en la bolsa existe gracias a una gran integraci&#243;n global: es un ensamble &#8212;un chip de un pa&#237;s, una pantalla de otro, una c&#225;mara de un tercero, armados en un cuarto.</p></li><li><p><em>Y muchas de esas piezas pasaron por nuestras manos, en nuestras plantas, de los dos lados de la l&#237;nea.</em></p></li></ul><p>As&#237; que conocemos la regla antes que nadie: </p><blockquote><p><strong>cada salto lo gan&#243; quien construy&#243; la base f&#237;sica &#8212;y la movi&#243; cruzando fronteras. La idea siempre fue gratis. La base siempre pes&#243;, y siempre cost&#243; una fortuna.</strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>La IA y el Espacio son el siguiente salto</strong>, <em>el coraz&#243;n de la cuarta revoluci&#243;n industrial.</em> Y son la base m&#225;s pesada y m&#225;s cara que alguien haya intentado construir. La misma regla aplica. Pero este salto no es como los dem&#225;s. Es una carrera de verdad, y el mundo entero va a vivir dentro del resultado.</p><p>De ah&#237; la pregunta que recorre toda esta serie. Solo que, de este lado, se hace distinta:</p><p><em>El mundo por fin necesita exactamente lo que nosotros tenemos. &#191;Vamos a entrar como due&#241;os, o una vez m&#225;s como manos baratas?</em></p><blockquote><p><strong>Voltea a tu alrededor. Donde Estados Unidos deja un espacio abierto en este hemisferio, China no duda en tomarlo &#8212;y el pa&#237;s que recibe casi siempre necesita demasiado la inversi&#243;n como para decir que no.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Empieza por el mar. <strong>En noviembre de 2024, una naviera estatal china abri&#243; el puerto de aguas profundas m&#225;s grande de la costa del Pac&#237;fico sudamericano, a sesenta kil&#243;metros de Lima.&#185;</strong> Cort&#243; el viaje a Asia a unos veintitr&#233;s d&#237;as, contra treinta y cinco. <strong>Estados Unidos </strong>no lo construy&#243;. <strong>China s&#237;.</strong></p><p><strong>Y no fue un caso aislado: </strong>un estudio en <strong>Washington </strong>cont&#243; treinta y siete proyectos portuarios chinos en <strong>Am&#233;rica Latina y el Caribe</strong>, este marcado como de alto riesgo &#8212;un punto de apoyo para <strong>Pek&#237;n</strong>, cerca de las <strong>costas de Estados Unidos.&#178;</strong></p><p>Ahora voltea al cielo. <strong>En el desierto de la Patagonia argentina hay una estaci&#243;n de espacio profundo con una antena de treinta y cinco metros, operada por un brazo del ej&#233;rcito chino bajo un contrato a cincuenta a&#241;os. </strong>El pa&#237;s anfitri&#243;n usa una d&#233;cima parte del tiempo de la antena; <strong>China opera el resto, casi sin supervisi&#243;n.&#179;</strong> Un pedazo de la carrera espacial, en nuestro propio hemisferio, ya ondeando otra bandera.</p><p>Esa es la versi&#243;n callada. La ruidosa se jug&#243; en nuestra propia cochera.</p><p><strong>Cuando los autos el&#233;ctricos chinos baratos inundaron el mundo</strong>,<strong> Norteam&#233;rica no respondi&#243; como un solo equipo.</strong> <strong>Estados Unidos </strong>amonton&#243; aranceles por arriba del cien por ciento.&#8308; <strong>Canad&#225;</strong> los igual&#243; &#8212;y un a&#241;o despu&#233;s se ech&#243; para atr&#225;s: un trato para dejar entrar decenas de miles de autos el&#233;ctricos chinos a una tasa simb&#243;lica, a cambio de alivio para su canola y sus mariscos.&#8309;</p><p>Su primer ministro habl&#243; en <strong>Davos </strong>de la integraci&#243;n como un camino a la <strong>&#8220;subordinaci&#243;n&#8221;.&#8310;</strong> A <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>lo presionaron por los dos lados, hasta subir su propio arancel y frenar una planta china en su suelo.&#8311;</p><blockquote><p><strong>L&#233;elo otra vez. Tres vecinos, tres respuestas distintas, en dieciocho meses. El bloque no cerr&#243; filas. Se agriet&#243;. Y cada grieta es una puerta.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Esto no es un pron&#243;stico. Pas&#243; este a&#241;o.</p><p>Pero f&#237;jate bien qui&#233;n qued&#243; en el centro de ese tablero. <strong>M&#233;xico.</strong> </p><p>Cortejado por las dos potencias m&#225;s grandes del planeta. </p><p><em><strong>Eso, de nuestro lado, no se lee como amenaza. Se lee como prueba de cu&#225;nto valemos. No somos los que ruegan. Somos los que deciden a qui&#233;n le abren la puerta.</strong></em></p><p>Y aqu&#237; est&#225; la l&#237;nea que protege todo lo dem&#225;s: <strong>ser indispensables no es subordinaci&#243;n.</strong> Es la mayor carta que hemos tenido en la mano. <strong>Estados Unidos </strong>no tiene que confiar en nadie para reconocer lo que ya trae amarrado: <em><strong>tres econom&#237;as entrelazadas por sesenta a&#241;os de f&#225;bricas, familias y dinero que nunca dejaron de cruzar. Las plantas fronterizas llegaron en los sesenta, el tratado en los noventa; el cruce nunca par&#243;.</strong></em></p><p><strong>Y el activo es enorme. Jun</strong>tos somos el segundo bloque comercial del planeta, unos <strong>26 billones de d&#243;lares.&#8312;</strong> <strong>M&#233;xico y Canad&#225;</strong> ya le compran y le venden a <strong>Estados Unidos</strong> a una escala que ning&#250;n otro socio se acerca a igualar.&#8313;</p><p>Esa no es la antesala de la carrera. Es la l&#237;nea de salida. Es la &#250;nica base en el mundo libre lo bastante grande para construir lo m&#225;s caro de la historia. </p><blockquote><p><strong>Estados Unidos solo no la tiene. Con sus vecinos, s&#237;.</strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>Tres autos, una estrategia. </strong>No es un solo pa&#237;s, no son fronteras abiertas, no es una fusi&#243;n &#8212;eso se mantiene, y lo vamos a seguir diciendo. Tres banderas, tres marcos legales, fronteras respetadas y seguras. Un equipo no es una rendici&#243;n.</p><p>Y nadie encarna esto mejor que quien vive en los dos mundos a la vez. El mexicano del otro lado. El m&#233;xico-americano que trabaja en Texas o en California y manda para la casa. El que sue&#241;a en dos idiomas. Ese no es un caso fronterizo: es la prueba viva de que esto funciona. Somos Ambos &#8212;por familia, por trabajo, por escuela, por lo que creemos y sentimos. Esa doble pertenencia, que tanto tiempo nos vendieron como un problema, es justo la ventaja que esta era premia.</p><p><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; es lo que de verdad estorba? No la frontera. No el vecino.</strong></p><p>Los tres gobiernos se sientan este verano a renegociar su tratado con la pol&#237;tica de las tres capitales corriendo en contra del mismo trabajo en equipo que el momento exige. <em><strong>Ese es el obst&#225;culo real: no un rival de afuera, sino un continente peleado consigo mismo.</strong></em></p><p><strong>Un Estados Unidos politizado es un Estados Unidos ciego a lo que ya tiene en su propio continente. </strong>Y de nuestro lado hay una tentaci&#243;n que tambi&#233;n estorba: <strong>quedarnos c&#243;modos </strong>en el papel de las manos baratas, o creernos las narrativas que nos pintan como enemigos de quien comparte nuestra tierra. <strong>Las dos hay que rechazarlas.</strong> </p><p><strong>Nunca ha habido mejor momento para dejar la pol&#237;tica a un lado y ver de frente el riesgo verdadero: </strong>perder la carrera de la IA y el espacio, y despertar con los centros de datos de China, su infraestructura de lanzamiento y su software plantados por todo nuestro hemisferio.</p><p>La base de este siglo ya est&#225; aqu&#237;, repartida en tres pa&#237;ses que nunca han decidido construirla juntos.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/num-24-la-era-fisica?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/num-24-la-era-fisica?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p>El resto de esta serie es esa construcci&#243;n.</p><p><strong>La Parte 3 traza el mapa </strong>&#8212;qui&#233;n tiene la energ&#237;a, los minerales, las f&#225;bricas y la gente&#8212; y muestra que nadie la tiene completa, y que juntos ya la tenemos.</p><p><strong>La Parte 4 pregunta </strong>en qu&#233; se convierte cada naci&#243;n si se queda fuera de la carrera, y c&#243;mo el trabajador deja de ser un costo para volverse due&#241;o.</p><p><strong>Si est&#225;s en una carrera, la corres para ganar &#8212;no para llegar, para ganar. </strong><em>Eso no es una garant&#237;a. Es la postura de cualquiera que se tome en serio el premio. Y el premio no son solo los mercados.</em></p><p><strong>Es si los valores del mundo libre quedan construidos en el pr&#243;ximo siglo:</strong> aqu&#237;, por nosotros, o en otra parte, por alguien que no los comparte.</p><p>El salto siempre fue f&#237;sico. Esta vez gana el pa&#237;s que deja de fingir que puede construir solo.</p><p>La escala se dise&#241;a. La libertad se elige.</p><p>&#9679;</p><p>FUENTES</p><ol><li><p>COSCO Shipping / Reuters &#8212; Chancay, Per&#250;: puerto de aguas profundas operado por la estatal china COSCO, inaugurado el 14 de noviembre de 2024; ruta directa a Asia cercana a 23 d&#237;as, contra ~35.</p></li><li><p>Center for Strategic and International Studies (2025) &#8212; 37 proyectos portuarios chinos en Am&#233;rica Latina y el Caribe; Chancay clasificado de alto riesgo por su valor estrat&#233;gico cerca de las costas de EUA.</p></li><li><p>CSIS / American Security Project / Reuters &#8212; Estaci&#243;n de espacio profundo Espacio Lejano, Neuqu&#233;n, Argentina: operativa desde 2017&#8211;2018, manejada por la CLTC china (bajo el EPL) con un contrato a 50 a&#241;os; Argentina accede a cerca del 10% del tiempo de la antena. Funcionarios de EUA han se&#241;alado preocupaciones de uso militar dual.</p></li><li><p>American Society of International Law / Representante Comercial de EUA &#8212; EUA subi&#243; su arancel Secci&#243;n 301 a los autos el&#233;ctricos chinos al 100% en mayo de 2024; encima se acumula un arancel Secci&#243;n 232 del 25% a veh&#237;culos.</p></li><li><p>Council on Foreign Relations; Detroit News (ene. 2026) &#8212; Canad&#225; impuso un arancel del 100% a los EV chinos a finales de 2024 y, en enero de 2026, acord&#243; admitir ~49,000 EV chinos al a&#241;o al 6.1%, a cambio de alivio para su canola y mariscos.</p></li><li><p>Mark Carney, Foro Econ&#243;mico Mundial, Davos (enero de 2026).</p></li><li><p>Council on Foreign Relations (2025&#8211;26) &#8212; M&#233;xico subi&#243; su arancel a los EV chinos al 50% bajo presi&#243;n de EUA y fren&#243; una planta de BYD en suelo mexicano.</p></li><li><p>Banco Mundial / USTR &#8212; el bloque del T-MEC es el segundo m&#225;s grande del mundo por PIB (~26 billones de d&#243;lares).</p></li><li><p>Chicago Council on Global Affairs &#8212; M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; venden juntos cerca de 785 mil millones de d&#243;lares en bienes a EUA cada a&#241;o.</p></li></ol>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Physical Age ]]></title><description><![CDATA[AI and space are not magic. They are the biggest physical build since the railroads &#8212; power, minerals, factories, and people. Whoever holds those, wins.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/part-2-the-physical-age</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/part-2-the-physical-age</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 26 Jun 2026 12:02:30 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/6e938af1-0dca-4e29-ad4f-49d780de343e_2752x1536.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h2>THE RACE OF OUR CENTURY &#183; PART 2 OF 4</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png" width="1456" height="819" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mUDI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F3f63a4c1-0646-4287-b595-2373178798c2_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p>Every leap forward of the last two hundred years was as much physical as it was technological.</p><p><strong>The railroad was</strong><em> steel, ground, and the labor of men who laid track across borders. It moved coal, grain, and ore, and it only paid off when the line reached a port and the goods came off the dock. </em></p><p><strong>The internet was no different. </strong><em>It runs on cable laid across the floor of the ocean, on fiber buried under highways, on towers bolted to the ground.</em> </p><p><strong>The smartphone is less an invention than an assembly</strong> &#8212; <em>a chip from one country, a screen from another, a camera from a third, snapped together in a fourth. </em></p><p><strong>The apps </strong><em>that changed the world only scaled because data centers, power lines, and internet access were already there to carry them.</em></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>So here is the pattern, plainly: every leap was won by whoever built the physical base &#8212; and moved it across borders. The idea was always free. The base was always heavy, and it always cost a fortune.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>AI and space are the next leap</strong> &#8212; <em>the heart of the fourth industrial revolution.</em> They are also the heaviest and most expensive base anyone has ever tried to build. The same rule applies. But this leap is not like the others. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>It is a real race, and the whole world will live inside the result.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Which raises the question that runs through this entire series:</p><p><strong>Can the United States field the full stack alone &#8212; or can it only do it with its neighbors?</strong></p><blockquote><p>Because here is what I keep seeing. Where the United States leaves a space open in this hemisphere, China does not hesitate to take it &#8212; and the country on the receiving end usually needs the infrastructure too badly to say no.</p></blockquote><p>Start at sea. In <strong>November 2024, a Chinese state shipping company opened the largest deep-water port on the Pacific coast of South America</strong>, sixty kilometers north of Lima.&#185; It cut the trip to Asia to roughly twenty-three days, down from thirty-five. </p><p><strong>The United States did not build it. China did.</strong> And it was not a one-off &#8212; one Washington study counted <strong>thirty-seven Chinese port projects across Latin America and the Caribbean</strong>, this one flagged as high-risk: a foothold for Beijing, close to American shores.&#178;</p><p>Then look up. In the <strong>Patagonian desert of Argentina stands a deep-space station with a thirty-five-meter antenna, run by an arm of China&#8217;s military under a fifty-year lease. </strong>The host country gets about a tenth of the antenna&#8217;s time; China runs the rest, with little outside oversight.&#179; A piece of the space race, in our own hemisphere, already flying another flag.</p><p>That is the quiet version. The loud version played out in our own driveway.</p><blockquote><p><strong>When cheap Chinese electric cars flooded the world, North America did not answer as one team.</strong> </p></blockquote><p>The United States stacked tariffs past one hundred percent.&#8308; Canada matched it &#8212; then, a year later, reversed: a deal to let tens of thousands of Chinese EVs in at a token rate, traded for relief on its canola and seafood.&#8309; Its prime minister stood at Davos and called continental integration a road to &#8220;subordination.&#8221;&#8310; Mexico, caught between the two, was pushed to raise its own tariff and to wave off a Chinese plant on its soil.&#8311;</p><blockquote><p>Read that again. Three neighbors, three different answers, in eighteen months. The bloc did not close ranks. It cracked. And every crack is a door.</p></blockquote><p>This is not a forecast. It happened this year.</p><p>Here is the lesson, and it is not the one Washington usually hears. The danger is not that <strong>the United States needs Mexico and Canada</strong>. <em>The danger is that treating them as a problem pushes them toward the only other buyer big enough to matter. Leave the neighbor out, and you do not punish the neighbor. You open the door to your competitor.</em></p><p><strong>The United States </strong>does not have to trust anyone. It already holds the leverage. <strong>Three economies stitched together by sixty years of factories, families, and money that never stopped crossing. </strong><em>The border plants came in the sixties, the treaty in the nineties; the crossing never stopped</em>. That is not a favor anyone is asking for. It is an asset already in hand &#8212; and the only question is whether America uses it or lets someone else pull it apart.</p><blockquote><p><strong>And the asset is enormous. Together, the three of us are the second-largest trading bloc on Earth, worth about twenty-six trillion dollars.&#8312; Mexico and Canada already buy and sell with the United States at a scale no other partner comes close to.&#8313;</strong> </p></blockquote><p>That is not the backdrop to the race. It is the starting line. It is the only base in the free world large enough to build the most expensive thing in history.</p><p><strong>The United States</strong> alone does not have it. <em>With its neighbors, it does.</em></p><p><strong>Three cars, one strategy. </strong><em>Not one country, not open borders, not a merger</em> &#8212; that stays true, and we will keep saying it. <strong>Three flags, three sets of laws, borders respected and secure. A team is not a surrender.</strong></p><p><strong>So what is actually in the way? </strong>Not the border. Not the neighbor.</p><p>The three governments will sit down to rework their trade agreement this summer with the politics in all three capitals running hard against the very teamwork the moment demands. <strong>That is the real obstacle &#8212; not a foreign rival, but a continent arguing with itself.</strong></p><p><strong>A politically divided America is an America blinded to what it already holds on its own continent. </strong></p><blockquote><p><strong>There has never been a better moment to set the politics aside and look hard at the real risk:</strong> losing the AI and space race, and waking up to find China&#8217;s data centers, its launch infrastructure, and its software planted across our own hemisphere.</p></blockquote><p>The base for this century is already here, split across three countries that have never decided to build it together.</p><p>The rest of this series is the build. <strong>Part 3 maps the stack</strong> &#8212; <em>who holds the power, the minerals, the factories, and the people</em> &#8212; and shows that no one holds all of it, and that together we already do. Part 4 asks what each nation becomes if it sits the race out, and how the worker stops being a cost and becomes an owner.</p><p><strong>If you are in a race, you run it to win &#8212; not to place, to win.</strong> That is not a guarantee. It is the posture of anyone serious about the prize. And the prize is not only markets. I<em><strong>t is whether the free world&#8217;s values get built into the next century: here, by us, or somewhere else, by someone who does not share them.</strong></em></p><p>The leap was always physical. This time, the country that wins is the one that stops pretending it can build alone.</p><p>Scale is engineered. Freedom is chosen.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/part-2-the-physical-age?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/part-2-the-physical-age?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p>&#9679;</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sources</strong></p><ol><li><p>COSCO Shipping / Reuters &#8212; Chancay, Peru: a deep-water port operated by China&#8217;s state-owned COSCO, inaugurated November 14, 2024; direct Asia routing near 23 days, down from ~35.</p></li><li><p>Center for Strategic and International Studies (2025) &#8212; 37 Chinese port projects across Latin America and the Caribbean; Chancay classified high-risk for strategic leverage close to U.S. shores.</p></li><li><p>CSIS / American Security Project / Reuters &#8212; Espacio Lejano deep-space station, Neuqu&#233;n, Argentina: operational since 2017&#8211;2018, operated by China&#8217;s CLTC (under the PLA) on a 50-year lease; Argentina accesses roughly 10% of antenna time. U.S. officials have flagged dual-use military concerns.</p></li><li><p>American Society of International Law / U.S. Trade Representative &#8212; the U.S. raised its Section 301 tariff on Chinese EVs to 100% in May 2024; a 25% Section 232 auto tariff stacks on top.</p></li><li><p>Council on Foreign Relations; Detroit News (Jan 2026) &#8212; Canada imposed a 100% Chinese-EV tariff in late 2024, then in January 2026 agreed to admit ~49,000 Chinese EVs a year at 6.1%, in exchange for relief on canola and seafood.</p></li><li><p>Mark Carney, World Economic Forum, Davos (January 2026).</p></li><li><p>Council on Foreign Relations (2025&#8211;26) &#8212; Mexico raised its Chinese-EV tariff to 50% under U.S. pressure and stepped back from a BYD plant on Mexican soil.</p></li><li><p>World Bank / USTR &#8212; the USMCA bloc is the world&#8217;s second-largest by GDP (~$26 trillion).</p></li><li><p>Chicago Council on Global Affairs &#8212; Mexico and Canada together sell about $785 billion in goods to the U.S. each year.</p></li></ol><div><hr></div><p><em>Grounding note (not for publication): &#8220;sixty years&#8221; anchors to the 1965 Border Industrialization Program (maquiladoras) and the 1965 U.S.&#8211;Canada Auto Pact; the modern treaty (NAFTA) took effect 1994. Both the 60-year and 30-year figures are defensible as written.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Semanal Temas NA77 -Ilusiones de un Bloque]]></title><description><![CDATA[Versi&#243;n Espa&#241;ol- Semana del 14 al 20 de junio de 2026]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/semanal-na77</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/semanal-na77</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 21 Jun 2026 14:15:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!b0dT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe9183ae0-377a-4ccd-8082-4a151b0ae7bb_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" 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class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/semanal-na77?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/semanal-na77?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><p><em>Una lectura semanal para norteamericanos que creen que el continente vale m&#225;s unido que separado &#8212; qu&#233; se movi&#243; esta semana, qu&#233; significa y qu&#233; nos exige.</em></p><div><hr></div><h2>COMERCIO &amp; POLITICA</h2><p><em>La arquitectura que permite que mercanc&#237;as, capital y confianza crucen tres fronteras &#8212; y por d&#243;nde se est&#225; agrietando.</em></p><p><strong>Esta semana la fecha l&#237;mite dej&#243; de ser una pregunta &#8212; los tres gobiernos ya concedieron en silencio que no la cumplir&#225;n.</strong></p><p>La semana pasada a&#250;n se agendaban las rondas. Esta semana la postura se endureci&#243; hasta la resignaci&#243;n.</p><p>El representante comercial de EE. UU., Jamieson Greer, lo dijo sin rodeos &#8212; &#8220;probablemente no resolvamos todos los temas para el 1 de julio&#8221; &#8212; y confirm&#243; que el calendario se extiende m&#225;s all&#225; de esa fecha, con una tercera ronda M&#233;xico&#8211;EE. UU. para la semana del 20 de julio.</p><p>La presidenta Sheinbaum mantuvo la l&#237;nea m&#225;s firme de las tres capitales: llam&#243; al acuerdo &#8220;conveniente&#8221; para todos y prometi&#243; &#8220;trabajar para que no se caiga&#8221;.</p><p>Lo que reemplaza a la fecha l&#237;mite es la verdadera historia: una negociaci&#243;n continua, sector por sector, que deja el reglamento abierto durante meses. La certeza siempre fue lo m&#225;s valioso que produjo el tratado &#8212; y el continente est&#225; por pasar el verano sin ella.</p><p><strong>Canad&#225; sac&#243; cuentas sobre la &#250;nica relaci&#243;n de la que no puede diversificarse.</strong></p><p>En un evento de Bloomberg en Toronto el 16 de junio, el director general de RBC, Dave McKay, llam&#243; al acuerdo &#8220;demasiado importante &#8230; como para cancelarlo&#8221;, aun cuando respald&#243; el impulso del primer ministro Carney por ampliar el comercio canadiense m&#225;s all&#225; de su vecino del sur.</p><p>La cifra detr&#225;s de su cautela es todo el argumento: cerca del 80% del comercio de Canad&#225; sigue siendo con Estados Unidos, una relaci&#243;n valuada en unos CAD $1.3 billones.</p><p>La diversificaci&#243;n es una cobertura inteligente; no es una salida. La lecci&#243;n sirve para los tres: en Norteam&#233;rica se pueden sumar socios, pero no se puede restar el continente.</p><h2>CAPITAL &amp; INDUSTRIA</h2><p><em>Por d&#243;nde est&#225; votando el dinero &#8212; y contra qu&#233;.</em></p><p><strong>La Fed no solo mantuvo &#8212; gir&#243;, y el giro fue la sorpresa.</strong></p><p>La semana pasada la &#250;nica pregunta era si la Reserva Federal mantendr&#237;a las tasas. El 17 de junio, en la primera reuni&#243;n de Kevin Warsh como presidente, respondi&#243; &#8212; y luego se&#241;al&#243; que el pr&#243;ximo movimiento podr&#237;a ser al alza, no a la baja.</p><p>El FOMC mantuvo la tasa de fondos federales en 3.50&#8211;3.75% &#8212;en una votaci&#243;n un&#225;nime de 12 a 0&#8212; pero elimin&#243; el lenguaje que apuntaba a recortes y elev&#243; su proyecci&#243;n de cierre de a&#241;o a 3.8%, desde 3.4% en marzo. Nueve de dieciocho funcionarios ahora esperan al menos un alza en 2026; solo uno a&#250;n ve un recorte.</p><p>El motor es una inflaci&#243;n impulsada por la energ&#237;a que el continente importa pero no controla. Para cada f&#225;brica que llega en las cifras de nearshoring de M&#233;xico y cada proyecto en un balance canadiense, el mensaje es el mismo: el dinero seguir&#225; caro m&#225;s tiempo del planeado.</p><p>El capital que cruza fronteras lo hace ahora contra una corriente m&#225;s fuerte.</p><p><strong>La guerra que aliment&#243; el miedo de la Fed se enfri&#243; la misma semana en que la Fed se endureci&#243;.</strong></p><p>El conflicto en Medio Oriente que empuj&#243; la inflaci&#243;n de EE. UU. a su pico de 4.2% sigui&#243; desescalando esta semana: termin&#243; el bloqueo naval estadounidense, Ir&#225;n contuvo el fuego en el Estrecho de Ormuz por segunda noche seguida, y el petr&#243;leo cay&#243; alrededor de 20% desde su m&#225;ximo de 2026 &#8212; Brent cerca de $80, WTI cerca de $78 para el viernes.</p><p>Luego, las pl&#225;ticas EE. UU.&#8211;Ir&#225;n en Suiza se cancelaron de golpe el 19 de junio, un recordatorio de que la calma es condicional.</p><p>Para un continente cuyos precios en la bomba, costos de flete y decisiones de tasas dependen del mismo barril, la lecci&#243;n es inc&#243;moda: la inflaci&#243;n de Norteam&#233;rica la fij&#243; una guerra que no eligi&#243;, y su alivio ahora cuelga de una negociaci&#243;n que no controla.</p><p><strong>La brecha de tasas peg&#243; en la moneda &#8212; pero el consumidor estadounidense mantuvo ocupado al corredor.</strong></p><p>La divergencia movi&#243; dinero esta semana: el d&#243;lar canadiense se desliz&#243; hasta cerca de 1.417 por d&#243;lar estadounidense, mientras el peso se sostuvo cerca de 17.4, superando al loonie.</p><p>Por debajo, las ventas minoristas de EE. UU. subieron 0.9% en mayo y las solicitudes de desempleo cayeron a 226,000 &#8212; el hogar al final de la cadena de suministro sigui&#243; gastando, la raz&#243;n, del lado de la demanda, de que las f&#225;bricas mexicanas y canadienses operen.</p><p>Cuando tres bancos centrales responden a un mismo golpe por separado, el costo lo paga primero quien tiene que convertir una moneda norteamericana en otra.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2>RECURSOS &amp; RIESGOS</h2><p><em>El continente funciona con dos cosas que rara vez cotiza bien: el agua y el tiempo.</em></p><p><strong>El gusano barrenador cruz&#243; a un segundo estado &#8212; la nota de recursos que de verdad avanz&#243; esta semana.</strong></p><p>El gusano barrenador del Nuevo Mundo, se&#241;alado en ediciones anteriores en un becerro de Texas, cruz&#243; una l&#237;nea estatal: un caso confirmado en el condado de Lea, Nuevo M&#233;xico, el 8 de junio, parte de seis detecciones para el 9 de junio.</p><p>&#201;sa es la escalada que importa. Ya no es un evento de un solo condado, y la respuesta de moscas est&#233;riles entre EE. UU. y M&#233;xico, iniciada el 4 de junio, corre ahora contra un frente en movimiento.</p><p>La memoria continental sigue instruyendo: el barrenador se venci&#243; una vez antes solo porque los dos pa&#237;ses trabajaron el corredor como un solo frente. Un sistema alimentario no reconoce una frontera.</p><h2>SOCIAL</h2><p><em>La integraci&#243;n no son solo contratos y corredores. Es la experiencia compartida que convierte a tres poblaciones en una sola audiencia.</em></p><p><strong>La semana pasada el continente inaugur&#243; junto. Esta semana, los tres anfitriones ganaron.</strong></p><p>En la primera semana completa de partidos, M&#233;xico, Estados Unidos y Canad&#225; llegaron cada uno a la ronda eliminatoria.</p><p>M&#233;xico venci&#243; a Corea del Sur 1&#8211;0 en Guadalajara el 18 de junio para convertirse en el primer equipo de todo el torneo en asegurar su lugar. El mismo d&#237;a en Vancouver, Canad&#225; gole&#243; a Qatar 6&#8211;0 con un triplete de Jonathan David &#8212; la primera victoria de su historia en una Copa del Mundo varonil. Un d&#237;a despu&#233;s en Seattle, Estados Unidos venci&#243; a Australia 2&#8211;0 para avanzar.</p><p>Quita los cuadros de eliminaci&#243;n y nota lo que ocurri&#243;: tres banderas que el continente eligi&#243; izar juntas se alzaron en la misma semana.</p><p>Norteam&#233;rica lleva treinta a&#241;os compartiendo cadenas de suministro. Esta semana comparti&#243; un resultado &#8212; y una emoci&#243;n. La emoci&#243;n compartida, no los aranceles compartidos, es como un continente se vuelve real para la gente que vive dentro de &#233;l.</p><h2>CIUDADANOS</h2><p><em>El comercio integra econom&#237;as. Solo los ciudadanos pueden integrar un continente. &#201;sta es la secci&#243;n que pregunta en qui&#233;nes nos estamos convirtiendo.</em></p><p><strong>Un equipo que no pudo entrar a un pa&#237;s anfitri&#243;n vive en otro &#8212; y la frontera se volvi&#243; visible en el escenario mundial.</strong></p><p>Ir&#225;n, sorteado en el torneo bajo la sombra de su guerra con Estados Unidos, tuvo prohibido instalarse en las ciudades anfitrionas estadounidenses. Se estableci&#243; en cambio en Tijuana y ahora viaja 127 millas a Los &#193;ngeles para sus partidos &#8212; un trayecto de cinco horas entre seguridad e inmigraci&#243;n en cada sentido.</p><p>Ir&#225;n dijo que presentar&#225; una queja ante la FIFA; la FIFA cita sus propias reglas de viaje.</p><p>Deja la pol&#237;tica a un lado y mira la geometr&#237;a humana: un continente que le vendi&#243; al mundo un verano abierto y trinacional es tambi&#233;n uno donde una l&#237;nea en el mapa decide qui&#233;n duerme d&#243;nde. M&#233;xico, en silencio, se volvi&#243; la soluci&#243;n alterna &#8212; el lugar que absorbe lo que la frontera no admite.</p><p>Eso no es un esc&#225;ndalo. Es un espejo, y millones de familias binacionales llevan toda la vida mir&#225;ndose en &#233;l.</p><div><hr></div><h2>SELECCIONES POR NA77</h2><p><em>Estamos haciendo una curaci&#243;n de contenido de diversas fuentes y medios que queremos compartir cada semana.  Mas adelante sera una secci&#243;n completa de NA77 ya que vemos muchas personas, contenido, productos y organizaciones que son de mucho valor para nosotros y queremos compartir con ustedes.</em></p><p><strong>Art&#237;culos para leer</strong></p><ul><li><p><em><a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/usmca-review-2026-six-scenarios-north-americas-future">USMCA Review 2026: Six Scenarios for North America&#8217;s Future</a></em> &#8212; CSIS. El mapa m&#225;s claro de hacia d&#243;nde puede llevar el 1 de julio, de la renovaci&#243;n completa a la expiraci&#243;n lenta. Esencial antes de la fecha l&#237;mite.</p></li></ul><p><strong>Documentales para ver</strong></p><ul><li><p><em><a href="https://www.redfordcenter.org/films/watershed/">Watershed: Exploring a New Water Ethic for the New West</a></em> &#8212; narrada por Robert Redford, dir. Mark Decena. Un retrato del R&#237;o Colorado y de quienes dependen de &#233;l, de las Rocallosas a M&#233;xico.</p></li></ul><p><strong>Entrevistas y podcasts</strong></p><ul><li><p><em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/3P1eR4TBDKtHMJMk573U3E">The Diary of a CEO</a></em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/3P1eR4TBDKtHMJMk573U3E"> &#8212; el vicepresidente de EE. UU. JD Vance, con Steven Bartlett</a>. Una conversaci&#243;n larga con una de las figuras que moldean las decisiones de comercio y frontera que redise&#241;an el continente. Esc&#250;chala para entender, no para coincidir.</p></li><li><p><em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/5cV5WNgTVFX83zja2McSBY">No Mercy / No Malice</a></em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/5cV5WNgTVFX83zja2McSBY"> &#8212; &#8220;Europe IRL,&#8221; Scott Galloway</a>. Lo que la integraci&#243;n vivida de otro bloque puede ense&#241;arle a Norteam&#233;rica sobre hacerla a prop&#243;sito.</p></li><li><p><em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/0p3kriI47Nw2R0hiH0hv47">America at 250 &#8212; with Heather Cox Richardson</a></em>. La lectura de una historiadora sobre el experimento estadounidense en un momento clave &#8212; &#250;til para cualquier norteamericano que piense en la identidad compartida.</p></li><li><p><em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/37HGOFxLL3DVgnmcNRmssu">Mex Moves</a></em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/37HGOFxLL3DVgnmcNRmssu"> &#8212; &#8220;The Making of Mexico: World Cup, Education &amp; Growth, Digital Payments, Stablecoins &amp; the Plata Documentary&#8221;</a>. Hacia d&#243;nde va realmente M&#233;xico &#8212; crecimiento, talento y los rieles de una econom&#237;a moderna.</p></li></ul><p><strong>Libros para leer</strong></p><ul><li><p><em><a href="https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/andrew-selee/vanishing-frontiers/9781610399029/">Vanishing Frontiers: The Forces Driving Mexico and the United States Together</a></em> &#8212; Andrew Selee. El argumento de que los dos pa&#237;ses ya est&#225;n mucho m&#225;s integrados &#8212; por su gente, sus negocios y su cultura &#8212; de lo que admite la pol&#237;tica de cualquiera de los dos.</p></li><li><p><em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Making-Mexico-Revolution-Reform-Transformation/dp/1509564268">The Making of Mexico: Revolution, Reform, and Transformation</a></em> &#8212; Pamela K. Starr (USC). Una gu&#237;a l&#250;cida de las fuerzas que moldean al M&#233;xico moderno &#8212; contexto esencial para quien quiera leer al mayor socio manufacturero del continente.</p></li></ul><p><strong>Personas a seguir</strong></p><ul><li><p><a href="https://www.cfr.org/experts/shannon-k-oneil">Shannon K. O&#8217;Neil</a> &#8212; Council on Foreign Relations, autora de <em>The Globalization Myth: Why Regions Matter</em>. Sobre por qu&#233; el futuro pertenece a las regiones, no solo a las naciones &#8212; y por qu&#233; Norteam&#233;rica es la regi&#243;n a vigilar.</p></li></ul><p><em>Las pr&#243;ximas semanas rotan el foco entre las tres naciones. Cu&#233;ntanos qu&#233; est&#225; ensanchando tu mirada.</em></p><div><hr></div><h2>FECHAS CLAVE</h2><ul><li><p><strong>1 de julio &#8212; Fecha l&#237;mite estatutaria de la revisi&#243;n del T-MEC.</strong> No se espera una extensi&#243;n limpia. La fecha renueva un marco de m&#225;s de $2 billones en comercio &#8212; o abre una negociaci&#243;n continua, sector por sector, que deja las reglas sin resolver durante meses.</p></li><li><p><strong>15 de julio &#8212; Decisi&#243;n de tasa del Banco de Canad&#225;.</strong> Con el loonie desliz&#225;ndose y la Fed girando restrictiva, la pr&#243;xima se&#241;al de qu&#233; tanto puede divergir el camino de Canad&#225; del de Washington.</p></li><li><p><strong>Semana del 20 de julio &#8212; Tercera ronda T-MEC M&#233;xico&#8211;EE. UU.</strong> El calendario de negociaci&#243;n que ahora se extiende m&#225;s all&#225; de la fecha estatutaria; el verdadero foro donde se escribe el futuro del acuerdo.</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><h2>DATOS</h2><ul><li><p><strong>3.50&#8211;3.75%</strong> &#8212; Tasa de fondos federales de EE. UU., mantenida el 17 de junio en la primera reuni&#243;n del presidente Kevin Warsh (votaci&#243;n un&#225;nime de 12 a 0); proyecci&#243;n de cierre de a&#241;o elevada a 3.8% desde 3.4% <em>(Reserva Federal)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>9 de 18</strong> &#8212; Funcionarios del FOMC que ahora proyectan al menos un alza en 2026; solo uno a&#250;n ve un recorte <em>(Reserva Federal)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>~$80 / ~$78</strong> &#8212; Crudo Brent y WTI para el 19 de junio, cerca de 20% por debajo del m&#225;ximo de 2026 al reabrirse el Estrecho de Ormuz <em>(CNBC)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>~1.417 / ~17.4</strong> &#8212; D&#243;lar canadiense y peso mexicano por d&#243;lar estadounidense, semana del 15 al 19 de junio; el peso super&#243; al loonie <em>(Banco de Canad&#225;)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>+0.9%</strong> &#8212; Ventas minoristas de EE. UU. en mayo ($763.7 mil M), reportadas el 17 de junio <em>(Oficina del Censo de EE. UU.)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>226,000</strong> &#8212; Solicitudes iniciales de desempleo en EE. UU., semana al 13 de junio <em>(Depto. del Trabajo de EE. UU.)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>~80% / CAD $1.3 B</strong> &#8212; Proporci&#243;n del comercio de Canad&#225; con EE. UU., y su valor, seg&#250;n el CEO de RBC, Dave McKay <em>(BNN Bloomberg / Canadian Affairs, 16 jun)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>6 casos / 2 estados</strong> &#8212; Detecciones del gusano barrenador para el 9 de junio (cuatro de ganado, una cabra, un perro), ahora en Texas y Nuevo M&#233;xico <em>(USDA APHIS)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>1&#8211;0 / 6&#8211;0 / 2&#8211;0</strong> &#8212; M&#233;xico sobre Corea del Sur (18 jun), Canad&#225; sobre Qatar (18 jun), EE. UU. sobre Australia (19 jun); los tres anfitriones llegaron a la ronda eliminatoria <em>(ESPN / FIFA)</em></p></li></ul><div><hr></div><h2>THE LONGVIEW</h2><h3>Ilusiones de un Bloque</h3><p>por Eduardo Joffroy</p><p>Si tuviera que enmarcar a <strong>Norteam&#233;rica</strong> en una sola palabra, ser&#237;a <em><strong>oxymoron (palabra en ingl&#233;s que uso mucho)</strong></em>. La he cargado desde que me top&#233; con ella por primera vez en la preparatoria en EUA, y me he sentido conectado a ella desde entonces.</p><p>Quiz&#225; sea porque nac&#237; en la frontera entre <strong>Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico, donde aprend&#237; temprano a vivir con lo agridulce.</strong> Pero va m&#225;s profundo que la geograf&#237;a. Es la raz&#243;n por la que creo que todos somos m&#225;s parecidos de lo que pensamos.</p><blockquote><p>Vengamos de donde vengamos, en Norteam&#233;rica vivimos con nuestros propios oxymorons; nuestra propia agridulzura.</p></blockquote><p>Esto es lo que quiero decir con Ambos. Podemos sostener dos verdades aparentemente contradictorias a la vez, y eso es, simplemente, nosotros siendo nosotros.</p><p>Nada es blanco o negro. Vivimos en los grises. Las noticias, las narrativas pol&#237;ticas y los feeds insisten en lo contrario. La verdad es que todos somos grises.</p><p><strong>Estamos en medio de otra Copa del Mundo </strong>&#8212;<em> un torneo pensado para representar unidad, empat&#237;a, competencia, orgullo y colaboraci&#243;n</em> &#8212; y por primera vez en la historia el mundo, a trav&#233;s de <strong>la FIFA, apost&#243; por Norteam&#233;rica. </strong></p><blockquote><p>Las naciones que votaron eligieron este continente por una raz&#243;n.  Lo reconocen como reconocen a Europa, o a cualquier otro bloque. El mundo ya nos ve como uno.</p></blockquote><p>La realidad dentro de estas fronteras en los &#250;ltimos ocho a&#241;os ha estado lejos de c&#243;mo nos ve el mundo. No dir&#233; que estamos m&#225;s divididos que nunca &#8212; ser&#237;a falso.  <em><strong>Pero s&#237; puedo decir esto: en el momento exacto en que tenemos m&#225;s razones para estar juntos, hemos elegido fingir lo contrario, y separarnos a la deriva.</strong></em></p><p>Los n&#250;meros del comercio hablan por s&#237; solos; nuestras econom&#237;as est&#225;n entrelazadas y dependen unas de otras para bien. Nuestros recursos naturales compartidos nos gritan. Nuestras realidades econ&#243;micas y sociales le piden m&#225;s a este continente del que le estamos dando.</p><blockquote><p>Ve m&#225;s all&#225; de los n&#250;meros y encontrar&#225;s el gris que compartimos &#8212; las mismas inquietudes, las mismas ambiciones, el mismo deseo de una mejor versi&#243;n de nuestras naciones, nuestro continente y de nosotros mismos. Nada de esto se detiene en nuestras fronteras, porque todos somos humanos. Nuestros hijos y nietos esperan m&#225;s de nosotros.</p></blockquote><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>Estos tiempos exigen h&#233;roes. He escrito antes sobre la ilusi&#243;n de Superman &#8212; la fantas&#237;a de que alguien llegar&#225; a salvarnos. No viene nadie. Lo que hace falta es que nosotros &#8212; quienes compartimos estas palabras, o una emoci&#243;n en un estadio este verano &#8212; nos tomemos de las manos y demos el siguiente paso por cuenta propia.</p><p>Las fuerzas que nos separan son m&#225;s d&#233;biles de lo que parecen. Se derrumbar&#237;an ante la buena voluntad de los norteamericanos que entienden que compartimos un futuro, un suelo, un cielo y aguas &#8212; y una fuerza que el mundo ya respeta y necesita de nosotros.</p></div><p><strong>Cuando est&#225;s de pie en un estadio lleno de norteamericanos, con el resto del mundo mirando y nombr&#225;ndonos como una sola regi&#243;n, heredas la obligaci&#243;n de creerlo.</strong></p><p>Y mientras est&#225;s ah&#237; de pie, nuestros l&#237;deres pol&#237;ticos maniobran sobre el &#250;nico tratado que nos permite fluir &#8212; un acuerdo lejos de ser perfecto, y enteramente mejorable. Pero una mejor versi&#243;n no se negociar&#225; a la distancia. Solo llegar&#225; al hacer el trabajo dif&#237;cil cara a cara.</p><p><strong>Norteam&#233;rica</strong> hoy se comporta como una familia que comparte una misma casa pero nunca habla de sus problemas ni de sus oportunidades. En vez de sentarnos a la mesa de la cocina a enfrentar nuestros problemas y avanzar juntos &#8212; en vez de hacer el trabajo de convertir un acuerdo comercial en lo que <strong>alg&#250;n d&#237;a podr&#237;a ser una Constituci&#243;n Norteamericana</strong> &#8212; nos evitamos y dejamos que los rumores de los medios hablen por nosotros.</p><blockquote><p>Este continente necesita ser conducido por <strong>una coalici&#243;n norteamericana</strong> lo bastante estable como para sobrevivir a cualquier elecci&#243;n. Hay demasiado en juego, y demasiada gente depende de una Norteam&#233;rica estable, como para dejar su futuro a merced de los estados de &#225;nimo pol&#237;ticos.</p></blockquote><p>Esto no es un llamado a revelarnos; Es un llamado a  despertar y poner mas atenci&#243;n &#8212; <strong>a notar que, mientras disfrutamos la Copa del Mundo, las decisiones m&#225;s grandes sobre nuestro futuro compartido se est&#225;n tomando en plazos cortos, a menudo lejos de nosotros, y no siempre pensando en nosotros.</strong></p><p><strong>&#201;sa es la ilusi&#243;n de un bloque: </strong>el bloque a&#250;n no es real. Es nuestro para volverlo real &#8212; para convertir la ilusi&#243;n en una visi&#243;n, y la visi&#243;n en planes de largo plazo que de verdad podamos ejecutar.</p><p>El bloque est&#225; por dise&#241;arse, por construirse y por mejorarse, una y otra vez. Sigue siendo uno de los grandes proyectos no realizados de la historia de la humanidad. Y es nuestro para construirlo.</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Fuentes: Reserva Federal (FOMC, 17 jun 2026) &#183; CNBC &#183; Oficina del Censo de EE. UU. &#183; Depto. del Trabajo de EE. UU. &#183; Banco de Canad&#225; &#183; BNN Bloomberg / Canadian Affairs &#183; USTR / Mexico Business News &#183; CSIS &#183; USDA APHIS &#183; ESPN &#183; FIFA.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Weekly NA77 Affairs - Illusions of a Bloc]]></title><description><![CDATA[English Version&#183; Week of June 14&#8211;20, 2026]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/weekly-north-american-affairs</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/weekly-north-american-affairs</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 21 Jun 2026 14:02:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!ZMld!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F63d51f7d-c70c-4a37-8899-6f9a52b986e6_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 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stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><em>A weekly read for North Americans who believe the continent is worth more together than apart &#8212; what moved this week, what it means, and what it asks of us.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/weekly-north-american-affairs?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/weekly-north-american-affairs?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><h2>TRADE &amp; POLICY</h2><p><em>The architecture that lets goods, capital, and trust cross three borders &#8212; and where it is cracking.</em></p><p><strong>The deadline stopped being a question this week &#8212; all three governments have quietly conceded they will miss it.</strong></p><p>Last week the rounds were still being scheduled. This week the posture hardened into resignation.</p><p>U.S. Trade Representative Jamieson Greer said the quiet part plainly &#8212; &#8220;we probably will not resolve all the issues by July 1&#8221; &#8212; and confirmed the calendar now runs past the date, with a third U.S.&#8211;Mexico round set for the week of July 20.</p><p>President Sheinbaum held the steadiest line of the three capitals, calling the agreement &#8220;convenient&#8221; for everyone and pledging to &#8220;work so that it doesn&#8217;t fall apart.&#8221;</p><p>What replaces the deadline is the real story: a rolling, sector-by-sector negotiation that keeps the rulebook open for months. Certainty was always the treaty&#8217;s most valuable product &#8212; and the continent is about to spend the summer without it.</p><p><strong>Canada ran the numbers on the one relationship it cannot diversify away from.</strong></p><p>At a Bloomberg event in Toronto on June 16, RBC chief executive Dave McKay called the agreement &#8220;too important &#8230; to cancel,&#8221; even as he backed Prime Minister Carney&#8217;s push to widen Canada&#8217;s trade beyond its southern neighbor.</p><p>The figure under his caution is the whole argument: roughly 80% of Canada&#8217;s trade still runs to the United States, a relationship worth about CAD $1.3 trillion.</p><p>Diversification is a smart hedge; it is not an exit. The lesson holds for all three: in North America, you can add partners, but you cannot subtract the continent.</p><p></p><h2>CAPITAL &amp; INDUSTRY</h2><p><em>Where the money is voting &#8212; and what it is voting against.</em></p><p><strong>The Fed didn&#8217;t just hold &#8212; it turned, and the turn was the surprise.</strong></p><p>Last week the only question was whether the Federal Reserve would hold. On June 17, in Kevin Warsh&#8217;s first meeting as chair, it answered &#8212; and then signaled the next move could be up, not down.</p><p>The FOMC held the federal funds rate at 3.50&#8211;3.75% &#8212; a unanimous 12&#8211;0 vote &#8212; but stripped the language that had pointed toward cuts and raised its year-end projection to 3.8%, up from 3.4% in March. Nine of eighteen officials now expect at least one rate increase in 2026; only one still sees a cut.</p><p>The driver is an energy-led inflation the continent imports but does not control. For every factory arriving on Mexico&#8217;s nearshoring numbers and every project on a Canadian balance sheet, the message is the same &#8212; money will stay expensive longer than anyone planned.</p><p>Capital that crosses borders now does so against a stiffer current.</p><p><strong>The war that drove the Fed&#8217;s fear cooled the very week the Fed hardened.</strong></p><p>The Middle East conflict that pushed U.S. inflation to its 4.2% peak kept de-escalating this week: the U.S. naval blockade ended, Iran held its fire in the Strait of Hormuz for a second straight night, and oil fell roughly 20% from its 2026 high &#8212; Brent near $80, WTI near $78 by Friday.</p><p>Then U.S.&#8211;Iran talks in Switzerland were abruptly called off on June 19, a reminder the calm is conditional.</p><p>For a continent whose pump prices, freight costs, and rate decisions all bend to the same barrel, the lesson is uncomfortable: North America&#8217;s inflation was set by a war it did not choose, and its relief now hangs on a negotiation it does not control.</p><p><strong>The rate gap hit the currency &#8212; but the U.S. consumer kept the corridor busy.</strong></p><p>The divergence moved money this week: the Canadian dollar slid to about 1.417 per U.S. dollar while the peso held near 17.4, outperforming the loonie.</p><p>Underneath, U.S. retail sales rose 0.9% in May and jobless claims fell to 226,000 &#8212; the household at the end of the supply chain kept spending, the demand-side reason Mexican and Canadian factories run.</p><p>When three central banks answer one shock apart, the cost lands first on whoever must convert one North American currency into another.</p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2>RESOURCES &amp; RISK</h2><p><em>The continent runs on two things it rarely prices correctly: water and time.</em></p><p><strong>The screwworm crossed into a second state &#8212; the resource story that actually advanced this week.</strong></p><p>The New World screwworm, flagged in earlier editions in a Texas calf, jumped a state line: a case confirmed in Lea County, New Mexico, on June 8, part of six detections by June 9.</p><p>That is the escalation that matters. This is no longer a single-county event, and the U.S.&#8211;Mexico sterile-fly response that began June 4 is now racing a moving front.</p><p>The continental memory still instructs: the screwworm was beaten once before only because the two countries worked the corridor as a single front. A food supply does not recognize a border.</p><p></p><h2>SOCIAL</h2><p><em>Integration is not only contracts and corridors. It is the shared experience that turns three populations into one audience.</em></p><p><strong>Last week the continent kicked off together. This week, all three hosts won.</strong></p><p>In the first full week of matches, Mexico, the United States, and Canada each reached the knockout round.</p><p>Mexico beat South Korea 1&#8211;0 in Guadalajara on June 18 to become the first team in the entire tournament to clinch its place. The same day in Vancouver, Canada routed Qatar 6&#8211;0 behind a Jonathan David hat trick &#8212; the country&#8217;s first men&#8217;s World Cup win ever. A day later in Seattle, the United States beat Australia 2&#8211;0 to go through.</p><p>Strip away the brackets and notice what happened: three flags the continent chose to raise together all rose in the same week.</p><p>North America has shared supply chains for thirty years. This week it shared a result &#8212; and a feeling. Shared feeling, not shared tariffs, is how a continent becomes real to the people inside it.</p><p></p><h2>CITIZENS</h2><p><em>Trade integrates economies. Only citizens can integrate a continent. This is the section that asks who we are becoming.</em></p><p><strong>A team that could not enter one host country is living in another &#8212; and the border became visible on the world&#8217;s stage.</strong></p><p>Iran, drawn into the tournament under the shadow of its war with the United States, was barred from basing inside U.S. host cities. It set up instead in Tijuana and now shuttles 127 miles to Los Angeles for matches &#8212; a five-hour passage through security and immigration each way.</p><p>Iran has said it will file a complaint with FIFA; FIFA cites its own travel rules.</p><p>Hold the politics aside and look at the human geometry: a continent that sold the world an open, three-nation summer is also one where a line on a map decides who sleeps where. Mexico, quietly, became the workaround &#8212; the place that absorbs what the border won&#8217;t admit.</p><p>That is not a scandal. It is a mirror, and millions of binational families have been looking into it their whole lives.</p><div><hr></div><p></p><h2>SELECTIONS BY NA77</h2><p><em>Each week we curate the people, content, products, and organizations worth your attention &#8212; drawn from a range of sources and media across the three nations and beyond. It's a small selection now; in time it will grow into a full NA77 section. All of it chosen to widen worldviews, not confirm them.</em></p><p><strong>Articles to read</strong></p><ul><li><p><em><a href="https://www.csis.org/analysis/usmca-review-2026-six-scenarios-north-americas-future">USMCA Review 2026: Six Scenarios for North America&#8217;s Future</a></em> &#8212; CSIS. The clearest map of where July 1 can actually lead, from full renewal to slow expiration. Essential before the deadline.</p></li></ul><p><strong>Documentaries to watch</strong></p><ul><li><p><em><a href="https://www.redfordcenter.org/films/watershed/">Watershed: Exploring a New Water Ethic for the New West</a></em> &#8212; narrated by Robert Redford, dir. Mark Decena. A portrait of the Colorado River and the people who depend on it, from the Rockies to Mexico.</p></li></ul><p><strong>Interviews &amp; podcasts</strong></p><ul><li><p><em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/3P1eR4TBDKtHMJMk573U3E">The Diary of a CEO</a></em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/3P1eR4TBDKtHMJMk573U3E"> &#8212; U.S. Vice President JD Vance, with Steven Bartlett</a>. A long-form conversation with one of the figures shaping the trade and border decisions reshaping the continent. Listen to understand, not to agree.</p></li><li><p><em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/5cV5WNgTVFX83zja2McSBY">No Mercy / No Malice</a></em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/5cV5WNgTVFX83zja2McSBY"> &#8212; &#8220;Europe IRL,&#8221; Scott Galloway</a>. What another bloc&#8217;s lived integration can teach North America about doing it on purpose.</p></li><li><p><em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/0p3kriI47Nw2R0hiH0hv47">America at 250 &#8212; with Heather Cox Richardson</a></em>. A historian&#8217;s read on the American experiment at a milestone &#8212; useful for any North American thinking about shared identity.</p></li><li><p><em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/37HGOFxLL3DVgnmcNRmssu">Mex Moves</a></em><a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/37HGOFxLL3DVgnmcNRmssu"> &#8212; &#8220;The Making of Mexico: World Cup, Education &amp; Growth, Digital Payments, Stablecoins &amp; the Plata Documentary&#8221;</a>. Where Mexico is actually heading &#8212; growth, talent, and the rails of a modern economy.</p></li></ul><p><strong>Books to read</strong></p><ul><li><p><em><a href="https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/titles/andrew-selee/vanishing-frontiers/9781610399029/">Vanishing Frontiers: The Forces Driving Mexico and the United States Together</a></em> &#8212; Andrew Selee. The case that the two countries are already far more integrated &#8212; by people, business, and culture &#8212; than either&#8217;s politics admits.</p></li><li><p><em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Making-Mexico-Revolution-Reform-Transformation/dp/1509564268">The Making of Mexico: Revolution, Reform, and Transformation</a></em> &#8212; Pamela K. Starr (USC, Polity), presented by <a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/37HGOFxLL3DVgnmcNRmssu?si=13e4bfb5deb74cf1">Mex Moves Podcast </a>which we love.</p></li></ul><p><strong>People to follow</strong></p><ul><li><p><a href="https://www.cfr.org/experts/shannon-k-oneil">Shannon K. O&#8217;Neil</a> &#8212; Council on Foreign Relations, author of <em>The Globalization Myth: Why Regions Matter</em>. On why the future belongs to regions, not just nations &#8212; and why North America is the one to watch.</p></li></ul><p><em>Coming weeks rotate the spotlight across all three nations. Tell us what&#8217;s widening your lens.</em></p><div><hr></div><h2>KEY DATES</h2><ul><li><p><strong>July 1 &#8212; USMCA statutory review deadline.</strong> No clean extension is expected. The date either renews a framework over $2 trillion in trade &#8212; or opens a rolling, sector-by-sector negotiation that keeps the rules unsettled for months.</p></li><li><p><strong>July 15 &#8212; Bank of Canada rate decision.</strong> With the loonie sliding and the Fed turning hawkish, the next read on how far Canada&#8217;s path can diverge from Washington&#8217;s.</p></li><li><p><strong>Week of July 20 &#8212; Third U.S.&#8211;Mexico USMCA round.</strong> The negotiating calendar that now extends past the statutory deadline; the real venue where the agreement&#8217;s future gets written.</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><h2>THE NUMBERS</h2><ul><li><p><strong>3.50&#8211;3.75%</strong> &#8212; U.S. federal funds rate, held June 17 at Chair Kevin Warsh&#8217;s first meeting (a unanimous 12&#8211;0 vote); year-end projection raised to 3.8% from 3.4% <em>(Federal Reserve)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>9 of 18</strong> &#8212; FOMC officials now projecting at least one rate hike in 2026; only one still sees a cut <em>(Federal Reserve)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>~$80 / ~$78</strong> &#8212; Brent and WTI crude by June 19, down roughly 20% from the 2026 peak as the Strait of Hormuz reopened <em>(CNBC)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>~1.417 / ~17.4</strong> &#8212; Canadian dollar and Mexican peso per U.S. dollar, week of June 15&#8211;19; the peso outperformed the loonie <em>(Bank of Canada)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>+0.9%</strong> &#8212; U.S. retail sales in May ($763.7B), reported June 17 <em>(U.S. Census Bureau)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>226,000</strong> &#8212; U.S. initial jobless claims, week ending June 13 <em>(U.S. Dept. of Labor)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>~80% / CAD $1.3T</strong> &#8212; Share of Canada&#8217;s trade with the U.S., and its value, per RBC CEO Dave McKay <em>(BNN Bloomberg / Canadian Affairs, June 16)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>6 cases / 2 states</strong> &#8212; New World screwworm detections by June 9 (four cattle, one goat, one dog), now in Texas and New Mexico <em>(USDA APHIS)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>1&#8211;0 / 6&#8211;0 / 2&#8211;0</strong> &#8212; Mexico over South Korea (June 18), Canada over Qatar (June 18), U.S. over Australia (June 19); all three hosts reached the knockout round <em>(ESPN / FIFA)</em></p></li></ul><div><hr></div><h2>THE LONGVIEW</h2><h3>Illusion of a Bloc</h3><p>by Eduardo Joffroy</p><p>If I had to frame <strong>North America</strong> in a single word, it would be <strong>oxymoron.</strong> I have carried that word since I first ran into it in high school, and I have felt connected to it ever since.</p><p>Maybe it is because I was born on the <strong>US&#8211;Mexico border,</strong> where I learned early to live with the <strong>bittersweet.</strong> But it runs deeper than geography. It is why I believe we are all more alike than we think. </p><blockquote><p>Wherever we are from, in North America, we live with our own oxymorons; our own bittersweetness.</p></blockquote><p>This is what I mean by <em><strong>Ambos &#8212; Both</strong></em>. <strong>We can hold two apparently contradicting truths at once, and that is simply us being us.</strong></p><p>Nothing is black or white. We live in the greys. The news, the political narratives, and the feeds insist otherwise. The truth is that all of us are grey.</p><p>We are in the middle of another World Cup &#8212; a tournament meant to stand for <strong>unity, empathy, competition, pride and collaboration</strong> &#8212; and for the <strong>first time in history the world, through FIFA, placed its bet on North America.</strong> The nations that voted chose this continent for a reason. </p><blockquote><p>They recognize it the way they recognize Europe, or any other bloc. The world already sees us as one.</p></blockquote><p>The reality inside these borders over the past eight years has been far from how the world sees us. I will not claim we are more divided than ever &#8212; that would be false. </p><p>But I can say this: <strong>at the exact moment we have the most reason to stand together, we have chosen to pretend otherwise, and to drift apart.</strong></p><p>The trade numbers speak for themselves; our economies are intertwined and dependant on each other for the better. Our shared natural resources scream at us. Our economic and social realities are asking more of this continent than we are giving it.  </p><p>Go deeper than the numbers and you find the grey we share &#8212; the same concerns, the same ambitions, the same desire for a better version of our nations, our continent and of ourselves. None of these stop at our borders because we are all human. Our kids and grandkids expect more from us.</p><blockquote><p>These itimes call for heroes. I have written before about the illusion of Superman &#8212; the fantasy that someone will arrive to save us. No one is coming. What it takes is for us &#8212; those of us sharing these words, or sharing a feeling in a stadium this summer &#8212; to join hands and take the next step ourselves.</p></blockquote><p>The forces pulling us apart are weaker than they look. They would crumble against the goodwill of <strong>North Americans </strong>who understand that we share a future, a ground, a sky, and waters &#8212; and a strength the world already respects and needs from us.</p><p><strong>When you stand in a stadium full of North Americans, with the rest of the world watching and naming us as one region, you inherit an obligation to believe it.</strong></p><p><em>And while you stand there, our political leaders are maneuvering over the one treaty that lets us flow </em>&#8212; an agreement far from perfect, and entirely improvable. But a better version will not be negotiated at a distance. <strong>It will only come from doing the hard work face to face.</strong></p><p>North America today behaves like a family who share one house but never speak about their problems and their opportunities. Instead of sitting at the kitchen table to face our problems and move forward together &#8212; instead of doing the work to turn a trade agreement into what could one day be a <strong>North American Constitution</strong> &#8212; we avoid one another and let rumors from news outlets do the talking.</p><blockquote><p>This continent needs to be led by a North American coalition steady enough to outlast any single election. Too much is at stake, and too many people depend on a stable North America, for its future to be left to political moods.</p></blockquote><p>This is not a call to revolt. It is a call to pay attention &#8212; to notice that while we enjoy the World Cup, the largest decisions about our shared future are being made on short timelines, often far from us, and not always with us in mind.</p><p><strong>That is the illusion of a bloc: </strong>the bloc is not yet real. It is ours to make real &#8212; <em><strong>to turn </strong>the illusion into a vision, and the vision into long-term plans we can actually execute.</em></p><p>The bloc must be designed, built, and improved, again and again. It remains one of the greatest unrealized projects in human history. And it is ours to build.</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Sources: Federal Reserve (FOMC, June 17, 2026) &#183; CNBC &#183; U.S. Census Bureau &#183; U.S. Dept. of Labor &#183; Bank of Canada &#183; BNN Bloomberg / Canadian Affairs &#183; Office of the USTR / Mexico Business News &#183; CSIS &#183; USDA APHIS &#183; ESPN &#183; FIFA.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[THE RACE OF OUR CENTURY: SERIES Episodio I: Es Nuestro Momento ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Podemos construir el continente m&#225;s avanzado y pr&#243;spero de la historia &#8212; y ganar la carrera de la IA y el espacio con libertad para todos.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-race-of-our-century-series-episode</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-race-of-our-century-series-episode</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 17 Jun 2026 13:31:27 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="pullquote"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Por Eduardo Joffroy G. (version espa&#241;ol)</strong></p></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><em><strong><sub>See English version below &#8595;</sub></strong></em></p></div><p><strong>La nueva era &#8212;la IA y el espacio&#8212; parece el futuro.</strong></p><p>Escribes una pregunta y aparece una respuesta. Un cohete aterriza solo sobre una plataforma en medio de la noche. Parece la cosa m&#225;s natural del mundo.</p><p>No lo es.</p><p>Los mayores operadores de centros de datos van camino de gastar cerca de <strong>750 mil millones de d&#243;lares</strong> en construirlo en 2026 &#8212;frente a unos 450 mil millones en 2025&#185;&#8212; seg&#250;n algunos c&#225;lculos, m&#225;s de lo que el mundo entero invierte en encontrar y extraer petr&#243;leo y gas&#178;. Un solo centro de datos de IA puede consumir tanta electricidad como una ciudad peque&#241;a.</p><p>Y lo que hoy los frena no es el dinero, ni son los chips.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Es la energ&#237;a, el acero, los transformadores y la gente &#8212;el mundo f&#237;sico.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Seamos honestos sobre lo que la IA y el espacio realmente son: son los proyectos de construcci&#243;n f&#237;sica m&#225;s grandes desde los ferrocarriles. Y como los ferrocarriles, se construyen con tierra, energ&#237;a, minerales y personas &#8212;o no los construyes t&#250;.</p><p><strong>Partamos del final.</strong></p><p>Imagina una Norteam&#233;rica que deja de comportarse como tres pa&#237;ses en la misma carrera y empieza a correr como un solo equipo con tres autos &#8212;que aprovechan el impulso del otro para despegarse del pelot&#243;n, que se turnan el liderato, y que ganan el campeonato juntos aunque solo un auto levante el trofeo.</p><p>Imag&#237;nalo en concreto:</p><blockquote><p><strong>Un modelo de IA entrenado en Estados Unidos, alimentado con energ&#237;a y minerales de Canad&#225; y M&#233;xico, construido y operado por una fuerza de trabajo joven mexicana. Un cohete dise&#241;ado en un pa&#237;s, que vuela con piezas maquinadas en otro y es observado desde la &#243;rbita por el tercero.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Ahora seamos igual de claros sobre lo que esto <strong>NO</strong> es.</p><p>Un equipo no es un solo pa&#237;s. No son fronteras abiertas, ni una fusi&#243;n. Norteam&#233;rica sigue siendo tres naciones, tres banderas, tres marcos legales, con fronteras respetadas y seguras.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Un equipo de F1 corre tres autos con tres pilotos distintos &#8212;ese es justamente el punto. Comparten una estrategia, no un chasis. Esto es integraci&#243;n inteligente y colaboraci&#243;n real. No es la entrega de la soberan&#237;a, y nunca la pediremos.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Ese es el destino. No un sue&#241;o bonito &#8212;un plan para ganar la carrera del siglo. Todo lo que sigue en esta serie es el camino de regreso desde esa meta hasta donde estamos esta ma&#241;ana.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png" width="1456" height="819" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:819,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:115268,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/202227506?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!BkDL!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F05a388e7-0206-481a-949d-a1eb4bd31cfa_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Y aqu&#237; est&#225; el porqu&#233;.</strong></p><p>El mayor salto de poder industrial de nuestra vida no vino de la suerte ni de los recursos naturales. Un pa&#237;s empez&#243; casi sin nada y se convirti&#243; en la f&#225;brica del mundo. Lo hizo eligiendo una sola direcci&#243;n y sosteni&#233;ndola durante cuarenta a&#241;os, sin importar qui&#233;n estuviera al mando.</p><p><strong>Ese pa&#237;s fue China.</strong></p><p><strong>Aprende la lecci&#243;n. Rechaza el precio.</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>La lecci&#243;n: </strong>la escala se construye a prop&#243;sito, en un horizonte m&#225;s largo que el turno de cualquier l&#237;der. </p></li><li><p><strong>El precio:</strong> la construyeron tratando a las personas como piezas &#8212;usadas y reemplazadas.</p></li></ul><p>As&#237; que la verdadera pregunta de nuestro tiempo no es si el mundo libre puede igualar esa escala. Es si podemos construirla y seguir siendo libres.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Escala sin rendici&#243;n.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Y solo hay un lugar en la Tierra hecho para responder que s&#237;.</p><p>Esta es la verdadera carrera &#8212;no un pa&#237;s contra otro, sino una forma de vida libre y abierta contra una controlada.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>O construimos el futuro con libertad, o alguien lo construye sin ella.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Cada frontera de este siglo &#8212;la IA, el espacio, la energ&#237;a limpia&#8212; necesita la misma lista corta:</strong></p><p>Capital, capacidad de c&#243;mputo, energ&#237;a, minerales, f&#225;bricas y la gente para construirlo y operarlo todo.</p><p><strong>Ning&#250;n pa&#237;s tiene la lista completa.</strong></p><p><strong>Estados Unidos</strong> tiene el cerebro y el dinero &#8212;y casi ninguna de las f&#225;bricas.</p><p><strong>China </strong>est&#225; construyendo ambas cosas a la vez en casa, y envejece r&#225;pido mientras lo hace. La edad media en M&#233;xico es de unos <strong>30</strong> a&#241;os; en <strong>Estados Unidos y China</strong> ronda los <strong>40</strong>s. El &#250;nico recurso que a toda potencia que envejece se le est&#225; acabando, <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> todav&#237;a lo tiene.</p><p><strong>Norteam&#233;rica ya tiene la lista entera.</strong> Solo que nunca hemos cruzado nuestras fronteras de manera estrat&#233;gica &#8212;aunque, en la pr&#225;ctica, las cruzamos todo el d&#237;a.</p><p>Una sola autoparte puede cruzar las fronteras de <strong>Estados Unidos, M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; hasta ocho veces</strong> antes de que el auto est&#233; terminado.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Ya somos una sola econom&#237;a. Simplemente nunca hemos decidido actuar como un solo equipo.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Los n&#250;meros lo dicen sin rodeos.</p><p>M&#233;xico es hoy <strong>el mayor socio comercial de Estados Unidos</strong>&#8310;. Juntos, M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; le venden a Estados Unidos cerca de <strong>785 mil millones de d&#243;lares</strong> en bienes cada a&#241;o &#8212;m&#225;s que <strong>Alemania, Jap&#243;n, Corea del Sur, India, Italia, Francia y el Reino Unido juntos&#8311;.</strong></p><p>Nuestras tres econom&#237;as ya forman <strong>el segundo bloque comercial m&#225;s grande del planeta</strong>, con un valor de unos <strong>26 billones de d&#243;lares</strong>&#8312;.</p><p>Nada de esto funciona sin las reglas correctas &#8212;y se derrumba en el momento en que nos creemos las narrativas pol&#237;ticas que nos dicen que somos enemigos.</p><p><strong>Nuestras diferencias no son el problema. Son la ventaja y por esto no podemos perder esta gran oportunidad que se nos presenta.</strong></p><p><strong>Ser norteamericano es ser m&#225;s de una cosa a la vez </strong>&#8212;p<em>ertenecer por completo a m&#225;s de un mundo al mismo tiempo. Eso no es solo mi historia, la de crecer en la frontera entre M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos con familia de los dos lados. Es la historia continua de todo el continente.</em></p><p><em><strong>Todos somos Ambos:</strong></em><strong> </strong></p><p><em>por herencia familiar, por nuestros negocios, por la educaci&#243;n que escogimos, por los idiomas que hablamos y por nuestras propias creencias y sentimientos.</em></p><p>Compartimos la misma tierra, el mismo oc&#233;ano, el mismo aire, los mismos recursos y los mismos mercados &#8212;y aun as&#237; seguimos operando como tres equipos separados con tres misiones distintas.</p><p><strong>Eso es lo que tiene que cambiar.</strong></p><p>Pero unirse a la vieja usanza ya no va a funcionar. Durante treinta a&#241;os el trato fue simple: dinero del norte, mano de obra barata del sur. La IA termina con ese trato, porque lo primero que reemplaza es la mano de obra barata. Si lo &#250;nico que vendes son tus manos, una m&#225;quina toma el trabajo antes de que te levante.</p><p>As&#237; que la &#250;nica integraci&#243;n que vale la pena construir ahora es una en la que <strong>el trabajador se vuelve due&#241;o</strong> &#8212;de habilidades que la m&#225;quina no puede copiar, y de una parte real de lo que se construye.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico grad&#250;a m&#225;s de 110,000 ingenieros al a&#241;o</strong>, cerca de uno de cada cinco de todos sus egresados universitarios&#8313;. Ese no es un pa&#237;s que deba vender sus manos. Es un pa&#237;s que deber&#237;a ser due&#241;o de una parte de lo que construye.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Eso es exactamente lo que la carrera de la IA y el espacio necesita: no mano de obra m&#225;s barata, sino talento m&#225;s capaz con algo que perder y algo que ganar. El centro de datos que alimenta un modelo de IA, el cohete que lleva sat&#233;lites de observaci&#243;n, la planta que abastece a los tres pa&#237;ses &#8212;ninguno de esos proyectos se construye ni se opera sin ingenieros y emprendedores que se sienten due&#241;os del resultado. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Ah&#237; es donde Norteam&#233;rica puede ganar lo que ning&#250;n pa&#237;s puede ganar solo.</strong></p><p>Un sistema controlado trata a su gente como un costo. Un sistema libre tiene que hacerla due&#241;a. Eso no es bondad. Es el &#250;nico crecimiento que perdura, porque el due&#241;o construye para sus nietos y el pe&#243;n construye para el viernes.</p><p>Y nada de esto vendr&#225; de los gobiernos. Los tres pa&#237;ses se sientan a revisar el T-MEC en <strong>julio de 2026</strong>, se levantan muros, y la pol&#237;tica en las tres capitales corre en contra del mismo trabajo en equipo que el momento exige. As&#237; que se construir&#225; como Norteam&#233;rica siempre se construy&#243; antes de que se firmara ning&#250;n tratado &#8212;por familias, por empresas, por ciudades fronterizas, por los millones que ya viven en ambos mundos y que nunca pidieron permiso para pertenecer a los dos.</p><p>Cada pocas generaciones se abre una puerta. Si la dejas pasar, no pierdes a&#241;os &#8212;pierdes un siglo.</p><p><strong>Creo que esa puerta est&#225; abierta ahora.</strong></p><p>Y esta vez no le pertenece a un solo pa&#237;s para cruzarla o desperdiciarla. Le pertenece a un continente que ha pasado toda su historia actuando como tres.</p><p>La nueva era le pertenecer&#225; a quien pueda construir a plena escala sin renunciar a la libertad del individuo. Norteam&#233;rica es la &#250;nica que puede. </p><p>El resto de esta serie es el c&#243;mo.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La escala se dise&#241;a. La libertad se elige.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg" width="1456" height="813" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!FjtG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe4b6d05a-8ece-416d-97e5-9d501a3f53ae_2752x1536.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: center;"></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>English version</strong></p></div><h1>THE RACE OF OUR CENTURY:  SERIES    </h1><h1>Episode I: This is our moment </h1><h4>We can build the most advanced and thriving continent in history&#8212; and win the AI and Space race with freedom for all.</h4><div class="pullquote"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>By Eduardo Joffroy G. (English version)</strong></p></div><p><strong>The new age &#8212; AI and space &#8212; looks like the future.</strong></p><p>You type a question and an answer appears. A rocket lands itself on a platform in the dark. It feels like the most natural thing in the world.</p><p>It isn't.</p><p>The largest data-center operators are on track to spend close to <strong>$750 billion</strong> building it in 2026 &#8212; up from about $450 billion in 2025&#185; &#8212; by one count, more than the entire world spends finding and pumping oil and gas&#178;. A single AI data center can use as much electricity as a small city.</p><p>And the thing now slowing them down is not money, and it is not chips.</p><blockquote><p><em>It is power, steel, transformers, and workers &#8212; the physical world.</em></p></blockquote><p>So let's be honest about what AI and space really are: they are the biggest physical building projects since the railroads. And like the railroads, they get built with land, power, minerals, and people &#8212; or they don't get built by you at all.</p><p><strong>Start at the finish line.</strong></p><p>Picture a North America that stops acting like three countries in the same race and starts racing like one team with three cars &#8212; drafting off each other to break from the pack, trading the lead, taking the championship together even when only one car lifts the trophy.</p><p>Picture it plainly:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>An AI model trained in the United States, running on energy and minerals from Canada and Mexico, built and run by a young Mexican workforce. A rocket designed in one country, flying on parts machined in another, watched from orbit by the third.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Now let me be just as clear about what this is <strong>not</strong>.</p><p>One team is not one country. It is not open borders, and it is not a merger. North America stays three nations, three flags, three sets of laws, with borders that are respected and secure.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>An F1 team runs three separate cars with three separate drivers &#8212; that is the entire point. They share a strategy, not a chassis. This is smart integration and real collaboration. It is not the surrender of sovereignty, and we will never ask for that.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>That is the destination. Not a feel-good dream &#8212; a plan to win the race of the century. Everything that follows in this series is the road back from that finish line to where we stand this morning.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png" width="1456" height="819" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_UL9!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fe24aad03-f066-47d5-98bb-7bb98dfccc78_1600x900.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>Here is why it matters.</strong></p><p>The biggest leap in industrial power in our lifetime did not come from luck or natural resources. One country started with almost nothing and became the factory of the world. It did it by choosing one direction and holding it for forty years, no matter who was in charge.</p><p><strong>That country was China.</strong></p><p><strong>Take the lesson. Reject the price.</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>The lesson: </strong>scale is built on purpose, over more years than any one leader gets.</p></li><li><p><strong>The price: </strong>they built it by treating people as parts &#8212; used and replaced.</p></li></ul><p>So the real question of our time is not whether the free world can match that scale. It is whether we can build it and stay free.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Scale without surrender.</strong></p></blockquote><p>And only one place on Earth is built to say yes.</p><p>This is the real race &#8212; not one country against another, but a free and open way of life against a controlled one.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Either we build the future with freedom, or someone builds it without it.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Every frontier of this century &#8212; AI, space, clean energy &#8212; needs the same short list:</strong></p><p>money, computing power, energy, minerals, factories, and the people to build and run it all.</p><p><strong>No single country has the whole list.</strong></p><p><strong>The United States</strong> has the brains and the money &#8212; and almost none of the factories.</p><p><strong>China </strong>is building both at once at home, and growing old fast while it does. Mexico's median age is about <strong>30</strong>; in the<strong> United States and China</strong> it is closer to <strong>40s.</strong> The one resource every aging power is running out of, <strong>Mexico still has.</strong></p><p><strong>North America already holds the entire list.</strong> We have just never crossed our borders strategically &#8212; even though, in practice, we cross them all day long.</p><p>A single car part can cross the <strong>U.S., Mexican, and Canadian </strong>borders <strong>up to eight times</strong> before the car is finished&#8308;.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>We are already one economy. We have simply never decided to act like one team.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The numbers say it plainly.</p><p>Mexico is now the <strong>largest trading partner the United States has</strong>&#8310;. Together, Mexico and Canada sell about <strong>$785 billion</strong> of goods to the U.S. each year &#8212; <strong>more than Germany, Japan, South Korea, India, Italy, France, and the United Kingdom combined&#8311;.</strong></p><p>Our three economies already form the <strong>second-largest trading bloc on Earth</strong>, worth about <strong>$26 trillion</strong>&#8312;.</p><p>None of this works without the right rules in place &#8212; and it falls apart the moment we believe the political narratives that tell us we are enemies.</p><p><strong>Our differences are not the problem. </strong><em><strong>They are the advantage and this is why we must seize this opportunity if the century together.</strong></em></p><p><strong>To be North American is to be more than one thing at a time </strong>&#8212; <em>to belong fully to more than one world at the same time. That is not just my story, growing up on the US&#8211;Mexico border with family on both sides. It is the whole continent's continuous story.</em></p><p><strong>We are all </strong><em><strong>Ambos</strong></em><strong> &#8212; both:</strong> by family heritage, by way of our businesses, through our school years, and in our very own beliefs and feelings.</p><p>We share the same ground, ocean, air, resources, and markets &#8212; yet we still run as three separate teams with three separate missions.</p><p><strong>That is what has to change.</strong></p><p>But teaming up the old way will not work anymore. For thirty years the deal was simple: money from the north, cheap labor from the south. AI ends that deal, because the first thing AI replaces is cheap labor. If all you sell is your hands, a machine takes the job before it ever lifts you up.</p><p>So the only integration worth building now is one where <strong>the worker becomes an owner</strong> &#8212; of skills a machine cannot copy, and of a real share in what gets built.</p><p><strong>Mexico graduates more than 110,000 engineers a year</strong>, close to one in five of all its college graduates&#8313;. That is not a country that should sell its hands. It is a country that should own a piece of what it builds.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>That is exactly what the AI and space race needs: not cheaper labor, but more capable talent with something to lose and something to gain. The data center powering an AI model, the rocket carrying observation satellites, the plant supplying all three countries &#8212; none of those projects get built or operated without engineers and entrepreneurs who feel ownership over the outcome. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>That is where North America can win what no single country can win alone.</strong></p><p>A controlled system treats its people as a cost. A free system has to make them owners. <strong>That is not kindness</strong>. It is the only kind of growth that lasts, because owners build for their grandchildren and hired hands build for Friday.</p><p>And none of this will come from governments. The three countries sit down to review the USMCA in <strong>July 2026</strong>, walls are going up, and the politics in all three capitals is running against the very teamwork the moment demands. </p><p><strong>So it gets built the way North America</strong> was always built before any treaty was signed &#8212; by families, by companies, by border towns, by the millions who already live in both worlds and never asked permission to belong to both.</p><p>Every few generations, a door opens. Miss it, and you do not lose years &#8212; you lose a century.</p><p><strong>I believe that door is open now.</strong></p><p>And this time it does not belong to one country to walk through or to waste. It belongs to a continent that has spent its whole history acting like three.</p><p>The new age will belong to whoever can build at full scale without giving up the freedom of the individual. North America is the only one who can. The rest of this series is how.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Scale is engineered. Freedom is chosen.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>&#9679;</strong></p><h1>Sources</h1><p>1. <a href="https://about.bnef.com/insights/commodities/ai-data-center-build-advances-at-full-speed-five-things-to-know/">BloombergNEF, &#8220;AI Data Center Build Advances at Full Speed&#8221;</a> &#8212; capex of the 14 largest operators near $750B in 2026 vs ~$450B in 2025.</p><p>2. <a href="https://www.iea.org/reports/key-questions-on-energy-and-ai/executive-summary">IEA, &#8220;Key Questions on Energy and AI&#8221; (2026)</a> &#8212; a handful of tech firms now out-invest global oil &amp; gas supply.</p><p>3. <a href="https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/mexico-demographics/">UN World Population Prospects 2024 / Worldometer</a> &#8212; median age: Mexico ~30, U.S. ~39, China ~41.</p><p>4. <a href="https://www.cato.org/blog/seven-charts-show-how-us-tariffs-would-harm-american-auto-industry">Cato Institute</a> &#8212; a North American auto part can cross borders seven or eight times.</p><p>5. <a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/business/autos/one-auto-part-crosses-border-four-way-car-rcna200706">NBC News (Apr 30, 2025)</a> &#8212; Lanex (Windsor) striker plates cross four times; Ford, GM, Stellantis.</p><p>6. <a href="https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/statistics/highlights/toppartners.html">U.S. Census Bureau</a> &#8212; Mexico is the #1 U.S. trading partner, third year running (2025).</p><p>7. <a href="https://globalaffairs.org/commentary/analysis/usmca-review-what-keep-mind-and-what-watch-north-american-trade">Chicago Council on Global Affairs</a> &#8212; ~$785B from Mexico+Canada exceeds seven major economies combined.</p><p>8. <a href="https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/united-states-mexico-canada-agreement">World Bank / USTR</a> &#8212; USMCA is the world&#8217;s second-largest bloc by GDP (~$25.8T, 2024).</p><p>9. <a href="https://nearshoreamericas.com/mexico-offers-money-alternative-solve-united-states-stem-talent-shortage/">Nearshore Americas / IVEMSA</a> &#8212; Mexico graduates 110,000+ engineers a year.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[NA77 Weekly Affairs · 14 Jun 2026]]></title><description><![CDATA[Lectura semanal de todo Norte America.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-affairs-14-jun-2026</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-affairs-14-jun-2026</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2026 14:45:55 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/89a6e73c-2047-42d9-afe3-23aafbcdc62b_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="pullquote"><p><strong>See english version below</strong></p></div><h3>COMERCIO Y POL&#205;TICA</h3><p><em>El a&#241;o de la revisi&#243;n deja de ser de tr&#225;mite y se vuelve pol&#237;tico.</em></p><p><strong>Tres capitales llegan al reloj del 1 de julio con tres rostros distintos.</strong> Canad&#225; pidi&#243; formalmente renovar el T-MEC por diecis&#233;is a&#241;os (1 jun); M&#233;xico se&#241;al&#243; lo mismo; el 10 de junio, Trump dijo que &#8220;no est&#225; seguro&#8221; de querer renovarlo. La cl&#225;usula se activa el 1 de julio. La renovaci&#243;n del tratado ya no es una formalidad &#8212; es un refer&#233;ndum sobre si Norteam&#233;rica es un proyecto o apenas una vecindad.</p><p><strong>Termin&#243; la primera ronda bilateral, y los metales son el campo de batalla.</strong> El USTR cerr&#243; la primera ronda EE. UU.&#8211;M&#233;xico en la Ciudad de M&#233;xico el 28 de mayo &#8212;reglas de origen automotrices, acero, aluminio&#8212;, con una segunda ronda el 16&#8211;17 de junio en Washington y una tercera la semana del 20 de julio. Donde queden las reglas de autos y metales es donde se construir&#225; &#8212;o se congelar&#225;&#8212; la pr&#243;xima d&#233;cada de la industria continental.</p><p><strong>Washington sigue usando los aranceles como pol&#237;tica exterior.</strong> Plante&#243; un 10% adicional a importaciones mexicanas (2 jun) y aranceles de hasta 12.5% a sesenta econom&#237;as por trabajo forzado (3 jun). Dentro de un bloque de libre comercio, el tratado es hoy un piso, no una garant&#237;a &#8212; y las excepciones son donde vive la palanca.</p><h3>CAPITAL E INDUSTRIA</h3><p><em>Se abre una nueva frontera en Wall Street &#8212; y el continente debe decidir si la construye junto.</em></p><p><strong>SpaceX protagoniz&#243; el mayor IPO de la historia &#8212; el disparo de salida de una nueva frontera.</strong> Coloc&#243; 555.6 millones de acciones a $135 y empez&#243; a cotizar el 12 de junio en Nasdaq (SPCX), levantando <strong>$75 mil millones</strong> con una valuaci&#243;n objetivo de $1.75 billones &#8212;<strong>superando el r&#233;cord de Saudi Aramco de 2019</strong>&#8212; y cerr&#243; su primer d&#237;a casi 20% arriba. Con OpenAI (que apunta a salir en el 4T) y Anthropic (S-1 confidencial el 1 jun, ~$965 mil M) detr&#225;s, la carrera de IA y espacio se vuelve un evento de capital norteamericano. La frontera del siglo XXI se est&#225; clavando con capital estadounidense y ra&#237;ces de IA canadienses &#8212; la pregunta abierta es si M&#233;xico entra como constructor o mira como comprador.</p><p><strong>El mapa monetario se parte en tres.</strong> Banxico se mantiene en 6.50%, el Banco de Canad&#225; sostuvo en 2.25% (10 jun) y se espera que la Fed mantenga en 3.50&#8211;3.75% el 16&#8211;17 de junio, su primera decisi&#243;n bajo el nuevo titular Kevin Warsh. Un continente, un choque inflacionario, tres respuestas &#8212; y la brecha entre ellas es, en s&#237; misma, una tesis de inversi&#243;n.</p><p><strong>Las bolsas suben en tres plazas a la vez.</strong> El S&amp;P 500 gan&#243; 1.6% en su novena alza semanal seguida y m&#225;ximos hist&#243;ricos; el IPC de M&#233;xico lleg&#243; a ~67,840 (+2.56% en la semana); el TSX de Canad&#225; se sostuvo en 26,504. Cuando las tres suben juntas el continente parece un solo mercado; las razones por las que suben revelan que a&#250;n no lo es.</p><h3>RECURSOS </h3><p><em>El aire, el petr&#243;leo y el agua se mueven sin papeles &#8212; y esta semana se movieron los tres a la vez.</em></p><p><strong>Canad&#225; arde antes de tiempo.</strong> Al 10 de junio, Canad&#225; acumulaba 1,747 incendios en 2026 &#8212;166,400 hect&#225;reas, 44 fuera de control&#8212;, con un panorama peor hacia agosto, y el humo de veranos recientes ya alcanz&#243; ciudades de EE. UU. La primera ciudadan&#237;a compartida del continente quiz&#225; sea respiratoria.</p><p><strong>Una guerra lejana viene incluida en la gasolina norteamericana.</strong> El WTI cotiz&#243; cerca de $87 antes de caer por debajo de $84 el 12 de junio por las pl&#225;ticas de paz EE. UU.&#8211;Ir&#225;n; la energ&#237;a llev&#243; la inflaci&#243;n de EE. UU. a 4.2% en mayo &#8212;la m&#225;s alta desde abril de 2023&#8212;, con la gasolina +40.5% interanual. Un conflicto lejano, sentido cada semana en una mesa norteamericana.</p><h3>SOCIAL</h3><p><em>La textura humana del continente &#8212; su cara m&#225;s c&#225;lida y la m&#225;s dura en una misma semana.</em></p><p><strong>Tres naciones inauguraron juntas un Mundial por primera vez.</strong> El torneo arranc&#243; el 11 de junio en un Estadio Azteca lleno; Juli&#225;n Qui&#241;ones &#8212;nacido en Colombia, naturalizado mexicano&#8212; anot&#243; el primer gol en una victoria 2&#8211;0, con la competencia corriendo hasta el 19 de julio. Durante noventa minutos, Norteam&#233;rica no fue tres mercados &#8212; fue un solo p&#250;blico.</p><p><strong>El mapa humano cambi&#243; de direcci&#243;n.</strong> Por primera vez en cerca de cincuenta a&#241;os, EE. UU. registr&#243; migraci&#243;n neta negativa en 2025 &#8212;m&#225;s de 2.5 millones de salidas&#8212; y los encuentros fronterizos cayeron a su nivel m&#225;s bajo desde 1967. Cuando la br&#250;jula que apunt&#243; al norte durante un siglo empieza a girar, la pregunta deja de ser qui&#233;n entra y pasa a ser qui&#233;nes somos.</p><h3>CIUDADAN&#205;A</h3><p><em>&#191;Qu&#233; exige, en realidad, la ciudadan&#237;a de un continente compartido?</em></p><p><strong>Las comunidades fronterizas piden menos muro, no m&#225;s.</strong> Mientras el Congreso sum&#243; $69.5 mil millones para ICE y CBP, habitantes de Presidio y San Ygnacio (Texas) pidieron formalmente retirar el alambre de concertina y detener la obra del muro en llanuras de inundaci&#243;n del R&#237;o Bravo &#8212;por riesgos de inundaci&#243;n y seguridad para sus propios pueblos (Border Update, 12 jun). Los encuentros est&#225;n en m&#237;nimos de medio siglo aun cuando el gasto en control sube. Una frontera no es una l&#237;nea entre desconocidos; es una calle donde viven vecinos &#8212; y la ciudadan&#237;a empieza por preguntarles.</p><h3>FECHAS CLAVE</h3><ul><li><p><strong>16&#8211;17 de junio</strong> &#8212; Decisi&#243;n de la Fed (la primera bajo Warsh) y segunda ronda bilateral del T-MEC en Washington.</p></li><li><p><strong>22 de junio</strong> &#8212; Cierre de comparecencias en la acci&#243;n Secci&#243;n 301 sobre Brasil.</p></li><li><p><strong>1 de julio</strong> &#8212; Se activa la cl&#225;usula de revisi&#243;n a seis a&#241;os del T-MEC.</p></li><li><p><strong>15 de julio</strong> &#8212; Pr&#243;xima decisi&#243;n de tasa del Banco de Canad&#225;.</p></li><li><p><strong>Semana del 20 de julio</strong> &#8212; Tercera ronda del T-MEC en la Ciudad de M&#233;xico.</p></li></ul><h3>LAS CIFRAS</h3><ul><li><p><strong>$75 mil M</strong> &#8212; Recaudados por el IPO de SpaceX, el mayor de la historia, superando el r&#233;cord de Aramco de 2019 (The Information / CoinDesk)</p></li><li><p><strong>$1.75 Trillion</strong> &#8212; Valuaci&#243;n objetivo de SpaceX; 555.6M acciones a $135, +20% en su debut (TechCrunch).  Elon Musk es el 1er trillonario del mundo.</p></li><li><p><strong>~$965 mil M</strong> &#8212; Valuaci&#243;n de Anthropic al presentar un S-1 confidencial el 1 de junio (FT / IG)</p></li><li><p><strong>~$160 mil M</strong> &#8212; Proyecci&#243;n de IPOs en EE. UU. para 2026, ~4&#215; lo de 2025 (Goldman Sachs)</p></li><li><p><strong>4.2%</strong> &#8212; Inflaci&#243;n anual de EE. UU. en mayo, la m&#225;s alta desde abril de 2023 (BLS)</p></li><li><p><strong>+40.5%</strong> &#8212; Precio de la gasolina en EE. UU. interanual (BLS)</p></li><li><p><strong>6.50% / 3.50&#8211;3.75% / 2.25%</strong> &#8212; Tasas de pol&#237;tica: Banxico, Fed (esperada), Banco de Canad&#225;</p></li><li><p><strong>~67,840</strong> &#8212; &#205;ndice IPC de M&#233;xico, +2.56% en la semana (BMV)</p></li><li><p><strong>$84</strong> &#8212; Crudo WTI tras una ca&#237;da de m&#225;s de 4% el 12 de junio (FRED)</p></li><li><p><strong>2.5M</strong> &#8212; Personas que salieron de EE. UU. en 2025, la primera migraci&#243;n neta negativa en ~50 a&#241;os (Casa Blanca)</p></li><li><p><strong>13.4M</strong> &#8212; Personas que salieron de la pobreza en M&#233;xico, 2018&#8211;2024 (HRW)</p></li><li><p><strong>130,000+</strong> &#8212; Desapariciones acumuladas en M&#233;xico (HRW)</p></li><li><p><strong>80%</strong> &#8212; Exportaciones de M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; a EE. UU. que cumplen reglas de origen del T-MEC (Brookings)</p></li></ul><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h3>THE LONGVIEW- ESP</h3><h4>Un Continente; Una Carrera del Siglo liderada por nuestro vecino.</h4><p><em>por Eduardo Joffroy G.</em></p><p>El 11 de junio, <strong>M&#233;xico, Estados Unidos y Canad&#225;</strong> <strong>inauguraron juntos un Mundial por primera vez en la historia. </strong>El partido inaugural mantuvo a todo el continente bajo el mismo suspenso, coronado por el primer gol del torneo: obra de un colombiano naturalizado mexicano. Ese partido es, en peque&#241;o, la imagen de c&#243;mo se interconecta Norteam&#233;rica.</p><p>Durante las pr&#243;ximas semanas, millones de norteamericanos ver&#225;n lo mismo, al mismo tiempo. Es un buen momento para notar lo que el resto de la semana confirm&#243;: el continente ya funciona como un solo sistema, aunque todav&#237;a no se gobierne como tal.</p><p>Las se&#241;ales fueron concretas. El humo de los 1,747 incendios de Canad&#225; llega a ciudades de Estados Unidos. Una guerra a once mil kil&#243;metros movi&#243; el precio de la gasolina por igual en Nuevo Le&#243;n, Saskatchewan y Carolina del Sur, y empuj&#243; la inflaci&#243;n estadounidense a 4.2%. Y por primera vez en medio siglo, salieron de Estados Unidos m&#225;s personas de las que entraron. El aire, la energ&#237;a y la gente cruzan las fronteras sin pedir permiso.</p><p>El capital hace lo mismo. Las empresas ya cumplen las reglas de origen del T-MEC en casi 80%, frente a menos de la mitad hace unos a&#241;os: se integran m&#225;s justo cuando el futuro pol&#237;tico del tratado es m&#225;s incierto. El 1 de julio, la cl&#225;usula de revisi&#243;n obliga a decidir. Canad&#225; pidi&#243; renovar por diecis&#233;is a&#241;os; M&#233;xico busca lo mismo; Washington dice que &#8220;no est&#225; seguro&#8221;. Tres respuestas distintas a una sola realidad.</p><p>Esa es la brecha que importa: el continente opera como un sistema y se administra como tres. Y esta semana la brecha se volvi&#243; m&#225;s relevante, no menos, porque se abri&#243; una nueva frontera. SpaceX protagoniz&#243; el mayor IPO de la historia &#8212;$75 mil millones&#8212; y detr&#225;s vienen OpenAI y Anthropic. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La carrera de inteligencia artificial y espacio que definir&#225; el siglo se est&#225; financiando en Estados Unidos, pero sin un papel claro de Canad&#225; ni de M&#233;xico.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>La pregunta para Norteam&#233;rica:</strong> </p><p>&#191;Si el mundo ya nos ve como una regi&#243;n unida, porque nos comportamos como si no lo fueramos?</p><p>Ante un momento hist&#243;rico como el que se vive en EUA buscando ganar el <strong>&#8220;Frontier AI &amp; Space race&#8221;,</strong> pensar como un bloque o una regi&#243;n se vuelve una necesidad.  No hace falta un ganador entre los tres gobiernos; <em>hace falta que los tres piensen en el pr&#243;ximo siglo, no en el pr&#243;ximo trimestre.</em></p><p>El tratado se revisa en julio. </p><p><em><strong>La decisi&#243;n de fondo &#8212;si nos asumimos como un solo continente&#8212; no la firman los gobiernos. La tomamos nosotros, mucho antes.</strong></em></p><div class="poll-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:584359}" data-component-name="PollToDOM"></div><div><hr></div><h1>NA77 Weekly Affairs &#183; 14 Jun 2026</h1><h3>Our weekly read of all North America</h3><div><hr></div><h2>&#127482;&#127480; ENGLISH VERSION &#127464;&#127462;</h2><h3>TRADE &amp; POLICY</h3><p><em>The review year stops being procedural and turns political.</em></p><p><strong>Three capitals arrive at the July 1 clock wearing three different faces.</strong> Canada formally asked to renew the USMCA for sixteen years (June 1); Mexico signaled the same; on June 10, President Trump said he is &#8220;not sure&#8221; he wants to renew at all. The clause triggers July 1. The treaty&#8217;s renewal is no longer a formality &#8212; it is a referendum on whether North America is a project or just a proximity.</p><p><strong>The first bilateral round is done, and metals are the battleground.</strong> USTR closed the first US&#8211;Mexico review round in Mexico City on May 28 &#8212; auto rules of origin, steel, aluminum &#8212; with a second round June 16&#8211;17 in Washington and a third the week of July 20. Where the auto and metals rules settle is where the next decade of continental industry gets built &#8212; or frozen.</p><p><strong>Washington keeps using tariffs as foreign policy.</strong> It floated an extra 10% on Mexican imports (June 2) and tariffs up to 12.5% on sixty economies over forced labor (June 3). Inside a free-trade bloc, the treaty is now a floor, not a guarantee &#8212; and the exceptions are where the leverage lives.</p><h3>CAPITAL &amp; INDUSTRY</h3><p><em>A new frontier opens on Wall Street &#8212; and the continent has to decide whether it builds it together.</em></p><p><strong>SpaceX just ran the largest IPO in history &#8212; the starting gun of a new frontier.</strong> It priced 555.6 million shares at $135 and began trading June 12 on Nasdaq (SPCX), raising <strong>$75 billion</strong> at a $1.75 trillion target valuation &#8212; <strong>eclipsing Saudi Aramco&#8217;s 2019 record </strong>&#8212; and closing its first day up nearly 20%. With <strong>OpenAI </strong>(targeting a Q4 listing) and Anthropic (confidential S-1 filed June 1, ~$965B) lining up behind it, the <strong>AI-and-space race is becoming a North American capital event.</strong> The <strong>21st-century frontier</strong> <em>is being staked from US capital and Canadian AI roots &#8212; the open question is whether Mexico joins as a builder or watches as a buyer.</em></p><p><strong>The monetary map splits three ways.</strong> Banxico holds at 6.50%, the Bank of Canada held at 2.25% (June 10), and the Fed is expected to hold at 3.50&#8211;3.75% on June 16&#8211;17 &#8212; its first decision under new chair Kevin Warsh. One continent, one inflation shock, three answers &#8212; and the spread between them is itself an investment thesis.</p><p><strong>Equities climb on three exchanges at once.</strong> The S&amp;P 500 rose 1.6% for a ninth straight weekly gain and record highs; Mexico&#8217;s IPC reached ~67,840 (+2.56% on the week); Canada&#8217;s TSX held at 26,504. When all three rise together the continent looks like one market; the reasons they rise reveal it isn&#8217;t yet.</p><h3>RESOURCES</h3><p><em>Air, oil, and water move without papers &#8212; and this week they all moved at once.</em></p><p><strong>Canada is burning early.</strong> As of June 10, Canada logged 1,747 wildfires in 2026 &#8212; 166,400 hectares, 44 of them out of control &#8212; with worse expected through August, and recent summers&#8217; smoke has already reached US cities. The continent&#8217;s first shared citizenship may be respiratory.</p><p><strong>A distant war is priced into North American gasoline.</strong> WTI traded near $87 before falling below $84 on June 12 on US&#8211;Iran peace talks; energy drove US inflation to 4.2% in May &#8212; the highest since April 2023 &#8212; with gasoline up 40.5% year over year. A faraway conflict, felt every week at a North American kitchen table.</p><h3>SOCIAL</h3><p><em>The human texture of the continent &#8212; its warmest and its hardest face in one week.</em></p><p><strong>Three nations opened a World Cup together for the first time.</strong> The tournament kicked off June 11 at a packed <strong>Estadio Azteca</strong>; Juli&#225;n Qui&#241;ones &#8212; Colombian-born, naturalized Mexican &#8212; scored the first goal in a 2&#8211;0 win, with the competition running through July 19. For ninety minutes, <em><strong>North America was not three markets &#8212; it was one audience.</strong></em></p><p><strong>The human map reversed direction.</strong> For the first time in roughly fifty years, the US recorded <strong>negative net migration in 2025</strong> &#8212; over 2.5 million departures &#8212; and border encounters hit their lowest level since 1967. When the compass that pointed north for a century starts to spin, the question stops being who gets in and becomes who we are.</p><h3>CITIZENS</h3><p><em>What does citizenship of a shared continent actually require?</em></p><p><strong>Border communities are asking for less wall, not more.</strong> As Congress added $69.5 billion for ICE and CBP, residents of Presidio and San Ygnacio, Texas, <em><strong>formally asked federal authorities to remove concertina wire and halt wall construction on Rio Grande floodplains</strong></em> &#8212; <em>citing flood and safety risks to their own towns (Border Update, June 12).</em> Encounters sit at a half-century low even as enforcement funding climbs. <em><strong>A border is not a line between strangers; it is a street where neighbors live &#8212; and citizenship begins by asking them.</strong></em></p><h3>KEY DATES</h3><ul><li><p><strong>June 16&#8211;17</strong> &#8212; Fed decision (first under Chair Warsh) and the second bilateral USMCA round in Washington.</p></li><li><p><strong>June 22</strong> &#8212; Deadline for appearances in the USTR Section 301 action on Brazil.</p></li><li><p><strong>July 1</strong> &#8212; The USMCA six-year review clause formally triggers.</p></li><li><p><strong>July 15</strong> &#8212; Next Bank of Canada rate decision.</p></li><li><p><strong>Week of July 20</strong> &#8212; Third USMCA round in Mexico City.</p></li></ul><h3>THE NUMBERS</h3><ul><li><p><strong>$75B</strong> &#8212; Raised by SpaceX&#8217;s IPO, the largest in history, eclipsing Aramco&#8217;s 2019 record (The Information / CoinDesk)</p></li><li><p><strong>$1.75T</strong> &#8212; SpaceX&#8217;s target valuation; 555.6M shares priced at $135, +20% on debut (TechCrunch). Elon Musk becomes the first trillionaire.</p></li><li><p><strong>$965B</strong> &#8212; Anthropic&#8217;s valuation as it filed a confidential S-1 on June 1 (FT / IG)</p></li><li><p><strong>$160B</strong> &#8212; Projected 2026 US IPO proceeds, roughly 4&#215; 2025 (Goldman Sachs)</p></li><li><p><strong>4.2%</strong> &#8212; US annual inflation in May, highest since April 2023 (BLS)</p></li><li><p><strong>+40.5%</strong> &#8212; US gasoline prices year over year (BLS)</p></li><li><p><strong>6.50% / 3.50&#8211;3.75% / 2.25%</strong> &#8212; Policy rates: Banxico, Fed (expected), Bank of Canada</p></li><li><p><strong>67,840</strong> &#8212; Mexico&#8217;s IPC index, +2.56% on the week (BMV)</p></li><li><p><strong>+1.6%</strong> &#8212; S&amp;P 500 weekly gain, ninth straight (Advisor Perspectives)</p></li><li><p><strong>$84</strong> &#8212; WTI crude after a &gt;4% drop on June 12 (FRED)</p></li><li><p><strong>2.5M</strong> &#8212; People who left the US in 2025, the first net-negative migration in ~50 years (White House)</p></li><li><p><strong>13.4M</strong> &#8212; People lifted out of poverty in Mexico, 2018&#8211;2024 (HRW)</p></li><li><p><strong>130,000+</strong> &#8212; Accumulated disappearances in Mexico (HRW)</p></li><li><p><strong>80%</strong> &#8212; Mexico/Canada exports to the US complying with USMCA rules of origin (Brookings)</p></li></ul><h3>THE LONGVIEW</h3><h4>One Continent; One Frontier race of a century being led by our neighbor.</h4><p><em>By Eduardo Joffroy G.</em></p><p>On June 11, Mexico, the United States, and Canada opened a World Cup together for the first time. The opening match held the whole continent in the same suspense, crowned by the tournament&#8217;s first goal &#8212; scored by a Colombian who became a naturalized Mexican. That match is, in miniature, a picture of how North America interconnects.</p><p>For the next several weeks, millions of North Americans will watch the same thing at the same time. It&#8217;s a good moment to notice what the rest of the week confirmed: <em><strong>the continent already works as one system, even if it isn&#8217;t yet governed as one.</strong></em></p><p>The signals were concrete. Smoke from Canada&#8217;s 1,747 wildfires reaches US cities. A war seven thousand miles away moved the price of gasoline alike in Nuevo Le&#243;n, Saskatchewan, and South Carolina, and pushed US inflation to 4.2%. And for the first time in half a century, more people left the United States than entered it. Air, energy, and people cross the borders without asking permission.</p><p>Capital does the same. Firms now meet USMCA rules of origin at nearly 80%, up from less than half a few years ago &#8212; integrating more deeply just as the treaty&#8217;s political future grows uncertain. On July 1, the review clause forces a decision: Canada has asked to renew for sixteen years, Mexico wants the same, and Washington says it isn&#8217;t sure. <em><strong>Three answers to one reality.</strong></em></p><p><strong>That is the gap that matters:</strong> the continent operates as one system and is administered as three. </p><p>And this week the gap grew more relevant, not less, because a new frontier opened. <strong>SpaceX ran the largest IPO in history &#8212; $75 billion &#8212; with OpenAI and Anthropic</strong> close behind. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>The AI-and-space race that will define the century is being financed in the United States, with no clear role yet for Canada or Mexico.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>The question for North America: </strong>If the whole world sees us as one region, why do we not act like it?</p><p>Now more than ever, we must stick together to assure the US and the Western Hemisphere win the new Frontier AI &amp; Space Race.  North America doesn&#8217;t need a winner among its governments;<em><strong> it needs all three to think about the next century, not the next quarter.</strong></em></p><p>The treaty will be reviewed in July. </p><p><em><strong>The deeper decision &#8212; whether we see ourselves as one continent &#8212; isn&#8217;t signed by governments. We make it, long before.</strong></em></p><div class="poll-embed" data-attrs="{&quot;id&quot;:584380}" data-component-name="PollToDOM"></div><p></p><div><hr></div><h2>SOURCES / FUENTES</h2><p><em>The Information (SpaceX IPO, Anthropic vs. OpenAI, June 9&#8211;13) &#183; CoinDesk / TechCrunch / CNBC (SpaceX pricing &amp; debut, June 11&#8211;12) &#183; Financial Times / IG (Anthropic S-1, OpenAI Q4 plans) &#183; Goldman Sachs (2026 IPO outlook) &#183; U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (CPI &amp; jobs, May 2026) &#183; Banco de M&#233;xico &#183; Bank of Canada (June 10) &#183; USTR (first bilateral round, May 28) &#183; Canadian Affairs / BBC (Canada renewal request) &#183; The New York Times (Trump remarks, June 10) &#183; Brookings (USMCA integration) &#183; Government of Canada / Public Safety Canada (wildfire update, June 10) &#183; FRED / <a href="http://Investing.com">Investing.com</a> (WTI) &#183; Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (IPC) &#183; Advisor Perspectives (S&amp;P 500) &#183; The White House (net migration) &#183; Adam Isacson &#8212; Border Update (June 12) &#183; Human Rights Watch (World Report 2026, Mexico) &#183; Al Jazeera / CBS News / PBS (World Cup opening, June 11)/ Bloomberg &#183; The Economist &#183; Reforma &#183; El Norte &#183; El CEO &#183; Expansi&#243;n &#183; The Inter-American Dialogue &#183; The US&#8211;Mexico Foundation &#183; SupplyChainBrain &#183; Whitepaper. </em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Roads Are Built. The Standards Aren’t.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Why North America&#8217;s next integration project is digital, and why we&#8217;re already behind]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-roads-are-built-the-standards</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-roads-are-built-the-standards</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Daniel Covarrubias, Ph.D.]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 10 Jun 2026 13:01:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>Column 01 I Versi&#243;n Espa&#241;ol abajo </strong></em></p><p><strong>China&#8217;s National Data Administration</strong> <strong>expects to issue more than 30 new data standards in 2026.</strong> Public data, AI agents, data infrastructure, dataset cataloguing. Beijing is building the rulebook other countries will plug into. It tended the fiber, the cables, and the data centers along the <strong>Digital Silk Road</strong> first, then set the terms.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>The country that builds the infrastructure sets the standard. China learned that lesson on physical infrastructure and is now running the same play on the digital layer.</strong></p></div><p><strong>North America </strong>hasn&#8217;t started.</p><p>That&#8217;s the gap I want to spend this column, and the next twelve months, arguing matters more than almost anything else on the trade agenda. The reason is simple. The physical integration is already done, and the digital integration that&#8217;s supposed to ride on top of it doesn&#8217;t exist yet.</p><p>Here&#8217;s what I mean by &#8220;already done.&#8221;</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg" width="1264" height="848" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:848,&quot;width&quot;:1264,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:71787,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/201378965?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!vKj_!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fca66f18f-d495-4795-aa23-658e6895c051_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>In 2025,</strong> total goods and services trade between the <strong>United States and Mexico</strong> hit <strong>$976.1 billion</strong>, per the <strong>Bureau of Economic Analysis. </strong>Trilateral trade across the three <strong>USMCA </strong>economies ran <strong>$1.93 trillion in 2024</strong>, the most recent year with a published three-country total. At <strong>Port Laredo</strong>, the busiest inland crossing on the <strong>U.S.-Mexico border</strong>, as many as <strong>18,000 commercial trucks</strong> move through on the busiest days; the <strong>Bureau of Transportation Statistics</strong> counted <strong>38.8%</strong> of all trucks entering from <strong>Mexico</strong> crossing here in 2025. The trucks cross. The cargo crosses. The supply chains that build a car across three countries before it&#8217;s sold cross, dozens of times, before the vehicle ever reaches a lot.</p><blockquote><p>The trade crosses the border. The institutions don&#8217;t. And the digital systems that govern the trade don&#8217;t either.</p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>The wall you can&#8217;t see</h2><p><strong>Customs and Border Protection</strong> runs one set of systems. <strong>Mexico&#8217;s customs authority, ANAM</strong>, runs another. <strong>Canada&#8217;s border agency, CBSA</strong>, runs a third. </p><p>None of them share an operational data platform. There&#8217;s no common digital backbone, no interoperable standard for the documentation that moves with every shipment.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg" width="1264" height="848" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!yWHG!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fc3b46336-cadb-48bc-86af-6b348bac60c6_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>I&#8217;ve called this the <strong>Digital Wall</strong>. </p><p>It&#8217;s the invisible counterpart to the physical one, and in some ways it&#8217;s more expensive.</p><p>A truck waits at the bridge for two reasons: inspection capacity, and paperwork that lives in two separate systems never designed to recognize each other.</p><p><strong>ECIPE </strong>modeled the cost of data localization rules across seven economies <strong>in 2014 and found GDP losses as high as 1.7%</strong>. For the businesses caught in the middle, the bill is materially higher operating costs. </p><p><strong>That&#8217;s the tax nobody votes on.</strong> It shows up as inventory buffers, redundant filings, and the quiet decision by a mid-sized exporter to not expand because the friction isn&#8217;t worth it.</p><p><strong>We&#8217;ve spent 30 years building physical integration</strong>. </p><p>We built bridges (the newest, the Gordie Howe between Detroit and Windsor, opens to traffic this month), rail lines, warehouses, and the largest inland port in the hemisphere. </p><p><em><strong>We have not built the digital layer that&#8217;s supposed to coordinate it all.</strong></em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>NADICI</strong>, in one sentence</h2><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>The proposal I want to put on the table is the North American Digital Infrastructure Coordination Initiative, or NADICI: shared standards for cybersecurity, data governance, and AI-enabled trade interoperability across the three USMCA borders.</p></div><p>That&#8217;s it. A common set of rules for how data moves across the continent, the same way USMCA set common rules for how goods move. It doesn&#8217;t add a bureaucracy. And I won&#8217;t pretend standards never touch sovereignty: standards are exactly where sovereignty gets contested, which is why Beijing is writing 30 of them. The design answers it this way: each country keeps its own systems, its own data, and its own enforcement. What gets standardized is the plumbing, the rulebook for how those systems recognize each other.</p><p>It&#8217;s the third piece of a framework I&#8217;ve been building with colleagues over the past year. The Binational Customs Agency would handle the operational fusion of customs. The North American Industrial Coordination Council would align industrial policy. NADICI is the digital backbone both would need to run. You can&#8217;t operate a binational customs agency on two incompatible IT systems. You can&#8217;t coordinate continental industrial policy without agreeing on how cross-border data flows.</p><p><em><strong>The digital layer is load-bearing for the whole agreement. It determines whether the deal still works in an economy where AI designs the product, software runs the logistics, and data is the input that matters most.</strong></em></p><div><hr></div><h2>The questions USMCA never had to answer</h2><p>When <strong>NAFTA took effect in 1994</strong>, the hardest question was a rule of origin: how much of a car had to be made in <strong>North America</strong> to cross duty-free. We&#8217;re about to face a much stranger version of that question.</p><p><em><strong>How does a rule of origin work when an AI system designs the product across three borders at once? </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>What does &#8220;worker protection&#8221; mean when the task in question is performed by software, not a person? </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Who&#8217;s liable when an autonomous truck crosses an international bridge, and the decision to brake was made by a model trained on data from a fourth country?</strong></em></p><p>The <strong>2026 USMCA Joint Review</strong> is the moment these questions get asked, whether we&#8217;re ready or not. The agreement&#8217;s digital trade chapter was written for a world of e-commerce and data flows, not agentic AI. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>It&#8217;s a 20th-century agreement governing a 21st-century economy, and the gap is widening every quarter.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>Why this is the security argument too</h2><blockquote><p>I used to keep the technology and security conversations in separate rooms. I don&#8217;t anymore.</p></blockquote><p><strong>The United States is racing China</strong> <strong>for the frontier of artificial intelligence. </strong>That&#8217;s the defining technological competition of the decade. </p><p><em><strong>But if the U.S. reaches that frontier alone, with Mexico and Canada lagging behind on digital infrastructure, that&#8217;s not a North American victory. It&#8217;s a continental vulnerability.</strong></em></p><p><strong>A supply chain is only as secure as its least digitized link.</strong> A continent that shares nearly <strong>$2 trillion in annual trade </strong>but can&#8217;t share a cybersecurity standard has built a single economy with three different locks on the same door.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Security has become the continent&#8217;s new subsidy.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Every dollar kept in <strong>North America </strong>through secure, digitally coordinated trade reduces global risk and builds regional strength. The digital layer is where that logic either holds or breaks.</p><div><hr></div><h2>What I&#8217;ll be writing about here</h2><p><strong>This is the first of a monthly column for The North American &#8212; 77, and the through-line will be </strong><em><strong>Logistechs</strong></em><strong>: </strong><em>the impact exponential technologies have on logistics and on the integration logistics makes possible.</em></p><p>Over the next year, I&#8217;ll get specific. The digital border and what a binational customs agency actually requires. AI and the 9.9 million North American jobs the trade relationship touches. What cross-border trade looks like when sensors, autonomous vehicles, and AI converge. Cybersecurity as the integration risk nobody&#8217;s pricing.</p><p>But it starts here, with the unglamorous foundation. <strong>China is writing 30 standards this year. We haven&#8217;t written the first one.</strong></p><p><strong>The roads are built. The standards aren&#8217;t. That&#8217;s the work.</strong></p><p><em>Daniel Covarrubias, Ph.D., is Director of the Texas Center for Border Economic and Enterprise Development at Texas A&amp;M International University&#8217;s A.R. Sanchez, Jr. School of Business. He writes <a href="http://thebridgedc.substack.com">The Bridge,</a> a data-first Substack on North American trade and exponential technologies.</em></p><div><hr></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>Versi&#243;n Espa&#241;ol</strong></p></div><h1>Las carreteras ya est&#225;n. Los est&#225;ndares no.</h1><p><em>Por qu&#233; el pr&#243;ximo proyecto de integraci&#243;n de Norteam&#233;rica es digital, y por qu&#233; ya vamos tarde</em></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>La Administraci&#243;n Nacional de Datos de China</strong> prev&#233; emitir m&#225;s de 30 nuevos est&#225;ndares de datos en 2026. Datos p&#250;blicos, agentes de inteligencia artificial, infraestructura de datos, catalogaci&#243;n de conjuntos de datos. Beijing est&#225; construyendo el reglamento al que otros pa&#237;ses tendr&#225;n que conectarse. Primero tendi&#243; la fibra, los cables y los centros de datos de la Ruta de la Seda Digital, y despu&#233;s fij&#243; las condiciones.</p><div class="pullquote"><p><strong>El pa&#237;s que construye la infraestructura fija el est&#225;ndar. China aprendi&#243; esa lecci&#243;n con la infraestructura f&#237;sica y hoy la repite en la capa digital.</strong></p></div><p><strong>Norteam&#233;rica </strong>ni siquiera ha empezado.</p><p>Esa es la brecha que quiero defender en esta columna, y durante los pr&#243;ximos doce meses, como una de las cosas que m&#225;s importan en toda la agenda comercial. La raz&#243;n es simple. La integraci&#243;n f&#237;sica ya est&#225; hecha, y la integraci&#243;n digital que se supone debe ir montada encima todav&#237;a no existe.</p><p>D&#233;jenme explicar a qu&#233; me refiero con &#8220;ya est&#225; hecha&#8221;.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg" width="1264" height="848" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:848,&quot;width&quot;:1264,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:78940,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/201378965?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!QKIB!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F89a32d02-e456-4ea5-b118-5efdce6bdef4_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>En 2025,</strong> el comercio total de bienes y servicios entre <strong>Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico </strong>alcanz&#243; <strong>976,100 millones de d&#243;lares</strong>, seg&#250;n el <strong>Bureau of Economic Analysis. </strong>El comercio trilateral entre las tres econom&#237;as del <strong>T-MEC sum&#243; 1.93 billones de d&#243;lares en 2024</strong>, el a&#241;o m&#225;s reciente con una cifra trilateral publicada. </p><p><strong>En el Puerto de Laredo</strong>, el cruce interior m&#225;s activo de la frontera entre <strong>Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico</strong>, pasan hasta <strong>18,000 camiones</strong> comerciales en los d&#237;as m&#225;s cargados; el <strong>Bureau of Transportation Statistics</strong> cont&#243; que el 38.8% de todos los camiones que entraron desde <strong>M&#233;xico en 2025</strong> cruzaron por aqu&#237;. </p><p>Cruzan los camiones. Cruza la carga. Cruzan las cadenas de suministro que ensamblan un autom&#243;vil entre tres pa&#237;ses decenas de veces antes de que el veh&#237;culo llegue siquiera a una agencia.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>El comercio cruza la frontera. Las instituciones no. Y los sistemas digitales que gobiernan ese comercio tampoco.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>El muro que no se ve</h2><p><strong>La Oficina de Aduanas y Protecci&#243;n Fronteriza de Estados Unidos </strong>opera un conjunto de sistemas.<strong> La Agencia Nacional de Aduanas de M&#233;xico (ANAM)</strong> opera otro. <strong>La agencia fronteriza de Canad&#225;, la CBSA</strong>, opera un tercero. Ninguno comparte una plataforma de datos operativa. No hay una columna vertebral digital com&#250;n, ni un est&#225;ndar interoperable para la documentaci&#243;n que viaja con cada embarque.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg" width="1264" height="848" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!UoV1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fbdaa371f-04c0-442f-b422-b3df7bb3b39a_1264x848.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><strong>A esto le he llamado el Muro Digital.</strong> Es la contraparte invisible del muro f&#237;sico, y en ciertos aspectos resulta m&#225;s caro. Un cami&#243;n espera en el puente por dos razones: la capacidad de inspecci&#243;n f&#237;sica, y los documentos que viven en dos sistemas separados que nunca se dise&#241;aron para reconocerse.</p><p><strong>ECIPE model&#243; en 2014</strong> el costo de las reglas de localizaci&#243;n de datos en siete econom&#237;as y encontr&#243; p&#233;rdidas de PIB de hasta 1.7%. Para las empresas atrapadas en medio, la factura son costos operativos sustancialmente m&#225;s altos. Ese es el impuesto por el que nadie vota. Aparece como inventarios de seguridad, tr&#225;mites duplicados, y la decisi&#243;n silenciosa de un exportador mediano de no crecer porque la fricci&#243;n no vale la pena.</p><p>Llevamos 30 a&#241;os construyendo integraci&#243;n f&#237;sica. </p><p><strong>Construimos puentes (el m&#225;s nuevo, el Gordie Howe entre Detroit y Windsor, abre al tr&#225;fico este mes), v&#237;as f&#233;rreas, almacenes, el puerto interior m&#225;s grande del hemisferio. </strong></p><p>No hemos construido la capa digital que se supone que debe coordinarlo todo.</p><div><hr></div><h2>NADICI, en una frase</h2><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p>La propuesta que quiero poner sobre la mesa es la <strong>North American Digital Infrastructure Coordination Initiative, o NADICI:</strong> est&#225;ndares compartidos de ciberseguridad, gobernanza de datos e interoperabilidad comercial habilitada por la <strong>inteligencia artificial en las tres fronteras del T-MEC.</strong></p></div><p><strong>Eso es todo. </strong>Es un conjunto com&#250;n de reglas sobre c&#243;mo se mueven los datos en el continente, al igual que el <strong>T-MEC fij&#243; reglas comunes sobre c&#243;mo se mueven los bienes. </strong>No agrega una burocracia. <em>Y no voy a fingir que los est&#225;ndares nunca tocan la soberan&#237;a:</em> los est&#225;ndares son justo el terreno donde la soberan&#237;a se disputa, <strong>por eso Beijing est&#225; escribiendo 30. </strong></p><p><strong>El dise&#241;o lo resuelve as&#237;: </strong>cada pa&#237;s conserva sus propios sistemas, sus propios datos y su propia capacidad de hacer cumplir la ley. Lo que se estandariza es la plomer&#237;a, el reglamento para que esos sistemas se reconozcan entre s&#237;.</p><p>Es la tercera pieza de un marco que he venido construyendo con varios colegas durante el &#250;ltimo a&#241;o. <strong>La Agencia Binacional de Aduana</strong> resolver&#237;a la fusi&#243;n operativa de las aduanas. <strong>El North American Industrial Coordination Council </strong>alinear&#237;a la pol&#237;tica industrial. <strong>NADICI</strong> <strong>es la columna vertebral digital </strong>que ambas necesitan para funcionar. </p><p><em><strong>No se puede operar una agencia binacional de aduana con dos sistemas inform&#225;ticos incompatibles. No se puede coordinar una pol&#237;tica industrial continental sin ponerse de acuerdo sobre c&#243;mo fluyen los datos a trav&#233;s de las fronteras.</strong></em></p><p>La capa digital es el muro de carga de todo el acuerdo. Define si el acuerdo todav&#237;a sirve en una econom&#237;a donde la inteligencia artificial dise&#241;a el producto, el software opera la log&#237;stica, y los datos son el insumo que m&#225;s importa.</p><div><hr></div><h2>Las preguntas que el T-MEC nunca tuvo que responder</h2><p><strong>Cuando el TLCAN entr&#243; en vigor en 1994</strong>, la pregunta m&#225;s dif&#237;cil era la de una regla de origen: cu&#225;nto de un autom&#243;vil ten&#237;a que fabricarse en Norteam&#233;rica para cruzar libre de aranceles. Estamos por enfrentar una versi&#243;n mucho m&#225;s extra&#241;a de esa pregunta.</p><p><em><strong>&#191;C&#243;mo funciona una regla de origen cuando un sistema de inteligencia artificial dise&#241;a el producto en tres fronteras a la vez? </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; significa &#8220;protecci&#243;n al trabajador&#8221; cuando la tarea la realiza un software y no una persona? </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>&#191;Qui&#233;n responde cuando un cami&#243;n aut&#243;nomo cruza un puente internacional y la decisi&#243;n de frenar la tom&#243; un modelo entrenado con datos de un cuarto pa&#237;s?</strong></em></p><p><strong>La Revisi&#243;n Conjunta del T-MEC de 2026 </strong>es el momento en que estas preguntas se plantean, estemos listos o no. El cap&#237;tulo de comercio digital del acuerdo se redact&#243; para un mundo de comercio electr&#243;nico y de flujos de datos, no para el de la IA ag&#233;ntica. </p><blockquote><p><strong>Es un acuerdo del siglo XX que gobierna una econom&#237;a del siglo XXI, y la brecha se ensancha cada trimestre.</strong></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>Por qu&#233; este tambi&#233;n es el argumento de seguridad</h2><blockquote><p>Antes, manten&#237;a la conversaci&#243;n sobre tecnolog&#237;a y la de seguridad en cuartos separados. Ya no.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Estados Unidos compite con China</strong> <strong>en la frontera de la inteligencia artificial.</strong> Esa es la competencia tecnol&#243;gica que define la d&#233;cada. Pero si <strong>Estados Unidos llega solo a esa frontera, con M&#233;xico y Canad&#225; rezagados en infraestructura digital</strong>, eso no es una victoria norteamericana. Es una vulnerabilidad continental.</p><p>Una cadena de suministro es tan segura como su eslab&#243;n menos digitalizado. Un continente que comparte casi <strong>2 billones de d&#243;lares en comercio anual</strong>, pero no puede compartir un est&#225;ndar de<strong> ciberseguridad,</strong> ha construido una sola econom&#237;a con tres cerraduras distintas en la misma puerta.</p><blockquote><p>La seguridad se ha vuelto el nuevo subsidio del continente. </p></blockquote><p>Cada d&#243;lar que se queda en <strong>Norteam&#233;rica</strong>, a trav&#233;s del comercio seguro y coordinado digitalmente, reduce el riesgo global y construye fuerza regional al mismo tiempo. La capa digital es donde esa l&#243;gica se sostiene o se rompe.</p><div><hr></div><h2>Sobre lo que voy a escribir aqu&#237;</h2><p><strong>Esta es la primera de una columna mensual para The North American &#8212; 77, y el hilo conductor va a ser los Logistechs: </strong>el impacto que las tecnolog&#237;as exponenciales tienen sobre la log&#237;stica, y sobre la integraci&#243;n que la log&#237;stica hace posible.</p><p>Durante el pr&#243;ximo a&#241;o entrar&#233; en detalle. <strong>La frontera digital </strong>y lo que realmente exige una <strong>agencia binacional de aduanas</strong>. La IA y los 9.9 millones de empleos norteamericanos que la relaci&#243;n comercial toca. C&#243;mo se ve el comercio transfronterizo cuando convergen los sensores, los veh&#237;culos aut&#243;nomos y la inteligencia artificial. La ciberseguridad como el riesgo de integraci&#243;n que nadie est&#225; cotizando.</p><p>Pero empieza aqu&#237;, con el cimiento poco glamoroso. </p><p><strong>China va a escribir 30 est&#225;ndares este a&#241;o. Nosotros no hemos escrito el primero.</strong></p><p><strong>Las carreteras ya est&#225;n. Los est&#225;ndares no. Ese es el trabajo.</strong></p><p><em>Daniel Covarrubias, Ph.D., dirige el Texas Center for Border Economic and Enterprise Development en la A.R. Sanchez, Jr. School of Business de Texas A&amp;M International University. Escribe <a href="https://thebridgedc.substack.com/">The Bridge</a>, un Substack basado en datos sobre el comercio de Norteam&#233;rica y las tecnolog&#237;as exponenciales.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[NA77 Weekly Affairs · Asuntos de la Semana 2–6, Jun 2026]]></title><description><![CDATA[Weekly read for North Americans who believe Smarter & Better integrations. 

Lectura semanal para norteamericanos que creen en integraci&#243;n Inteligente y que puede mejorar.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-affairs-asuntos-de-la</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/na77-weekly-affairs-asuntos-de-la</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 07 Jun 2026 14:02:14 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/812f2b5a-e2e3-495b-a302-bc953c6e8d60_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><strong>&#127482;&#127480; English Version &#127464;&#127462;</strong></h2></div><h2>TRADE &amp; POLICY</h2><p><em>The architecture that lets goods, capital, and trust cross three borders &#8212; and where it is cracking.</em></p><p><strong>The deadline no one will meet &#8212; and why that may be the point.</strong> On July 1, the <em><strong>United States, Mexico, and Canada</strong></em> will arrive at the first mandatory review of the <strong>USMCA</strong> without an agreement to extend it. <strong>U.S. Trade Representative Jamieson Greer </strong>has already said the quiet part aloud: <strong>&#8220;I don&#8217;t think we&#8217;re going to renew it, but we&#8217;ll engage in separate negotiations.&#8221;</strong> Canada has asked for a sixteen-year extension; Mexico and the U.S. are trading positions on rules of origin and Chinese content behind closed doors. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Treat this as a Washington drama and you miss the real test. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The agreement governs nearly <strong>$2 trillion in annual trade,</strong> but what expires on July 1 is not the trade &#8212;<em> it is the certainty. </em>A continent that has spent thirty years integrating its factories is about to learn whether it has integrated enough confidence to keep building while the rulebook is unwritten.</p><p><strong>Mexico&#8217;s border learned the cost of friction in a single week.</strong> On June 1, <strong>Mexico&#8217;s Electronic Value Manifest</strong> became mandatory: no shipment crosses until a sworn value declaration clears VUCEM. The system arrived faster than the industry could absorb it. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>At Ciudad Ju&#225;rez&#8211;El Paso alone, roughly 38,000 truckloads sat stranded and an estimated $1.45 billion in exports went unrealized &#8212; not because demand fell, but because the paperwork couldn&#8217;t keep pace with the trucks. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>The EVM is sound policy badly sequenced,</strong> and that distinction matters: integration is rarely killed by bad ideas. It is killed by good ideas delivered without the lead time a continent of operators needs to adapt.</p><p><strong>Washington rewrites the rules of who gets to import &#8212; and the bar just rose for everyone.</strong> On June 3, a U.S. executive order, <strong>&#8220;Strengthening Customs Enforcement,&#8221;</strong> ordered the broadest overhaul of importer rules in years. </p><p><strong>Foreign importers of record </strong>will face higher bonds, mandatory beneficial-ownership and <strong>domestic-asset disclosures, a &#8220;good standing&#8221; compliance test</strong>, and &#8212; most consequentially &#8212; a ban on filing low-value &#8220;informal&#8221; entries and a requirement to clear through CTPAT or a licensed U.S. broker. <strong>The penalties harden too:</strong> a floor of no less than 50% of the assessed amount, no mitigation for repeat offenders, and prioritized enforcement against forced labour, undervaluation, and illegal transshipment. </p><p>Read alongside <strong>Mexico&#8217;s EVM mandate </strong>a week earlier, the signal is unmistakable: <em><strong>in 2026 the continent&#8217;s customs plumbing is being re-engineered on both borders at once.</strong></em> </p><p>The era of cheap, lightly documented cross-border flow is ending &#8212; and the advantage is shifting, decisively, to whoever can prove what they ship, who they are, and where it came from.</p><p><strong>Canada keeps a steady hand while the table shakes.</strong> Washington has proposed a new 10% tariff on Canada, tied to a forced-labour investigation into global supply chains. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Prime Minister Mark Carney&#8217;s response was studied calm &#8212; &#8220;not a surprise&#8221; &#8212; paired with confidence that a CUSMA carve-out will shield the &#8220;vast majority&#8221; of Canadian trade.</strong> </em></p></blockquote><p>It is worth noticing what <strong>Canada</strong> did <em>before</em> the tariff arrived: <strong>in March it passed Bill C-12, aligning on border security without surrendering on trade structure. </strong>Read it across the three capitals and a pattern emerges: the U.S. negotiates against a deadline,<strong> Mexico </strong>absorbs the shock at its border, and <strong>Canada</strong> is the one asking for a <em><strong>sixteen-year</strong></em><strong> horizon</strong>. </p><p>The instinct the continent needs this year &#8212; wherever it comes from &#8212; is the one that lengthens the frame when the moment tempts everyone to shorten it.</p><h2>CAPITAL &amp; INDUSTRY</h2><p><em>Where the money is voting &#8212; and what it is voting against.</em></p><p><strong>Capital is more confident in North America than North America is in itself.</strong> <em>Mexico drew a record $23.6 billion in foreign direct investment in the first quarter of 2026</em> &#8212; the largest single quarter ever, <strong>up 10.4% year over year </strong>&#8212; and climbed from <strong>25th to 19th on Kearney&#8217;s FDI Confidence Index,</strong> one of the year&#8217;s biggest jumps. </p><p>Industrial corridors in Monterrey, Quer&#233;taro, Guanajuato, and Tijuana absorbed more than <strong>2.18 million square feet.</strong> And yet, in the same breath, <em><strong>Banxico cut its 2026 growth forecast to 1.1%.</strong></em> </p><p>Hold both numbers at once, because they tell the truth together: <em><strong>the world is betting on the continent&#8217;s structure even as the continent&#8217;s own indicators wobble. </strong></em></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Confidence from outside is a loan, not a gift &#8212; and loans come due.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Mexico bets its energy future on the state &#8212; and its nearshoring future with it.</strong> Mexico&#8217;s electricity framework, operational this year, locks the state utility CFE at a minimum 54% of generation, <em><strong>with roughly MXN 624.6 billion in planned investment and 29,000 MW of new capacity targeted through 2030</strong></em>, including renewables built under new private-participation models. </p><p>A call for strategic generation and storage projects opened in May. The unresolved question sits underneath every nearshoring announcement: </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>can a state-led grid under fiscal strain deliver the reliability that the factories arriving on its FDI numbers were promised. Power is where Mexico&#8217;s two stories &#8212; record investment, fragile capacity &#8212; will be reconciled or collide.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>The intelligence layer of freight is now worth as much as the freight.</strong> WWEX and Auctane merged this week into <strong>ShipStation Global</strong>, <em><strong>one of the year&#8217;s largest freight-technology deals</strong></em>, while FreightWaves launched a live daily market broadcast. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>The pattern is the tell: capital is no longer paying a premium for capacity alone &#8212; it is paying for the information that moves capacity intelligently. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p>For a continent whose competitive edge is supposed to be its integrated logistics, the lesson is that the <em><strong>next advantage is built in software, not just steel.</strong></em></p><h2>RESOURCES &amp; RISK</h2><p><em>The continent runs on two things it rarely prices correctly: water and time.</em></p><p><strong>One river, two countries, and a rule book that expires this year.</strong> Lake Mead sits at <mark data-color="#e6b8af" style="background-color: rgb(230, 184, 175); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">34% of capacity,</mark> Lake Powell <mark data-color="#e6b8af" style="background-color: rgb(230, 184, 175); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">at 25%</mark>, and <em><strong>the federal rules governing the Colorado River &#8212; drafted nearly two decades ago &#8212; expire at the end of 2026.</strong></em> </p><p><em><mark data-color="#e6b8af" style="background-color: rgb(230, 184, 175); color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">About 80% of the river water reaching Mexico irrigates the Mexicali Valley</mark></em>, one of the continent&#8217;s great winter-vegetable engines. <em><strong>Phoenix, Las Vegas, Tucson, </strong></em>and a string of <em><strong>northern border communities</strong></em> drink from the same system. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>A renegotiation framed as a domestic American water fight is, in fact, a continental food-security question wearing a local disguise &#8212; and the salad on a Toronto table is closer to the Mexicali allocation than most diners will ever know</strong></em>.</p></blockquote><p><strong>The machines that map our supply chains are draining the basins that feed us.</strong> A UN University report this week found that <em><strong>AI data centers&#8217; energy and water use now rivals that of mid-sized nations;</strong></em> by 2028, U.S. data centers alone could consume the water of <em><strong>18.5 million households.</strong></em> </p><p>The densest clusters &#8212; <strong>Northern Virginia, Phoenix, Las Vegas, Reno</strong> &#8212; sit in the most water-stressed ground in <strong>North America</strong>. For <strong>Mexico&#8217;s northern states</strong>, the collision is already visible: the same scarce water is courted by data centers, nearshoring parks, farms, and towns at once. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>The intelligence revolution and the integration revolution are about to compete for the same glass of water, and no treaty yet governs the contest.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>A flesh-eating parasite ignores the border the way trade negotiators never can.</strong> The <strong>USDA </strong>confirmed a second case of <strong>New World screwworm in Texas</strong> this week &#8212; a parasite whose larvae burrow into living tissue, found in a calf in Zavala County, and only the second detection in the state since 1966. </p><p><strong>The fly has been creeping north through Central America and Mexico since 2023;</strong> <em>Washington closed its southern ports</em> to livestock trade last July to slow it. </p><p><strong>A serious outbreak could cost Texas &#8212; the country&#8217;s top cattle state &#8212; up to $1.8 billion.</strong> The continental lesson is buried in the biology: <em>the screwworm was beaten once before, decades ago, only because the United States and Mexico ran a joint sterile-fly program across the corridor as a single front.</em> <strong>A parasite does not recognize sovereignty, and neither does a food supply. </strong>The herds and the supermarket shelves on both sides of the line will be defended together, or not at all.</p><h2>SOCIAL</h2><p><em>Integration is not only contracts and corridors. It is the shared experience that turns three populations into one audience.</em></p><p><strong>For one summer, the continent will share a single story.</strong> On June 11 the <strong>FIFA World Cup</strong> opens across <em><strong>Mexico, the United States, and Canada </strong></em>&#8212; the first tournament hosted jointly by all three, with FIFA projecting $40.9 billion in continental GDP impact across <em><strong>Mexico City, Toronto, Vancouver, and sixteen U.S. cities</strong></em> through July 19. </p><p>Strip away the logistics warnings and something rarer is happening: for six weeks, a Sonoran teenager, a Montreal barista, and a Houston welder will follow the same drama on the same nights. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>North America has shared supply chains for decades. It has almost never shared a feeling. This summer it will &#8212; and shared feeling, not shared tariffs, is how continents actually become real to the people inside them.</strong></em></p></blockquote><h2>CITIZENS</h2><p><em>Trade integrates economies. Only citizens can integrate a continent. This is the section that asks who we are becoming.</em></p><p><strong>The forced-labour tariff is really a question about what we owe each other.</strong> Beneath the 10% headline, Washington&#8217;s forced-labour investigation poses a question larger than trade policy: across a continent that builds together, what standard do we hold for the people whose hands do the building. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>A continent that integrates capital but not conscience will integrate its scandals too. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The most durable <em><strong>North American advantage</strong></em> will not be the cheapest input &#8212; it will be the shared expectation that a worker in Saltillo, Sacramento, or Saskatchewan is owed the <em><strong>same floor of dignity.</strong></em> That is not sentiment. In an age where supply chains are audited in public, it is strategy.</p><p><strong>You cannot build one continent on three populations that don&#8217;t yet see themselves as one.</strong> Here is the thesis under everything above: the machinery of integration &#8212; the agreements, the corridors, the FDI &#8212; has run far ahead of the <em>identity</em> that would make it stable. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>We have built the body of a North American economy without building the citizenry to inhabit it. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p><em><strong>Trust is the missing infrastructure,</strong></em> and it is not downloaded; it is built, in person, in the boring institutions and shared experiences that teach strangers to rely on one another. A World Cup is a start. A real one is the work of a generation. </p><p>The question this publication exists to press is simple: <em><strong>are we content to be three countries that trade, or willing to become one continent that belongs to its people.</strong></em></p><div><hr></div><h2>KEY DATES</h2><p><strong>June 11 &#8212; The first tri-national World Cup opens.</strong> Mexico, the U.S., and Canada co-host for the first time in history; the tournament runs through July 19.</p><p><strong>June 17 &#8212; FreightWaves Domestic Supply Chain Summit.</strong> Near-term freight conditions and the role of AI in carrier operations.</p><p><strong>July 1 &#8212; USMCA statutory review deadline.</strong> No clean extension is expected. The date either renews a framework over $2 trillion in trade &#8212; or starts a ten-year sunset clock that reshapes the continental architecture.</p><div><hr></div><h2>THE NUMBERS</h2><p><strong>$23.6B</strong> &#8212; Mexico&#8217;s Q1 2026 foreign direct investment, an all-time quarterly record <em>(Invest Monterrey / FreightWaves)</em> </p><p><strong>19th</strong> &#8212; Mexico&#8217;s place on Kearney&#8217;s 2026 FDI Confidence Index, up from 25th <em>(Mexico News Daily / Kearney)</em> </p><p><strong>1.1%</strong> &#8212; Banxico&#8217;s revised 2026 GDP growth forecast, down from 1.6% <em>(El Financiero)</em> </p><p><strong>$40.9B</strong> &#8212; Projected continental GDP impact of the 2026 World Cup <em>(FIFA Socioeconomic Impact Analysis)</em> </p><p><strong>38,000</strong> &#8212; Truckloads stranded at Ciudad Ju&#225;rez&#8211;El Paso during the EVM rollout <em>(GingerControl / FreightWaves)</em> </p><p><strong>$1.45B</strong> &#8212; Estimated unrealized exports from the EVM disruption <em>(FreightWaves Borderlands)</em> </p><p><strong>$2T</strong> &#8212; Annual trilateral trade governed by the USMCA, now under review <em>(CSIS / Claims Journal)</em> </p><p><strong>16 years</strong> &#8212; Canada&#8217;s proposed USMCA extension term <em>(Al Jazeera / CBC)</em> </p><p><strong>10%</strong> &#8212; Proposed new U.S. tariff on Canada, citing forced-labour concerns <em>(CBC / BNN Bloomberg)</em> </p><p><strong>34% / 25%</strong> &#8212; Lake Mead and Lake Powell current capacity <em>(IBWC / Audubon)</em> </p><p><strong>18.5M</strong> &#8212; Households whose water use U.S. data centers could match by 2028 <em>(UN University / Washington Times)</em></p><p><em><strong>50%</strong> &#8212; New U.S. minimum penalty floor on assessed customs violations, with no mitigation for repeat offenders </em>(White House / &#8220;Strengthening Customs Enforcement&#8221;)</p><p><em><strong>45 / 90 / 180 days</strong> &#8212; Rolling clocks for DHS to rewrite importer, disclosure, and enforcement rules under the June 3 order </em>(White House)</p><p><em><strong>$1.8B</strong> &#8212; Potential loss to Texas, the top U.S. cattle state, from a New World screwworm outbreak &#8212; up to $732M/year for producers </em>(USDA APHIS)</p><p><em><strong>6 million</strong> &#8212; Sterile screwworm flies released per week (2M by air, 4M on the ground) to contain the Texas detection </em>(USDA / APHIS)</p><div><hr></div><h2>LONGVIEW</h2><h3><strong>One Continent, Three Governments in Denial</strong> </h3><p><em>Twenty-six days to July 1 &#8212; and everything that moves across North America already knows the line is a suggestion.</em></p><p>by Eduardo Joffroy</p><p>There are weeks when the insides of the machinery &amp; wiring of our continent becomes too visible &#8212; when the cables, agreements, frictions, crossings and contracts that are supposed to hold three nations together are pulled into the light, not because anyone chose to examine them, but because time catches up to those who decide to put things off to the last moment.</p><p>This was one of those weeks, and the calendar has set the clock. In twenty-six days, on July 1, the first mandatory<strong> review of the agreement that governs North American commercial life reaches its deadline.</strong> The three governments that signed it in 2020, promising something sturdier than NAFTA, must decide whether to extend it for sixteen years, reopen it, or let a ten-year sunset begin to count down. <em><strong>Washington has signaled it will not simply renew. Ottawa and Mexico City have sent their letters. The talks go on behind closed doors, with no text on the table.</strong></em></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>The temptation is to read all of this as a Washington story &#8212; a legislative drama, a chess match between capitals. That reading misses where the stakes actually live, and this week made the point with unusual clarity.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Consider what the border did, and failed to do, in a single seven-day stretch. Two governments moved to harden it almost simultaneously: <em><strong>Mexico&#8217;s new value-manifest mandate stranded 38,000 trucks at one crossing, and a U.S. executive order rewrote the rules of who may import at all &#8212; higher bonds, ownership disclosures, a 50% penalty floor</strong></em>. </p><p>And in the same week, a flesh-eating parasite that has been walking north through Mexico since 2023 turned up in a Texas calf, indifferent to every checkpoint those orders describe. </p><blockquote><p><strong>We spent the week building a taller fence against paperwork while biology strolled through the gate.</strong></p></blockquote><p>That is the lesson hiding in plain sight. <strong>The border is a political fiction </strong>&#8212; <em>a line our problems have already stopped respecting.</em> </p><p><strong>Capital ignores it:</strong> <em>foreign investment hit a record $23.6 billion in a single Mexican quarter even as growth forecasts fell. </em></p><p><strong>Water ignores it:</strong> the Colorado River feeds Phoenix and the Mexicali Valley from the same shrinking reservoir, and the data centers running our artificial intelligence drink from the same basins as the farms. </p><p><strong>A parasite ignores it.</strong> </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>The only actors still treating the line as real are the governments drawing it.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The <strong>USMCA &#8212; T-MEC, or CUSMA</strong>, depending on which side of the border taught you &#8212; is not merely a trade agreement. <em>It is the operating system of North American life.</em></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>And operating systems do not crash loudly. They fail slowly: a delayed shipment, a rerouted investment, a quiet decision made in a boardroom in Stuttgart or Seoul to build somewhere with fewer questions.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>So the real question on July 1 is not whether three governments can agree on language. In this timeline, they almost certainly cannot. It is whether they can govern as if they already understood what their own problems keep proving &#8212; <strong>that the meaningful unit is the continent, not the country. </strong></p><p><strong>The most valuable instinct on display this year is the willingness,</strong> shown this week by the partner asking for a sixteen-year horizon, to lengthen the frame when the moment tempts everyone to shorten it. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>North America does not need a winner among its three governments. It needs all three to act as if the next quarter-century matters more than the next quarter.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The deeper truth is that the people of this continent decided long ago. The investors who keep arriving despite the tariff noise decided. The families whose lives already run on both sides of a line decided. The screwworm, in its mindless way, has decided too. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Everything that moves across North America &#8212; money, water, weather, disease, people, creatures &#8212; already behaves as though the border were a suggestion. Our institutions are the last to know.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The agreement will not be perfect on July 1. It does not need to be. It needs to hold &#8212; well enough to signal that <strong>North America still chooses to build together rather than drift apart.</strong></p><p><strong>The continent is already one system. The next twenty-six days will tell us whether the governments that administer it are finally ready to act like it.</strong></p><div><hr></div><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><h2 style="text-align: center;"><strong>Versi&#242;n Espa&#241;ol &#127474;&#127485; </strong></h2></div><div><hr></div><h1>The North American &#8212; 77</h1><p><strong>Un futuro. Tres naciones.</strong></p><h3>Asuntos de la Semana &#183; del 2 al 6 de junio de 2026</h3><p><em>Una lectura semanal para norteamericanos que creen que el continente vale m&#225;s unido que separado &#8212; qu&#233; se movi&#243; esta semana, qu&#233; significa y qu&#233; nos exige.</em></p><div><hr></div><h2>COMERCIO Y POL&#205;TICA</h2><p><em>La arquitectura que permite que mercanc&#237;as, capital y confianza crucen tres fronteras &#8212; y por d&#243;nde se est&#225; agrietando.</em></p><p><strong>La fecha l&#237;mite que nadie cumplir&#225; &#8212; y por qu&#233; quiz&#225; &#233;se sea el punto.</strong> El 1 de julio, <strong>Estados Unidos, M&#233;xico y Canad&#225;</strong> llegar&#225;n a la primera revisi&#243;n obligatoria del T-MEC sin un acuerdo para extenderlo. </p><p><em><strong>El representante comercial de EE. UU., Jamieson Greer, ya lo dijo en voz alta: &#8220;No creo que lo vayamos a renovar, pero entablaremos negociaciones por separado.&#8221; </strong></em></p><p>Canad&#225; pidi&#243; una extensi&#243;n de diecis&#233;is a&#241;os; M&#233;xico y EE. UU. intercambian posiciones sobre reglas de origen y contenido chino a puerta cerrada. </p><p>Si lees esto como un drama de Washington, pierdes la verdadera prueba.</p><p>El acuerdo rige casi <strong>$2 billones de d&#243;lares de comercio anual</strong>, <em>pero lo que vence el 1 de julio no es el comercio &#8212; <strong>es la certeza.</strong> </em>Un continente que pas&#243; treinta a&#241;os integrando sus f&#225;bricas est&#225; a punto de averiguar si integr&#243; suficiente confianza para seguir construyendo mientras el reglamento queda en blanco.</p><p><strong>La frontera de M&#233;xico aprendi&#243; el costo de la fricci&#243;n en una sola semana.</strong> El 1 de junio, el <strong>Manifiesto de Valor Electr&#243;nico</strong> (MVE) se volvi&#243; <strong>obligatorio en M&#233;xico:</strong> ning&#250;n env&#237;o cruza hasta que una declaraci&#243;n de valor bajo protesta libere <strong>VUCEM.</strong> El sistema lleg&#243; m&#225;s r&#225;pido de lo que la industria pod&#237;a absorber.</p><blockquote><p> <em><strong>Solo en Ciudad Ju&#225;rez&#8211;El Paso, unos 38,000 camiones quedaron varados y se estima que $1,450 millones de d&#243;lares en exportaciones no se realizaron &#8212; no porque cayera la demanda, sino porque el papeleo no alcanz&#243; a los camiones.</strong></em> </p></blockquote><p><strong>La MVE</strong> es una pol&#237;tica sensata mal secuenciada, y la distinci&#243;n importa: <em>la integraci&#243;n rara vez muere por malas ideas. Muere por buenas ideas aplicadas sin el tiempo de preparaci&#243;n que un continente de operadores necesita para adaptarse.</em></p><p><strong>Washington reescribe las reglas de qui&#233;n puede importar &#8212; y la vara acaba de subir para todos.</strong> El 3 de junio, una orden ejecutiva estadounidense, <strong>&#8220;Strengthening Customs Enforcement,&#8221; </strong>dispuso la revisi&#243;n m&#225;s amplia de las reglas de importaci&#243;n en a&#241;os. <em>Los importadores de registro extranjeros enfrentar&#225;n fianzas m&#225;s altas, declaraciones obligatorias de beneficiario final y de activos en EE. UU., una prueba de &#8220;buen historial&#8221; (good standing) y &#8212; lo m&#225;s consecuente &#8212; la prohibici&#243;n de presentar entradas &#8220;informales&#8221; de bajo valor y la obligaci&#243;n de operar v&#237;a CTPAT o un agente aduanal estadounidense con licencia.</em> </p><p><strong>Las sanciones tambi&#233;n se endurecen: </strong>un piso de no menos del 50% del monto evaluado, sin mitigaci&#243;n para reincidentes, y aplicaci&#243;n prioritaria contra el trabajo forzado, la subvaluaci&#243;n y el transbordo ilegal. </p><p><em><strong>Le&#237;da junto al mandato del MVE de M&#233;xico una semana antes, la se&#241;al es inequ&#237;voca</strong></em>: en 2026 la plomer&#237;a aduanera del continente se est&#225; redise&#241;ando en ambas fronteras a la vez. La era del flujo transfronterizo barato y con poca documentaci&#243;n est&#225; terminando &#8212; y la ventaja se desplaza, de forma decisiva, hacia quien pueda probar qu&#233; env&#237;a, qui&#233;n es y de d&#243;nde viene.</p><p><strong>Canad&#225; mantiene la mano firme mientras la mesa se sacude.</strong> Washington propuso un nuevo arancel del 10% a Canad&#225;, ligado a una investigaci&#243;n sobre trabajo forzado en las cadenas de suministro globales.</p><blockquote><p> <em><strong>La respuesta del primer ministro Mark Carney fue una calma estudiada &#8212; &#8220;no es una sorpresa&#8221; &#8212; junto con la confianza de que una exenci&#243;n bajo CUSMA proteger&#225; a la &#8220;gran mayor&#237;a&#8221; del comercio canadiense.</strong></em> </p></blockquote><p>Vale la pena notar lo que Canad&#225; hizo <em>antes</em> de que llegara el arancel: <strong>en marzo aprob&#243; el Proyecto de Ley C-12, aline&#225;ndose en seguridad fronteriza sin ceder en estructura comercial.</strong> L&#233;elo a trav&#233;s de las tres capitales y surge un patr&#243;n: EE. UU. negocia contra la fecha l&#237;mite, <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> absorbe el golpe en su frontera y <strong>Canad&#225;</strong> es quien pide un horizonte de <em><strong>diecis&#233;is a&#241;o</strong>s. </em>El instinto que el continente necesita este a&#241;o &#8212; venga de donde venga &#8212; es el que alarga el marco cuando el momento tienta a todos a acortarlo.</p><h2>CAPITAL E INDUSTRIA</h2><p><em>Por d&#243;nde est&#225; votando el dinero &#8212; y contra qu&#233;.</em></p><p><strong>El capital conf&#237;a m&#225;s en Norteam&#233;rica que Norteam&#233;rica en s&#237; misma.</strong> <strong>M&#233;xico atrajo un r&#233;cord de $23,600 millones de d&#243;lares en inversi&#243;n extranjera directa en el primer trimestre de 2026</strong> &#8212; el mayor trimestre de la historia, 10.4% m&#225;s que el a&#241;o anterior &#8212; y<strong> subi&#243; del lugar 25 al 19 en el &#205;ndice de Confianza de IED de Kearney, uno de los mayores saltos del a&#241;o.</strong> </p><p>Los corredores industriales de <strong>Monterrey, Quer&#233;taro, Guanajuato y Tijuana </strong>absorbieron m&#225;s de 2.18 millones de pies cuadrados. Y, sin embargo, en el mismo aliento, <strong>Banxico recort&#243; su pron&#243;stico de crecimiento 2026 a 1.1%.</strong> Sost&#233;n ambas cifras a la vez, porque juntas dicen la verdad: el mundo le apuesta a la estructura del continente incluso cuando sus propios indicadores tambalean. </p><p>La confianza de afuera es un pr&#233;stamo, no un regalo &#8212; y los pr&#233;stamos se cobran.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico apuesta su futuro energ&#233;tico al Estado &#8212; y con &#233;l, su futuro de nearshoring.</strong> </p><p>El marco el&#233;ctrico de M&#233;xico, vigente este a&#241;o, fija a la CFE en un m&#237;nimo de 54% de la generaci&#243;n, con una inversi&#243;n planeada de unos 624,600 millones de pesos y 29,000 MW de nueva capacidad al 2030, incluidas renovables bajo nuevos modelos de participaci&#243;n privada. En mayo se abri&#243; una convocatoria de proyectos estrat&#233;gicos de generaci&#243;n y almacenamiento.</p><p>La pregunta sin resolver est&#225; debajo de cada anuncio de nearshoring: <strong>&#191;puede una red liderada por el Estado y bajo presi&#243;n fiscal entregar la </strong><em><strong>confiabilidad</strong></em><strong> que se les prometi&#243; a las f&#225;bricas que llegan en esas cifras de IED?</strong> La energ&#237;a es donde las dos historias de M&#233;xico &#8212;<strong> inversi&#243;n r&#233;cord, capacidad fr&#225;gil</strong> &#8212; se reconciliar&#225;n o chocar&#225;n.<em> (Asi como Norte America; Ambos a la misma vez)</em></p><p><strong>La capa de inteligencia del transporte ya vale tanto como el transporte.</strong> WWEX y Auctane se fusionaron esta semana en <strong>ShipStation Global,</strong> una de las mayores operaciones de tecnolog&#237;a log&#237;stica del a&#241;o, mientras <strong>FreightWaves </strong>lanz&#243; una transmisi&#243;n diaria en vivo del mercado. </p><p><strong>El patr&#243;n es la se&#241;al:</strong> el capital ya no paga una prima solo por la capacidad &#8212; paga por la <em>informaci&#243;n</em> que mueve esa capacidad con inteligencia. <em><strong>Para un continente cuya ventaja competitiva se supone que es su log&#237;stica integrada, la lecci&#243;n es que la pr&#243;xima ventaja se construye en software, no solo en acero y concreto.</strong></em></p><h2>RECURSOS Y RIESGO</h2><p><em>El continente funciona con dos cosas que rara vez cotiza bien: el agua y el tiempo.</em></p><p><strong>Un r&#237;o, dos pa&#237;ses y un reglamento que expira este a&#241;o.</strong><em> El Lago Mead est&#225; al 34% de su capacidad, el Lago Powell al 25%, y las reglas federales que gobiernan el R&#237;o Colorado &#8212; redactadas hace casi dos d&#233;cadas &#8212; vencen a fines de 2026</em>. </p><p><strong>Cerca del 80% del agua del r&#237;o que llega a M&#233;xico irriga el Valle de Mexicali, uno de los grandes motores de hortalizas de invierno del continente</strong>.<strong> Phoenix, Las Vegas, Tucson</strong> y una hilera de comunidades fronterizas del norte beben del mismo sistema. Una renegociaci&#243;n presentada como una pelea dom&#233;stica por agua estadounidense es, en realidad, una cuesti&#243;n continental de seguridad alimentaria disfrazada de asunto local &#8212; y la ensalada en una mesa de <strong>Toronto </strong>est&#225; m&#225;s cerca de la asignaci&#243;n de<strong> Mexicali </strong>de lo que la mayor&#237;a imaginar&#225;.</p><p><strong>Las m&#225;quinas que mapean nuestras cadenas de suministro est&#225;n secando las cuencas que nos alimentan.</strong> Un informe de la <strong>Universidad de la ONU</strong> publicado esta semana encontr&#243; que el consumo de energ&#237;a y agua de los centros de datos de IA ya rivaliza con el de naciones de tama&#241;o medio; <strong>para 2028, solo los centros de datos de EE. UU. podr&#237;an consumir el agua de 18.5 millones de hogares. </strong></p><p>Los conglomerados m&#225;s densos &#8212; <strong>Virginia del Norte, Phoenix, Las Vegas, Reno </strong>&#8212; est&#225;n en <strong>el suelo con mayor estr&#233;s h&#237;drico de Norteam&#233;rica.</strong> Para los <strong>estados del norte de M&#233;xico</strong>, la colisi&#243;n ya es visible: la misma agua escasa la disputan a la vez los centros de datos, los parques de nearshoring, los campos agr&#237;colas y los pueblos.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La revoluci&#243;n de la inteligencia y la revoluci&#243;n de la integraci&#243;n est&#225;n a punto de competir por el mismo vaso de agua, y ning&#250;n tratado gobierna a&#250;n esa disputa. (Ambos)</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Un par&#225;sito que come carne ignora la frontera como los negociadores comerciales nunca pueden.</strong> </p><p><strong>El USDA</strong> confirm&#243; esta semana un segundo caso de gusano barrenador del <strong>Nuevo Mundo en Texas</strong> &#8212; <strong>un par&#225;sito</strong> cuyas larvas perforan el tejido vivo, hallado en un becerro del condado de Zavala, y apenas la segunda detecci&#243;n en el estado desde 1966. <strong>La mosca ha avanzado hacia el norte por Centroam&#233;rica y M&#233;xico desde 2023; Washington cerr&#243; sus puertos del sur al comercio de ganado en julio pasado para frenarla.</strong> <strong>Un brote serio podr&#237;a costarle a Texas </strong>&#8212; el principal estado ganadero del pa&#237;s &#8212; <strong>hasta 1,800 millones de d&#243;lares.</strong> </p><p><strong>La lecci&#243;n continental est&#225; enterrada en la biolog&#237;a: </strong>el barrenador se venci&#243; una vez antes, hace d&#233;cadas, solo porque <strong>Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico operaron un programa conjunto de moscas est&#233;riles a lo largo del corredor como un solo frente. </strong></p><p><strong>Un par&#225;sito no reconoce soberan&#237;as, y tampoco lo hace un sistema alimentario.</strong> Los hatos y los anaqueles de ambos lados de la l&#237;nea se defender&#225;n juntos, o no se defender&#225;n.</p><h2>SOCIAL</h2><p><em>La integraci&#243;n no son solo contratos y corredores. Es la experiencia compartida que convierte a tres poblaciones en una sola audiencia.</em></p><p><strong>Por un verano, el continente compartir&#225; una sola historia.</strong> El 11 de junio se inaugura la <strong>Copa del Mundo de la FIFA en M&#233;xico, Estados Unidos y Canad&#225; </strong>&#8212; el primer torneo organizado de forma conjunta por los tres, con una proyecci&#243;n de la <strong>FIFA de $40,900 millones de d&#243;lares</strong> de impacto continental en el PIB, repartido entre la <strong>Ciudad de M&#233;xico, Toronto, Vancouver y diecis&#233;is ciudades estadounidenses, hasta el 19 de julio. </strong></p><p>Quita las advertencias log&#237;sticas y ocurre algo m&#225;s raro: durante seis semanas, un adolescente sonorense, un barista de Montreal y un soldador de Houston seguir&#225;n el mismo drama las mismas noches. Norteam&#233;rica lleva d&#233;cadas compartiendo cadenas de suministro. <strong>Casi nunca ha compartido una </strong><em><strong>emoci&#243;n. </strong></em><strong>Este verano lo har&#225; </strong>&#8212; <em><strong>y la emoci&#243;n compartida, no los aranceles compartidos, es como los continentes se vuelven reales para la gente que vive dentro de ellos. (Ambos)</strong></em></p><h2>CIUDADAN&#205;A</h2><p><em>El comercio integra econom&#237;as. Solo los ciudadanos pueden integrar un continente. &#201;sta es la secci&#243;n que pregunta en qui&#233;nes nos estamos convirtiendo.</em></p><p><strong>El arancel por trabajo forzado es, en realidad, una pregunta sobre lo que nos debemos.</strong> Debajo del titular del 10%, la investigaci&#243;n de <strong>Washington</strong> sobre trabajo forzado plantea una pregunta m&#225;s grande que la pol&#237;tica comercial: <em><strong>en un continente que construye junto, &#191;qu&#233; est&#225;ndar sostenemos para las personas cuyas manos hacen la construcci&#243;n? Un continente que integra capital pero no conciencia integrar&#225; tambi&#233;n sus esc&#225;ndalos.</strong></em></p><p>La ventaja norteamericana m&#225;s duradera no ser&#225; el insumo m&#225;s barato &#8212; ser&#225; la expectativa compartida de que a un trabajador en <strong>Saltillo, Sacramento o Saskatchewan se le debe el mismo piso de dignidad.</strong> Eso no es sentimentalismo. En una era donde las cadenas de suministro se auditan en p&#250;blico, es estrategia.</p><blockquote><p><strong>No se puede construir un solo continente sobre tres poblaciones que a&#250;n no se ven como una.</strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>Aqu&#237; est&#225; la tesis bajo todo lo anterior:</strong> l<em>a maquinaria de la integraci&#243;n &#8212; los acuerdos, los corredores, la IED &#8212; corri&#243; muy por delante de la identidad que la har&#237;a estable. </em></p><blockquote><p><strong>Construimos el cuerpo de una econom&#237;a norteamericana sin construir la ciudadan&#237;a que la habite. </strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>La confianza es la infraestructura que falta</strong>, y no se descarga; se construye, en persona, en las instituciones aburridas y las experiencias compartidas que ense&#241;an a los desconocidos a confiar entre s&#237;. <strong>Una Copa del Mundo</strong> es un comienzo. Una de verdad es la obra de una generaci&#243;n. </p><p>La pregunta que esta publicaci&#243;n existe para insistir es simple:<em><strong> &#191;nos conformamos con ser tres pa&#237;ses que comercian, o estamos dispuestos a volvernos un continente que pertenece a su gente?</strong></em></p><div><hr></div><h2>FECHAS CLAVE</h2><p><strong>11 de junio &#8212; Se inaugura la primera Copa del Mundo trinacional.</strong> M&#233;xico, EE. UU. y Canad&#225; son anfitriones juntos por primera vez en la historia; el torneo corre hasta el 19 de julio.</p><p><strong>17 de junio &#8212; Cumbre de Cadena de Suministro Dom&#233;stica de FreightWaves.</strong> Condiciones del mercado de carga a corto plazo y el papel de la IA en las operaciones de los transportistas.</p><p><strong>1 de julio &#8212; Fecha l&#237;mite estatutaria de la revisi&#243;n del T-MEC.</strong> No se espera una extensi&#243;n limpia. La fecha renueva un marco de m&#225;s de $2 billones en comercio &#8212; o arranca un reloj de extinci&#243;n a diez a&#241;os que redise&#241;a la arquitectura continental.</p><div><hr></div><h2>LAS CIFRAS</h2><p><strong>$23.6 mil M</strong> &#8212; IED de M&#233;xico en el primer trimestre de 2026, r&#233;cord trimestral hist&#243;rico <em>(Invest Monterrey / FreightWaves)</em> </p><p><strong>19&#186;</strong> &#8212; Lugar de M&#233;xico en el &#205;ndice de Confianza de IED de Kearney 2026, desde el 25&#186; <em>(Mexico News Daily / Kearney)</em> </p><p><strong>1.1%</strong> &#8212; Pron&#243;stico de crecimiento 2026 de Banxico, revisado a la baja desde 1.6% <em>(El Financiero)</em> </p><p><strong>$40.9 mil M</strong> &#8212; Impacto proyectado en el PIB continental de la Copa del Mundo 2026 <em>(An&#225;lisis de Impacto Socioecon&#243;mico de FIFA)</em> </p><p><strong>38,000</strong> &#8212; Camiones varados en Ciudad Ju&#225;rez&#8211;El Paso durante el arranque del MVE <em>(GingerControl / FreightWaves)</em> </p><p><strong>$1.45 mil M</strong> &#8212; Exportaciones no realizadas por la disrupci&#243;n del MVE <em>(FreightWaves Borderlands)</em> </p><p><strong>$2 B</strong> &#8212; Comercio trilateral anual regido por el T-MEC, ahora bajo revisi&#243;n <em>(CSIS / Claims Journal)</em> </p><p><strong>16 a&#241;os</strong> &#8212; Plazo de extensi&#243;n del T-MEC propuesto por Canad&#225; <em>(Al Jazeera / CBC)</em> </p><p><strong>10%</strong> &#8212; Nuevo arancel estadounidense propuesto a Canad&#225;, por trabajo forzado <em>(CBC / BNN Bloomberg)</em> </p><p><strong>34% / 25%</strong> &#8212; Capacidad actual de los lagos Mead y Powell <em>(IBWC / Audubon)</em> </p><p><strong>18.5 M</strong> &#8212; Hogares cuyo consumo de agua podr&#237;an igualar los centros de datos de EE. UU. para 2028 <em>(Universidad de la ONU / Washington Times)</em></p><p><em><strong>50%</strong> &#8212; Nuevo piso m&#237;nimo de sanci&#243;n de EE. UU. sobre infracciones aduaneras evaluadas, sin mitigaci&#243;n para reincidentes </em>(Casa Blanca / &#8220;Strengthening Customs Enforcement&#8221;)</p><p><em><strong>45 / 90 / 180 d&#237;as</strong> &#8212; Relojes escalonados para que DHS reescriba las reglas de importadores, divulgaci&#243;n y aplicaci&#243;n, seg&#250;n la orden del 3 de junio </em>(Casa Blanca)</p><p><em><strong>$1.8 mil M</strong> &#8212; P&#233;rdida potencial para Texas, principal estado ganadero de EE. UU., por un brote del gusano barrenador &#8212; hasta $732M/a&#241;o para productores </em>(USDA APHIS)</p><p><em><strong>6 millones</strong> &#8212; Moscas est&#233;riles liberadas por semana (2M por aire, 4M en tierra) para contener la detecci&#243;n en Texas </em>(USDA / APHIS)</p><div><hr></div><h2>THE LONGVIEW</h2><h3><strong>Un continente, tres gobiernos en negaci&#243;n</strong> &#8212; </h3><p><em>Veintis&#233;is d&#237;as para el 1 de julio &#8212; y todo lo que se mueve por Norteam&#233;rica ya sabe que la l&#237;nea es una sugerencia.</em></p><p>por Eduardo Joffroy G.</p><p>Hay semanas en que la maquinaria y el sistema interno de un continente se vuelve visible &#8212; cuando los cables, los cruces, fricciones y los contratos que mantienen unidas a tres naciones son arrastrados a la luz, no porque alguien eligiera examinarlos, <em><strong>sino porque el tiempo le gano a la indecisi&#243;n y a la continua negaci&#243;n de que somos uno sistema integrado.</strong></em></p><p>&#201;sta fue una de esas semanas, y el calendario va en acelere. En veintis&#233;is d&#237;as, el <strong>1 de julio</strong>, la primera revisi&#243;n obligatoria del acuerdo que rige la vida comercial norteamericana alcanza su fecha l&#237;mite. </p><p>Los tres gobiernos que lo firmaron en <strong>2020</strong>, prometiendo algo m&#225;s s&#243;lido que el <strong>TLCAN</strong>, deben decidir si lo extienden por diecis&#233;is a&#241;os, lo reabren, o dejan que comience a correr una extinci&#243;n a diez a&#241;os. <strong>Washington </strong>ha se&#241;alado que no renovar&#225; sin m&#225;s. <strong>Ottawa y la Ciudad de M&#233;xico</strong> enviaron sus cartas. Las conversaciones siguen a puerta cerrada, sin texto sobre la mesa.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La tentaci&#243;n es leer todo esto como una historia de Washington &#8212; un drama legislativo, una partida de ajedrez entre capitales. Esa lectura pierde de vista d&#243;nde viven de verdad las apuestas, y esta semana lo dej&#243; claro con una nitidez poco com&#250;n.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Considera lo que la frontera hizo, y no logr&#243; hacer, en un solo tramo de siete d&#237;as. Dos gobiernos se movieron para endurecerla casi al mismo tiempo:<strong> el nuevo mandato de la Manifestaci&#243;n de Valor de M&#233;xico</strong> <strong>dej&#243; varados 38,000 camiones en un cruce</strong>, y una o<strong>rden ejecutiva estadounidense </strong>reescribi&#243; las reglas de qui&#233;n puede importar siquiera &#8212; fianzas m&#225;s altas, declaraciones de propiedad, un piso de sanci&#243;n del 50%. </p><p>Y en la misma semana, <strong>un par&#225;sito que come carne, caminando hacia el norte por M&#233;xico desde 2023</strong>, apareci&#243; en un <strong>becerro de Texas</strong>, indiferente a cada punto de control que esas &#243;rdenes describen.<em><strong> Pasamos la semana construyendo una barda m&#225;s alta contra el papeleo mientras la biolog&#237;a cruzaba por la puerta.</strong></em></p><p>&#201;sa es la lecci&#243;n escondida a plena vista.<strong> La frontera es una ficci&#243;n pol&#237;tica</strong> &#8212; <em>una l&#237;nea que nuestros problemas ya dejaron de respetar</em>. </p><p><strong>El capital la ignora: </strong>la inversi&#243;n extranjera alcanz&#243; un r&#233;cord de $23,600 millones en un solo trimestre mexicano incluso mientras ca&#237;an los pron&#243;sticos de crecimiento. </p><p><strong>El agua la ignora:</strong> el <strong>R&#237;o Colorado alimenta a Phoenix y al Valle de Mexicali </strong>desde el mismo embalse que se encoge, y los centros de datos que operan nuestra inteligencia artificial beben de las mismas cuencas que los campos. </p><p><strong>Un par&#225;sito la ignora.</strong> Los &#250;nicos actores que a&#250;n tratan la l&#237;nea como real son los gobiernos que la trazan.</p><p><strong>El T-MEC &#8212; o CUSMA</strong>, seg&#250;n el lado de la frontera donde te educaron &#8212; no es apenas un tratado comercial. Es el sistema operativo de la vida norteamericana.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Y los sistemas operativos no se caen con estruendo. Fallan despacio: un env&#237;o demorado, una inversi&#243;n redirigida, una decisi&#243;n silenciosa tomada en un consejo de administraci&#243;n en Stuttgart o Se&#250;l de construir donde haya menos preguntas.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>As&#237; que la verdadera pregunta del 1 de julio no es si tres gobiernos pueden acordar un lenguaje. En este plazo, casi con certeza no pueden. Es si pueden gobernar como si ya entendieran lo que sus propios problemas no dejan de probar &#8212; que la unidad relevante es el continente, no el pa&#237;s. </p><p>El instinto m&#225;s valioso a la vista este a&#241;o es la disposici&#243;n, mostrada esta semana por el socio que pide un horizonte de diecis&#233;is a&#241;os, a alargar el marco cuando el momento tienta a todos a acortarlo. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Norteam&#233;rica no necesita un ganador entre sus tres gobiernos. Necesita que los tres act&#250;en como si el pr&#243;ximo cuarto de siglo importara m&#225;s que el pr&#243;ximo trimestre.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>La verdad m&#225;s profunda es que la gente de este continente decidi&#243; hace mucho. Lo decidieron los inversionistas que siguen llegando pese al ruido arancelario. Lo decidieron las familias cuyas vidas ya transcurren a ambos lados de una l&#237;nea. El gusano barrenador, a su modo ciego, tambi&#233;n lo decidi&#243;. </p><p><strong>Todo lo que se mueve por Norteam&#233;rica</strong> &#8212; <em>el dinero, el agua, el clima, la enfermedad, la gente y los animales</em> &#8212; ya se comporta como si la frontera fuera una sugerencia. <strong>Nuestras instituciones son las &#250;ltimas en enterarse.</strong></p><p>El acuerdo no ser&#225; perfecto el 1 de julio. No necesita serlo. <strong>Necesita sostenerse &#8212; lo suficiente para se&#241;alar que Norteam&#233;rica todav&#237;a elige construir junta en vez de separarse a la deriva.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>El continente ya es un solo sistema. Los pr&#243;ximos veintis&#233;is d&#237;as nos dir&#225;n si los gobiernos que lo administran est&#225;n por fin listos para actuar como tal.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p><em>Fuentes / Sources: Claims Journal &#183; CSIS USMCA Review &#183; Invest Monterrey &#183; Mexico News Daily / Kearney &#183; El Financiero / Banxico &#183; GingerControl &#183; FreightWaves Borderlands &#183; FIFA Socioeconomic Impact &#183; CBC &#183; Al Jazeera &#183; IBWC &#183; UN University / Washington Times &#183;&#183; The White House (Strengthening Customs Enforcement, June 3, 2026) &#183; USDA APHIS &#183; The Hill &#183;  FreightWaves.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Soberanía]]></title><description><![CDATA[La palabra secuestrada. De nuevo.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/soberania</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/soberania</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Manuel E. Familiar]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 05 Jun 2026 15:03:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Soberan&#237;a</strong></p><p><em>La palabra secuestrada. De nuevo.</em></p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The North American &#8212; 77 is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><p>(Please find ENGLISH VERSION below)</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">Hay un momento reconocible en la historia pol&#237;tica mexicana. No lo anuncia ninguna fecha, no lo firma ning&#250;n decreto. Llega cuando un gobierno enfrenta una presi&#243;n leg&#237;tima de rendir cuentas y, en lugar de responderla, la transforma. La convierte en una amenaza a la naci&#243;n. Convoca al pueblo. Invoca la palabra. Y la palabra es siempre la misma: soberan&#237;a.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El domingo 1 de junio de 2026, desde el Monumento a la Revoluci&#243;n, ante decenas de miles de simpatizantes y en cadena replicada en los 32 estados del pa&#237;s, ese momento lleg&#243; de nuevo.</p><p style="text-align: center;">* * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La solicitud era concreta. El Departamento de Justicia de Estados Unidos hab&#237;a pedido la detenci&#243;n con fines de extradici&#243;n de diez ciudadanos mexicanos, entre ellos un gobernador, un alcalde y un senador en funciones, acusados de v&#237;nculos documentados con organizaciones criminales que el gobierno de Estados Unidos ha designado como organizaciones terroristas. No se trataba de periodistas. No se trataba de opositores pol&#237;ticos. No se trataba de ciudadanos que hab&#237;an cruzado una frontera ideol&#243;gica inc&#243;moda para el vecino del norte. Se trataba de funcionarios electos acusados de proteger, en el ejercicio de sus cargos, a organizaciones que cobran derecho de piso, desplazan poblaciones, y operan con una impunidad que ning&#250;n gobierno ha podido, o querido, desmantelar del todo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La respuesta del gobierno mexicano no discuti&#243; las pruebas. No abri&#243; una investigaci&#243;n paralela. No propuso un mecanismo de cooperaci&#243;n que preservara la jurisdicci&#243;n nacional. Convoc&#243; un acto p&#250;blico. Despleg&#243; a los gobernadores. Y pronunci&#243; las palabras.</p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;M&#233;xico no es pi&#241;ata de nadie.&#8221;</em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">Al d&#237;a siguiente, el Embajador de Estados Unidos en M&#233;xico, Ronald Johnson, public&#243; un mensaje. No respondi&#243; con amenazas. No escal&#243; la ret&#243;rica. Pidi&#243; que las dos naciones no permitieran que la pol&#237;tica dividiera su lucha com&#250;n contra los c&#225;rteles transnacionales. Que se mantuvieran unidas frente al crimen organizado. Que no se politizara lo que deber&#237;a ser un objetivo compartido.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La respuesta mexicana reafirm&#243; la soberan&#237;a. Pidi&#243; respeto. Advirti&#243; contra la injerencia.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Un lado dijo: combatamos juntos a las organizaciones que operan en ambos territorios. El otro dijo: no te metas en nuestros asuntos.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Ese mismo fin de semana, en el Distrito Sur de Nueva York, la jueza Katherine Polk Failla presid&#237;a la primera comparecencia de uno de los funcionarios sinaloenses que ya se hab&#237;a entregado a la justicia estadounidense. Describi&#243; las pruebas como abundantes. Dijo que los acusados llegar&#237;an en oleadas. Fij&#243; la siguiente audiencia para agosto.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La frase es simple. Su funci&#243;n no lo es: convierte una demanda de rendici&#243;n de cuentas en una amenaza a la dignidad nacional. El ciudadano que la escucha no est&#225; siendo invitado a examinar si los cargos tienen fundamento. Est&#225; siendo convocado a defender algo m&#225;s grande que cualquier acusaci&#243;n particular. Est&#225; siendo convocado a defender M&#233;xico.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El problema no es la frase. El problema es lo que queda dentro de ella.</p><p style="text-align: center;">* * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Aqu&#237; es donde la conversaci&#243;n deja de ser exclusivamente mexicana.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">NA77 parte de una premisa que esta serie ha construido con precisi&#243;n a lo largo de tres ensayos: Am&#233;rica del Norte no es solo un acuerdo comercial. Es una regi&#243;n con la capacidad de convertirse en la arquitectura econ&#243;mica m&#225;s competitiva del siglo. Pero esa arquitectura no se sostiene sobre buena voluntad diplom&#225;tica ni sobre la ret&#243;rica de la integraci&#243;n. Se sostiene sobre algo m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de construir y m&#225;s f&#225;cil de perder: la confianza institucional.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La confianza institucional no es un concepto abstracto. Es la certeza verificable de que un contrato firmado hoy tendr&#225; el mismo significado ma&#241;ana. De que una inversi&#243;n realizada en una regi&#243;n no est&#225; sujeta a la jurisdicci&#243;n informal de una organizaci&#243;n que nunca fue elegida y que no le rinde cuentas a nadie. De que el Estado que firma el acuerdo es el mismo Estado que lo cumple, porque tiene la capacidad y la disposici&#243;n de hacer valer su propia autoridad dentro de su propio territorio.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El nearshoring que hoy transforma a Nuevo Le&#243;n, Coahuila y Chihuahua en destinos de capital industrial global no lleg&#243; porque M&#233;xico lo pidi&#243;. Lleg&#243; porque el mundo necesitaba diversificar cadenas de suministro y M&#233;xico ofrec&#237;a geograf&#237;a, talento y un tratado que funcionaba. Pero el capital que construye para d&#233;cadas, el que financia infraestructura que trasciende administraciones, el que regresa cuando hay una crisis porque conf&#237;a en que las reglas no cambian con el calendario pol&#237;tico, ese capital no sigue a la geograf&#237;a. Sigue a la certeza.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Y la certeza tiene un enemigo preciso. No es la pobreza. No es la distancia. No es la falta de infraestructura. Es la zona gris: el espacio donde el Estado existe en el papel pero cede el territorio en la pr&#225;ctica. Donde los contratos se firman pero las condiciones se renegocian. Donde la autoridad se invoca para defenderse del escrutinio externo, pero no se ejerce para proteger al ciudadano interno.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Cuando soberan&#237;a se convierte en el nombre de esa zona gris, el costo no lo paga solo el ciudadano mexicano que vive bajo la jurisdicci&#243;n de quien nunca fue electo. Lo paga tambi&#233;n el proyecto continental. Porque una regi&#243;n que no puede garantizar que sus propias instituciones respondan a sus propios ciudadanos no est&#225; lista para ser el eje de la econom&#237;a global del siglo veintiuno. Est&#225; administrando su geograf&#237;a. Y administrar la geograf&#237;a no es lo mismo que gobernar un pa&#237;s.</p><p style="text-align: center;">* * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;">La Constituci&#243;n mexicana no dej&#243; esta pregunta sin respuesta. La soberan&#237;a, dice, reside esencial y originariamente en el pueblo. No en el Estado. No en el partido. No en el decreto. En el pueblo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Lo que esa frase exige no es lealtad. Exige exactamente lo contrario: la capacidad de distinguir entre un gobierno que ejerce la soberan&#237;a en nombre de sus ciudadanos y un gobierno que la invoca para protegerse de ellos. Esa distinci&#243;n no es un acto de traici&#243;n. Es el acto constitutivo de la ciudadan&#237;a. Es, en el sentido m&#225;s literal disponible, el trabajo que nadie puede hacer en lugar del pueblo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esta serie ha documentado lo que se requiere para construir esa ciudadan&#237;a. Pero la ciudadan&#237;a que &#233;l describe no est&#225; por construirse. En buena medida, ya existe. Ha existido todo el tiempo, en los lugares que el discurso oficial prefiri&#243; no mirar.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Est&#225;n los m&#225;s de once millones. Los que tomaron una decisi&#243;n que ning&#250;n gobierno tom&#243; por ellos, cruzaron una frontera que no estaba dise&#241;ada para recibirlos, y construyeron del otro lado, con sus propias manos, sin red, sin decreto, el tipo de estabilidad que un Estado funcional deber&#237;a haber construido para ellos. Se fueron porque el pa&#237;s no pudo retenerlos. Porque no pudo garantizarles seguridad, la certeza b&#225;sica de que su vida, su familia y su trabajo estaban protegidos por algo m&#225;s confiable que la suerte o la geograf&#237;a. Porque no pudo ofrecerles la educaci&#243;n y la infraestructura de oportunidad que convierte el talento en trayectoria. Porque no pudo sostener el estado de derecho que hace que esas dos cosas, la seguridad y la oportunidad, signifiquen lo mismo para todos, independientemente de a qui&#233;n se conoce o cu&#225;nto se puede pagar. El discurso del domingo se pronunci&#243; en su nombre. Desde el Monumento a la Revoluci&#243;n, ante decenas de miles, en cadena nacional. Nadie les pregunt&#243;.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Est&#225; el empresario en Monterrey que construye una empresa con gobernanza suficientemente s&#243;lida para atraer capital institucional, que compite sin mercado cautivo, que entiende que la disciplina no es un programa de gobierno sino un est&#225;ndar personal. Ese empresario no necesita que le expliquen lo que cuesta la zona gris. Lo descuenta en cada conversaci&#243;n con un inversionista que pregunta, antes que nada, si las reglas del juego van a seguir siendo las mismas el a&#241;o que entra.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esa ciudadan&#237;a ya sabe distinguir. Ya tiene las herramientas. Lo que le falta no es capacidad. Es el reconocimiento de que esa distinci&#243;n, entre la soberan&#237;a que se declara y la soberan&#237;a que se ejerce, es precisamente su responsabilidad. No del Estado. No del pa&#237;s vecino. Suya.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Hay una pregunta m&#225;s grande que este ensayo no puede responder todav&#237;a, pero que la l&#243;gica de este momento obliga a formular. Si la soberan&#237;a reside en el pueblo, y si ese pueblo construye, trabaja, comercia e invierte a lo largo de un continente que comparte territorio, cadenas de suministro, historia y un futuro que ninguno de los tres pa&#237;ses puede construir solo, entonces la pregunta no es solo qu&#233; tipo de ciudadan&#237;a necesita M&#233;xico. La pregunta es qu&#233; tipo de ciudadan&#237;a necesita Am&#233;rica del Norte. No tres ciudadan&#237;as nacionales mir&#225;ndose con recelo a trav&#233;s de sus fronteras. Una ciudadan&#237;a norteamericana: una identidad c&#237;vica continental que entienda que la zona gris en un territorio es el problema de los tres, que la impunidad en una regi&#243;n debilita la arquitectura de todos, y que el proyecto compartido es demasiado grande para dejarlo exclusivamente en manos de los gobiernos que, como hemos documentado, no siempre gobiernan para quienes dicen representar.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">No es un concepto abstracto. Cualquier mexicano que ha cruzado la frontera norte sabe exactamente de qu&#233; se trata. Del otro lado, sin que nadie se lo pidiera, se pone el cintur&#243;n de seguridad. Deja de tirar basura por la ventana. Respeta el l&#237;mite de velocidad. No porque sea diferente. Sino porque el entorno institucional le dice, sin palabras, que las reglas existen y que se cumplen. Lo que imaginamos, lo que NA77 propone comenzar a construir, es la generaci&#243;n de mexicanos que traiga eso de regreso. Que no necesite cruzar ninguna frontera para comportarse como ciudadano. Que construya aqu&#237;, en casa, con la misma disciplina, el mismo est&#225;ndar, la misma exigencia que demostr&#243; ser capaz de ejercer en otro territorio. Sin perder lo que hace a M&#233;xico &#250;nico. Recuperando lo que nunca debi&#243; perderse.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Eso no est&#225; construido todav&#237;a. Pero empieza exactamente aqu&#237;: en la capacidad de nombrar lo que falta.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">El discurso del domingo no fue una anomal&#237;a. Fue una prueba. La pregunta que deja no es si el gobierno ten&#237;a raz&#243;n o no sobre la extradici&#243;n. La pregunta que deja es si el ciudadano mexicano tiene ya las herramientas para hacer esa distinci&#243;n por s&#237; mismo, sin que nadie se la haga, sin esperar que otro pa&#237;s la se&#241;ale, sin necesitar que la evidencia sea tan abrumadora que ya no haya forma de ignorarla.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Esa es la soberan&#237;a que todav&#237;a falta construir. No la que se declara desde un monumento. La que se ejerce desde adentro, en silencio, con disciplina, todos los d&#237;as. La que no necesita multitudes para existir. La que no le pide permiso a nadie para hacerse valer.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Eso es lo que est&#225; en juego. Siempre lo estuvo.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">&#8212;-</p><p><strong>English</strong></p><p><strong>Sovereignty</strong></p><p><em>A Hijacked Word. Again.</em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg" width="1000" height="523" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:523,&quot;width&quot;:1000,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;A stone building with a dome\n\nDescription automatically generated&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="A stone building with a dome

Description automatically generated" title="A stone building with a dome

Description automatically generated" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-BWp!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F04a7cf31-ecbe-4d4b-b37c-f80adbe4ee76_1000x523.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p style="text-align: justify;">There is a recognizable moment in Mexican political history. No date announces it. No decree signs it into being. It arrives when a government faces a legitimate demand for accountability and, rather than answer it, transforms it. Converts it into a threat against the nation. Summons the people. Invokes the word. And the word is always the same: sovereignty.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On Sunday, June 1, 2026, from the Monument to the Revolution, before tens of thousands of supporters and broadcast simultaneously across all 32 states, that moment arrived again.</p><p style="text-align: center;">* * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The request was specific. The United States Department of Justice had sought the detention and extradition of ten Mexican citizens, among them a sitting governor, a sitting mayor, and a sitting senator, accused of documented ties to criminal organizations that the U.S. government has designated as terrorist organizations. These were not journalists. They were not political dissidents. They were not citizens who had crossed some ideological line uncomfortable for the northern neighbor. They were elected officials accused of protecting, in the exercise of their offices, organizations that extract tribute, displace populations, and operate with an impunity that no government has been able, or willing, to dismantle entirely.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Mexican government&#8217;s response did not contest the evidence. It did not open a parallel investigation. It did not propose a cooperation mechanism that preserved national jurisdiction. It convened a public event. It deployed the governors. And it pronounced the words.</p><blockquote><p><em>&#8220;Mexico is nobody&#8217;s pi&#241;ata.&#8221;</em></p></blockquote><p style="text-align: justify;">The following day, United States Ambassador to Mexico Ronald Johnson published a message. He did not respond with threats. He did not escalate the rhetoric. He asked that the two nations not allow politics to divide their shared fight against transnational cartels. That they remain united against organized crime. That what should be a shared objective not be politicized.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Mexican response reaffirmed sovereignty. Asked for respect. Warned against interference.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">One side said: let us fight together against the organizations that operate across both territories. The other said: stay out of our affairs.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">That same weekend, in the Southern District of New York, Judge Katherine Polk Failla was presiding over the first hearing of one of the Sinaloa officials who had already surrendered to American justice. She described the evidence as abundant. She said the accused would arrive in waves. She scheduled the next hearing for August.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The line is simple. Its function is not: it converts a demand for accountability into a threat against national dignity. The citizen who hears it is not being invited to examine whether the charges have merit. They are being summoned to defend something larger than any particular accusation. They are being summoned to defend Mexico.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The problem is not the phrase. The problem is what it contains.</p><p style="text-align: center;">* * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is where the conversation stops being exclusively Mexican.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">NA77 is built on a premise this series has constructed with precision: North America is not merely a trade agreement. It is a region with the latent capacity to become the most competitive economic architecture of the century. But that architecture does not rest on diplomatic goodwill or the rhetoric of integration. It rests on something harder to build and easier to lose: institutional trust.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Institutional trust is not an abstract concept. It is the verifiable certainty that a contract signed today will mean the same thing tomorrow. That an investment made in a region is not subject to the informal jurisdiction of an organization that was never elected and answers to no one. That the state which signs the agreement is the same state that honors it, because it has both the capacity and the disposition to enforce its own authority within its own territory.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The nearshoring wave transforming Nuevo Le&#243;n, Coahuila, and Chihuahua into destinations for global industrial capital did not arrive because Mexico asked for it. It arrived because the world needed to diversify supply chains and Mexico offered geography, talent, and a treaty that functioned. But the kind of capital that builds for decades, that finances infrastructure across multiple administrations, that returns during a crisis because it trusts the rules will not change with the political calendar, that capital does not follow geography. It follows certainty.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">And certainty has a precise enemy. Not poverty. Not distance. Not the absence of infrastructure. It is the gray zone: the space where the state exists on paper but yields territory in practice. Where contracts are signed but conditions are renegotiated. Where authority is invoked to deflect external scrutiny, but not exercised to protect the citizen within.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">When sovereignty becomes the name of that gray zone, the cost is not paid only by the Mexican citizen living under the jurisdiction of someone who was never elected. It is paid by the continental project. Because a region that cannot guarantee its own institutions will answer to its own citizens is not ready to be the axis of the twenty-first century global economy. It is administering its geography. And administering geography is not the same as governing a country.</p><p style="text-align: center;">* * *</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The Mexican Constitution did not leave this question unanswered. Sovereignty, it says, resides essentially and originally in the people. Not in the state. Not in the party. Not in the decree. In the people.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">What that phrase demands is not loyalty. It demands exactly the opposite: the capacity to distinguish between a government that exercises sovereignty on behalf of its citizens and a government that invokes it to protect itself from them. That distinction is not an act of betrayal. It is the constitutive act of citizenship. It is, in the most literal sense available, the work that no one can do in place of the people.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This series has documented what building that citizenry requires. But the citizenry he describes is not yet to be built. In large measure, it already exists. It has existed all along, in the places the official narrative preferred not to look.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">There are the more than eleven million. Those who made a decision no government made for them, crossed a border that was not designed to receive them, and built on the other side, with their own hands, without a safety net, without a decree, the kind of stability a functional state should have built for them. They left because the country could not retain them. Because it could not guarantee their security, the basic certainty that their lives, their families, and their work were protected by something more reliable than luck or geography. Because it could not offer them the education and infrastructure of opportunity that converts talent into trajectory. Because it could not sustain the rule of law that makes those two things, security and opportunity, mean the same thing for everyone, regardless of who you know or how much you can pay. Sunday&#8217;s speech was delivered in their name. From the Monument to the Revolution, before tens of thousands, broadcast nationally. No one asked them.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">There is the entrepreneur in Monterrey building a company with governance solid enough to attract institutional capital, competing without a captive market, understanding that discipline is not a government program but a personal standard. That entrepreneur does not need anyone to explain what the gray zone costs. They discount it in every conversation with an investor who asks, before anything else, whether the rules of the game will still be the same next year.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">That citizenry already knows how to make the distinction. It already has the tools. What it lacks is not capacity. It is the recognition that the distinction, between the sovereignty that is declared and the sovereignty that is exercised, is precisely its responsibility. Not the state&#8217;s. Not the neighboring country&#8217;s. Its own.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">There is a larger question this essay cannot yet answer, but which the logic of this moment makes unavoidable. If sovereignty resides in the people, and if that people builds, works, trades, and invests across a continent that shares territory, supply chains, history, and a future that none of the three countries can build alone, then the question is not only what kind of citizenry Mexico needs. The question is what kind of citizenry North America needs. Not three national citizenries eyeing each other with suspicion across their borders. A North American citizenry: a continental civic identity that understands that the gray zone in one territory is a problem for all three, that impunity in one region weakens the architecture of the whole, and that the shared project is too large to leave exclusively in the hands of governments that, as we have documented, do not always govern for those they claim to represent.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">This is not an abstract concept. Any Mexican who has crossed the northern border knows exactly what it means. On the other side, without anyone asking, they put on a seatbelt. They stop throwing trash out the window. They observe the speed limit. Not because they are different. But because the institutional environment tells them, without words, that rules exist and are enforced. What we imagine, what NA77 proposes to begin building, is the generation of Mexicans who bring that home. Who do not need to cross any border to behave as citizens. Who build here, at home, with the same discipline, the same standard, the same demand of themselves that they proved capable of exercising in another territory. Without losing what makes Mexico unique. Recovering what should never have been lost.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">That is not built yet. But it begins exactly here: in the capacity to name what is missing.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Sunday&#8217;s speech was not an anomaly. It was a test. The question it leaves is not whether the government was right or wrong about extradition. The question it leaves is whether Mexican citizens already have the tools to make that distinction on their own, without someone making it for them, without waiting for another country to point it out, without needing the evidence to become so overwhelming that there is no longer any way to ignore it.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">That is the sovereignty that still needs to be built. Not the kind declared from a monument. The kind exercised from within, in silence, with discipline, every day. The kind that does not need crowds to exist. The kind that does not ask anyone&#8217;s permission to make itself count.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">That is what is at stake. It always was.</p><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">The North American &#8212; 77 is a reader-supported publication. To receive new posts and support our work, consider becoming a free or paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[CONSTRUYENDO LA CIUDADANÍA]]></title><description><![CDATA[El Trabajo Que Nunca Termina &#8212; Y Por Qu&#233; Ese Es El Punto]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/construyendo-la-ciudadania</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/construyendo-la-ciudadania</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 13:06:01 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><strong>Papel III de III &#183;</strong> <strong>Los Reflejos de Nuestras Naciones</strong></em> <em>Una trilog&#237;a continental sobre gobernanza, sociedad y la arquitectura de la ciudadan&#237;a</em></p><div><hr></div><p><em><sup>Versiones I y II para ponerse al d&#237;a:</sup></em><sup> </sup></p><ul><li><p><em><sup>Papel I &#8212; </sup><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng"><sup>Los Gobiernos No Son Accidentes. Son Reflejos.</sup></a></em><sup> </sup></p></li><li><p><em><sup>Papel II &#8212; </sup><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/broken-reflections"><sup>Reflexiones Rotas &#8212; EUA y M&#233;xico</sup></a></em></p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg" width="1024" height="572" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oaBX!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F74e92eb8-1d9a-4b14-ab84-8d7d8e8ae050_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p><em><strong><sup>NOTA</sup></strong></em></p><p><em><sup>Este es el tercer y &#250;ltimo papel de la serie. Los papeles I y II nombraron lo que son los gobiernos y documentaron lo que han hecho. Este papel no propone un partido pol&#237;tico, no respalda a ning&#250;n candidato, ni prescribe pol&#237;ticas. Propone algo m&#225;s simple y m&#225;s dif&#237;cil: que la calidad del gobierno es una funci&#243;n de la calidad de la ciudadan&#237;a &#8212; y que la calidad de la ciudadan&#237;a puede construirse.</sup></em></p><div><hr></div><h2>I. Donde Nos Dej&#243; el Papel II</h2><p>El Papel II cerr&#243; con ocho palabras: <em>Los reflejos est&#225;n rotos. Los ciudadanos siguen aqu&#237;.</em></p><p>Esas palabras cargan m&#225;s peso del que parecen.</p><p>&#8220;Siguen aqu&#237;&#8221; no es una condici&#243;n pasiva. Es un punto de partida. Los ciudadanos que siguen aqu&#237; &#8212; los que han visto c&#243;mo la plataforma americana deja de construir para ellos, los que han visto c&#243;mo M&#233;xico incumple una promesa de 100 a&#241;os, los que se quedaron a pesar de todo &#8212; tomaron una decisi&#243;n.</p><p>La pregunta que dej&#243; abierta el Papel II es qu&#233; hacen con ella.</p><p>Quiero ser directo sobre lo que esa pregunta no es. No es una pregunta sobre liderazgo. No es una pregunta sobre qu&#233; partido votar, en qu&#233; candidato confiar, qu&#233; gobierno exigir.</p><p><strong>Es una pregunta sobre ciudadanos. Sobre qu&#233; hacen los ciudadanos cuando el reflejo muestra algo roto. Sobre si esperan un mejor l&#237;der &#8212; o se convierten en el tipo de ciudadan&#237;a que produce uno.</strong></p><p>La respuesta, en todos los casos hist&#243;ricos donde los reflejos rotos fueron reparados, es siempre la misma.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Primero los ciudadanos. Despu&#233;s los l&#237;deres.</strong></p></blockquote><p>Eso no es un eslogan alentador. Es una observaci&#243;n estructural sobre c&#243;mo cambian realmente los sistemas democr&#225;ticos. Y viene con un corolario honesto: el trabajo necesario para convertirse en esa ciudadan&#237;a no es emocionante, no es r&#225;pido, y nunca termina del todo.</p><p>Ese es el argumento de este papel.</p><div><hr></div><h2>II. La Obligaci&#243;n Constitucional</h2><p><strong>Tanto Estados Unidos como M&#233;xico depositaron la soberan&#237;a en sus ciudadanos. </strong>El lenguaje es diferente; la obligaci&#243;n es la misma.</p><p><strong>Estados Unidos:</strong> <em>We the People.</em> </p><p><strong>M&#233;xico:</strong> <em>La soberan&#237;a nacional reside esencial y originariamente en el pueblo.</em></p><p>Estas frases no describen lo que los ciudadanos tienen. Describen lo que los ciudadanos deben.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La soberan&#237;a no es un derecho. Es una obligaci&#243;n. Un pueblo que posee la soberan&#237;a sin ejercerla no permanece libre &#8212; la entrega, de forma incremental, a quien est&#233; dispuesto a llenar el espacio que deja.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Hemos documentado exactamente esa entrega a lo largo de dos papeles.</p><p><strong>El ciudadano estadounidense </strong>vio c&#243;mo la plataforma fue desmantelada, cortafuego por cortafuego, sin encontrar la fuerza organizada para detenerlo. No porque no le importara &#8212; la pasi&#243;n c&#237;vica americana nunca ha sido m&#225;s ruidosa que ahora mismo. <strong>Pero porque importar ruidosamente no es lo mismo que actuar con disciplina.</strong></p><p>El 77 por ciento de los americanos que confiaban en su gobierno en 1964 contaban con organizaciones c&#237;vicas, federaciones laborales, relaciones legislativas bipartidistas y un entorno medi&#225;tico regulado a trav&#233;s del cual esa confianza pod&#237;a organizarse en fuerza pol&#237;tica. </p><p><strong>Lo que reemplaz&#243; esas instituciones fue la indignaci&#243;n &#8212; y la indignaci&#243;n sola nunca ha construido una instituci&#243;n.</strong></p><p><strong>El ciudadano mexicano </strong>vio al estado fallar la promesa constitucional, generaci&#243;n tras generaci&#243;n, sin construir la infraestructura c&#237;vica capaz de exigirle cuentas. No porque sea pasivo &#8212; la sociedad civil mexicana es extraordinariamente vital a nivel comunitario, empresarial y cultural. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Pero porque el modelo pri&#237;sta fue dise&#241;ado, desde su fundaci&#243;n, para organizar la vida c&#237;vica a trav&#233;s del estado en lugar de alrededor de &#233;l.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>La arquitectura corporativa de sindicatos, organizaciones campesinas y sectores populares dio a los ciudadanos un canal. <strong>Era un canal controlado por la misma clase pol&#237;tica que supuestamente deb&#237;a vigilar.</strong></p><p>Esta es la herencia que ambas ciudadan&#237;as cargan. No de fracaso. De desenganche organizado.</p><p><strong>La obligaci&#243;n constitucional es volver a comprometerse &#8212; no de manera ocasional, no en ciclos electorales, sino de forma continua, institucional, a trav&#233;s de generaciones.</strong></p><p>Eso es una exigencia grande. Aqu&#237; est&#225; lo que realmente requiere.</p><div><hr></div><h2>III. Las Cuatro Cosas que Construyen una Ciudadan&#237;a</h2><p>La pregunta de cierre del Papel II fue precisa: <em>&#191;qu&#233; tipo de educaci&#243;n, independencia financiera, infraestructura c&#237;vica y memoria colectiva puede producir gobiernos a la altura de ella?</em></p><p>Estos no son cuatro problemas separados. Son cuatro capacidades interdependientes. Una ciudadan&#237;a que carece de cualquiera de ellas no puede ejercer plenamente las otras tres. Y ninguna sociedad ha reparado jam&#225;s su gobernanza sin invertir en las cuatro.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg" width="1024" height="572" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:572,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:139449,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/200232160?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!1G6L!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcb776eae-1752-4671-a2f3-10ffa52c1b32_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h3>Educaci&#243;n: El Cimiento Que Precede a Todo Lo Dem&#225;s</h3><p>Hay un hallazgo en la investigaci&#243;n comparativa sobre el desarrollo democr&#225;tico tan consistente que deber&#237;a tratarse como ley:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Todo proceso de renovaci&#243;n democr&#225;tica duradera ha sido precedido por una generaci&#243;n de inversi&#243;n educativa masiva, t&#237;picamente 15 a 25 a&#241;os antes de que aparezcan los resultados pol&#237;ticos.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Finlandia comenz&#243; su reforma escolar integral en 1972</strong>. Produjo sus primeros resultados globales destacados en el a&#241;o 2000 &#8212; <strong>veintiocho a&#241;os despu&#233;s.</strong> <strong>Corea del Sur construy&#243; la educaci&#243;n primaria universal</strong> a lo largo de los a&#241;os sesenta. La clase media que cre&#243; impuls&#243; el levantamiento democr&#225;tico de 1987 <strong>&#8212; veinte a&#241;os despu&#233;s. Irlanda introdujo la educaci&#243;n secundaria gratuita en 1967.</strong> La fuerza laboral educada que atrajo al <strong>Tigre Celta</strong> estaba lista a principios de los noventa &#8212;<strong> veinticinco a&#241;os despu&#233;s.</strong> Las <em><strong>misiones culturales</strong></em><strong> mexicanas </strong>de los a&#241;os veinte produjeron la fuerza laboral alfabetizada que impuls&#243; el <em><strong>milagro mexicano</strong></em><strong> </strong>de los a&#241;os cuarenta y cincuenta.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>En todos los casos, la educaci&#243;n precedi&#243; la prosperidad. Y en todos los casos, la educaci&#243;n no fue meramente vocacional. Fue c&#237;vica.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; significa la educaci&#243;n c&#237;vica? </strong>No el ritual patri&#243;tico. No las constituciones memorizadas.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La educaci&#243;n c&#237;vica es la transmisi&#243;n de tres capacidades espec&#237;ficas: c&#243;mo funciona el poder; c&#243;mo organizar la acci&#243;n colectiva; c&#243;mo exigir cuentas a las instituciones.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><em><strong>Un ciudadano que no entiende c&#243;mo funciona el poder no puede reconocer cu&#225;ndo se abusa de &#233;l. </strong></em>Un ciudadano que no sabe c&#243;mo organizarse no puede construir las coaliciones que hacen efectivas las exigencias. Un ciudadano que no puede exigir cuentas a las instituciones no tiene herramienta cuando esas instituciones fallan.</p><p>Hoy, <strong>solo el 36 por ciento de los americanos puede aprobar el examen de civismo que se exige a los inmigrantes naturalizados</strong> &#8212; el est&#225;ndar m&#237;nimo de conocimiento c&#237;vico que el pa&#237;s pide a quienes no nacieron aqu&#237;. <em>M&#233;xico incluye educaci&#243;n c&#237;vica en su curr&#237;culo oficial, pero la OCDE ubica a los estudiantes de secundaria mexicanos cerca del fondo de sus pa&#237;ses miembro en competencias de pensamiento cr&#237;tico &#8212; que son precisamente las habilidades que la educaci&#243;n c&#237;vica debe producir.</em></p><p><strong>Ninguno de los dos pa&#237;ses est&#225; educando ciudadanos al nivel que el pacto constitucional requiere.</strong></p><p>Esto no es principalmente una falla del gobierno. Es una falla c&#237;vica. Las escuelas p&#250;blicas no mejoran porque el gobierno decida mejorarlas. Mejoran porque padres, maestros, organizaciones comunitarias y sociedad civil sostienen la exigencia de mejora a trav&#233;s de d&#233;cadas y administraciones &#8212; como las organizaciones de padres finlandeses y el <strong>Sindicato de Educaci&#243;n de Finlandia</strong> <strong>sostuvieron la exigencia de educaci&#243;n integral a trav&#233;s de siete cambios de gobierno entre 1972 y 1985.</strong></p><p>El trabajo comienza con esta pregunta, que los ciudadanos deben hacer y seguir haciendo:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>&#191;Las escuelas de nuestra comunidad est&#225;n produciendo personas capaces de gobernarse a s&#237; mismas?</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>Independencia Financiera: La Precondici&#243;n para el Valor C&#237;vico</h3><p>Este es el elemento que se omite con m&#225;s frecuencia en la teor&#237;a pol&#237;tica y que aparece con m&#225;s consistencia en el registro hist&#243;rico.</p><p><strong>Los ciudadanos que est&#225;n econ&#243;micamente en precariedad no pueden permitirse el compromiso c&#237;vico.</strong> La elecci&#243;n entre asistir a una reuni&#243;n del ayuntamiento y tomar un turno extra no es un fracaso moral. Es una respuesta racional a la escasez.</p><p>El Papel II document&#243; c&#243;mo luce esa escasez. En M&#233;xico: sesenta y cinco millones de personas con una riqueza promedio de <strong>$1,803 d&#243;lares</strong>. En Estados Unidos: la mitad inferior de la poblaci&#243;n concentrando apenas el <strong>2.5 por ciento de la riqueza total</strong>. En ambos pa&#237;ses, la mitad inferior de la poblaci&#243;n no est&#225; en posici&#243;n de absorber los riesgos que la acci&#243;n c&#237;vica a veces requiere.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La dependencia econ&#243;mica produce dependencia pol&#237;tica. Esto no es una coincidencia. Es el mecanismo a trav&#233;s del cual la riqueza concentrada se traduce en poder pol&#237;tico concentrado.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><em><strong>El sistema de patronazgo mexicano </strong></em>&#8212; <em>el voto a cambio de una despensa, la transferencia condicionada, el favor pol&#237;tico que garantiza que se apruebe el permiso &#8212; no fue inventado por pol&#237;ticos c&#237;nicos.</em> </p><p><strong>Lo hicieron posible los ciudadanos sin otra fuente de seguridad.</strong> <em>Cuando el estado es lo &#250;nico que se interpone entre t&#250; y el hambre, no votas contra el estado. Votas para mantener tu acceso a &#233;l.</em></p><p><strong>La versi&#243;n americana </strong>es menos directa pero estructuralmente paralela. Un trabajador cuyo seguro de salud depende de su empleador, cuya jubilaci&#243;n depende de una cuenta igualada por su empresa, y cuya hipoteca depende de un sector financiero que el gobierno ha clasificado como demasiado grande para caer, no es un ciudadano independiente en el sentido c&#237;vico. </p><p><strong>Sus compromisos econ&#243;micos lo hacen averso al riesgo ante los cambios que la responsabilidad democr&#225;tica a veces exige.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La independencia financiera &#8212; la capacidad de los ciudadanos ordinarios de acumular suficiente excedente para poder asumir riesgos c&#237;vicos &#8212; no es un lujo. Es una precondici&#243;n para el tipo de ciudadan&#237;a que produce gobiernos responsables.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>&#191;Qu&#233; significa esto en la pr&#225;ctica?</strong> Que toda expansi&#243;n del acceso a herramientas financieras &#8212; sistemas de ahorro, infraestructura de pensiones, acceso a vivienda, financiamiento para peque&#241;as empresas, educaci&#243;n financiera &#8212; es tambi&#233;n una expansi&#243;n de la capacidad c&#237;vica.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>La Ley G.I. </strong>produjo una generaci&#243;n de americanos educados y propietarios que fundaron asociaciones c&#237;vicas, se postularon para cargos locales y sostuvieron el consenso democr&#225;tico de la posguerra. Pod&#237;an permitirse hacer esas cosas porque la ley les hab&#237;a dado un piso econ&#243;mico.</p><p><em><strong>La independencia financiera no se trata solo de riqueza individual. Se trata de si la arquitectura de la econom&#237;a distribuye las herramientas de independencia de manera suficientemente amplia como para que la mayor&#237;a de los ciudadanos pueda permitirse ser independiente.</strong> </em></p><p><em><strong>En M&#233;xico y en Estados Unidos</strong></em>, actualmente no lo hace. Eso es un problema c&#237;vico antes de ser un problema econ&#243;mico.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Infraestructura C&#237;vica: La Capacidad de Organizarse</h3><p>Este es el elemento m&#225;s deficiente en ambos pa&#237;ses, y el m&#225;s directamente responsable de la crisis actual.</p><p><strong>Una ciudadan&#237;a sin infraestructura c&#237;vica es una colecci&#243;n de individuos con preocupaciones id&#233;nticas que no pueden coordinarlas.</strong> La infraestructura c&#237;vica es lo que transforma la preocupaci&#243;n individual en fuerza colectiva: federaciones laborales, asociaciones empresariales, gremios profesionales, organizaciones comunitarias, medios de comunicaci&#243;n independientes, universidades con genuina libertad intelectual.</p><p><strong>El modelo n&#243;rdico </strong>no surgi&#243; de las buenas intenciones. <strong>Surgi&#243; de d&#233;cadas de construcci&#243;n organizacional: </strong>densidad sindical superior al 60 por ciento, federaciones patronales que pod&#237;an comprometer a sus miembros, y un estado con suficiente capacidad administrativa e integridad para ser un tercer interlocutor cre&#237;ble en la negociaci&#243;n.</p><p><em><strong>El Acuerdo de Saltsj&#246;baden en Suecia (1938), el Compromiso de Septiembre dan&#233;s (1899), el Acuerdo B&#225;sico noruego (1935) &#8212; estos no fueron regalos de gobiernos iluminados. Fueron resultados negociados producidos por trabajo y capital organizados, ambos con la disciplina suficiente para honrar compromisos a trav&#233;s de m&#250;ltiples administraciones.</strong></em></p><p><strong>En Estados Unidos,</strong> la densidad sindical ha ca&#237;do <strong>del 35 por ciento en 1954 al 10 por ciento actual</strong> &#8212; <strong>6 por ciento en el sector privado.</strong> Las asociaciones c&#237;vicas que Alexis de Tocqueville identific&#243; como la base estructural de la democracia americana han declinado significativamente desde los a&#241;os setenta. Los reemplazos &#8212; campa&#241;as en redes sociales, peticiones en l&#237;nea, contenido viral &#8212; generan intensidad y ninguna infraestructura duradera.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Un hilo de Twitter no puede hacer cumplir un acuerdo salarial. Un video viral no puede sostener tres a&#241;os de negociaci&#243;n para un pacto laboral. El compromiso en l&#237;nea, a su nivel actual de organizaci&#243;n, es la apariencia de infraestructura c&#237;vica sin la capacidad funcional.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>En M&#233;xico</strong>, <em><strong>el problema de infraestructura c&#237;vica es m&#225;s antiguo y estructuralmente m&#225;s dif&#237;cil de resolver. </strong></em></p><p><strong>El modelo corporativista</strong> organiz&#243; a la sociedad civil a trav&#233;s del estado, dejando a las organizaciones independientes o dentro de la estructura oficial o perpetuamente peleando por su legitimidad fuera de ella. </p><p>La sociedad civil independiente ha crecido desde el a&#241;o 2000, pero sigue siendo financieramente fr&#225;gil, pol&#237;ticamente vulnerable e institucionalmente aislada de los centros de decisi&#243;n econ&#243;mica.</p><p>La prensa, en ambos pa&#237;ses, est&#225; bajo una presi&#243;n que ha debilitado su capacidad de funcionar como infraestructura c&#237;vica. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>En M&#233;xico, periodistas han sido asesinados, redacciones cerradas y el periodismo local de rendici&#243;n de cuentas destruido en regiones enteras. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>En Estados Unidos,</strong> el periodismo local ha colapsado a una escala y velocidad sin precedentes en la era moderna.</p><p>Sin una prensa que funcione, la infraestructura c&#237;vica de la rendici&#243;n de cuentas no puede operar. Los ciudadanos no pueden exigir cuentas a las instituciones bajo est&#225;ndares que no pueden observar.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Reconstruir la infraestructura c&#237;vica no es una tarea del gobierno. Es una tarea ciudadana. &#218;nase a la organizaci&#243;n. Apoye a la publicaci&#243;n independiente. Construya la asociaci&#243;n profesional. Asista a la reuni&#243;n. Estos no son actos simb&#243;licos. Son la mec&#225;nica real del poder colectivo.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>Memoria Colectiva: Lo Que Transmitimos a Trav&#233;s de las Generaciones</h3><p>Cada sociedad transmite una versi&#243;n de su propia historia. <strong>La elecci&#243;n de qu&#233; transmitir no es neutral.</strong></p><p><em><strong>La Ley Fundamental de Alemania </strong></em>se ense&#241;a en las escuelas alemanas no como un hecho hist&#243;rico sino como una obligaci&#243;n viva. <em>Los estudiantes aprenden no solo lo que dice sino por qu&#233; fue redactada as&#237;, qu&#233; fracaso espec&#237;fico fue dise&#241;ada para prevenir, y qu&#233; responsabilidad eso pone en cada ciudadano alem&#225;n.</em> </p><p><strong>El curr&#237;culo es expl&#237;cito:</strong> <em>esto sucedi&#243;; no debe volver a suceder; tu trabajo es entender ambas cosas.</em> <strong>El resultado es una ciudadan&#237;a con alfabetizaci&#243;n estructural</strong> &#8212; una poblaci&#243;n capaz de reconocer el retroceso democr&#225;tico porque sabe, en detalle institucional, c&#243;mo se ve.</p><p><em><strong>Noruega transmite el Fondo del Petr&#243;leo como una historia de justicia intergeneracional.</strong></em> <strong>Los ni&#241;os noruegos</strong> aprenden que la riqueza bajo el fondo marino no pertenece a ning&#250;n gobierno sino a todos los noruegos a trav&#233;s del tiempo &#8212; incluidos los que a&#250;n no han nacido. </p><p>Esa narrativa hace que el fondo sea pol&#237;ticamente muy dif&#237;cil de saquear &#8212; no solo por las disposiciones constitucionales, sino porque los ciudadanos que conocen la historia lo consideran un patrimonio com&#250;n, no un activo gubernamental.</p><p><strong>Estados Unidos transmite</strong> sus documentos fundacionales como evidencia de la grandeza de la naci&#243;n. Lo que transmite con menos consistencia es la historia completa de qui&#233;n construy&#243; esa grandeza, a qu&#233; costo, y bajo qu&#233; sistemas de exclusi&#243;n. </p><p><strong>Este no es un argumento partidista. Es un argumento c&#237;vico: una ciudadan&#237;a que no sabe lo que hereda no puede hacerse responsable de mantenerlo.</strong></p><p><strong>M&#233;xico transmite la Revoluci&#243;n como mito.</strong> Las fechas. Los murales. El pante&#243;n de h&#233;roes. Lo que transmite con menos consistencia es el an&#225;lisis institucional preciso de por qu&#233; cada ciclo de reforma fue revertido: qu&#233; arquitectura constitucional falt&#243;, qu&#233; mecanismo de anclaje nunca se construy&#243;, qu&#233; procesos espec&#237;ficos permitieron que cada <em>sexenio</em> deshiciera el trabajo del anterior.</p><p>Los estudiantes en las escuelas mexicanas aprenden que ocurrieron las reformas. Rara vez se les ense&#241;a por qu&#233; fueron reversibles &#8212; que es la lecci&#243;n m&#225;s importante.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>La memoria colectiva no es nostalgia. Es el sistema de informaci&#243;n mediante el cual cada generaci&#243;n sabe qu&#233; funcion&#243;, qu&#233; fall&#243; y por qu&#233; &#8212; y, por lo tanto, qu&#233; exigir, qu&#233; construir y qu&#233; proteger.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Ambos pa&#237;ses transmiten actualmente versiones de su historia que celebran la fundaci&#243;n y oscurecen los mecanismos del declive. </p><p><strong>El resultado es una ciudadan&#237;a que hereda el orgullo sin la alfabetizaci&#243;n estructural para sostener lo que lo produjo.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2>IV. El Momento 2026 &#8212; Por Qu&#233; Esperar Es M&#225;s Costoso Que Actuar</h2><p>Siempre hay razones para esperar. El momento siempre es complejo. Los adversarios siempre son poderosos. Las instituciones siempre son imperfectas.</p><p><strong>Pero 2026 tiene una cualidad espec&#237;fica que hace que esperar sea m&#225;s costoso de lo habitual.</strong></p><p>La revisi&#243;n del T-MEC ya est&#225; en marcha. La renegociaci&#243;n m&#225;s importante de la arquitectura comercial de <em><strong>Am&#233;rica del Norte desde 1993</strong></em> se est&#225; llevando a cabo ahora mismo, por gobiernos que responden a la presi&#243;n organizada &#8212; o a su ausencia. El marco de minerales cr&#237;ticos que determinar&#225; qui&#233;n controla los insumos para la econom&#237;a de la inteligencia artificial y la energ&#237;a limpia se est&#225; decidiendo ahora. </p><p>El mecanismo de aplicaci&#243;n laboral que, por primera vez, dio a los trabajadores mexicanos un camino directo para impugnar violaciones espec&#237;ficas est&#225; siendo puesto a prueba en tiempo real. Si sobrevive a la revisi&#243;n, si se fortalece o se debilita, se decidir&#225; en los pr&#243;ximos meses.</p><p><em><strong>La transici&#243;n hacia la IA no es un evento futuro</strong>.</em> Est&#225; ocurriendo en los pisos de manufactura en Monterrey, en las redes log&#237;sticas en los tres pa&#237;ses, en los sistemas financieros y legales de las ciudades americanas, en los sistemas de datos agr&#237;colas de las praderas canadienses. </p><p>Las respuestas institucionales que se construyen ahora dar&#225;n forma a la distribuci&#243;n de las ganancias de la econom&#237;a de la IA durante d&#233;cadas.</p><p><em><strong>En ambos pa&#237;ses, los ciudadanos menos protegidos por las instituciones existentes son los m&#225;s expuestos a la disrupci&#243;n. </strong></em>Las decisiones de gobernanza que se toman ahora se toman en gran medida sin participaci&#243;n ciudadana organizada.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Esto no es una falla del gobierno. Es un vac&#237;o dejado por ciudadanos que cedieron el terreno.</strong></p></blockquote><p>La pregunta no es si comprometerse en tiempos complejos. <strong>La pregunta es si los tiempos complejos son cuando usted decide comprometerse &#8212; o cuando cede la decisi&#243;n a alguien m&#225;s.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2>V. El Trabajo Que Nunca Termina</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg" width="1024" height="572" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:572,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:155083,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/200232160?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!HWwn!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fccce49db-44f7-4348-95d2-f69d548a750e_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Quiero cerrar esta serie con honestidad.</p><p><strong>El trabajo de construir una ciudadan&#237;a no es un problema a resolver. Es una condici&#243;n a mantener</strong>. No hay momento en que se complete, no hay generaci&#243;n que lo termine y transmita una herencia estable. </p><p>Cada generaci&#243;n hereda tanto los logros de quienes se organizaron antes que ellos como las nuevas degradaciones introducidas desde entonces.</p><p>Esta no es una observaci&#243;n pesimista. <strong>Es la definici&#243;n precisa de lo que hace a la democracia una democracia.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Una democracia que est&#225; &#8220;arreglada&#8221; ha dejado de ser una democracia. Se ha convertido en algo administrado &#8212; por quien lo arregl&#243;. La necesidad del compromiso ciudadano continuo no es una carga a superar. Es el mecanismo por el cual un pueblo que se gobierna a s&#237; mismo permanece autogobernado.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><em><strong>Estados Unidos tiene la arquitectura institucional necesaria para la renovaci&#243;n</strong></em> &#8212; el marco constitucional, la estructura federal, la tradici&#243;n de sociedad civil, la profundidad financiera. </p><p><em><strong>Lo que necesita</strong></em> son ciudadanos que recuerden para qu&#233; fueron construidas esas instituciones y que est&#233;n dispuestos a hacer el trabajo organizado y disciplinado de reclamarlas para ese prop&#243;sito.</p><p><em><strong>M&#233;xico tiene la energ&#237;a humana y el talento para la renovaci&#243;n </strong></em>&#8212; en las empresas que han competido y ganado en mercados globales a pesar de cada obst&#225;culo estructural, en la producci&#243;n cultural que ha alcanzado alcance global, en los millones que han demostrado, por el simple acto de sobrevivir y construir en un sistema no dise&#241;ado para apoyarlos, <strong>que la capacidad mexicana nunca ha sido el factor limitante.</strong> </p><p><em><strong>Lo que M&#233;xico necesita es la arquitectura institucional que proteja ese talento de la captura pol&#237;tica</strong></em> &#8212; y ciudadanos dispuestos a exigirla y construirla.</p><p><strong>Ambos pa&#237;ses necesitan una generaci&#243;n de ciudadanos que entiendan que el cambio que quieren requiere no solo un gobierno diferente, sino un tipo diferente de ciudadan&#237;a.</strong> </p><p>Una que eduque, organice, exija y sostenga &#8212; no a lo largo de un ciclo electoral, sino a trav&#233;s de d&#233;cadas.</p><p>Ese es el trabajo. No es el trabajo de un l&#237;der. <strong>Nunca lo ha sido.</strong></p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><em>Los reflejos est&#225;n rotos.</em> <em>Los ciudadanos siguen aqu&#237;.</em> <strong>Lo que construyan a continuaci&#243;n &#8212; lo que t&#250; construyas &#8212; es la &#250;nica historia que importa.</strong></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p><sup>Papel III de III &#183; Las Reflexiones de Nuestras Naciones &#8212; una trilog&#237;a continental sobre gobernanza, sociedad y la arquitectura de la ciudadan&#237;a.</sup></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><sup>Eduardo Joffroy es fundador y director editorial de The North American &#8212; 77, una plataforma editorial biling&#252;e sobre la integraci&#243;n norteamericana.</sup></em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><sup>NA77 &#183; UN FUTURO. TRES NACIONES. &#183; </sup><a href="http://thenorthamerican.com"><sup>thenorthamerican.com</sup></a></em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[BUILDING THE CITIZENRY]]></title><description><![CDATA[The Work That Never Ends &#8212; and Why That Is the Point]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/building-the-citizenry</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/building-the-citizenry</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 02 Jun 2026 13:03:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em><sup>Paper III of III &#183; The Reflexions of Our Nations</sup></em><sup> </sup><em><sup>A continental trilogy on governance, society, and the architecture of citizenship</sup></em></p><div><hr></div><p><em><strong><sup>Catch up with the series:</sup></strong></em><strong><sup> </sup></strong></p><ul><li><p><em><sup>Paper I &#8212; </sup><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng"><sup>Governments Are Not Accidents. They Are Reflections.</sup></a></em><sup> </sup></p></li><li><p><em><sup>Paper II &#8212; </sup><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/broken-reflections"><sup>Broken Reflextions &#8212; US &amp; Mexico</sup></a></em></p></li></ul><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg" width="1024" height="572" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!R0EJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F2de43ff8-229c-473a-83c0-da636aa294be_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p><strong><sup>A NOTE ON SCOPE</sup></strong></p><p><em><sup>This is the final paper in the series. Papers I and II named what governments are and documented what they have done. This paper does not propose a political party, endorse a candidate, or prescribe policy. It proposes something simpler and harder: that the quality of government is a function of the quality of citizenship &#8212; and that the quality of citizenship can be built.</sup></em></p><div><hr></div><h2>I. Where Paper II Left Us</h2><p>Paper II closed with eight words: <em><strong>The reflections are broken. The citizens are still here.</strong></em></p><p>Those words carry more weight than they appear to.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>&#8220;Still here&#8221; is not a passive condition. It is a starting point. The citizens who are still here &#8212; who have watched the American platform stop building for them, who have watched Mexico default on a 100-year-old promise, who have stayed in spite of everything &#8212; have made a choice.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The question Paper II left open is what they do with it.</p><p>I want to be direct about what that question is not. It is not a question about leadership. It is not a question about which party to vote for, which candidate to trust, which government to demand.</p><p><strong>It is a question about citizens. About what citizens do when the reflection shows something broken. About whether they wait for a better leader &#8212; or become the kind of citizenry that produces one.</strong></p><p>The answer, from every historical case where broken reflections were repaired, is always the same.</p><p><strong>Citizens first. Leaders second.</strong></p><p>That is not an encouraging slogan. It is a structural observation about how democratic systems actually change. And it comes with an honest corollary: the work required to become that citizenry is not exciting, not fast, and never fully finished.</p><p>That is the argument of this paper.</p><div><hr></div><h2>II. The Constitutional Obligation</h2><p><strong>Both the United States and Mexico</strong> <strong>placed sovereignty in their citizens. </strong>The language is different; the obligation is the same.</p><p><strong>The United States:</strong> <em>We the People.</em> </p><p><strong>Mexico:</strong> <em>La soberan&#237;a nacional reside esencial y originariamente en el pueblo.</em></p><p>These sentences are not descriptions of what citizens have. They are descriptions of what citizens owe.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Sovereignty is not a right. It is an obligation. A people that holds sovereignty without exercising it does not remain free &#8212; it surrenders it, incrementally, to whoever is willing to fill the space it leaves behind.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>We have documented exactly that surrender across two papers.</p><p><strong>The American citizen</strong> watched the platform be dismantled, firewall by firewall, without finding the organized force to stop it. Not because they did not care &#8212; American civic passion has never been louder than it is right now. <strong>But because caring loudly is not the same as acting with discipline.</strong></p><p>The 77 percent of Americans who trusted their government in 1964 had civic organizations, labor federations, bipartisan legislative relationships, and a regulated media environment through which that trust could be organized into political force. </p><blockquote><p><strong>What replaced those institutions was outrage &#8212; and outrage alone has never built an institution.</strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>The Mexican citizen</strong> watched the state fail the constitutional promise, generation after generation, without building the civic infrastructure capable of holding it accountable. <strong>Not because they are passive &#8212; Mexican civil society is extraordinarily vital at the community, business, and cultural levels.</strong> </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>But because the PRI model was designed, at its founding, to organize civic life through the state rather than around it.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The corporatist architecture of unions, farmer associations, and popular sectors gave citizens a channel to operate within. <strong>It was a channel controlled by the same political class it was supposed to check.</strong></p><p>This is the inheritance both citizenries carry. Not of failure. Of organized disengagement.</p><p><strong>The constitutional obligation is to re-engage &#8212; not occasionally, not in electoral cycles, but continuously, institutionally, across generations.</strong></p><p>That is a large demand. Here is what it actually requires.</p><div><hr></div><h2>III. The Four Things That Build a Citizenry</h2><p>Paper II&#8217;s closing question was precise: <em><strong>what kind of education, financial independence, civic infrastructure, and collective memory can produce governments worthy of it?</strong></em></p><p><strong>These are not four separate problems.</strong> They are four interdependent capacities. A citizenry that lacks any one of them cannot fully exercise the other three. And no society has ever repaired its governance without investing in all four.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg" width="1024" height="572" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:572,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:139449,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/200229725?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!-Vjl!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F25e9fdc9-1226-4607-9038-7acdb9461192_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><div><hr></div><h3>Education: The Foundation That Precedes Everything Else</h3><p>There is a finding in the comparative research on democratic development so consistent it should be treated as a law:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Every durable democratic renewal has been preceded by a generation of mass educational investment, typically 15 to 25 years before the political results appear.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Finland</strong> began its comprehensive school reform in <strong>1972</strong>. It produced its top global outcomes in the year<strong> 2000 </strong>&#8212; <em><strong>twenty-eight years later.</strong></em> <strong>South Korea </strong>built universal primary education through the <strong>1960s. </strong>The middle class it created drove the democratic uprising of <strong>1987 </strong>&#8212;<strong> twenty years later. Ireland</strong> introduced free secondary education in <strong>1967.</strong> The educated workforce that attracted the <strong>Celtic Tiger </strong>investment was ready by the early <strong>1990s </strong>&#8212; <strong>twenty-five years later. Mexico&#8217;s </strong><em><strong>misiones culturales</strong></em><strong> of the 1920s</strong> produced the literate workforce that powered the <em><strong>milagro mexicano</strong></em><strong> of the 1940s and 50s.</strong></p><p>In every case, the education preceded the prosperity. And in every case, the education was not merely vocational. <strong>It was civic.</strong></p><p>What does civic education mean? Not patriotic ritual. Not memorized constitutions.</p><blockquote><p><strong>Civic education is the transmission of three specific capacities: how power works; how to organize collective action; how to hold institutions accountable.</strong></p></blockquote><p>A citizen who does not understand how power works cannot recognize when it is being abused. A citizen who does not know how to organize cannot build the coalitions that make demands effective. A citizen who cannot hold institutions accountable has no tool when those institutions fail.</p><p><strong>Today, only 36 percent of Americans can pass the civics test required of naturalized immigrants</strong> &#8212; the minimum standard of civic knowledge the country asks of people who were not born here. <strong>Mexico&#8217;s </strong>official curriculum includes civic education, but the <strong>OCDE ranks Mexican</strong> secondary students near the bottom of its membership for critical-thinking competencies &#8212; which are the skills civic education is supposed to produce.</p><p><strong>Neither country is educating citizens at the level the constitutional compact requires.</strong></p><p>This is not primarily a government failure. It is a civic one. Government schools do not improve because government decides to improve them. They improve because parents, teachers, community organizations, and civil society sustain the demand for improvement across decades and administrations &#8212; the way Finnish parent organizations and the Finnish Education Union sustained the demand for comprehensive education across seven changes of government between 1972 and 1985.</p><p>The work begins with this question, which citizens must ask and keep asking:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Are the schools in our community producing people capable of governing themselves?</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>Financial Independence: The Precondition for Civic Courage</h3><p>This is the element most frequently omitted from political theory and most consistently present in the historical record.</p><p><strong>Citizens who are economically precarious cannot afford civic engagement.</strong> The choice between attending a city council meeting and picking up an extra shift is not a moral failure. It is a rational response to scarcity.</p><p><strong>Paper II </strong>documented what that scarcity looks like. </p><p><strong>In Mexico: </strong>sixty-five million people with average wealth of <strong>$1,803 USD</strong>. </p><p><strong>In the United States:</strong> the bottom half of earners holding just <strong>2.5 percent of total household wealth</strong>. </p><p>In both countries, the bottom half of the population is not positioned to absorb the risks that civic action sometimes requires.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Economic dependence produces political dependence. This is not a coincidence. It is the mechanism through which concentrated wealth translates into concentrated political power.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>The Mexican patronage system</strong> &#8212; the vote in exchange for a <em>despensa</em>, the conditional <em>transferencia</em>, the political favor that ensures the permit gets approved &#8212; was not invented by cynical politicians. </p><p><strong>It was made possible by citizens with no other source of security.</strong> When the state is the only thing standing between you and hunger, you do not vote against the state. You vote to preserve your access to it.</p><p><strong>The American version</strong> is less direct but structurally parallel. A worker whose health insurance depends on their employer, whose retirement depends on an employer-matched account, and whose mortgage depends on a financial sector the government has classified as too-big-to-fail is not an independent citizen in the civic sense. </p><p><strong>Their economic attachments make them risk-averse about the very disruptions that democratic accountability sometimes requires.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Financial independence &#8212; the capacity of ordinary citizens to accumulate enough surplus that they can afford to take civic risks &#8212; is not a luxury. It is a precondition for the kind of citizenship that produces accountable governments.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>What does this mean in practice?</strong> It means that every expansion of access to financial tools &#8212; savings systems, pension infrastructure, home ownership, small business financing, financial literacy &#8212; is also an expansion of civic capacity. </p><p><strong>The G.I. Bill</strong> produced a generation of educated, propertied Americans who founded civic associations, ran for local office, and sustained the postwar democratic consensus. They could afford to do those things because the bill had given them an economic floor.</p><p><strong>Norway&#8217;s Petroleum Fund</strong> is, among other things, a civic tool: a mechanism through which Norwegian citizens can claim, collectively, that the wealth beneath their territory belongs to all of them across all generations &#8212; not to any single government to spend as political currency. Its existence changes the relationship between the Norwegian citizen and the Norwegian state. </p><p>That is part of why Norway has among the highest institutional trust in the world.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Financial independence is not only about individual wealth. It is about whether the architecture of the economy distributes the tools of independence broadly enough that a majority of citizens can afford to be independent. In Mexico and the United States, it currently does not. That is a civic problem before it is an economic one.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>Civic Infrastructure: The Capacity to Organize</h3><p>This is the most underbuilt element in both countries, and the one most directly responsible for the current crisis.</p><p><strong>A citizenry without civic infrastructure is a collection of individuals with identical concerns who cannot coordinate them.</strong> <strong>Civic infrastructure</strong> is what transforms individual concern into collective force: labor federations, business associations, professional guilds, community organizations, independent media, universities with genuine intellectual freedom, think tanks that are independent of both government and their funders.</p><p><strong>The Nordic model </strong>did not emerge from good intentions. It emerged from decades of organizational construction: union density above 60 percent, encompassing employer federations capable of binding their members, and a state with enough administrative capacity and integrity to function as a credible third party in negotiation.</p><p><em><strong>The Saltsj&#246;baden Agreement in Sweden (1938), the Danish September Compromise (1899), Norway&#8217;s Basic Agreement (1935) </strong></em>&#8212; <strong>these were not gifts from enlightened governments. They were negotiated outcomes produced by organized labor and organized capital</strong>, both disciplined enough to honor commitments across multiple administrations.</p><p><strong>In the United States</strong>, union density has fallen <strong>from 35 percent in 1954 to 10 percent today &#8212; 6 percent in the private sector. </strong>The civic associations that Alexis de Tocqueville identified as the structural foundation of<strong> American democracy</strong> &#8212; the leagues, the societies, the local institutions that constituted the connective tissue of mid-century civic life &#8212; have declined significantly since the 1970s.</p><p>The replacements &#8212; <em><strong>social media campaigns, online petitions, viral content</strong></em> &#8212; generate intensity and no durable infrastructure.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>A Twitter thread cannot enforce a wage agreement. A viral video cannot sustain a three-year negotiation for a labor compact. Online engagement, at its current level of organization, is the appearance of civic infrastructure without the functional capacity.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>In Mexico,</strong> the <strong>civic infrastructure problem</strong> is both older and structurally harder. <strong>The corporatist model</strong> organized civil society through the state, leaving independent organizations either inside the official structure or perpetually fighting for legitimacy outside it. </p><p>Independent civil society has grown since 2000 &#8212; in NGOs, professional networks, community organizations &#8212; but remains financially fragile, politically vulnerable, and institutionally isolated from the centers of economic decision-making.</p><p><strong>The press, in both countries</strong>, is under pressure that has weakened its capacity to function as civic infrastructure. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>In Mexico, journalists have been killed, newsrooms defunded, and local accountability journalism largely destroyed in whole regions.</strong></em> </p></blockquote><p><strong>In the United States,</strong> local news has collapsed at a scale and speed unprecedented in the modern era &#8212; producing, as researchers at <strong>Northwestern University</strong> have documented, entire communities with no consistent source of accountability journalism.</p><p>Without a functioning press, the civic infrastructure for accountability cannot work. Citizens cannot hold institutions to standards they cannot observe.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Rebuilding civic infrastructure is not a government task. It is a citizen task. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Join the organization. Support the independent publication. Build the professional association. Show up to the meeting. These are not symbolic acts. <strong>They are the actual mechanics of collective power.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h3>Collective Memory: What We Transmit Across Generations</h3><p>Every society transmits a version of its own history. <strong>The choice of what to transmit is not neutral.</strong></p><p><strong>Germany&#8217;s Basic Law</strong> is taught in German schools not as historical fact but as a living obligation. Students learn not only what it says but why it was written the way it was, what specific failure it was designed to prevent, and what responsibility that places on <strong>every German citizen.</strong> </p><p>The curriculum is explicit:<em><strong> this happened; it must not happen again; your job is to understand both. </strong></em><strong>The result is a citizenry with structural literacy</strong> &#8212; a population that can recognize democratic backsliding because it knows, in institutional detail, what it looks like.</p><p><em><strong>Norway transmits the Petroleum Fund as a story about intergenerational justice. </strong></em>Norwegian children learn that the wealth beneath the seabed belongs not to any government but to all Norwegians across all time &#8212; including the ones not yet born. </p><p>That narrative makes the fund politically nearly impossible to raid &#8212; not because of constitutional provisions alone, but because the citizens who know the story regard it as a shared heritage rather than a government asset.</p><p><strong>The United States transmits</strong> its founding documents as evidence of the nation&#8217;s greatness. What it transmits less consistently is the full story of who built that greatness, at what cost, and under what systems of exclusion &#8212; and therefore what structural work remains to make the founding promises universally real. This is not a partisan argument. <strong>It is a civic one: a citizenry that does not know what it inherits cannot take responsibility for maintaining it.</strong></p><p><strong>Mexico transmits the Revolution as myth. </strong>The dates. The murals. The pantheon of heroes. What it transmits less consistently is the precise institutional analysis of why each reform cycle was reversed: <em>what constitutional architecture was missing, what lock-in mechanism was never built, what specific mechanisms allowed each sexenio to undo the work of the one before.</em></p><p>Students in Mexican schools learn <em>that</em> the reforms happened. <strong>They are rarely taught </strong><em><strong>why they were reversible</strong></em><strong> &#8212; which is the more important lesson.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Collective memory is not nostalgia. It is the information system through which each generation knows what worked, what failed, and why &#8212; and therefore what to demand, what to build, and what to protect.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Both countries currently transmit versions of their history that celebrate the founding and obscure the mechanisms of decline. <strong>The result is a citizenry that inherits the pride without the structural literacy to sustain what produced it.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h2>IV. The 2026 Moment &#8212; Why Waiting Is More Expensive Than Acting</h2><p>There are always reasons to wait. The moment is always complex. The opponents are always powerful. The institutions are always imperfect.</p><p><strong>But 2026 has a specific quality that makes waiting more expensive than it usually is.</strong></p><p><strong>The USMCA</strong> review is already underway. The most consequential renegotiation of North American trade architecture since 1993 is being conducted right now, by governments responding to organized pressure &#8212; or to its absence. The critical-minerals framework that will determine who controls the inputs for the AI and clean energy economy is being decided now. The labor-enforcement mechanism that has, for the first time, given Mexican workers a direct path to challenge specific violations is being stress-tested in real time.</p><p>Whether it survives the review, whether it is strengthened or weakened, will be decided in the next months.</p><p><strong>The AI transition</strong> is not a future event. It is happening in manufacturing operations in Monterrey, in logistics networks across the three countries, in the financial and legal systems of American cities, in the agricultural data systems of Canadian prairies. The institutional responses being built now &#8212; on labor displacement, on data rights, on regulatory architecture &#8212; <em><strong>will shape the distribution of the AI economy&#8217;s gains for decades.</strong></em></p><p>In both countries, the citizens least protected by existing institutions are the ones most exposed to the disruption. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>The governance decisions being made now are being made largely without organized citizen input. </strong></em></p></blockquote><p>They are being made by governments advised primarily by the industries they are supposed to govern.</p><p>This is not a failure of government. <strong>It is a vacuum left by citizens who have ceded the terrain.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>The question is not whether to engage in complex times. The question is whether complex times are when you decide to engage &#8212; or when you surrender the decision to someone else.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>V. The Never-Ending Work</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg" width="1024" height="572" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:572,&quot;width&quot;:1024,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:155083,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/200229725?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!mALh!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F43720a16-2db7-47e0-b4a2-4324eeecb10b_1024x572.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>I want to close this series honestly.</p><p><em><strong>The work of building a citizenry is not a problem to be solved. It is a condition to be maintained. </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>There is no moment at which it is completed,</strong></em> no generation that finishes it and passes on a stable inheritance. Every generation inherits both the gains of those who organized before them and the new degradations introduced since.</p><p>This is not a pessimistic observation. <strong>It is the precise definition of what makes democracy democracy.</strong></p><blockquote><p><em><strong>A democracy that is &#8220;fixed&#8221; has stopped being a democracy. It has become something managed &#8212; by whoever did the fixing. The necessity of continuous citizen engagement is not a burden to be overcome. It is the mechanism by which a self-governing people remains self-governing.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>The United States</strong> has the institutional architecture needed for renewal &#8212; the constitutional framework, the federal structure, the civil society tradition, the financial depth. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>What it needs is citizens who remember what those institutions were built for and who are willing to do the organized, disciplined work of reclaiming them for that purpose.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Mexico</strong> has the human energy and talent for renewal &#8212; in the businesses that have competed and won on global markets against every structural obstacle, in the cultural production that has built global reach, in the millions who have proved, by the simple act of surviving and building in a system not designed to support them, <strong>that Mexican capacity has never been the limiting factor.</strong> </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>What Mexico needs is the institutional architecture to protect that talent from political capture &#8212; and citizens willing to demand and build it.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Both countries need a generation of citizens who understand that the change they want requires not just a different government, but a different kind of citizenship. One that educates, organizes, demands, and sustains &#8212; not across an election cycle, but across decades.</p><p>That is the work. It is not a leader&#8217;s work. <strong>It never has been.</strong></p><div><hr></div><blockquote><p><em><strong>The reflections are broken. The citizens are still here. What you build next is the only story that matters.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><p><em><strong><sup>Paper III of III &#183; The Reflexions of Our Nations </sup></strong><sup>&#8212; a continental trilogy on governance, society, and the architecture of citizenship.</sup></em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><sup>Eduardo Joffroy is the founder and editor in chief of </sup><strong><sup>The North American &#8212; 77</sup></strong><sup>, a bilingual editorial platform on North American integration.</sup></em></p><p style="text-align: center;"><em><sup>NA77 &#183; ONE FUTURE. THREE NATIONS. &#183; </sup><a href="http://thenorthamerican.com"><sup>thenorthamerican.com</sup></a></em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[THE NORTH AMERICAN — 77 · MORNING AFFAIRS BRIEF]]></title><description><![CDATA[Trade, energy, water & AI &#8212; your weekly brief on North America's most essential affairs.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-north-american-77-morning-affairs</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-north-american-77-morning-affairs</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Sun, 31 May 2026 14:00:42 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f73f7d06-6876-4e41-8b76-bac9c50e59eb_1200x630.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3>-Longview Spanish Version Below-</h3><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><h2><strong>WEEKLY AFFAIRS</strong></h2><p><strong>1. USMCA &#8212; The Review Before the Review</strong> <strong>Washington</strong> and <strong>Mexico City</strong> concluded the first bilateral round tied to the <strong>USMCA</strong> Joint Review on <strong>May 29</strong>, with automotive rules of origin, steel and aluminum, and economic security at the center. Further rounds are scheduled <strong>June 16&#8211;17</strong> in <strong>Washington</strong> and the week of <strong>July 20</strong> in <strong>Mexico City</strong>. The formal six-year review is due by <strong>July 1</strong> under Article 34.7. The real choice is not renewal or collapse &#8212; it is certainty, or annual uncertainty.</p><p><strong>2. Mexico Holds &#8212; But the Tariff Clock Keeps Ticking</strong> <strong>US</strong> imports from <strong>Mexico</strong> remain exposed to a temporary <strong>10%</strong> Section 122 tariff on non-<strong>USMCA</strong> goods &#8212; a measure now legally contested after the <strong>Court of International Trade</strong> found the proclamation unlawful in <strong>May</strong>, with relief limited to specific plaintiffs. <strong>Mexico&#8217;s</strong> private sector is adapting faster than policy: roughly <strong>85%</strong> of exports now qualify for preferential <strong>USMCA</strong> treatment. The market is moving. The paperwork is struggling to keep up.</p><p><strong>3. Canada&#8211;US Metals Pressure Becomes a Continental Problem</strong> The <strong>US</strong> is applying heavy <strong>Section 232</strong> pressure on steel, aluminum, and copper, with <strong>Canadian</strong> and <strong>Mexican</strong> producers eligible to seek reductions from <strong>50%</strong> to <strong>25%</strong> only if they commit to <strong>US</strong> production investment. <strong>Copper&#8217;s</strong> inclusion extends the metals fight into mining, electrical equipment, construction, grid infrastructure, and the <strong>AI</strong> build-out itself. <strong>North America</strong> is trying to reindustrialize with one hand while taxing its own inputs with the other.</p><p><strong>4. Nearshoring Matures &#8212; Capital Is Not the Only Constraint</strong> <strong>Mexico</strong> climbed to <strong>19th</strong> in <strong>Kearney&#8217;s</strong> 2026 FDI Confidence Index. <strong>Mexico</strong> reported a record <strong>$23.591B</strong> in FDI in <strong>Q1 2026</strong> &#8212; up <strong>10.4%</strong> over Q1 2025 &#8212; and closed <strong>2025</strong> with <strong>$40.871B</strong> in total investment. The constraint is no longer only capital. It is energy, water, permits, customs execution, infrastructure, talent, and rule-of-law certainty.</p><p><strong>5. The AI Build-Out Is a Continental Event</strong> The world&#8217;s top <strong>9</strong> cloud providers are expected to spend <strong>$830B</strong> in <strong>2026</strong> capex &#8212; up <strong>79%</strong> year-over-year. <strong>Microsoft</strong> leads at <strong>$190B</strong>, <strong>Google</strong> at <strong>$180&#8211;190B</strong>, <strong>Meta</strong> at <strong>$125&#8211;145B</strong>, and <strong>AWS</strong> above <strong>$230B</strong>. This is not only a technology cycle. It is an energy, water, land, permitting, and transmission cycle.</p><p><strong>6. A Fiber Backbone Crosses the Gulf</strong> <strong>C3ntro Telecom</strong> and <strong>Telconet</strong> announced <strong>CSN-2</strong> on <strong>May 14</strong> &#8212; a subsea and terrestrial fiber network linking <strong>Veracruz</strong> to <strong>Florida</strong> and <strong>Texas</strong>, integrated into the <strong>TIKVA</strong> corridor from <strong>Quer&#233;taro</strong> to <strong>Phoenix</strong>. <strong>CSN-2</strong> is designed to connect <strong>AI</strong>, cloud, and hyperscale data center ecosystems across <strong>Phoenix</strong>, <strong>Texas</strong>, <strong>Georgia</strong>, <strong>Virginia</strong>, <strong>Florida</strong>, and <strong>Quer&#233;taro</strong>. <strong>Mexico</strong> is becoming a digital node &#8212; not only a manufacturing platform.</p><p><strong>7. Water Is the Crisis No One Is Negotiating</strong> <strong>Lake Mead</strong> reported an end-of-April elevation of <strong>1,056.32 feet</strong> under continued <strong>Colorado River</strong> constraints. <strong>Mexico City</strong> is losing an estimated <strong>35&#8211;40%</strong> of its water supply through infrastructure leaks &#8212; roughly equal to all water imported from the <strong>Cutzamala System</strong>. <strong>US</strong> data center cooling water demand could reach <strong>145&#8211;275 billion liters</strong> per year by <strong>2028</strong>. The <strong>AI</strong> boom and the water crisis are heading toward the same geography.</p><p><strong>8. Immigration Is Reshaping the Labor Map</strong> <strong>US</strong> Border Patrol encounters at the <strong>US&#8211;Mexico</strong> border fell to <strong>237,538</strong> in fiscal <strong>2025</strong> &#8212; the lowest annual level since <strong>1970</strong>. <strong>Brookings</strong> estimates <strong>US</strong> net migration was likely <em>negative</em> in <strong>2025</strong> for the first time in at least half a century, ranging from <strong>-295,000</strong> to <strong>-10,000</strong>. <strong>Deloitte</strong> and the <strong>Manufacturing Institute</strong> project <strong>US</strong> manufacturing may need <strong>3.8 million</strong> workers by <strong>2033</strong>, with <strong>1.9 million</strong> jobs at risk of going unfilled. The workers exist in <strong>North America</strong>. The institutional channels connecting them are closing, not opening.</p><p><strong>9. Fentanyl &#8212; Enforcement Rises, the Crisis Continues</strong> The <strong>White House&#8217;s</strong> 2026 counterterrorism strategy places cartel operations at the center of <strong>US</strong> hemispheric security policy, treating fentanyl and its precursor chemicals as <em>weapons of mass destruction</em>. The <strong>Sinaloa Cartel</strong> and <strong>CJNG</strong> remain principal wholesale suppliers across <strong>North America</strong>, with operations expanding into <strong>Canada</strong>. The security question is now continental &#8212; supply chains, ports, banks, chemicals, logistics, and public health are part of the same battlefield.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>KEY EVENTS</strong></h2><p><strong>USMCA Bilateral Rounds &#8212; Mexico City and Washington</strong> First <strong>US&#8211;Mexico</strong> round concluded <strong>May 29</strong> in <strong>Mexico City</strong>. Next rounds: <strong>June 16&#8211;17</strong> in <strong>Washington</strong>, week of <strong>July 20</strong> in <strong>Mexico City</strong>.</p><p><strong>USMCA Six-Year Joint Review &#8212; Due July 1, 2026</strong> Under Article 34.7, all three parties must complete the review by the sixth anniversary of entry into force. Extension through a new <strong>16-year</strong> term requires confirmation by all parties.</p><p><strong>Gordie Howe International Bridge &#8212; Opening 2026</strong> The <strong>Windsor&#8211;Detroit</strong> crossing &#8212; the most significant <strong>US&#8211;Canada</strong> border infrastructure in a generation &#8212; remains on track for a <strong>2026</strong> opening.</p><p><strong>Isthmus of Tehuantepec Corridor &#8212; Moving Toward Full Scale</strong> <strong>Mexico&#8217;s</strong> Interoceanic Corridor is operating portions of its rail system with full-scale completion targeted for <strong>2026</strong> &#8212; a direct alternative to the <strong>Panama Canal</strong> for continental cargo.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>NUMBERS</strong></h2><p><strong>$976.1B</strong> &#8212; Total <strong>US&#8211;Mexico</strong> goods and services trade in 2025. <strong>Mexico</strong> is the <strong>#1 US</strong> trading partner.</p><p><strong>$872.8B</strong> &#8212; Total <strong>US&#8211;Mexico</strong> goods trade in 2025.</p><p><strong>~85%</strong> &#8212; Approximate share of <strong>Mexican</strong> exports qualifying for preferential <strong>USMCA</strong> treatment.</p><p><strong>$23.591B</strong> &#8212; <strong>Mexico&#8217;s</strong> FDI in <strong>Q1 2026</strong> &#8212; a record first quarter, up <strong>10.4%</strong> over Q1 2025.</p><p><strong>$40.871B</strong> &#8212; <strong>Mexico&#8217;s</strong> full-year <strong>2025</strong> FDI.</p><p><strong>$830B</strong> &#8212; Projected <strong>2026</strong> capex for the top <strong>9</strong> global cloud providers &#8212; up <strong>79%</strong> year-over-year.</p><p><strong>145&#8211;275B liters</strong> &#8212; Potential annual <strong>US</strong> data center cooling water consumption by <strong>2028</strong>.</p><p><strong>$149.5B</strong> &#8212; <strong>North American</strong> transborder freight in <strong>March 2026</strong>, up <strong>3.2%</strong> year-over-year.</p><p><strong>$84.0B</strong> &#8212; <strong>US&#8211;Mexico</strong> freight in <strong>March 2026</strong>, up <strong>8.6%</strong> year-over-year.</p><p><strong>$98.6B</strong> &#8212; Truck freight across <strong>US&#8211;Canada</strong> and <strong>US&#8211;Mexico</strong> borders in <strong>March 2026</strong>, up <strong>4.7%</strong> year-over-year.</p><p><strong>1.9M</strong> &#8212; <strong>US</strong> manufacturing jobs at risk of going unfilled by <strong>2033</strong> if skills and applicant gaps remain unresolved.</p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>THE LONGVIEW &#8212; by Eduardo Joffroy</strong></h2><h4><strong>The Continent Is Already Ahead of Its Governments</strong></h4><p>The version of <strong>North America</strong> that actually works does not wait for instructions. It moves almost a trillion dollars in <strong>US&#8211;Mexico</strong> trade, builds factories across <strong>Mexico</strong>, opens new digital corridors under the <strong>Gulf</strong>, and reroutes freight when political systems fall behind economic reality.</p><p>The continent has always moved ahead of the paperwork.</p><p>The formal version is being negotiated now. In <strong>Mexico City</strong>, <strong>Washington</strong>, and soon the trilateral table, trust is measured in rules of origin, steel schedules, tariff exemptions, customs compliance, regulatory compatibility, and the remaining time before <strong>USMCA&#8217;s</strong> review machinery begins again. <strong>Washington</strong> wants economic security. <strong>Mexico</strong> wants industrial relief and investment certainty. <strong>Ottawa</strong> watches both and does the math.</p><blockquote><p><em>But the deeper issue is not only the treaty. It&#8217;s the multiple gaps within the continent that are clear to everyone &#8212; but are perhaps not politically convenient to name, let alone act on. The very notion of accepting that we need each other is something you don&#8217;t hear enough.</em></p></blockquote><p>I see these gaps every day. I lead a <strong>US</strong> and <strong>Mexican</strong> licensed customs brokerage &amp; logistics company, and I see firsthand what happens when each customs operation meets the real world. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Customers are not suffering from a lack of ambition. They are suffering from uncertainty, redundancies, backlogs, permit delays, infrastructure limits, compliance risk, and a legal and tax web that turns proximity into friction.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Mexico</strong> has the geography, the labor platform, the industrial base. But <strong>Mexico&#8217;s</strong> customs, trade, tax, legal, and infrastructure systems are making it too hard for large maquiladoras and national companies to operate at the speed <strong>North America</strong> now requires. </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>ANAM, SAT, and the Ministry of Economy should not become accidental trade barriers inside the region we are trying to integrate.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The same applies to the <strong>US</strong> and <strong>Canada</strong>. Both nations are global leading powers that together could re-align and re-design the most powerful and visionary geographical bloc in the world for the 21st century (North America). That opportunity is too consequential to lose to short-term political division. <em><strong>When the two largest economies in the bloc cannot align, the vacuum fills itself &#8212; and never in the continent&#8217;s favor.</strong></em></p><p>This is why the <strong>USMCA</strong> review must be bigger than tariff relief. <em><strong>North America needs a new operating system for trade, labor, energy, technology, water, security, rule of law, customs execution, immigration, mobility, connectivity, and sustainability.</strong></em> </p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;">We cannot build the <strong>21st century</strong> with <strong>20th century</strong> logic.</p></div><p>The continent integrates by economics and fragments by policy at the same time. Capital goes deeper. Data corridors are being built. Freight keeps moving. Manufacturers keep adapting. But institutional friction keeps rising at every border, every port, every permit window, and every zone of legal uncertainty.</p><p>One signal almost no one is negotiating is <strong>water</strong>. The <strong>AI</strong> infrastructure boom will consume power and water at a scale <strong>North America</strong> is not prepared for &#8212; in the same geography where the <strong>Colorado River</strong> system remains under stress and <strong>Mexico City</strong> is losing up to <strong>40%</strong> of its supply through leaks. The agricultural trade is ever more continentally interdependent but the water being exported is not being accounted for.  </p><blockquote><p><em><strong>The next continental crisis may not arrive from a tariff schedule. It may arrive from a reservoir, a transformer, a port bottleneck, a permit office, or a missing workforce.</strong></em></p></blockquote><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p style="text-align: center;"><strong>North America is the greatest unrealized project in the world. </strong></p></div><p><strong>Its potential is not only trade</strong> &#8212; <em>it is shared wellbeing, security, financial inclusion, healthcare, science, knowledge, prosperity, basic resources, smart immigration, and the possibility of confronting organized crime as a continental problem instead of a bilateral blame game.</em></p><p>The continent does not wait for its agreements to catch up. It has always marched ahead. <em>It is time our institutions did the same.</em></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-north-american-77-morning-affairs?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-north-american-77-morning-affairs?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h2><strong>&#8212; Versi&#243;n en Espa&#241;ol &#8212;</strong></h2><p><strong>El Continente Ya Va Adelante de Sus Gobiernos</strong></p><p>La versi&#243;n de <strong>Am&#233;rica del Norte</strong> que realmente funciona no espera instrucciones. Mueve casi un bill&#243;n de d&#243;lares en comercio entre <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> y <strong>Estados Unidos</strong>, construye nuevas capacidades industriales, abre corredores digitales bajo el <strong>Golfo</strong> y redirige la carga cuando los sistemas pol&#237;ticos se quedan atr&#225;s de la realidad econ&#243;mica.</p><p>El continente siempre ha marchado por delante del papeleo.</p><p>La versi&#243;n formal se est&#225; negociando ahora. En <strong>Ciudad de M&#233;xico</strong>, <strong>Washington</strong> y pronto en la mesa trilateral, la confianza se mide en reglas de origen, acero, aluminio, exenciones arancelarias, cumplimiento aduanero, compatibilidad regulatoria y el tiempo que le queda al reloj del <strong>T-MEC</strong>. <strong>Washington</strong> quiere seguridad econ&#243;mica. <strong>M&#233;xico</strong> quiere alivio industrial y certidumbre para la inversi&#243;n. <strong>Ottawa</strong> observa y hace sus c&#225;lculos.</p><p>Pero el tema de fondo no es solamente el tratado. Son las m&#250;ltiples brechas dentro del continente que todos conocen &#8212; pero que quiz&#225;s no es pol&#237;ticamente conveniente nombrar, y mucho menos atender. La sola idea de reconocer que nos necesitamos mutuamente es algo que se escucha demasiado poco.</p><p>Yo veo esas brechas todos los d&#237;as. Dirijo una empresa con licencias de agencia aduanal en <strong>Estados Unidos</strong> y <strong>M&#233;xico</strong>, y veo de primera mano lo que pasa cuando cada operaci&#243;n aduanera se enfrenta con la realidad. Los clientes no sufren por falta de ambici&#243;n. Sufren por incertidumbre, redundancias, rezagos, permisos detenidos, infraestructura limitada, riesgos de cumplimiento y una telara&#241;a legal, fiscal y aduanera que convierte la proximidad en fricci&#243;n.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico</strong> tiene la geograf&#237;a, la plataforma laboral, la base industrial. Pero sus sistemas aduaneros, fiscales, legales, comerciales y de infraestructura est&#225;n haciendo demasiado dif&#237;cil que las grandes maquiladoras y las empresas nacionales operen a la velocidad que <strong>Am&#233;rica del Norte</strong> necesita. <strong>ANAM</strong>, <strong>SAT</strong> y la <strong>Secretar&#237;a de Econom&#237;a</strong> no deben convertirse en barreras comerciales accidentales dentro de la regi&#243;n que estamos tratando de integrar.</p><p>Lo mismo aplica para <strong>Estados Unidos</strong> y <strong>Canad&#225;</strong>. Ambas naciones son potencias globales que juntas pueden realinear y dise&#241;ar el bloque geogr&#225;fico m&#225;s poderoso y visionario del mundo. Esa oportunidad es demasiado grande para perderla ante la divisi&#243;n pol&#237;tica de corto plazo. Cuando las dos econom&#237;as m&#225;s grandes del bloque no logran alinearse, el vac&#237;o se llena solo &#8212; y nunca a favor del continente.</p><p>Por eso la revisi&#243;n del <strong>T-MEC</strong> debe ser m&#225;s grande que el alivio arancelario. <strong>Am&#233;rica del Norte</strong> necesita un nuevo sistema operativo para comercio, trabajo, energ&#237;a, tecnolog&#237;a, agua, seguridad, estado de derecho, ejecuci&#243;n aduanera, inmigraci&#243;n, movilidad, conectividad y sustentabilidad. No podemos construir el siglo <strong>XXI</strong> con l&#243;gica fronteriza del siglo <strong>XX</strong>.</p><p>El continente se integra por la econom&#237;a y se fragmenta por la pol&#237;tica al mismo tiempo. El capital entra m&#225;s profundo. Los corredores de datos se est&#225;n construyendo. La carga sigue movi&#233;ndose. Los fabricantes siguen adapt&#225;ndose. Pero la fricci&#243;n institucional sigue creciendo en cada frontera, cada puerto, cada ventanilla de permisos y cada zona de incertidumbre legal.</p><p>Una se&#241;al que casi nadie negocia es el <strong>agua</strong>. El boom de infraestructura de <strong>IA</strong> consumir&#225; energ&#237;a y agua a una escala para la que <strong>Am&#233;rica del Norte</strong> no est&#225; preparada &#8212; en la misma geograf&#237;a donde el sistema del <strong>R&#237;o Colorado</strong> sigue bajo presi&#243;n y <strong>Ciudad de M&#233;xico</strong> pierde hasta <strong>40%</strong> de su suministro por fugas. La pr&#243;xima crisis continental puede no venir de un arancel. Puede venir de un embalse, un transformador, un cuello de botella portuario, una ventanilla de permisos o una fuerza laboral desconectada.</p><p><strong>Am&#233;rica del Norte</strong> es el mayor proyecto no realizado del mundo. Su potencial no es solamente comercio &#8212; es bienestar compartido, seguridad compartida, inclusi&#243;n financiera, salud, ciencia, conocimiento, prosperidad, recursos b&#225;sicos, orden migratorio y la posibilidad de enfrentar al crimen organizado como un problema continental, no como un juego bilateral de culpas.</p><p>El continente no espera que sus acuerdos lo alcancen. Siempre ha marchado adelante. <em>Es tiempo de que nuestras instituciones hagan lo mismo.</em></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[BROKEN REFLECTIONS - US & MEXICO]]></title><description><![CDATA[Governments Are What Citizens Accept and Demand. Here&#8217;s What Two Nations Got. Governments Are Not Accidents. They Are Reflections &#183; Paper II of III]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/broken-reflections</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/broken-reflections</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 13:15:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3><em><strong>Paper I of III of the Series: The Reflexions of Our Nations (Cath up with a Series 1- <a href="https://open.substack.com/pub/eduardojoffroy/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng?r=6769y&amp;utm_campaign=post-expanded-share&amp;utm_medium=web">Governments are not Accidents</a></strong></em></h3><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><strong>A NOTE ON CURRENCY AND SCALE</strong></p><p>All currency amounts in this essay are in United States dollars (USD) unless otherwise noted.</p><p>When millions or billions are referenced, the U.S. convention is used:</p><p><em><strong>$1 million = 1,000,000</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>$1 billion = 1,000,000,000</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>$1 trillion = 1,000,000,000,000</strong></em></p><p>For Mexican peso amounts, USD equivalents are provided for clarity.</p></div><h3><strong>I.  Two Crises; Two Eras; Two Cycles</strong></h3><p><strong>The United States and Mexico appear,</strong> from a distance, to suffer the same disease. Both governments are distrusted by their citizens. Both economies concentrate gains at the top. Both citizenries watch their political class operate at increasing distance from their actual lives.</p><p><strong>Beyond this surface similarity lies a deeper division.</strong> In both nations, citizens are ideologically split. <strong>Political polarization deepens the gap</strong> between what people believe government should be and what government actually delivers. <strong>This ideological fracture </strong>makes it harder for either society to build consensus around what needs to be repaired.</p><p><strong>The appearance of similarity is deceptive.</strong> These are not the same crisis. <em><strong>They are different diseases, in different cycles, in fundamentally different structural positions.</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>A government is not an accident. It is a reflection.</strong></em> It is what a citizenry has accepted. It is what they have allowed. It is what they have stopped demanding.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1204429,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/199271193?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!JOxT!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F98e58394-fa1e-4b88-85f9-879ef1501dc9_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h3>II.  The United States</h3><p><strong>The United States </strong>is losing something it built. For 77 years after the Second World War, the American platform produced the most broadly distributed prosperity any modern society has ever generated. It worked. The middle class thrived and the wealth gap was not even spoken about.</p><p>It is not working as well now &#8212; for reasons we will examine &#8212; but the country was built on a platform that delivered results through opportunities and good wealth distribution.</p><p>The current <strong>American crisis</strong> is the product of a working platform progressively re-engineered to benefit those at the top and abandon the middle and lower classes. Over time, the gains of the platform moved increasingly toward capital and away from labor. The platform was re-engineered around specific economic interest groups whose continual lobbying in Washington achieved their own ambitions. Here are the numbers:</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Today, 1 percent of the population owns 30 percent of total U.S. wealth.</strong> More precisely: 905 individuals hold nearly twice as much wealth as 66 million households combined &#8212; <strong>a Federal Reserve and Forbes data point that transcends slogan</strong>. In 2024, the top 1 percent controlled nearly half (49.9 percent) of all equities and mutual fund shares, while the bottom 50 percent held only 1 percent.</em></p></blockquote><p>From 1979 to 2024, average hourly compensation increased just 29.4 percent (after adjusting for inflation) while worker productivity increased 80.9 percent, according to Economic Policy Institute analysis. Between 1980 and 2022, the bottom 90 percent of U.S. earners had wage growth of just 36 percent, compared to 162 percent for the richest 1 percent and 301 percent for the top 0.1 percent.</p><blockquote><p><em>Workers produced roughly 81 percent more in 2024 than in 1979. They were paid 29 percent more. The difference &#8212; roughly 50 percentage points of productivity &#8212; went to capital, not labor.</em></p></blockquote><p>A child born in 1940 had a 92 percent chance of earning more than their parents. A child born in 1980 had a 50 percent chance. Not 60. Not 70. A coin flip. The American Dream, defined as &#8220;your kids will live better than you did,&#8221; has been measurably eroded from near-certainty to near-randomness across three generations.</p><div><hr></div><h3>III.  Mexico</h3><p><strong>Mexico</strong> is craving something it was promised but never fully received. The post-Revolutionary social contract written into the <strong>1917 Constitution </strong>placed the state at the center of national life and committed that state to delivering on behalf of its citizens &#8212; education, land, work, dignity.</p><p>A century later, the state has delivered selectively, partially, and most reliably to those closest to it. <strong>The Mexican crisis</strong> is the crisis of a citizenry that has waited patiently for 100 years for that contract to be honored, and has watched its country be torn apart by the political system, <strong>by interests closest to power,</strong> and by an ever-growing organized crime that now operates at the scale of a parallel state.</p><p><strong>Mexico&#8217;s economic architecture</strong> has never consistently produced a broad middle class, much less a society where wealth creation is widely accessible. But the clearest picture comes not from percentages but from people.</p><p><strong>Mexico&#8217;s wealth architecture </strong>is brutal in its simplicity. At the absolute top: 13 billionaires. Thirteen families. They hold roughly $185 billion USD in combined wealth &#8212; approximately 13 percent of Mexico&#8217;s entire GDP. <em><strong>One of them, Carlos Slim, holds 6.7 percent of the nation&#8217;s GDP alone. Thirteen people. Controlling what a nation produces in a year.</strong></em></p><p><strong>Below that: </strong>approximately 310,000 millionaires. Less than one-quarter of one percent of the population. These are owners of significant businesses, large properties, investment portfolios. Together they control roughly another 15-20 percent of national wealth. So roughly 310,000 people &#8212; 0.24 percent of the population &#8212; control 25-30 percent of everything.</p><p>Then the rest of what economists call the <strong>&#8220;top 10 percent.&#8221; </strong>That is 13 million people. Teachers, doctors, small business owners, successful professionals. They have savings. They have property. They are comfortable. But they are not wealthy. Most do not have $100,000 USD saved. Many have $50,000 or less. They are the middle class that Mexico has managed to build.</p><p>Then everyone else. Sixty-five million people &#8212; the bottom half of Mexico. Their average wealth is $1,803 USD. The majority have far less. Millions have negative wealth: they owe more than they own &#8212; for housing, education, emergencies they could not pay for.</p><p><em><strong>The poverty line is official: 38.5 million Mexicans live below it. They earn roughly $8,000 to $12,000 USD per year. Some work in the formal economy at minimum wage. Half the workforce operates in the informal sector &#8212; no contract, no benefits, no pension, no stability. </strong></em></p><p><em><strong>Ten million households receive remittances from family members who left Mexico to work elsewhere. Those remittances average $525 USD per month. For those families, that money is survival.</strong></em></p><p>This is not inequality measured in percentages. This is inequality measured in how many people can afford to eat, to send their children to school, to save for anything at all. Thirteen families have so much they cannot spend it in a generation. Sixty-five million have so little they cannot think beyond next month.</p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share The North American &#8212; 77</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3>IV.  What the Reflections Show</h3><p><strong>Both reflections are broken. </strong>They were broken by different mechanisms, on different timelines, by different actors. The break in the American reflection is recent &#8212; perhaps fifty years old, depending on how you count &#8212; and the country still carries the memory of the platform working as designed.</p><p><strong>The break in the Mexican reflection is older, structural, and inherited. </strong>Many Mexicans alive today have never known the system to work for them at all.</p><p>But underneath those opposite shapes, there is one mechanism the two countries share. In both, at the moment of greatest financial crisis in living memory, the political class chose to protect the institutions that caused the crisis at the direct expense of the citizens who did not. <strong>In the United States, that moment had a name: TARP.</strong> <strong>In Mexico, it had another: FOBAPROA.</strong> </p><blockquote><p><em>Two countries, two crises, two bailouts, one structural decision &#8212; make the citizen pay, so the system can survive.</em></p></blockquote><p>That decision is the clearest single piece of evidence either country has produced about whose interests its government actually serves. It is the argument of this paper.</p><div><hr></div><h3>V.  The American Reflection: How a Platform Stopped Building</h3><p><strong>The American post-war platform</strong> was not an accident. It was a deliberate institutional architecture, built by a generation that had lived through the Depression and the war and had decided &#8212; with bipartisan consensus almost unimaginable today &#8212; that the country would never allow either to happen again.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1115044,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/199271193?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!4Q0X!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff7e11c41-7b6d-416c-997c-bc56b2b2266f_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Three pillars held that architecture up.</p><p><strong>The first was the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933</strong>, which separated commercial banking from investment banking. Banks that held the savings of ordinary Americans were not permitted to gamble those savings on speculative trading. The wall was structural, not moral. Congress did not trust bankers to restrain themselves, so Congress restrained them.</p><p><strong>The second was Bretton Woods, the 1944 monetary architecture that pegged the dollar to gold and made the United States the anchor of global finance</strong>. The system was not designed to enrich American capital. It was designed to make sure that the international financial system would never again collapse the way it had in the 1930s, taking democracies with it.</p><p><strong>The third was the postwar social compact &#8212; the GI Bill</strong>, mass home ownership, mass college education, wages that rose with productivity, and a tax structure under which the highest American earners paid marginal rates of 70 percent or more without anyone considering this exceptional.</p><blockquote><p>The compact was not socialist. It was the operating assumption of a country that had concluded, from very recent and very painful experience, that broad prosperity was the foundation of national strength.</p></blockquote><p>For three decades, these three pillars held. The American middle class became the largest, wealthiest, most upwardly mobile population in human history. Black and Latino Americans were not equally included at the start; that fuller story is the subject of its own paper. But the structural fact is that the platform, working as designed, lifted the median American citizen further and faster than any modern society had managed before.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Then, beginning in 1971, the architecture began to be dismantled.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>The end of <strong>Bretton Woods </strong>that year unpegged the dollar from gold and gave way to a financial system increasingly governed by capital flows rather than by the productive economy those flows were supposed to serve.</p><p><strong>Through the 1980s and 1990s,</strong> that shift accelerated. Wages and productivity, which had risen together for thirty years, decoupled. Workers kept producing more. Pay stopped following. The gap was captured by capital. Manufacturing began leaving the American heartland &#8212; slowly at first, and then, after <strong>China&#8217;s entry into the World Trade Organization in 2001,</strong> in waves that hollowed out entire regions.</p><p>It is important to be precise about what happened here. <strong>The United States </strong>did not lose its manufacturing base because Americans became lazy or because foreign countries cheated. </p><p><strong>The United States </strong>lost its manufacturing base because the American policy class made a strategic choice &#8212; first to engage <strong>China as a Cold War endgame</strong>, then to integrate China economically as a managed transition &#8212; and accepted the domestic consequences of that choice without ever building the compensatory mechanisms that would have protected the American middle class from absorbing the full cost.</p><p>The asymmetry of that integration deserves attention. Under <strong>NAFTA and later USMCA</strong>, Mexican manufacturing is held to a regional content rule of roughly 60 percent &#8212; meaning a meaningful share of any product traded duty-free across North America must be made on the continent.</p><p><strong>It is also worth stating clearly:</strong> most of those manufacturing plants in Mexico are actually owned and operated by American corporations producing at lower cost within an integrated <strong>North American platform</strong>, then re-exporting to the<strong> United States</strong> where the value is captured. </p><p><em>So when politicians describe Mexican exports as evidence of an unfair trade deficit, the assessment is often incomplete. </em>Mexico receives the labor, the services, and the local investment. <em><strong>The capital and the profit return north. This is not a flaw in the system. It is how the system was designed.</strong></em></p><p>No such discipline &#8212; neither the regional content rule nor the labor and environmental floor &#8212; was imposed on Chinese, Vietnamese, or Southeast Asian manufacturing relative to the American market. <strong>American corporations could offshore to economies </strong>with weaker labor enforcement and lower environmental cost and still enjoy unimpeded access to the American consumer to <strong>maximize their profits</strong> from the end sale of their products.</p><blockquote><p><em>A platform that protects capital also requires mechanisms that return part of that value to the workers, regions, and institutions that make the platform possible. That return did not come. The asymmetry was never rebalanced.</em></p></blockquote><p>The third dismantling was the slow conversion of the American home &#8212; for most of the twentieth century, the single largest store of middle-class wealth &#8212; into a globally traded asset class. <strong>The Glass-Steagall repeal in 1999</strong> removed the wall that had stood for sixty-six years. Within a decade, the mortgages of ordinary Americans were being packaged, sliced, mispriced, and sold into global capital markets at a scale and complexity no regulator fully understood. When the system collapsed in 2008, it took the savings, the homes, and the retirement security of millions of Americans with it.</p><p><strong>The 2008 crisis </strong>produced the clearest single piece of evidence in modern American history about whose interests the platform was actually protecting. In October of that year, <strong>Congress passed the Troubled Asset Relief Program &#8212; TARP</strong> &#8212; authorizing the Treasury to spend up to $700 billion USD to stabilize American financial institutions. The disbursed amount ultimately reached approximately $426 billion USD. <strong>The banks were saved. The American taxpayer absorbed the risk the financial system had created. </strong>By 2014, after years of repayments and asset sales, the Treasury was able to claim that TARP had been technically repaid.</p><blockquote><p><strong>That accounting is true and it misses the point.</strong></p></blockquote><p><strong>What was not repaid, and could not be repaid, was the social contract.</strong> Roughly <strong>ten million American families lost their homes to foreclosure</strong> in the years following the crisis.</p><p>The institutions that had created the instruments causing the crisis were preserved, recapitalized, and in many cases emerged larger and more concentrated than before. The principle that no institution should be too large to be allowed to fail &#8212; <strong>the principle Glass-Steagall had been written precisely to enforce &#8212; was inverted. </strong>Too-big-to-fail was not a flaw in the platform. After 2008, it was the operating logic of the platform.</p><p>The deeper truth is that too-big-to-fail was not designed by greedy bankers. It was designed by a <strong>United States Congress</strong> that, over thirty years, removed the structural firewalls that had prevented financial institutions from becoming large enough to take the country down with them. <strong>Glass-Steagall was repealed in 1999.</strong> Within nine years, the system its repeal had freed collapsed and was rescued by the citizens it was supposed to serve. That sequence is not an accident. It is the predictable consequence of removing a wall built, in 1933, precisely because the country had already learned what happens when the wall is not there.</p><p>The American citizen has not forgotten this. <strong>The collapse of trust in the federal government from 77 percent in 1964 to 17 percent today is not a mystery.</strong> It is a receipt. The citizens have watched the platform stop building for them. They have watched their wages decouple from their productivity, their manufacturing base leave for economies that bear less responsibility than their own, their homes become an asset class traded by people who will never visit them, and their savings put at risk by institutions their own government had decided were too large to be allowed to fail.</p><p>They have paid the bill. They have never been repaid.</p><p><strong>That is the American reflection.</strong> It was a platform that worked. It was dismantled, one structural firewall at a time, by the very institutions that were supposed to maintain it.</p><p><em>The pieces are still there. The wealth is still there. The American potential is there. The capacity is still there.</em> <strong>What has broken is the relationship between the platform and the citizens it was originally built to serve.</strong></p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3>VI.  The Mexican Reflection: A Hundred Years of Patience</h3><p><strong>The Mexican story begins where the American story ends </strong>&#8212; at the question of what a citizenry owes its government, and what its government owes back.</p><p><strong>The 1917 Mexican Constitution</strong>, written after a revolution that cost approximately one million lives, made a specific bet. It placed the state at the center of national life. <em><strong>Article 27 vested ownership of land and subsoil in the nation. Article 123 made labor protections a constitutional matter rather than a contractual one.</strong></em></p><blockquote><p><em>The Mexican state was constituted not as a platform for citizens to pursue their own ends, but as an actor charged with delivering, on behalf of its citizens, the outcomes that the revolution had demanded &#8212; education, land, work, dignity.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>This was not a small bet. It was a contract. </strong></p><p><em><strong>The citizen would entrust the state with the largest share of national economic decision-making, and the state, in return, would deliver. That was the promise written into the founding document. Every Mexican born since 1917 has been a party to it.</strong></em></p><p>For three decades, the contract held. <strong>From roughly 1940 to 1970 </strong>&#8212; the period economists came to call <strong>the Mexican Miracle</strong> &#8212; the economy grew at an average of 6.6 percent per year, one of the fastest sustained growth rates anywhere in the world at the time. Inflation held below 3 percent. The population doubled while the economy grew sixfold. Primary school enrollment tripled.</p><p><strong>A real Mexican middle class began to form in Mexico City, Monterrey, and Guadalajara. </strong>The state-as-actor model, under the conditions of mid-century protected-market development, produced the most prosperous Mexico the modern world had seen.</p><p><strong>Then, as the global order shifted, </strong>Mexico encountered the same kind of test the United States encountered at the end of Bretton Woods. <em><strong>The conditions that had made the Mexican Miracle possible &#8212; protected markets, managed currency, a global financial order that tolerated state-led development &#8212; were no longer available.</strong></em></p><p>The 1970s brought the oil shock, the 1980s brought the debt crisis, and the country that had grown at 6.6 percent for three decades entered a period of fiscal emergency from which, by some measures, it has never fully recovered.</p><p>What Mexico did with that pressure is the structural decision that defines everything after.</p><p><strong>In 1982</strong>, facing a debt crisis the state could no longer service, <em><strong>President Jos&#233; L&#243;pez Portillo nationalized the banking system. It was a sovereign act justified by the political logic of the post-revolutionary contract &#8212; when private capital fails, the state steps in on behalf of the citizen.</strong></em></p><p><strong>Eight years later, in 1990</strong>, the Salinas administration reversed that decision and reprivatized the same banks, selling eighteen institutions for approximately $12 billion USD to a small group of well-connected Mexican investors.</p><p>The price was favorable. The supervisory framework around the new private banks was minimal. Loans were extended aggressively. Risk controls were weak.</p><p><strong>In December 1994</strong>, the Tequila Crisis arrived. The peso collapsed. The newly reprivatized banks, holding portfolios of bad loans they could not service, faced insolvency.</p><p><strong>The Mexican government&#8217;s response was FOBAPROA </strong>&#8212; the Fondo Bancario de Protecci&#243;n al Ahorro, originally created in 1990 as a deposit insurance fund. Beginning in 1995, <strong>FOBAPROA</strong> was used to absorb the bad debts of the same banks the government had reprivatized five years earlier. The ultimate absorbed amount reached approximately 552 billion pesos &#8212; roughly 14 to 15 percent of Mexico&#8217;s GDP at the time, a figure proportionally larger than what the United States would later absorb through TARP.</p><p><strong>In 1998</strong>, after years of political debate, <strong>the Mexican Congress converted FOBAPROA&#8217;s liabilities into public debt under a successor institution, IPAB</strong> &#8212; the Instituto para la Protecci&#243;n al Ahorro Bancario.</p><p><strong>That debt has been serviced by Mexican taxpayers ever since. </strong>The difference is the duration of the consequence. The American bailout was paid back in dollars while the social contract decayed. The Mexican bailout was never paid back at all. It was converted into a permanent claim on the future of every Mexican citizen.</p><blockquote><p><em>That is the Mexican parallel to the American story. The mechanism is the same: at the moment of greatest financial crisis, the political class chose to protect the institutions that caused the crisis at the direct expense of the citizens who did not.</em></p></blockquote><p>FOBAPROA did not happen in isolation. It happened inside a power architecture that has, with notable consistency, used moments of crisis and ordinary governance to shift public cost toward citizens while benefits concentrated around politically connected actors.</p><p><strong>The architecture is visible in several places:</strong> the reprivatization of the banks in 1990; the PEMEX contracting system that produced an oil company with roughly $84 billion USD in debt and negative net equity by 2025; the CFE counter-reform in 2024 that removed independent energy regulators. The Dos Bocas refinery, the Tren Maya, and the AIFA airport followed the same pattern &#8212; approved budgets that doubled, environmental costs deferred, independent oversight eliminated.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!0IJJ!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7d0949ec-e99b-4f25-aedd-980f79a715d2_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><blockquote><p><em>These are not unrelated incidents. They are the same architecture, expressing itself through different decades and different actors.</em></p></blockquote><p>Then there is the binational variant of the architecture &#8212; the one that does not show in the federal budget because it operates against it. Huachicol fiscal, the customs misclassification scheme in which refined fuel imported from the United States is declared at Mexican ports of entry under non-fuel tariff codes to evade import duties and the IEPS fuel tax, has been documented by <strong>Mexican investigative press at an annual cost to the Mexican fisco of approximately $3 to $5 billion USD.</strong></p><p><strong>The architecture is precise:</strong> the official policy was to build Dos Bocas to stop importing gasoline. The unofficial reality, running parallel to that policy, was to import the same gasoline tax-free through customs fraud the government had every administrative means to detect and chose, across multiple administrations, not to dismantle. A scheme of this scale cannot survive without coordinated complicity inside the system that is supposed to police it.</p><p>And underneath all of it, the structural cost to the Mexican economy of organized crime, state capture, lost investment, lost tourism, and talent flight runs into the trillions USD. <strong>Since 2006, when the federal government launched the current security strategy, Mexico has accumulated more than 463,000 homicides and more than 130,000 disappeared. These are the costs of a state unable to monopolize legitimate force.</strong></p><p>It is here, in honesty, that one defensible counter-argument deserves to be acknowledged. The Mexican state&#8217;s protective architecture &#8212; for all its costs &#8212; has prevented the catastrophic populist collapses that have devastated other Latin American economies. <strong>Mexico has not become Venezuela</strong>. Its currency, while volatile, has not hyperinflated. Its institutions, however captured, have continued to function.</p><blockquote><p><em>There is a real argument that the cost of the post-revolutionary contract has been the price of &#8220;stability.&#8221; But if the highest standard is simply avoiding collapse, then a country has accepted too narrow a definition of success. What stability has purchased, over a hundred years, is not the prosperity the contract promised. It is the absence of catastrophe. And the absence of catastrophe is not the same as the fulfillment of a promise.</em></p></blockquote><p>Across every party and every administration since 1990, the same architecture has persisted.</p><p><strong>The Mexican citizen has watched all of this. Voted in every cycle. Built businesses against constantly shifting rules. Educated children at personal cost in a public system the state never modernized. Buried family members lost to a security collapse.</strong></p><p>And, when the country offered them no path forward, <em>sent their best young people north.</em></p><p><strong>This is where the Mexican story arrives at its hardest fact.</strong></p><p><strong>In 2024, remittances from Mexicans living and working in the United States and Canada to families in Mexico reached approximately $63 billion USD. </strong>They were larger than Mexican oil revenue. Larger than foreign direct investment. Larger than tourism. The single largest source of foreign income for the country was the wages of its own working-age citizens, sent home from somewhere else.</p><p><em><strong>Most young Mexicans today help pay their parents&#8217; living expenses. </strong></em>This is not a sentimental observation. It is what $63 billion USD in remittances actually means at the household level. An entire generation has shifted, by necessity, from building their own futures to subsidizing the lives of the generation that raised them &#8212; because the country those parents stayed in did not produce the conditions under which their children could afford to stay, build, and accumulate at the same time.</p><blockquote><p>A country whose largest export is the labor of its own youth has received a silent verdict from its citizenry. It is the most honest measurement available of a contract that was made in 1917 and has not been kept.</p></blockquote><p><strong>That is the Mexican reflection. </strong>A citizenry that has <strong>waited 100 years with extraordinary patience. </strong>A state that has, with equal consistency, honored that patience for the few and not for the many.</p><p>A bailout that the citizen is still paying. A political system that continues to concentrate power and privilege. And a generation of young Mexicans whose answer to the broken promise has been to leave the country and pay the rent of the parents the country left behind.</p><p><strong>In May 2026</strong>, the global capital market priced what this paper has named. <strong>Moody&#8217;s cut Mexico&#8217;s sovereign credit rating to Baa3</strong> &#8212; one notch above junk &#8212; naming weak growth, fiscal rigidity, and continuing support to PEMEX. S&amp;P had moved Mexico&#8217;s outlook to negative eight days earlier. <strong>Fitch reached the equivalent conclusion in 2020.</strong> All three major rating agencies now place Mexico at the threshold of speculative grade &#8212; at a moment when global oil prices should be lifting an oil-exporting economy, not exposing one. </p><p>The architecture is no longer something only Mexicans can see. It is now priced.</p><div><hr></div><h3>VII.  The Broken Reflection</h3><p>What does a broken reflection say about the citizens looking into it?</p><p><strong>The United States shows a reflectio</strong>n of citizens who built something strong and watched it be dismantled without enough resistance. The American citizen saw the platform stop building for them and, for decades, did not find the language or the force to demand it be rebuilt. They accepted it. They allowed it. They stopped demanding the promise be kept.</p><p><strong>Mexico shows a reflection</strong> of citizens who have been promised much and delivered little, yet continued to participate in the system. For a hundred years, the Mexican citizen has voted, has worked, has hoped &#8212; even as the state treated them selectively. They accepted this. They allowed this. They stopped believing the promise would be kept.</p><p><strong>Both reflections show something broken: </strong>a citizenry that has lost the power to demand governments serve them.</p><div><hr></div><h3>VIII.  What Citizens Demand Now</h3><p><strong>The United States and Mexico</strong> face a shared future question, but not yet a shared answer.</p><p><strong>The American challenge</strong> is to redesign a platform that creates opportunity again without abandoning the middle class for a second time. It is to build institutions that serve citizens, not institutions that citizens serve. It is to remember that broad prosperity is not a luxury. It is the foundation of national strength.</p><p><strong>The Mexican challenge</strong> is different but equally urgent: to build citizen capacity, institutional accountability, and trust in state systems after a century of incomplete delivery. It is to transform from a state-as-actor model &#8212; where the government delivers selectively &#8212; to a state-as-platform model where citizens have the tools, information, and stability to build for themselves.</p><p>Both challenges are generational. Both depend on a citizenry that has decided, together, that the work is theirs.</p><p>For now, the diagnosis is on the page. The reflections are broken. The citizens are still here.</p><div><hr></div><h3>IX.  Paper III: Building the Citizenry</h3><p>This paper is the diagnostic. It has named what is broken in each country&#8217;s reflection and what the two breaks share underneath. It has not proposed a repair. That is deliberate. Diagnosis and treatment are different disciplines.</p><p><strong>Paper III &#8212; Re=Building the Citizenry</strong> &#8212; turns from the broken reflections to the harder question: If the political class in both countries has stopped reflecting the citizens they govern, and if the citizenry has not yet organized the response, then what kind of citizen &#8212; what kind of education, financial independence, civic infrastructure, and collective memory &#8212; can produce governments worthy of it?</p><p>The next question is not simply what policy should change. It is what kind of citizenry can produce governments worthy of it.</p><p>For now, the diagnosis is on the page. The reflections are broken. The citizens are still here.</p><p>What they build next is the only story that matters.</p><div><hr></div><p>Eduardo Joffroy is the founder and editor in chief of <strong>The North American &#8212; 77</strong>, a bilingual editorial platform on North American integration.</p><p><strong>This is Paper II of three in Governments Are Not Accidents</strong>. <strong>They Are Reflections. </strong>&#8212; <em>a continental trilogy on governance, society, and the architecture of citizenship.</em></p><p>Catch Up to with Series i:  <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng?r=6769y">Series 1</a></p><p>NA77  &#183;  ONE FUTURE. THREE NATIONS.</p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[REFLEXIONES ROTAS - MÉXICO & USA]]></title><description><![CDATA[Los Gobiernos Son Lo Que los Ciudadanos Aceptan y Exigen. Aqu&#237; Est&#225; Lo Que Dos Naciones Obtuvieron. Los Gobiernos No Son Accidentes. Son Reflexiones &#183; Ensayo II de III]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexiones-rotas-mexico-and-usa</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexiones-rotas-mexico-and-usa</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 26 May 2026 13:15:53 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Read in English: <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/publish/post/199271193?back=%2Fpublish%2Fposts%2Fscheduled">Broken Reflexions</a></p><div class="callout-block" data-callout="true"><p><strong>NOTA SOBRE MONEDA Y ESCALA</strong></p><p>Todos los montos de moneda en este ensayo est&#225;n en d&#243;lares estadounidenses (USD) a menos que se indique lo contrario.</p><p>Cuando se hacen referencias a millones o miles de millones, se utiliza la convenci&#243;n estadounidense:</p><p><em><strong>$1 mill&#243;n = 1,000,000</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>$1 mil millones = 1,000,000,000</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>$1 bill&#243;n = 1,000,000,000,000</strong></em></p><p>Para montos en pesos mexicanos, se proporcionan equivalentes en USD para mayor claridad.</p><p></p></div><div><hr></div><h3>I.  Dos Crisis; Dos Eras; Dos Ciclos</h3><p>Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico parecen, a primera vista, sufrir la misma enfermedad. Los gobiernos de ambos pa&#237;ses pierden la confianza de sus ciudadanos. Ambas econom&#237;as concentran sus ganancias en la cima. Los ciudadanos de ambos pa&#237;ses ven a su clase pol&#237;tica operando a una distancia cada vez mayor de sus vidas reales.</p><p>M&#225;s all&#225; de esta similitud superficial hay una divisi&#243;n m&#225;s profunda. En ambas naciones, los ciudadanos est&#225;n divididos ideol&#243;gicamente. La polarizaci&#243;n pol&#237;tica profundiza la brecha entre lo que la gente cree que el gobierno deber&#237;a ser y lo que el gobierno realmente entrega. Esta fractura ideol&#243;gica hace m&#225;s dif&#237;cil que ambas sociedades construyan consenso alrededor de lo que necesita ser reparado.</p><p>La similitud es enga&#241;osa. No es la misma crisis. Son enfermedades diferentes, en ciclos diferentes, en posiciones estructurales fundamentalmente distintas.</p><p>Un gobierno no es un accidente. Es una reflexi&#243;n. Es lo que una ciudadan&#237;a ha aceptado. Es lo que han permitido. Es lo que han dejado de exigir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/dab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1204429,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/199276070?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!YWti!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdab46cf2-cd57-43f9-9fcb-4c57e296c5e1_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h3>II.  Estados Unidos</h3><p><strong>Estados Unidos </strong>est&#225; perdiendo algo que construy&#243;. <strong>Durante 77 a&#241;os despu&#233;s de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, la plataforma estadounidense produjo la prosperidad m&#225;s ampliamente distribuida que cualquier sociedad moderna haya generado. Funcion&#243;. La clase media prosper&#243; y nadie siquiera hablaba de la brecha de riqueza.</strong></p><p><strong>Hoy no funciona tan bien </strong>&#8212; por razones que examinaremos &#8212; pero el pa&#237;s fue construido sobre una plataforma que entregaba resultados a trav&#233;s de oportunidades y una buena distribuci&#243;n de riqueza.</p><p>La crisis estadounidense actual es el producto de una plataforma que funcionaba y fue siendo redise&#241;ada progresivamente para beneficiar a quienes est&#225;n en la cima y abandonar a la clase media y las clases bajas. Con el tiempo, las ganancias de la plataforma se movieron cada vez m&#225;s hacia el capital y se alejaron del trabajo. La plataforma fue redise&#241;ada alrededor de grupos de inter&#233;s econ&#243;mico espec&#237;ficos cuyo cabildeo continuo en Washington logr&#243; sus propias ambiciones. Aqu&#237; est&#225;n los n&#250;meros:</p><blockquote><p><em>Hoy, el 1 por ciento de la poblaci&#243;n estadounidense posee el 30 por ciento de la riqueza total. Para ser m&#225;s precisos: 905 individuos poseen casi el doble de riqueza que 66 millones de hogares &#8212; un dato de la Reserva Federal y Forbes que trasciende cualquier eslogan. En 2024, el 1 por ciento superior controlaba casi la mitad (49.9 por ciento) de todas las acciones y fondos mutuales, mientras que el 50 por ciento inferior pose&#237;a solamente el 1 por ciento.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Entre 1979 y 2024,</strong> la compensaci&#243;n promedio por hora aument&#243; apenas el 29.4 por ciento (despu&#233;s de ajustar por inflaci&#243;n) mientras que la productividad del trabajador aument&#243; el 80.9 por ciento, seg&#250;n an&#225;lisis del <strong>Economic Policy Institute</strong>. </p><p><strong>Entre 1980 y 2022</strong>, el 90 por ciento inferior de los ingresos estadounidenses tuvo un crecimiento salarial de apenas el 36 por ciento, comparado con el 162 por ciento para el 1 por ciento m&#225;s rico y el 301 por ciento para el 0.1 por ciento superior.</p><p>Los trabajadores produjeron aproximadamente un 81 por ciento m&#225;s en 2024 que en 1979. Fueron pagados un 29 por ciento m&#225;s. La diferencia &#8212; <strong>aproximadamente 50 puntos porcentuales de productividad &#8212; fue al capital, no al trabajo.</strong></p><p>Un ni&#241;o nacido en 1940 ten&#237;a una probabilidad del 92 por ciento de ganar m&#225;s que sus padres. Un ni&#241;o nacido en 1980 ten&#237;a una probabilidad del 50 por ciento. No el 60. No el 70. Una moneda al aire. </p><p><strong>El Sue&#241;o Americano</strong>, definido como &#8220;tus hijos vivir&#225;n mejor que t&#250;,&#8221; ha sido mediblemente erosionado de la certeza casi total a la casi aleatoriedad en tres generaciones.</p><div><hr></div><h3>III.  M&#233;xico</h3><p><strong>M&#233;xico est&#225; anhelando</strong> algo que le fue prometido pero nunca completamente recibido. El contrato social posrevolucionario escrito en la <strong>Constituci&#243;n de 1917</strong> <strong>puso al Estado en el centro de la vida nacional y se comprometi&#243; a entregar en nombre de sus ciudadanos &#8212; educaci&#243;n, tierra, trabajo, dignidad.</strong></p><p><strong>Un siglo despu&#233;s,</strong> el Estado ha entregado selectivamente, parcialmente, y m&#225;s confiablemente a quienes est&#225;n m&#225;s cerca de &#233;l. <strong>La crisis mexicana es la crisis de una ciudadan&#237;a que ha esperado pacientemente durante 100 a&#241;os</strong> a que ese contrato sea honrado, y ha visto a su pa&#237;s destrozarse por el sistema pol&#237;tico, por los intereses m&#225;s cercanos al poder, y por el crimen organizado cada vez m&#225;s creciente que hoy opera a la escala de un Estado paralelo.</p><p><em><strong>La arquitectura econ&#243;mica mexicana nunca ha producido consistentemente una clase media amplia,</strong></em> y mucho menos una sociedad donde la creaci&#243;n de riqueza sea ampliamente accesible. Pero el cuadro m&#225;s claro no viene de porcentajes sino de personas.</p><p>La arquitectura de riqueza mexicana es brutal en su simplicidad. </p><p><strong>En la cima absoluta: </strong></p><p>13 multimillonarios. Trece familias. Poseen aproximadamente $185 mil millones USD en riqueza combinada &#8212; aproximadamente el 13 por ciento del PIB entero de M&#233;xico. Uno de ellos, Carlos Slim, posee el 6.7 por ciento del PIB de la naci&#243;n solamente. Trece personas. Controlando lo que una naci&#243;n produce en un a&#241;o.</p><p><strong>Debajo de eso:</strong> </p><p>Aproximadamente 310,000 millonarios. Menos de una cuarta parte del uno por ciento de la poblaci&#243;n. Estos son due&#241;os de negocios significativos, propiedades grandes, portafolios de inversi&#243;n. Juntos controlan aproximadamente otro 15-20 por ciento de la riqueza nacional. As&#237; que aproximadamente 310,000 personas &#8212; 0.24 por ciento de la poblaci&#243;n &#8212; controlan 25-30 por ciento de todo.</p><p><strong>Luego el resto del &#8220;10 por ciento superior.&#8221;</strong> Esos son 13 millones de personas. Maestros, doctores, due&#241;os de peque&#241;os negocios, profesionales exitosos. Tienen ahorros. Tienen propiedades. Son c&#243;modos. Pero no son ricos. La mayor&#237;a no tiene $100,000 USD ahorrados. Muchos tienen $50,000 o menos. Son la clase media que M&#233;xico ha logrado construir.</p><p><strong>Luego:</strong> Sesenta y cinco millones &#8212; la mitad inferior de M&#233;xico. Su riqueza promedio es $1,803 USD. La mayor&#237;a tiene menos. </p><p><strong>Millones deben m&#225;s de lo que poseen: vivie</strong>nda, educaci&#243;n, emergencias impagadas.</p><p><strong>La l&#237;nea de pobreza es oficial:</strong> 38.5 millones de mexicanos viven por debajo de ella. Ganan aproximadamente $8,000 a $12,000 USD por a&#241;o. Algunos trabajan en la econom&#237;a formal a salario m&#237;nimo. </p><p><strong>La mitad de la fuerza laboral opera en el sector informal </strong>&#8212; sin contrato, sin beneficios, sin pensi&#243;n, sin estabilidad. Diez millones de hogares reciben remesas de familiares que se fueron de M&#233;xico a trabajar en otro lugar. Esas remesas promedian $525 USD por mes. Para esas familias, ese dinero es supervivencia.</p><p>Esto no es desigualdad medida en porcentajes. Es desigualdad medida en cu&#225;ntas personas pueden permitirse comer, enviar a sus hijos a la escuela, ahorrar para algo en absoluto. Trece familias tienen tanto que no pueden gastarlo en una generaci&#243;n. <strong>Sesenta y cinco millones tienen tan poco que no pueden pensar m&#225;s all&#225; del pr&#243;ximo mes.</strong></p><div><hr></div><h3>IV.  Lo Que las Reflexiones Muestran</h3><p><strong>Ambas reflexiones est&#225;n rotas.</strong> Fueron rotas por mecanismos diferentes, en cronogramas diferentes, por actores diferentes. </p><p><strong>El quiebre en la reflexi&#243;n estadounidense es reciente</strong> &#8212; quiz&#225; cincuenta a&#241;os atr&#225;s, dependiendo de c&#243;mo cuentes &#8212; y el pa&#237;s a&#250;n conserva la memoria de la plataforma funcionando como fue dise&#241;ada.</p><p><strong>El quiebre en la reflexi&#243;n mexicana es m&#225;s viejo</strong>, estructural, e heredado. Muchos mexicanos vivos hoy nunca han conocido un sistema que funcionara para ellos en absoluto.</p><p>Pero debajo de esas formas opuestas, hay un mecanismo que los dos pa&#237;ses comparten. En ambos, en el momento de la mayor crisis financiera en la memoria viviente, la clase pol&#237;tica eligi&#243; proteger las instituciones que causaron la crisis a expensas directas de los ciudadanos que no lo hicieron. </p><p><strong>En Estados Unidos, ese momento tuvo un nombre: TARP. </strong></p><p><strong>En M&#233;xico, tuvo otro: FOBAPROA.</strong> </p><p>Dos pa&#237;ses, dos crisis, dos rescates, una decisi&#243;n estructural &#8212; haz que el ciudadano pague, para que el sistema pueda sobrevivir.</p><p>Esa decisi&#243;n es el pedazo m&#225;s claro de evidencia que cualquiera de los dos pa&#237;ses ha producido sobre cuyos intereses su gobierno realmente sirve. Es el argumento de este ensayo.</p><div><hr></div><h3>V.  La Reflexi&#243;n Estadounidense: C&#243;mo una Plataforma Dej&#243; de Construir</h3><p><strong>La plataforma estadounidense de posguerra no fue un accidente. </strong>Fue una arquitectura institucional deliberada, construida por una generaci&#243;n que hab&#237;a vivido la Depresi&#243;n y la guerra y hab&#237;a decidido &#8212; con un consenso bipartidista casi inimaginable hoy &#8212; que el pa&#237;s nunca permitir&#237;a que ninguno de estos ocurriera de nuevo.</p><p><strong>Tres pilares sosten&#237;an esa arquitectura.</strong></p><p><strong>El primero fue la Ley Glass-Steagall de 1933</strong>, que separ&#243; la banca comercial de la banca de inversi&#243;n. Los bancos que manten&#237;an los ahorros de los estadounidenses comunes no ten&#237;an permiso de jugar esos ahorros en operaciones especulativas. El muro era estructural, no moral. El Congreso no confiaba en que los banqueros se contuvieran a s&#237; mismos, as&#237; que el Congreso los contuvo.</p><p><strong>El segundo fue Bretton Woods,</strong> la arquitectura monetaria de 1944 que vincul&#243; el d&#243;lar al oro e hizo de Estados Unidos el ancla de las finanzas globales. El sistema no fue dise&#241;ado para enriquecer al capital estadounidense. Fue dise&#241;ado para asegurar que el sistema financiero internacional nunca volviera a colapsar como lo hizo en los a&#241;os treinta, llevando democracias con &#233;l.</p><p><strong>El tercero fue el pacto social de posguerra &#8212; el GI Bill,</strong> la propiedad de vivienda masiva, la educaci&#243;n universitaria masiva, los salarios que crec&#237;an con la productividad, y una estructura tributaria bajo la cual los estadounidenses mejor pagados ten&#237;an tasas marginales del 70 por ciento o m&#225;s sin que nadie considerara esto excepcional.</p><blockquote><p>El pacto no era socialista. Era el supuesto operativo de un pa&#237;s que hab&#237;a concluido, de una experiencia muy reciente y muy dolorosa, que la prosperidad amplia era la fundaci&#243;n de la fortaleza nacional.</p></blockquote><p><strong>Durante tres d&#233;cadas,</strong> estos tres pilares se mantuvieron. La clase media estadounidense se convirti&#243; en la m&#225;s grande, m&#225;s rica, y m&#225;s m&#243;vil hacia arriba en la historia humana. Los estadounidenses negros y latinos no fueron igualmente incluidos al inicio; esa historia m&#225;s completa es tema para su propio ensayo. Pero el hecho estructural es que la plataforma, funcionando como fue dise&#241;ada, levant&#243; al ciudadano estadounidense promedio m&#225;s lejos y m&#225;s r&#225;pido que cualquier sociedad moderna hab&#237;a logrado.</p><p><strong>Luego, comenzando en 1971, la arquitectura comenz&#243; a ser desmantelada.</strong></p><p><strong>El fin de Bretton Woods </strong>ese a&#241;o desvincul&#243; el d&#243;lar del oro y dio paso a un sistema financiero cada vez m&#225;s gobernado por flujos de capital en lugar de por la econom&#237;a productiva que se supon&#237;a deb&#237;an servir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!CSDt!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fdb415c17-f6ed-4e3d-b0f1-7ecf203d5cf5_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>A trav&#233;s de los a&#241;os ochenta y noventa, ese cambio se aceler&#243;. Los salarios y la productividad, que hab&#237;an crecido juntos durante treinta a&#241;os, se desacoplaron. Los trabajadores segu&#237;an produciendo m&#225;s. El pago dej&#243; de seguir. <strong>La diferencia fue capturada por el capital.</strong> La manufactura comenz&#243; a abandonar el coraz&#243;n estadounidense &#8212; lentamente al principio, y luego, despu&#233;s de <strong>la entrada de China a la Organizaci&#243;n Mundial del Comercio en 2001</strong>, en olas que vaciaron regiones enteras.</p><p>Es importante ser preciso sobre lo que pas&#243; aqu&#237;. <strong>Estados Unidos </strong>no perdi&#243; su base de manufactura porque los estadounidenses se volvieron perezosos o porque pa&#237;ses extranjeros hicieron trampa. <strong>Estados Unidos perdi&#243; su base de manufactura porque la clase pol&#237;tica estadounidense hizo una opci&#243;n estrat&#233;gica</strong> &#8212; primero de enganchar a China como transici&#243;n final de la Guerra Fr&#237;a, luego de integrar a China econ&#243;micamente como una transici&#243;n manejada &#8212; y acept&#243; las consecuencias dom&#233;sticas de esa opci&#243;n sin nunca construir los mecanismos compensatorios que hubieran protegido a la clase media estadounidense de absorber el costo completo.</p><p>La asimetr&#237;a de esa integraci&#243;n merece atenci&#243;n. <strong>Bajo TLCAN y despu&#233;s TMEC</strong>, la manufactura mexicana se mantiene a una regla de contenido regional de aproximadamente el 60 por ciento &#8212; significando que una parte significativa de cualquier producto comercializado sin aranceles a trav&#233;s de Am&#233;rica del Norte debe ser hecha en el continente.</p><p><strong>Tambi&#233;n vale la pena decirlo claramente: </strong>la mayor&#237;a de esas plantas de manufactura en M&#233;xico son en realidad pose&#237;das y operadas por corporaciones estadounidenses produciendo a menor costo dentro de una plataforma norteamericana integrada, luego reexportadas a Estados Unidos donde se captura el valor. </p><p><strong>As&#237; que cuando pol&#237;ticos describen las exportaciones mexicanas como evidencia de un d&#233;ficit comercial injusto, el analisis es incompleto.</strong> M&#233;xico recibe el trabajo, los servicios, y la inversi&#243;n local. El capital y la ganancia regresan al norte. Esto no es un fallo en el sistema. Es c&#243;mo el sistema fue dise&#241;ado.</p><p>Ninguna tal disciplina &#8212; ni la regla de contenido regional ni el piso laboral y ambiental &#8212; fue impuesta en la manufactura china, vietnamita, o del sudeste asi&#225;tico respecto al mercado estadounidense. Las corporaciones estadounidenses pod&#237;an relocalizarse a econom&#237;as con cumplimiento laboral m&#225;s d&#233;bil y costo ambiental m&#225;s bajo y a&#250;n disfrutar de acceso sin restricci&#243;n al consumidor estadounidense para maximizar sus ganancias de la venta final de sus productos.</p><blockquote><p><em>Una plataforma que protege el capital tambi&#233;n requiere mecanismos que devuelvan parte de ese valor a los trabajadores, regiones, e instituciones que hacen que la plataforma sea posible. Esa devoluci&#243;n no vino. La asimetr&#237;a nunca fue rebalanceada.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>El tercer desmantelamiento fue la conversi&#243;n lenta de la casa estadounidense</strong> &#8212; durante la mayor parte del siglo veinte, la tienda m&#225;s grande de riqueza de la clase media &#8212; en una clase de activo comercializado globalmente. </p><p><strong>La derogaci&#243;n de Glass-Steagall en 1999 </strong>removi&#243; el muro que se hab&#237;a mantenido por sesenta y seis a&#241;os. Dentro de una d&#233;cada, las hipotecas de estadounidenses comunes estaban siendo empaquetadas, rebanadas, misvaloradas, y vendidas a mercados de capital global a una escala y complejidad que ning&#250;n regulador entend&#237;a completamente. </p><p><strong>Cuando el sistema colaps&#243; en 2008</strong>, se llev&#243; los ahorros, las casas, y la seguridad de jubilaci&#243;n de millones de estadounidenses.</p><p><strong>La crisis de 2008 </strong>produjo el pedazo m&#225;s claro de evidencia en la historia estadounidense moderna sobre cuyos intereses la plataforma estaba protegiendo realmente. En octubre de ese a&#241;o, el <strong>Congreso pas&#243; el Troubled Asset Relief Program &#8212; TARP </strong>&#8212; autorizando al Tesoro gastar hasta $700 mil millones USD para estabilizar instituciones financieras estadounidenses. La cantidad desembolsada finalmente alcanz&#243; aproximadamente $426 mil millones USD. Los bancos fueron salvados. El contribuyente estadounidense absorbi&#243; el riesgo que el sistema financiero hab&#237;a creado. Para 2014, despu&#233;s de a&#241;os de repagos y ventas de activos, el Tesoro fue capaz de reclamar que TARP hab&#237;a sido t&#233;cnicamente repagado.</p><blockquote><p><em>Esa contabilidad es verdadera y se pierde el punto.</em></p></blockquote><p>Lo que no fue repagado, y no pudo serlo, fue el contrato social.<strong> Aproximadamente diez millones de familias estadounidenses perdieron sus casas a ejecuciones hipotecarias en los a&#241;os posteriores a la crisis.</strong></p><p>Las instituciones que hab&#237;an creado los instrumentos causando la crisis fueron preservadas, recapitalizadas, y en muchos casos emergieron m&#225;s grandes y m&#225;s concentradas que antes. El principio de que ninguna instituci&#243;n debe ser tan grande que se le permita fallar &#8212; <strong>el principio que Glass-Steagall hab&#237;a sido escrito precisamente para reforzar &#8212; fue invertido.</strong> <strong>Too-big-to-fail</strong> no fue un defecto en la plataforma. Despu&#233;s de 2008, fue la l&#243;gica operativa de la plataforma.</p><p>La verdad m&#225;s profunda es que too-big-to-fail no fue dise&#241;ado por banqueros codiciosos. Fue dise&#241;ado por un Congreso estadounidense que, durante treinta a&#241;os, removi&#243; los cortafuegos estructurales que hab&#237;an prevenido que instituciones financieras se volvieran tan grandes como para llevar al pa&#237;s abajo con ellas. </p><p><strong>Glass-Steagall fue derogada en 1999. </strong>Dentro de nueve a&#241;os, el sistema que su derogaci&#243;n hab&#237;a liberado colaps&#243; y fue rescatado por los ciudadanos a los que se supon&#237;a deb&#237;a servir. Esa secuencia no es un accidente. Es la consecuencia predecible de remover un muro construido, en 1933, precisamente porque el pa&#237;s ya hab&#237;a aprendido qu&#233; pasa cuando el muro no est&#225; all&#237;.</p><p><strong>El ciudadano estadounidense</strong> <strong>no ha olvidado esto. El colapso de la confianza en el gobierno federal del 77 por ciento en 1964 a 17 por ciento hoy no es un misterio.</strong> <em>Es un recibo. </em></p><p>Los ciudadanos han visto la plataforma dejar de construir para ellos. Han visto sus salarios desacoplarse de su productividad, su base de manufactura dejar la regi&#243;n para econom&#237;as que cargan menos responsabilidad que la suya, sus casas convertirse en una clase de activo comercializada por gente que nunca las visitar&#225;, y sus ahorros puestos en riesgo por instituciones que su propio gobierno hab&#237;a decidido que eran demasiado grandes para permitirles fallar.</p><p>Ellos pagaron la cuenta. Nunca fueron repagados.</p><p><strong>Esa es la reflexi&#243;n estadounidense. </strong>Fue una plataforma que funcion&#243;. Fue desmantelada, cortafuego estructural por cortafuego estructural, por las muy instituciones que se supon&#237;a deb&#237;an mantenerlo.</p><p>Los pedazos a&#250;n est&#225;n all&#237;. La riqueza a&#250;n est&#225; all&#237;. El potencial estadounidense est&#225; all&#237;. La capacidad a&#250;n est&#225; all&#237;. Lo que se ha roto es la relaci&#243;n entre la plataforma y los ciudadanos a los que fue originalmente construida para servir.</p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share The North American &#8212; 77</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h3>VI.  La Reflexi&#243;n Mexicana: Cien A&#241;os de Paciencia</h3><p><strong>La historia mexicana comienza donde la historia estadounidense termina </strong>&#8212; en la pregunta de qu&#233; es lo que una ciudadan&#237;a debe a su gobierno, y qu&#233; es lo que su gobierno debe devolver.</p><p><strong>La Constituci&#243;n Mexicana de 1917,</strong> escrita despu&#233;s de una revoluci&#243;n que cost&#243; aproximadamente un mill&#243;n de vidas, hizo una apuesta espec&#237;fica. Puso al Estado en el centro de la vida nacional. El Art&#237;culo 27 invisti&#243; la propiedad de la tierra y el subsuelo en la naci&#243;n. El Art&#237;culo 123 hizo de las protecciones laborales un asunto constitucional en lugar de contractual.</p><blockquote><p><em>El Estado mexicano fue constituido no como una plataforma para que los ciudadanos persiguieran sus propios fines, sino como un actor encargado de entregar, en nombre de sus ciudadanos, los resultados que la revoluci&#243;n hab&#237;a demandado &#8212; educaci&#243;n, tierra, trabajo, dignidad.</em></p></blockquote><p>Esto no fue una apuesta peque&#241;a. Fue un contrato. El ciudadano confiar&#237;a al Estado la mayor parte de la toma de decisiones econ&#243;micas nacionales, y el Estado, a cambio, entregar&#237;a. Esa era la promesa escrita en el documento fundacional. Cada mexicano nacido desde 1917 ha sido parte de ello.</p><p>Durante tres d&#233;cadas, el contrato se mantuvo. De aproximadamente 1940 a 1970 &#8212; el per&#237;odo que los economistas vinieron a llamar el Milagro Mexicano &#8212; la econom&#237;a creci&#243; a un promedio del 6.6 por ciento anual, una de las tasas de crecimiento sostenido m&#225;s r&#225;pidas en cualquier parte del mundo en ese momento. La inflaci&#243;n se mantuvo por debajo del 3 por ciento. La poblaci&#243;n se duplic&#243; mientras la econom&#237;a creci&#243; seis veces. La inscripci&#243;n de primaria se triplic&#243;.</p><p>Una clase media mexicana real comenz&#243; a formarse en la <strong>Ciudad de M&#233;xico, Monterrey, y Guadalajara</strong>. El modelo de estado-como-actor, bajo las condiciones de desarrollo de mercado protegido a mitad de siglo, produjo el M&#233;xico m&#225;s pr&#243;spero que el mundo moderno haya visto.</p><p>Luego, cuando el orden global se desplaz&#243;, <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>enfrent&#243; el mismo tipo de prueba que <strong>Estados Unidos</strong> enfrent&#243; al final de <strong>Bretton Woods</strong>. Las condiciones que hab&#237;an hecho posible <strong>el Milagro Mexicano </strong>&#8212; mercados protegidos, moneda manejada, un orden financiero global que toleraba el desarrollo liderado por el estado &#8212; ya no estaban disponibles.</p><p><strong>Los a&#241;os setenta</strong> trajeron el <strong>shock del petr&#243;leo</strong>, los a&#241;os ochenta trajeron la crisis de deuda, y el pa&#237;s que hab&#237;a crecido al 6.6 por ciento durante tres d&#233;cadas entr&#243; en un per&#237;odo de emergencia fiscal del cual, por algunas medidas, nunca se ha recuperado completamente.</p><p>Lo que<strong> M&#233;xico</strong> hizo con esa presi&#243;n es la decisi&#243;n estructural que define todo lo que vino despu&#233;s.</p><p><strong>En 1982</strong>, enfrentando una crisis de deuda que el Estado ya no pod&#237;a cubrir el servicio, <strong>el Presidente Jos&#233; L&#243;pez Portillo nacionaliz&#243; el sistema bancario. Fue un acto soberano justificado por la l&#243;gica pol&#237;tica del contrato posrevolucionario &#8212; cuando el capital privado falla, el Estado interviene en nombre del ciudadano.</strong></p><p>Ocho a&#241;os despu&#233;s, en 1990, la administraci&#243;n <strong>Salinas </strong>revirti&#243; esa decisi&#243;n y reprivatiz&#243; los mismos bancos, vendiendo dieciocho instituciones por aproximadamente <strong>$12 mil millones USD</strong> <strong>a un peque&#241;o grupo de inversionistas mexicanos bien conectados.</strong></p><p>El precio fue favorable. El marco de supervisi&#243;n alrededor de los nuevos bancos privados era m&#237;nimo. Los pr&#233;stamos fueron extendidos agresivamente. <strong>Los controles de riesgo eran d&#233;biles.</strong></p><p><strong>En diciembre de 1994, la Crisis del Tequila lleg&#243;</strong>. El peso colaps&#243;. Los bancos recientemente reprivatizados, teniendo carteras de pr&#233;stamos malos que no pod&#237;an cubrir el servicio, enfrentaron insolvencia.</p><p><strong>La respuesta del gobierno mexicano fue FOBAPROA</strong> &#8212; el Fondo Bancario de Protecci&#243;n al Ahorro, originalmente creado en 1990 como un fondo de seguro de dep&#243;sitos. Comenzando en 1995, FOBAPROA fue utilizado para absorber las deudas malas de los mismos bancos que el gobierno hab&#237;a reprivatizado cinco a&#241;os antes. La cantidad final absorbida alcanz&#243; aproximadamente 552 mil millones de pesos &#8212; aproximadamente 14 a 15 por ciento del PIB de M&#233;xico en ese momento, una cifra proporcionalmente m&#225;s grande que lo que Estados Unidos absorber&#237;a despu&#233;s a trav&#233;s de TARP.</p><p><strong>En 1998, despu&#233;s de a&#241;os de debate pol&#237;tico, el Congreso Mexicano convirti&#243; los pasivos de FOBAPROA en deuda p&#250;blica bajo una instituci&#243;n sucesora, IPAB</strong> &#8212; el Instituto para la Protecci&#243;n al Ahorro Bancario.</p><p>Esa deuda ha sido servida por los contribuyentes mexicanos desde entonces. La diferencia es la duraci&#243;n de la consecuencia. El rescate estadounidense fue repagado en d&#243;lares mientras el contrato social se desintegraba. El rescate mexicano nunca fue repagado en absoluto. Fue convertido en una demanda permanente sobre el futuro de cada ciudadano mexicano.</p><p>Ese es el paralelo mexicano a la historia estadounidense. </p><p><strong>El mecanismo es el mismo: </strong>en el momento de la mayor crisis financiera, la clase pol&#237;tica eligi&#243; proteger las instituciones que causaron la crisis a expensas directas de los ciudadanos que no lo hicieron.</p><p><strong>FOBAPROA no pas&#243; en aislamiento. </strong>Pas&#243; dentro de una arquitectura de poder que ha, con consistencia notable, utilizado momentos de crisis y gobernanza ordinaria para desplazar costo p&#250;blico hacia ciudadanos mientras beneficios se concentraban alrededor de actores pol&#237;ticamente conectados.</p><p><strong>La arquitectura es visible en varios lugares:</strong> la reprivatizaci&#243;n de los bancos en 1990; el sistema de contrataci&#243;n de <strong>PEMEX </strong>que produjo una compa&#241;&#237;a petrolera con aproximadamente $84 mil millones USD en deuda y patrimonio neto negativo para 2025; la contrarreforma de la <strong>CFE</strong> en 2024 que removi&#243; reguladores de energ&#237;a independientes. <strong>La refiner&#237;a Dos Bocas, el Tren Maya, y el aeropuerto AIFA</strong> siguieron el mismo patr&#243;n &#8212; presupuestos aprobados que se duplicaban, costos ambientales diferidos, supervisi&#243;n independiente eliminada.</p><blockquote><p>Estos no son incidentes no relacionados. Son la misma arquitectura, expres&#225;ndose a s&#237; misma a trav&#233;s de d&#233;cadas diferentes y actores diferentes.</p></blockquote><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg" width="1376" height="768" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:768,&quot;width&quot;:1376,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:1309258,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/199276070?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!msg1!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcf0a0386-e2be-4fa3-80c2-1e90f11c1e90_1376x768.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Luego est&#225; la variante binacional de la arquitectura &#8212; la que no muestra en el presupuesto federal porque opera en su contra. Huachicol fiscal, el esquema de clasificaci&#243;n arancelaria indebida en el que combustible refinado importado desde Estados Unidos es declarado en puertos de entrada mexicanos bajo c&#243;digos de arancel no combustible para evadir aranceles de importaci&#243;n e IEPS, ha sido documentado por prensa investigativa mexicana a un costo anual para el fisco mexicano de aproximadamente $3 a $5 mil millones USD.</p><p><strong>La arquitectura es precisa: </strong>la pol&#237;tica oficial fue construir Dos Bocas para dejar de importar gasolina. La realidad no oficial, corriendo paralela a esa pol&#237;tica, era importar la misma gasolina libre de impuestos a trav&#233;s de un fraude aduanal que el gobierno ten&#237;a cada medio administrativo para detectar y eligi&#243;, a trav&#233;s de m&#250;ltiples administraciones, no desmantelar. Un esquema de esta escala no puede sobrevivir sin complicidad coordinada dentro del sistema que se supone debe vigilarlo.</p><p>Y debajo de todo, el costo estructural a la econom&#237;a mexicana del crimen organizado, la captura estatal, la inversi&#243;n perdida, el turismo perdido, y la fuga de talento corre en billones USD. Desde 2006, cuando el gobierno federal lanz&#243; la estrategia de seguridad actual, M&#233;xico ha acumulado m&#225;s de 463,000 homicidios y m&#225;s de 130,000 desaparecidos. Estos son los costos de un Estado incapaz de monopolizar la fuerza leg&#237;tima.</p><p>Es aqu&#237;, en honestidad, que un contraargumento defendible merece ser reconocido. <em><strong>La arquitectura protectora pesada del Estado mexicano &#8212; para todos sus costos &#8212; ha prevenido los colapsos populistas catastr&#243;ficos que han devastado otras econom&#237;as latinoamericanas. M&#233;xico no se ha convertido en Venezuela. </strong></em>Su moneda, aunque vol&#225;til, no ha hiperinflacionado. Sus instituciones, mientras sean capturadas, han continuado funcionando.</p><p>Hay un argumento real que el costo del contrato posrevolucionario ha sido el precio de la &#8220;estabilidad.&#8221; <em><strong>Pero si el est&#225;ndar m&#225;s alto es simplemente evitar el colapso, entonces el pa&#237;s ha aceptado una definici&#243;n demasiado limitada del &#233;xito.</strong></em> Lo que la estabilidad ha comprado, durante cien a&#241;os, no es la prosperidad que el contrato prometi&#243;. <strong>Es la ausencia de cat&#225;strofe. Y la ausencia de cat&#225;strofe no es lo mismo que el cumplimiento de una promesa.</strong></p><p>A trav&#233;s de cada partido y cada administraci&#243;n desde 1990, la misma arquitectura ha persistido.</p><blockquote><p>El ciudadano mexicano ha visto todo esto. Votado en cada ciclo. Construido negocios contra reglas constantemente cambiantes. Educado hijos a costo personal en un sistema p&#250;blico que el Estado nunca moderniz&#243;. Enterrado miembros de familia perdidos a un colapso de seguridad.</p></blockquote><p>Y, cuando el pa&#237;s no les ofreci&#243; camino hacia adelante, envi&#243; a sus mejores j&#243;venes hacia el norte.</p><p><strong>Es aqu&#237; donde la historia mexicana llega a su hecho m&#225;s duro.</strong></p><p><strong>En 2024, las remesas de mexicanos viviendo y trabajando en Estados Unidos y Canad&#225; a familias en M&#233;xico alcanzaron aproximadamente $63 mil millones USD.</strong> Fueron m&#225;s grandes que los ingresos petroleros mexicanos. M&#225;s grandes que la inversi&#243;n extranjera directa. M&#225;s grandes que el turismo. La fuente singular m&#225;s grande de ingresos extranjeros para el pa&#237;s fue los salarios de su propia ciudadan&#237;a en edad de trabajar, enviados a casa desde alg&#250;n otro lugar.</p><p>La mayor&#237;a de j&#243;venes mexicanos hoy ayudan a pagar los gastos de vida de sus padres. Esta no es una observaci&#243;n sentimental. Es lo que $63 mil millones USD en remesas actualmente significa a nivel de hogar. Una generaci&#243;n completa ha cambiado, por necesidad, de construir sus propios futuros a subsidiar las vidas de la generaci&#243;n que los cri&#243; &#8212; porque el pa&#237;s donde esos padres se quedaron no produjo las condiciones bajo las cuales sus hijos pod&#237;an permitirse quedarse, construir, y acumular al mismo tiempo.</p><blockquote><p><em>Un pa&#237;s cuya mayor exportaci&#243;n resulta siendo el trabajo de su propia juventud ha recibido un veredicto silencioso de su ciudadan&#237;a. Es la medici&#243;n m&#225;s honesta disponible de un contrato que fue hecho en 1917 y no ha sido cumplido.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Esa es la reflexi&#243;n mexicana.</strong><em><strong> </strong>Una ciudadan&#237;a que ha esperado 100 a&#241;os con paciencia extraordinaria. </em>Un Estado que ha, con igual consistencia, honrado esa paciencia para los pocos y no para los muchos.</p><p>Un rescate que el ciudadano a&#250;n est&#225; pagando. Un sistema pol&#237;tico que contin&#250;a concentrando poder y privilegio. Y una generaci&#243;n de j&#243;venes mexicanos cuya respuesta a la promesa rota ha sido dejar el pa&#237;s y pagar la renta de los padres que el pa&#237;s dej&#243; atr&#225;s.</p><p><strong>En mayo de 2026,</strong> el mercado de capital global preci&#243; lo que este ensayo ha nombrado. Moody&#8217;s cort&#243; la calificaci&#243;n de cr&#233;dito soberano de M&#233;xico a Baa3 &#8212; una muesca arriba de basura &#8212; nombrando crecimiento d&#233;bil, rigidez fiscal, y apoyo continuo a PEMEX. S&amp;P hab&#237;a movido la perspectiva de M&#233;xico a negativa ocho d&#237;as antes. Fitch lleg&#243; a la conclusi&#243;n equivalente en 2020. Las tres agencias calificadoras principales ahora colocan a M&#233;xico en el umbral de grado especulativo &#8212; en un momento cuando los precios globales de petr&#243;leo deber&#237;an estar levantando una econom&#237;a exportadora de petr&#243;leo, no exponiendo una. La arquitectura ya no es algo que solamente los mexicanos pueden ver. Ahora tiene precio.</p><div><hr></div><h3>VII.  La Reflexi&#243;n Rota</h3><p><strong>Estados Unidos muestra una reflexi&#243;n</strong> de ciudadanos que construyeron algo fuerte y vieron c&#243;mo fue desmantelado sin suficiente resistencia. El ciudadano estadounidense vio la plataforma dejar de construir para ellos y, durante d&#233;cadas, no encontr&#243; el lenguaje o la fuerza para exigir que fuera reconstruida. La aceptaron. La permitieron. <strong>Dejaron de exigir que se cumpliera la promesa.</strong></p><p><strong>M&#233;xico muestra una reflexi&#243;n</strong> de ciudadanos que han sido prometidos mucho y entregados poco, sin embargo han continuado participando en el sistema.<em> Durante cien a&#241;os, el ciudadano mexicano ha votado, ha trabajado, ha esperado</em> &#8212; aunque el Estado los ha tratado selectivamente. <strong>La aceptaron. La permitieron. Dejaron de creer que la promesa ser&#237;a cumplida.</strong></p><p><strong>Ambas reflexiones muestran algo roto: </strong>una ciudadan&#237;a que ha perdido el poder de exigir que los gobiernos los sirvan.</p><div><hr></div><h3>VIII.  Lo Que los Ciudadanos Exigen Ahora</h3><p><strong>Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico</strong> enfrentan una pregunta compartida sobre el futuro, pero no a&#250;n una respuesta compartida.</p><p><strong>El desaf&#237;o estadounidense es redise&#241;ar</strong> una plataforma que cree oportunidad de nuevo sin abandonar la clase media por una segunda vez. Es construir instituciones que sirvan ciudadanos, no instituciones a las que los ciudadanos sirvan. Es recordar que la prosperidad amplia no es un lujo. Es la fundaci&#243;n de la fortaleza nacional.</p><p><strong>El desaf&#237;o mexicano es diferente pero igualmente urgente: </strong>construir capacidad ciudadana, rendici&#243;n de cuentas institucional, y confianza en los sistemas estatales despu&#233;s de un siglo de entrega incompleta. </p><p><em><strong>Es transformarse de un modelo de estado-como-actor &#8212; donde el gobierno entrega selectivamente &#8212; a un modelo de estado-como-plataforma donde los ciudadanos tengan las herramientas, informaci&#243;n, y estabilidad para construir por s&#237; mismos.</strong></em></p><p>Ambos desaf&#237;os son generacionales. Ambos dependen de una ciudadan&#237;a que ha decidido, juntos, que el trabajo es de ellos.</p><p>Por ahora, el diagn&#243;stico est&#225; en la p&#225;gina. Las reflexiones est&#225;n rotas. Los ciudadanos a&#250;n est&#225;n aqu&#237;.</p><div><hr></div><h3>IX.  Ensayo III: Re-Construyendo la Ciudadan&#237;a</h3><p>Este ensayo es el diagn&#243;stico. Ha nombrado lo que est&#225; roto en la reflexi&#243;n de cada pa&#237;s y lo que los dos quiebres comparten debajo. No ha propuesto una reparaci&#243;n. Eso es deliberado. Diagn&#243;stico y tratamiento son disciplinas diferentes.</p><p><strong>El Ensayo III &#8212; Re-Construyendo la Ciudadan&#237;a </strong>&#8212; se gira de las reflexiones rotas a la pregunta m&#225;s dif&#237;cil: </p><p><em>Si la clase pol&#237;tica en ambos pa&#237;ses ha dejado de reflejar a los ciudadanos que gobiernan, y si la ciudadan&#237;a a&#250;n no ha organizado la respuesta, entonces &#191;qu&#233; tipo de ciudadano &#8212; qu&#233; tipo de educaci&#243;n, independencia financiera, infraestructura c&#237;vica, y memoria colectiva &#8212; puede producir gobiernos dignos de ello?</em></p><p>La siguiente pregunta no es simplemente qu&#233; pol&#237;tica debe cambiar. Es qu&#233; tipo de ciudadan&#237;a puede producir gobiernos dignos de ello.</p><p>Por ahora, el diagn&#243;stico est&#225; en la p&#225;gina. Las reflexiones est&#225;n rotas. Los ciudadanos a&#250;n est&#225;n aqu&#237;.</p><p>Lo que construyan despu&#233;s es la &#250;nica historia que importa.</p><div><hr></div><p>Eduardo Joffroy es el fundador y editor de <strong>The North American &#8212; 77</strong>, una plataforma editorial biling&#252;e sobre integraci&#243;n norteamericana.</p><p>Este es el Ensayo II de tres en <strong>Los Gobiernos No Son Accidentes. Son Reflexiones. </strong>&#8212; una trilog&#237;a continental sobre gobernanza, sociedad, y la arquitectura de la ciudadan&#237;a.<br></p><p>Leer version 1: <a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexiones-de-nuestras-nacione?r=6769y">Los Gobiernos no son Accidentes</a></p><p>NA77  &#183;  UN FUTURO. TRES NACIONES.</p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[The Affairs Sunday Brief · May 25, 2026]]></title><description><![CDATA[The North American &#8212; 77 | ONE FUTURE. THREE NATIONS]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-affairs-sunday-brief-may-25-2026</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-affairs-sunday-brief-may-25-2026</guid><pubDate>Sun, 24 May 2026 14:01:26 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/2d0997f6-20a4-4175-a414-20400d7f805f_1200x630.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p><em>"Regional integration is not about giving up sovereignty. It is about pooling sovereignty to achieve together what none can achieve alone."</em> </p><p>&#8212; <strong>Enrique Iglesias,</strong> former President of the Inter-American Development Bank</p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h2>THE WEEK THAT WAS &#8212; Six Stories That Moved the Continent</h2><div><hr></div><h3>1. The Room Where North America Was Decided &#8212; Today</h3><p>For the first time, <strong>US and Mexican negotiators sat down in Mexico City</strong> for the first official bilateral round of <strong>USMCA renegotiation</strong>. The agenda: <strong>rules of origin, manufacturing employment, and the exclusion of Chinese content from North American supply chains.</strong> <em>Canada is not in this bilateral &#8212; Canada joins the formal trilateral on July 1.</em></p><blockquote><p><strong>39 days to the July 1 decision node.</strong> If you are building supply chains that depend on USMCA&#8217;s duty-free status, the contingency planning window is now.</p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>2. Trump in Beijing &#8212; Stalemate, Not D&#233;tente</h3><p><strong>President Trump completed a three-day state visit to China.</strong> China committed to $17B/year in US agricultural purchases, 200 Boeing aircraft, and both sides announced a &#8220;board of trade.&#8221; Then both governments released statements &#8212; and the statements barely overlapped. <em><strong>The Economist</strong></em><strong> called it &#8220;a dysfunctional duo&#8221; </strong>failing to cooperate on AI safety, climate, and the Strait of Hormuz. </p><p>Tariffs remain at ~48%. Meanwhile, China is refusing to license Nvidia H200 chips to US partners operating in the country, and Xi is deliberately withholding further concessions until he sees how US midterms unfold in November. This is not d&#233;tente &#8212; it is managed confrontation with a calendar attached.</p><blockquote><p><strong>For North America:</strong> <em>every time Beijing and Washington disagree on what they agreed, the structural case for manufacturing inside the USMCA corridor grows stronger. Flex just committed $1B to Jalisco, Chihuahua, and Aguascalientes.</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>3. The Strait of Hormuz &#8212; Energy&#8217;s North American Moment</h3><p><strong>Iran has effectively closed the Strait of Hormuz</strong> since March 4 &#8212; the chokepoint for ~20% of global oil and 25% of LNG. US national average gasoline hit <strong>$4.53/gallon</strong> this week. Partial reopening is underway (54 ships transited the week of May 11&#8211;17, up from 25 the prior week), but the status quo will not return. North American LNG is gaining permanent market share in Asia and Europe. </p><p>The disruption is also triggering a <strong>helium crisis</strong>: the Strait carries approximately 30% of global helium supply, and spot prices have doubled since March. <strong>Helium is not just used in party balloons &#8212; it is a critical input for manufacturing the semiconductors that power AI data centers, and for hospital MRI machines. </strong>Separately, 10 to 14 container vessels have been pulled from US west coast routes, and <strong>container costs have spiked from $2,000&#8211;2,500 per container to $4,000+</strong>. North American logistics operators are absorbing the shock in real time.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>North America </strong>is not just a manufacturing corridor. It is the most reliable energy corridor on the planet right now &#8212; and the helium crisis underscores how deep the supply chain interdependencies actually run.</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>4. Mexico&#8217;s $323 Billion Bet &#8212; Ambition, Downgrade, and a Governor in Crisis</h3><p><strong>President Sheinbaum announced MX$5.6 trillion (~$323B USD) in public-private infrastructure investment for 2026&#8211;2030 </strong>&#8212; 54% energy, 16% rail, 14% highways. The same week, <strong>Moody&#8217;s downgraded Mexico&#8217;s sovereign debt to Baa3</strong> &#8212; <em>one notch above junk</em> &#8212; citing sustained fiscal weakness, a narrow revenue base, and continued PEMEX support. </p><p>Mexico&#8217;s GDP contracted <strong>-0.62%</strong> in Q1 2026 &#8212; the fourth consecutive year below its 1.9% historical average. And on April 29, the US DOJ unsealed an indictment against the Governor of Sinaloa, <strong>Rub&#233;n Rocha Moya</strong>, charging him with conspiring with the Sinaloa Cartel to secure his election in exchange for political protection. Rocha Moya took a leave of absence on May 2. <em>These are not separate stories.</em></p><blockquote><p><strong>Ambition without institutional integrity </strong><em>does not build a country. It performs one.</em></p></blockquote><div><hr></div><h3>5. AI Crosses the Shop Floor &#8212; And the Ledger</h3><p>After three years of pilots, <strong>AI in North American manufacturing is now operations strategy. 94% of manufacturers report using some form of AI</strong>. A<em>I-powered picking robots jumped from 14% to 32% since 2022. AI integration has cut energy use ~25% and reduced inventory holdings by 18%. The Big Four are now posting more AI vacancies than auditor positions.</em> <em>PepsiCo is running a digital twin program with Siemens and NVIDIA across its entire plant and supply chain.</em> </p><p>And the AI companies themselves are now crossing into profitability: <strong>Anthropic posted its first-ever operating profit in Q2 2026 &#8212; $559M on $10.9B in revenue.</strong> <strong>OpenAI is preparing an IPO filing with Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley.</strong> </p><p><strong>Together, Anthropic and OpenAI now account for approximately 89% of all AI startup revenues</strong> &#8212;<em> a market consolidating around two poles faster than most analysts predicted.</em></p><blockquote><p><strong>The continent that leads in AI-enabled manufacturing will not just be the most cost-competitive &#8212; it will be the most responsive.</strong> In a world where disruption is the baseline, responsiveness is the new cost advantage.</p></blockquote><div><hr></div><div class="subscription-widget-wrap-editor" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe&quot;,&quot;language&quot;:&quot;en&quot;}" data-component-name="SubscribeWidgetToDOM"><div class="subscription-widget show-subscribe"><div class="preamble"><p class="cta-caption">Please support our work, consider becoming a paid subscriber.</p></div><form class="subscription-widget-subscribe"><input type="email" class="email-input" name="email" placeholder="Type your email&#8230;" tabindex="-1"><input type="submit" class="button primary" value="Subscribe"><div class="fake-input-wrapper"><div class="fake-input"></div><div class="fake-button"></div></div></form></div></div><div><hr></div><h2>&#128992; QUICK SIGNALS &#8212; Also on the Radar</h2><ul><li><p><strong>Mexico &#8212; EU Global Trade Agreement:</strong> Mexico and the European Union signed the modernized Mexico-EU Global Agreement this week &#8212; Sheinbaum, von der Leyen, and Costa signing together. The deal eliminates or reduces tariffs on virtually all goods and services between Mexico and the EU, establishes new rules on digital trade, sustainability, and government procurement. It diversifies Mexico&#8217;s export base at exactly the moment when USMCA terms are in flux.</p></li><li><p><strong>Yokohama &#8212; Saltillo:</strong> Japanese tire giant Yokohama is building a <strong>$115M heavy machinery tire plant in Saltillo, Coahuila</strong> &#8212; a facility that was initially planned for the United States. The plant will produce mining and construction equipment tires. Yokohama also operates a separate $380M passenger tire facility near Saltillo since 2024. This is nearshoring from the US to Mexico, not from Asia.</p></li><li><p><strong>VTech &#8212; Tijuana:</strong> VTech&#8217;s Tijuana operations are reporting &#8220;growing significantly&#8221; demand as US clients shift electronics manufacturing from China to Mexico. Cross-border electronics is accelerating, not slowing, despite tariff uncertainty.</p></li><li><p><strong>Ken Griffin (Citadel):</strong> <em>&#8220;AI agents are now doing PhD-level financial analysis in days that used to take months.&#8221;</em> &#8212; Ken Griffin, CEO of Citadel, speaking at a financial conference this week. When the founder of one of the world&#8217;s most sophisticated hedge funds says AI is changing the pace of high-end analytical work, that is a signal about what is coming for every knowledge-intensive industry.</p></li><li><p><strong>OpenAI / Musk:</strong> A jury deliberated for less than two hours before ruling in favor of OpenAI in Elon Musk&#8217;s lawsuit alleging breach of founding mission. The ruling rested on statute of limitations grounds. The trial clarified OpenAI&#8217;s IP ownership structure in ways that will matter for its IPO filing.</p></li><li><p><strong>Naturgy &#8212; Nuevo Le&#243;n:</strong> Spanish energy company Naturgy confirmed <strong>$5.5 billion pesos</strong> (~$270M USD) in planned investment in Nuevo Le&#243;n energy infrastructure by 2030. Industrial energy supply in northern Mexico remains one of the continent&#8217;s most constrained bottlenecks.</p></li><li><p><strong>AmperCap SPAC:</strong> A $125M Nasdaq-listed SPAC focused exclusively on US-Mexico integration announced its formation this week &#8212; one of the first financial vehicles designed specifically around the nearshoring thesis. Ticker not yet disclosed.</p></li><li><p><strong>Tesla en M&#233;xico:</strong> The number of Teslas in circulation in Mexico nearly doubled between 2023&#8211;2024 &#8212; a difference of 33,000 units, more than the combined 2024 Mexico sales of Mercedes-Benz and BMW. <em>(Whitepaper.mx via TUK&#193;N)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>Rane Madras:</strong> The Indian auto parts company (steering and suspension systems; clients include VW, BMW, Volvo, Nissan) opened a greenfield facility in Aguascalientes through its subsidiary Rane Automotive Components Mexico (RACM) &#8212; a $31M investment, 300+ jobs. Executives said long-term Mexico investment depends directly on the T-MEC outcome. <em>(Sources: <a href="https://mexico-now.com/rane-madras-ltd-sets-up-in-aguascalientes/">MEXICONOW</a> &#183; <a href="https://www.foundry-planet.com/d/mx-rane-madras-expands-global-presence-with-new-facility-in-aguascalientes-mexico/">Foundry Planet</a>)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>qomplement:</strong> Two Tec de Monterrey grads built an automation platform, moved to San Francisco weeks after launch, and were accepted into Y Combinator&#8217;s Spring 2026 batch &#8212; reportedly the only Mexican founders in that cohort. 20+ clients in six months, half in the US. <em>(Source: <a href="https://www.whitepaper.mx">Whitepaper.mx</a>)</em></p></li><li><p><strong>Court stays USMCA tariff ruling:</strong> The Court of International Trade struck down the 10% Section 122 tariffs on May 7. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit immediately stayed the ruling on May 12. Section 301 tariffs are next &#8212; before July 24.</p></li><li><p><strong>FreightWaves Borderlands:</strong> US-Mexico cross-border trade hit $84B in March, up 8.6% YoY. Werner Enterprises is doubling down on Mexico with an asset-based intermodal expansion. B-1 visa enforcement is intensifying at ports of entry, pressuring cross-border driver capacity.</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><h2>&#128309; DATA IN NUMBERS &#8212; Week of May 25 &#8211; May 31, 2026</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cYHm!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ead04ad-322e-4a16-ace3-11a83461fd0b_3621x2901.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cYHm!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ead04ad-322e-4a16-ace3-11a83461fd0b_3621x2901.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cYHm!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ead04ad-322e-4a16-ace3-11a83461fd0b_3621x2901.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cYHm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ead04ad-322e-4a16-ace3-11a83461fd0b_3621x2901.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cYHm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ead04ad-322e-4a16-ace3-11a83461fd0b_3621x2901.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cYHm!,w_2400,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ead04ad-322e-4a16-ace3-11a83461fd0b_3621x2901.png" width="1200" height="960.989010989011" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cYHm!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ead04ad-322e-4a16-ace3-11a83461fd0b_3621x2901.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cYHm!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ead04ad-322e-4a16-ace3-11a83461fd0b_3621x2901.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cYHm!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ead04ad-322e-4a16-ace3-11a83461fd0b_3621x2901.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!cYHm!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F9ead04ad-322e-4a16-ace3-11a83461fd0b_3621x2901.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><h2>&#128309; EVENTS TO WATCH &#8212; Week of May 25 &#8211; May 31, 2026</h2><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_D02!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F290f9312-5038-4f8c-a577-dc698ff9b934_3621x2541.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_D02!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F290f9312-5038-4f8c-a577-dc698ff9b934_3621x2541.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_D02!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F290f9312-5038-4f8c-a577-dc698ff9b934_3621x2541.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_D02!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F290f9312-5038-4f8c-a577-dc698ff9b934_3621x2541.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_D02!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F290f9312-5038-4f8c-a577-dc698ff9b934_3621x2541.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_D02!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F290f9312-5038-4f8c-a577-dc698ff9b934_3621x2541.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_D02!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F290f9312-5038-4f8c-a577-dc698ff9b934_3621x2541.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_D02!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F290f9312-5038-4f8c-a577-dc698ff9b934_3621x2541.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_D02!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F290f9312-5038-4f8c-a577-dc698ff9b934_3621x2541.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><h2>&#128218; THE NA77 ARCHIVE &#8212; Catch up on our recent work</h2><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng">&#8220;Governments Are Not Accidents&#8221;</a></strong> &#8212; Live 3 piece series on why the political systems of the three nations reflect deliberate choices society &amp; special interst groups have made&#8212; and what we can do to change our future today.</p><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/the-board-is-set-north-america-inside">&#8220;The Board Is Set &#8212; North America Inside the Pause&#8221;</a></strong> &#8212; How the 90-day tariff pause reordered every assumption about the continent. Our most-read piece.</p><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/dr-daniel-covarrubias">&#8220;Dr. Daniel Covarrubias &#8212; The Bridge&#8221;</a></strong> &#8212; A conversation with the leading analyst of the US-Mexico border economy on what the tariff architecture actually means for cross-border operators.</p><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-sa-de-cv">&#8220;M&#233;xico S.A. de C.V.&#8221;</a></strong> &#8212; The founding essay: why Mexico is not a country waiting to be discovered, but a company waiting to be understood.</p><div><hr></div><h2>&#9898; THE LONGVIEW &#8212; English version (Spanish below)</h2><h3>The Table Is Incomplete. The Work Is Not.</h3><p>The world is fracturing. That is not a metaphor.</p><p><strong>The Strait of Hormuz remains the</strong> chokepoint for a fifth of global oil and a quarter of the world&#8217;s LNG. President Trump completed a three-day summit in Beijing and both governments published statements that barely overlapped. <em>The two largest economies in the world, the two largest rivals from economic influence sitting together in the middle of a global storm; both know they have deep distrust, global ambitions and the risks.  Clearly not the ideal times to bring calm to a storm that is being used to punish one of the two.  </em></p><p>Both China and the US were unable to coordinate on<strong> AI safety, climate, or the energy crisis unfolding in real time.</strong> <strong>Tariffs between the two largest economies remain near 50%.</strong></p><p>The world is dividing into competing blocs. Supply chains are being redrawn at historic speed. The race to control foundational AI infrastructure is not a technology story &#8212; it is a civilization story. And in the middle of all this, three nations that share a continent, <strong>500 million people, and $30 trillion in combined GDP are still sitting in separate rooms.</strong></p><p>That is the context for what opened today in Mexico City.</p><div><hr></div><p>There is a chair missing at that table; <strong>Canada &#8212; the third nation</strong>, the country that completes the triangle &#8212; joins July 1, not today. </p><p><strong>I name this plainly: </strong><em>the distance between Washington and Ottawa since President Trump&#8217;s second term began is real and documented.</em> </p><p>He has said things <strong>Canadians</strong> have not forgotten and vice versa.  <strong>Mark Carney&#8217;s </strong>speech of <strong>decoupling from the US economy at Davos </strong>was heard and applauded around the world; but the actions that followed  speak louder than words:  A deal with <strong>China</strong> and an immediate visit to <strong>Mexico</strong> with 200 of the top company CEOs of <strong>Canada </strong>is no small message.  </p><p><em>There is not much we can do about the current relationship. What we can do is refuse to let it define the continent&#8217;s future because there is too much on the table that needs the 3 nations to agree on.</em></p><p>If the road to full trilateral integration runs through a <strong>US-Mexico </strong>bilateral first, then a <strong>US-Canada </strong>bilateral, then a <strong>Mexico-Canada </strong>corridor that builds its own institutional logic &#8212; so be it. Imperfect progress is still progress.</p><p>I advocate for <strong>North American Smart Integration</strong> &#8212; not uniformity, not the subordination of any nation&#8217;s identity, but <strong>the conscious building of a continent</strong> that plays to its own strengths. </p><p>The foundational truth of this vision: the <strong>United States, Mexico, and Canada</strong> are not three similar nations competing for the same things. <strong>They are three genuinely complementary civilizations &amp; nations:</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>The United States</strong> brings capital scale, technological leadership, the world&#8217;s most dynamic innovation ecosystem, and the rule of law infrastructure that makes complex trade possible. <em>And much more.</em></p></li><li><p><strong>Mexico</strong> brings a young creative &amp; hardworking workforce that is growing, strategic geography as the continent&#8217;s southern gateway, manufacturing depth, and energy assets the hemisphere needs. <em>And much more.</em></p></li><li><p><strong>Canada</strong> brings capital scale, rule of law and civility, natural resource sovereignty, institutional stability, sustainability culture, Arctic access, critical minerals, and a talent base that anchors the northern flank. <em>And much more.</em></p></li></ul><blockquote><p><em><strong>What one nation lacks, another holds in surplus. That is not a trade story. That is a civilization story.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><em><strong>This is why the USMCA conversation must move beyond tariffs and content rules.</strong></em> The continent I want to help build is a <strong>value community</strong> &#8212; <em>three nations deciding together what standards they hold themselves to: on labor, on the environment, on AI governance, on shared natural resources, on the education of their children, on smart immigration and on shared vision.</em> </p><p><strong>These are the conversations that will determine whether North America leads the world or merely trades within it.</strong></p><p>The argument for <strong>North American integration</strong> used to be primarily economic. That argument was always strong. <strong>Today it is existential.</strong> When the world&#8217;s two largest powers cannot coordinate on energy, AI, or basic supply chain stability &#8212; <em><strong>North America&#8217;s integrated civilization is not just a trade opportunity. It is the most valuable unrealized asset in the global order.</strong></em></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>A word on Mexico,</strong> <em>because this platform does not look away.</em></p><p>On May 21, <strong>Moody&#8217;s downgraded Mexican sovereign debt to Baa3</strong> &#8212; one notch above junk &#8212; with <strong>GDP growth forecast below 1% for 2026.</strong> Days before that, former Sinaloa governor Rub&#233;n Rocha Moya was indicted by the US Department of Justice for allegedly conspiring with the Sinaloa Cartel to secure his election in exchange for political protection. <strong>Mexico&#8217;s institutions &amp; political trust are under visible stress.</strong> <strong>The security situation in too many regions remains deeply alarming.</strong></p><p><em><strong>We are 130 million souls ready for a new era that we have been waiting for 100 years. </strong></em>The investment announcements are real. The infrastructure ambitions are real. <strong>The execution capacity and transparency remains to be seen.</strong></p><p><em><strong>The talent of the Mexican people is the most undervalued asset in the Western Hemisphere. </strong></em>But ambition without institutional integrity does not build a country. It performs one. </p><p><em><strong>Mexico needs real transformation </strong>&#8212; not announced transformation. Institutions that function. Prosecutors who are not afraid. A political class willing to fix what is broken. A society that demands both.</em></p><p>The question that <strong>The North American &#8212; 77 </strong>will keep asking is whether our leaders are ready to lead the era they have been handed.</p><p><strong>ONE FUTURE. THREE NATIONS.</strong></p><p><em>&#8212; Eduardo Joffroy | The North American &#8212; 77 | May 25, 2026</em></p><div><hr></div><h2>&#9898; THE LONGVIEW &#8212; <em>Versi&#243;n en espa&#241;ol</em></h2><h3>La Mesa Est&#225; Incompleta. El Trabajo No.</h3><p>El mundo se est&#225; fracturando. Eso no es una met&#225;fora.</p><p><strong>El Estrecho de Ormuz</strong> sigue siendo el punto de paso para una quinta parte del petr&#243;leo mundial y una cuarta parte del GNL del planeta. <strong>El presidente Trump complet&#243; una cumbre de tres d&#237;as en Beijing</strong> y ambos gobiernos publicaron declaraciones que apenas coincid&#237;an. <strong>Las dos econom&#237;as m&#225;s grandes del mundo, los dos grandes rivales por la influencia econ&#243;mica global sentados juntos en medio de una tormenta global;</strong> <em>ambos saben que tienen desconfianza profunda, ambiciones globales y los riesgos que eso conlleva</em>. </p><p><strong>Claramente no son los tiempos ideales para calmar una tormenta que est&#225; siendo utilizada para castigar a uno de los dos.</strong></p><p><em>Tanto China como Estados Unidos fueron incapaces de coordinar sobre seguridad en inteligencia artificial, cambio clim&#225;tico o la crisis energ&#233;tica que se desarrolla en tiempo real. Los aranceles entre las dos econom&#237;as m&#225;s grandes del mundo se mantienen cerca del 50%.</em></p><p>El mundo se divide en bloques en competencia. Las cadenas de suministro se est&#225;n redibujando a velocidad hist&#243;rica. <strong>La carrera por controlar la infraestructura fundamental de la IA no es una historia tecnol&#243;gica</strong> &#8212; <strong>es una historia de civilizaci&#243;n</strong>. </p><p><em>Y en medio de todo esto, tres naciones que comparten un continente, 500 millones de personas y 30 billones de d&#243;lares en PIB combinado siguen sentadas en habitaciones separadas.</em></p><p>Ese es el contexto de lo que abri&#243; hoy en la <strong>Ciudad de M&#233;xico.</strong></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Falta una silla en esa mesa; Canad&#225; </strong>&#8212; <em>la tercera naci&#243;n, el pa&#237;s que completa el tri&#225;ngulo &#8212; se incorpora el 1 de julio, no hoy.</em></p><p>El distanciamiento entre Washington y Ottawa es real.</p><p><strong>El presidente Trump</strong> ha dicho cosas que los canadienses no han olvidado, y viceversa. El discurso de <strong>Mark Carney </strong>sobre la dependencia economica con EUA en <strong>Davos</strong> fue escuchado y aplaudido en todo el mundo; pero <strong>las acciones que siguieron hablan m&#225;s fuerte que las palabras: </strong><em>un acuerdo con China y una visita inmediata a <strong>M&#233;xico </strong>con 200 de los principales CEOs de <strong>Canad&#225;</strong> no es un mensaje menor.</em></p><p>No hay mucho que podamos hacer en este momento respecto a la relaci&#243;n actual de dos naciones que han sido aliados toda la vida. Ya tendr&#225;n su momento para sanar las heridas y poner sus prioridades en orden.  <em><strong>Lo que s&#237; podemos hacer es negarnos a dejar que defina el futuro del continente, porque hay demasiado en juego que requiere que las tres naciones lleguen a acuerdos.</strong></em></p><p>Si el camino hacia la integraci&#243;n trilateral plena pasa primero por un bilateral <strong>Estados Unidos-M&#233;xico</strong>, luego uno <strong>Estados Unidos-Canad&#225;, </strong>luego un corredor <strong>M&#233;xico-Canad&#225;</strong> con su propia l&#243;gica institucional &#8212; que as&#237; sea. <em><strong>El progreso imperfecto sigue siendo progreso.</strong></em></p><p>Defiendo la <strong>Integraci&#243;n Inteligente Norteamericana</strong> &#8212; no uniformidad, no la subordinaci&#243;n de la identidad de ninguna naci&#243;n, sino <em><strong>la construcci&#243;n consciente de un continente que juegue con sus propias fortalezas.</strong></em></p><p><strong>La verdad fundamental de esta visi&#243;n: Estados Unidos, M&#233;xico y Canad&#225;</strong> no son tres naciones similares compitiendo por las mismas cosas. <em><strong>Son tres civilizaciones y naciones genuinamente complementarias:</strong></em></p><ul><li><p><strong>Estados Unidos</strong> aporta escala de capital, liderazgo tecnol&#243;gico, el ecosistema de innovaci&#243;n m&#225;s din&#225;mico del mundo y la infraestructura de estado de derecho que hace posible el comercio complejo. <strong>Y mucho m&#225;s.</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>M&#233;xico</strong> aporta una fuerza laboral joven, creativa y trabajadora que sigue creciendo, geograf&#237;a estrat&#233;gica como puerta de entrada sur del continente, profundidad manufacturera y activos energ&#233;ticos que el hemisferio necesita. <strong>Y mucho m&#225;s.</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>Canad&#225;</strong> aporta escala de capital, estado de derecho y civismo, soberan&#237;a sobre recursos naturales, estabilidad institucional, cultura de sostenibilidad, acceso al &#193;rtico, minerales cr&#237;ticos y una base de talento que ancla el flanco norte. Y<strong> mucho m&#225;s.</strong></p></li></ul><blockquote><p><em><strong>Lo que a una naci&#243;n le falta, otra lo tiene en abundancia. Eso no es una historia de comercio. Es una historia de civilizaci&#243;n.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p>Por eso la conversaci&#243;n del T-MEC debe<em><strong> ir m&#225;s all&#225; de los aranceles y las reglas de contenido</strong></em>. El continente que quiero ayudar a construir es una <strong>comunidad de valores</strong> &#8212; <em>tres naciones que deciden juntas los est&#225;ndares a los que quieren comprometerse: en materia laboral, ambiental, de gobernanza de la IA, de recursos naturales compartidos, en la educaci&#243;n de sus hijos, en migraci&#243;n inteligente y en visi&#243;n compartida.</em></p><p><strong>Estas son las conversaciones que determinar&#225;n si Norteam&#233;rica lidera al mundo o simplemente comercia dentro de &#233;l.</strong></p><p>El argumento para la <strong>integraci&#243;n norteamericana </strong>sol&#237;a ser principalmente econ&#243;mico. Ese argumento siempre fue s&#243;lido. Hoy es existencial. <em>Cuando las dos potencias m&#225;s grandes del mundo no pueden coordinarse en energ&#237;a, IA o estabilidad b&#225;sica de las cadenas de suministro </em>&#8212; <strong>la civilizaci&#243;n integrada de Norteam&#233;rica no es solo una oportunidad comercial. Es el activo m&#225;s valioso e inexplotado en el orden global.</strong></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Sobre M&#233;xico</strong>, porque esta plataforma no le da la espalda a los datos:</p><p><strong>El 21 de mayo, Moody&#8217;s rebaj&#243; la deuda soberana mexicana a Baa3 </strong>&#8212; un escal&#243;n por encima del grado especulativo &#8212; <strong>con un crecimiento del PIB proyectado por debajo del 1% para 2026</strong>. D&#237;as antes, el ex gobernador de Sinaloa, <strong>Rub&#233;n Rocha Moya, fue imputado por el Departamento de Justicia de Estados Unidos por presuntamente conspirar con el C&#225;rtel de Sinaloa</strong> para asegurar su elecci&#243;n a cambio de protecci&#243;n pol&#237;tica. </p><p><em>Las instituciones mexicanas y la confianza pol&#237;tica est&#225;n bajo estr&#233;s visible. La situaci&#243;n de seguridad en demasiadas regiones sigue siendo profundamente alarmante.</em></p><p><strong>Somos 130 millones</strong> de almas listas para una nueva era que <strong>hemos esperado 100 a&#241;os.</strong> <em>Los anuncios de inversi&#243;n son reales. Las ambiciones de infraestructura son reales. <strong>La capacidad de ejecuci&#243;n y la transparencia est&#225;n por demostrarse.</strong></em></p><p><em><strong>El talento del pueblo mexicano es el activo m&#225;s subvalorado del hemisferio occidental.</strong></em> <em>Pero la ambici&#243;n sin integridad institucional no construye un pa&#237;s. Lo escenifica.</em></p><p><strong>M&#233;xico necesita transformaci&#243;n real </strong>&#8212; no anunciada. Instituciones que funcionen. Fiscales que no tengan miedo. Una clase pol&#237;tica dispuesta a corregir lo que est&#225; roto. Una sociedad que exija ambas cosas.</p><p>La pregunta que <strong>The North American &#8212; 77 </strong>seguir&#225; haciendo es si nuestros l&#237;deres est&#225;n listos para conducir la era que les ha tocado.</p><p><strong>UN FUTURO. TRES NACIONES.</strong></p><p><em>&#8212; Eduardo Joffroy | The North American &#8212; 77 | 25 de mayo de 2026</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[8,500 Followers]]></title><description><![CDATA[Acabamos de cruzar 8,500 seguidores en Substack. Con su ayuda vamos a poder llegar a mas lectores y mejor aun subscripciones.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/nueve-mil-nine-thousand</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/nueve-mil-nine-thousand</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 22 May 2026 11:02:49 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/982fca80-d946-4277-a71d-22d5eb6f288a_1000x1000.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>English version below:</strong></p><p><strong>Cruzamos los 8,500 seguidores esta semana.</strong></p><p>No lo tomamos a la ligera; lo que hacemos en <strong>NA77 </strong>es trabajo muy serio que creemos tiene el potencial de promover las ideas que necesita Norte Am&#233;rica para un mejor futuro. </p><blockquote><p>En NA77 hacemos an&#225;lisis estructurales y los presentamos en formatos digeribles. Son profundos los problemas que tenemos pero creo que son m&#225;s las posibilidades si nos unimos para crear una narrativa estrat&#233;gica para nuestro continente.</p></blockquote><p>Esto requiere de mucho tiempo y esfuerzo. Sobre todo requiere de que gente como ustedes que crean, se unan y colaboren.</p><p><strong>Nueve mil de ustedes ya nos dijeron que s&#237; creen.</strong></p><p><strong>Vamos por los 10,000 antes del fin del verano.</strong> No porque el n&#250;mero sea m&#225;gico&#8212;no lo es. Pero porque a los 10,000, desbloqueamos la siguiente fase: el podcast encuentra sus productores, las voces que han estado esperando para colaborar dan un paso adelante, y pasamos de publicaci&#243;n a plataforma.</p><p>Pueden llevarnos ah&#237; de dos formas. La segunda primero:</p><h2>Ay&#250;dame a compartir</h2><p>Env&#237;a esto a personas que les interese lo que publicamos sobre Norte Am&#233;rica.</p><p><a href="%25%share_url%25%25">Share</a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share The North American &#8212; 77</span></a></p><h2>Luego, considera convertirte en suscriptor</h2><p>Cualquier apoyo financiero nos ayuda a mejorar las investigaciones, entrevistas, calidad de contenido, las asociaciones continentales, la pr&#243;xima generaci&#243;n de ensayos.</p><p>No es una transacci&#243;n. Es una inversi&#243;n en la narrativa que realmente moldea c&#243;mo Norteam&#233;rica se ve a s&#237; misma.</p><p><strong><a href="%25%checkout_url%25%25">Subscribe now</a></strong></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h2>Parte del contenido que hemos desarrollado en NA77</h2><ul><li><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexiones-de-nuestras-nacione?r=6769y">Reflexiones de Nuestras Naciones &#8212; Ensayo I: Los Gobiernos No Son Accidentes. Son Reflejos.</a></strong><br>Donde comienza todo. Por qu&#233; tu gobierno es un espejo de tu sociedad. Por qu&#233; eso importa para lo que viene despu&#233;s.</p></li><li><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-sa-de-cv?r=6769y">M&#233;xico S.A. de C.V.</a></strong><br>Quinientos a&#241;os como una sola empresa continua. Cuatro modelos de propiedad. Un mismo sistema operativo: extraer del pa&#237;s, distribuir entre pocos.</p></li><li><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/el-siglo-que-mexico-puede-encender?r=6769y">El Siglo Que M&#233;xico Puede Encender</a></strong><br>No nost&#225;lgico. No ut&#243;pico. Qu&#233; M&#233;xico puede realmente construir si deja de elegir la extracci&#243;n sobre la aceleraci&#243;n.</p></li><li><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/los-mexicanos-debemos-de-dejar-de-ignorar?r=6769y">Los Mexicanos Debemos Dejar de Ignorar</a></strong><br>Qu&#233; significa el cambio continental para un pa&#237;s que se construy&#243; ignorando a sus vecinos.</p></li><li><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-the-neighbor-that-chose-to?r=6769y">Mexico, the Neighbor That Chose to Ignore the Global Order</a></strong><br>La pol&#237;tica comercial que nadie quer&#237;a nombrar. La factura que M&#233;xico est&#225; pagando por mirar hacia otro lado.</p></li><li><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-the-forgotten-piece-of-the?r=6769y">Mexico, the Forgotten Piece of the North American Puzzle</a></strong><br>An&#225;lisis estructural. C&#243;mo se ve el continente si pones a M&#233;xico en el centro en lugar de la periferia.</p></li><li><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/la-estrategia-mexico?r=6769y">La Estrategia M&#233;xico</a></strong><br>La estrategia no es izquierda o derecha. Es capacidad institucional. As&#237; es como se ve realmente.</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><h2>El trabajo contin&#250;a</h2><p>Seguimos m&#225;s motivados que nunca y optimistas porque escuchamos las voces y nos dicen que estamos compartiendo datos y perspectivas de valor.</p><p>Gracias por ser uno de los 8,500 que dijeron que la historia de Norteam&#233;rica importa.</p><div><hr></div><h1>8,500 Followers</h1><p><strong>We crossed 8,500 subscribers this week.</strong></p><p>We don&#8217;t take that lightly. What we do at<strong> NA77 </strong>is serious work grounded in the belief that it has the potential to advance the ideas North America needs for a better future. </p><blockquote><p>At <strong>NA77</strong>, we produce structural analysis and present it in digestible form. The problems we face run deep, but I believe the possibilities are greater if we unite to build a strategic narrative for our continent.</p></blockquote><p>That requires time and effort. Most of all, it requires people like you&#8212;people who believe&#8212;to join us and collaborate.</p><p>Nine thousand of you have already told us that you do believe.</p><p><strong>We&#8217;re going for 10,000 before the end of summer.</strong> Not because the number is magical&#8212;it isn&#8217;t. But because at 10,000, we unlock the next phase: the podcast finds its producers, the voices that have been waiting to collaborate step forward, and we move from publication to platform.</p><p>You can carry us there two ways. The second one first:</p><h2>Help me share this</h2><p>Send this to people who care about what we publish on North America.</p><p><a href="%25%share_url%25%25">Share</a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=share&amp;action=share"><span>Share The North American &#8212; 77</span></a></p><h2>Then consider becoming a subscriber</h2><p>Any financial support helps us improve our research, conduct deeper interviews, raise the quality of our content, build continental partnerships, and produce the next generation of essays.</p><p>This isn&#8217;t a transaction. It&#8217;s an investment in the narrative that actually shapes how North America sees itself.</p><p><a href="%25%checkout_url%25%25">Subscribe now</a></p><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Subscribe now&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/subscribe?"><span>Subscribe now</span></a></p><div><hr></div><h2>The work we&#8217;ve developed</h2><ul><li><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexiones-de-nuestras-nacione?r=6769y">Reflexiones de Nuestras Naciones &#8212; Essay I: Governments Are Not Accidents. They Are Reflexions.</a></strong><br>Where it begins. Why your government is a mirror of your society. Why that matters for what comes next.</p></li><li><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-sa-de-cv?r=6769y">M&#233;xico S.A. de C.V.</a></strong><br>Five hundred years as a single continuous corporation. Four ownership models. One operating system: extract from the country, distribute to a few.</p></li><li><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/el-siglo-que-mexico-puede-encender?r=6769y">El Siglo Que M&#233;xico Puede Encender</a></strong><br>Not nostalgic. Not utopian. What Mexico can actually build if it stops choosing extraction over acceleration.</p></li><li><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/los-mexicanos-debemos-de-dejar-de-ignorar?r=6769y">Los Mexicanos Debemos Dejar de Ignorar</a></strong><br>What continental realignment means for a country that built itself by ignoring its neighbors.</p></li><li><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-the-neighbor-that-chose-to?r=6769y">Mexico, the Neighbor That Chose to Ignore the Global Order</a></strong><br>The trade policy no one wanted to name. The bill Mexico is paying for looking away.</p></li><li><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/mexico-the-forgotten-piece-of-the?r=6769y">Mexico, the Forgotten Piece of the North American Puzzle</a></strong><br>Structural analysis. What the continent looks like if you put Mexico at the center instead of the periphery.</p></li><li><p><strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/la-estrategia-mexico?r=6769y">La Estrategia M&#233;xico</a></strong><br>Strategy isn&#8217;t left or right. It&#8217;s institutional capacity. This is what it actually looks like.</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><h2>The work continues</h2><p>We&#8217;re more motivated than ever and optimistic because we listen to your voices and you tell us that yes, we&#8217;re sharing data and perspectives of real value.</p><p>Thank you for being one of the 9,000 who said that North America&#8217;s story matters.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Governments Are Not Accidents. They Are Reflections.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Governments Are Mirrors of Societies; Why societies produce the leaders they produce &#8212; and why North America cannot afford another generation of pretending. Paper 1 of II.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexions-of-our-nations-eng</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 19 May 2026 13:00:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>By Eduardo Joffroy G</strong></p><h3><em>Paper I of III of the Series: The Reflexions of Our Nations </em></h3><p><em><strong>Leer en Espanol: </strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/2a1aad23-f938-454a-884c-36f8a50197ec?postPreview=paid&amp;updated=2026-05-19T22%3A27%3A31.692Z&amp;audience=everyone&amp;free_preview=false&amp;freemail=true">Los Gobiernos son Reflejos de la Sociedad</a></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg" width="1456" height="1102" 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srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hKg0!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F38387371-2e7a-4704-aa08-71a44c001edb_2368x1792.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p>From Clinton to Trump. From Fox to Sheinbaum. Thirty years of watching North American politics from both sides of a single line.</p><p>A note on scope. I have lived these years primarily from the U.S.&#8211;Mexico seam. Canadian politics, I have observed from outside; my understanding is informed but not lived. This essay focuses on the two democracies I know in my bones. Canada will receive its own treatment, on its own terms, in a future paper of this series.</p><p>The pattern that came out of those decades was not partisan, and not even particularly national. It was structural.</p><blockquote><p><em><strong>Governments are not accidents. They are reflections.</strong></em></p></blockquote><p><strong>The leaders a nation produces &#8212; and the leaders it tolerates &#8212; are a measure of the nation itself: of what it believes, what it has been taught, what it can still imagine.</strong></p><p>Good leaders do exist. Some of them have given decades of their lives to public service, often at real personal cost, and have shaped their countries for the better. But even the best leader cannot give a country something its citizenry has not yet built. The country we have, in the end, is the country we are building together &#8212; day by day, election by election, conversation by conversation.</p><p>This is not a moral claim. It is an observation.</p><div><hr></div><p>I grew up crossing the U.S.&#8211;Mexico border every day for thirteen years of childhood. By the time I was twelve, I had spent more hours of my life standing in border lines than most people will spend in a lifetime.</p><p>What the border taught me, more than anything else, was that the difference between the two countries was not geography or weather or even economy. <strong>It was a difference of </strong><em><strong>expectations.</strong></em></p><p>On the U.S. side, the city was always clean, the police enforced the law, and citizens and visitors alike respected the rules, the laws, and the culture &#8212; because if you didn&#8217;t, there were consequences. The rule of law was less a written code than a daily habit of mind.</p><p>On the Mexican side, meters away in distance and miles away in reality; the expectations inverted. The streets were always dirty and nobody did anything about it. The city lights were never uniform and nobody complained. The streets were disorderly, without signage &#8212; and that was just how things were. You ran red lights and there were no consequences. If a police officer did happen to stop you, before writing a ticket he would offer you a quick way out. You did not expect the rule that was written to be the rule that was applied. And so the everyday behavior of ordinary citizens adjusted.</p><p>Mexicans did not collectively <em>fail</em> to keep order. Mexicans, in the absence of any expectation that the state would keep order, organized our daily lives around its absence.</p><blockquote><p><em>This is the deepest layer of the mirror. A government reflects the behaviors, customs, and habits of its citizens &#8212; and the behaviors, customs, and habits of its citizens reflect the government they have learned to expect.</em></p></blockquote><p>The relationship is bidirectional. It produces, over generations, a civic equilibrium &#8212; a society and its state shaping one another into the form they will both have to live with.</p><div><hr></div><p>Before either country had its first president, each had its first sentence. Those sentences predicted everything that followed.</p><p><strong>The United States declared itself into existence in 1776:</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>Mexico declared itself in 1917, after a revolution that had cost a million lives. Article 39 of the new constitution:</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>La soberan&#237;a nacional reside esencial y originariamente en el pueblo. Todo poder p&#250;blico dimana del pueblo y se instituye para beneficio de &#233;ste.</em></p></blockquote><p>Both texts place sovereignty in the people. </p><p>But the countries they constituted are differently configured. </p><p><strong>The American framers</strong> wrote a state designed to guarantee the conditions under which citizens would pursue their own ends. </p><p><strong>The Mexican framers</strong> wrote a state designed to deliver outcomes &#8212; education, land, work, dignity &#8212; directly to its citizens.</p><ol><li><p><strong>The American state was constituted as a platform.</strong> </p></li><li><p><strong>The Mexican state was constituted as an actor.</strong></p></li></ol><p><strong>Two opposite bets,</strong> written into the founding documents. Each country has spent a century living out the consequences.</p><div><hr></div><div class="install-substack-app-embed install-substack-app-embed-web" data-component-name="InstallSubstackAppToDOM"><img class="install-substack-app-embed-img" src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!hmIS!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F7ddf0ccf-2eee-404f-852f-0514e511e0f2_512x512.png"><div class="install-substack-app-embed-text"><div class="install-substack-app-header">Get more from Eduardo Joffroy G in the Substack app</div><div class="install-substack-app-text">Available for iOS and Android</div></div><a href="https://substack.com/app/app-store-redirect?utm_campaign=app-marketing&amp;utm_content=author-post-insert&amp;utm_source=eduardojoffroy" target="_blank" class="install-substack-app-embed-link"><button class="install-substack-app-embed-btn button primary">Get the app</button></a></div><div><hr></div><h2>What each country built &#8212; and what each one became</h2><p>The bet either country made at its founding did not produce results immediately. Both took roughly a century to produce their peaks.</p><p>The American peak ran from the end of the Second World War to the mid-1970s. Three decades during which the country built the conditions of modern life as the world now knows it. </p><p>The interstate highway system rebuilt the country&#8217;s geography. The G.I. Bill produced the most educated generation in human history. Mass home ownership was broadly distributed for the first time anywhere on earth. Wages and productivity rose together &#8212; meaning a worker&#8217;s pay grew with the value the worker produced, the basic mechanism of a functioning middle class. American universities became the destination of the world&#8217;s best minds. </p><p>American science put humans on the moon. American culture &#8212; Hollywood, jazz, rock and roll, Broadway, the novel &#8212; became, for the first time in modern history, a culture exported globally on its own merits rather than imposed by empire. American corporations built the consumer goods, the airliners, the computers, the pharmaceuticals, and eventually the software that shaped twentieth-century life everywhere.</p><p>And underneath all of that, quieter but more consequential than any single industry, the United States built something no other country in history has built at scale: <strong>a financial system designed to allow ordinary citizens to accumulate wealth alongside the country itself. </strong></p><p>Wall Street made it possible for a worker with a regular paycheck to own a piece of the American economy through bonds, mutual funds, and eventually the S&amp;P 500 &#8212; an index that has compounded at roughly ten percent annually since 1957. Warren Buffett, who has spent a lifetime watching this system from inside it, has said that the only thing he holds true is to never bet against the American economy. </p><p>The reason that line carries weight is that the system has, for seventy years, allowed any American with the discipline to save to participate in the wealth of the country. That is not an accident of culture. <em><strong>That is the platform working precisely as the founding bet intended.</strong></em></p><p>It is true that this prosperity was not equally available to every American at the same moment. Black, Native, Latino, and Asian Americans confronted barriers that white Americans did not &#8212; barriers that took the civil-rights movement, generations of legal reform, and ongoing social work to begin dismantling. We will examine that fuller story in the next paper of this series. </p><p><strong>But the structural fact holds: </strong><em>the platform model, working as designed, produced the most powerful civilization the modern world had seen.</em> The wealth was real. The opportunities were real. The trajectory was upward.</p><p>Mexico&#8217;s peak was shorter and less internationally recognized &#8212; but inside its own borders, no less real. <em><strong>From roughly 1940 to 1970 &#8212; the period economists came to call the Mexican Miracle &#8212; Mexico grew at an average of 6.6 percent annually for three decades, one of the fastest sustained growth rates anywhere in the world during that period. Industrial production expanded at eight percent a year. </strong></em>Inflation held at three percent. The population doubled while the economy grew sixfold. Primary-school enrollment tripled. The Instituto Polit&#233;cnico Nacional and the Tec de Monterrey were founded. Mexican manufacturing diversified into steel, automobiles, textiles, consumer goods. </p><p><strong>A real Mexican middle class began to form</strong> in Mexico City, Monterrey, Guadalajara &#8212; smaller than the American version, but visible. The state-as-actor model, working as designed under the conditions of mid-century state-led development, produced the most prosperous Mexico the modern world had seen.</p><p>But Mexico never built the equivalent of the American financial platform. The Bolsa Mexicana de Valores has, today, roughly 130 listed companies. The New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ have more than 6,000 between them. The Mexican stock market exists, but it is not the wealth-creation engine for ordinary Mexicans that Wall Street has been for ordinary Americans &#8212; because it was never designed to be, and because the Mexican majority has never had the surplus income that would have made the question of investing relevant. Mexican culture has not been a culture of saving, investing and compounding. <em><strong>Not because Mexicans are different. Because the system did not produce the conditions in which a culture of compounding could form.</strong></em></p><p>Here too, the opportunity was not equally distributed. But the Mexican story of inequality is structurally different from the American one, and it is important to name precisely. </p><p>In Mexico, the citizens who built businesses and wealth during these decades were the smart and the determined &#8212; Mexican families who fought through a system whose rules changed constantly, sometimes from one presidency to the next. </p><p>Echeverr&#237;a in the 1970s took private land. Salinas in the 1990s privatized public assets. Pe&#241;a Nieto in 2013 opened the energy and telecommunications sectors to private capital. AMLO from 2018 closed those reforms and rebuilt the state&#8217;s central role. Each abrupt reversal destroyed the patient long-horizon investment that lasting prosperity requires. </p><p>The Mexicans who succeeded did so <em>despite</em> the constant rule-changing, not because the system was open to them. They built around the instability. They paid its price. The families behind <em><strong>Bimbo, Cemex, Femsa, Modelo, Gruma </strong></em>&#8212; and the <em><strong>directors and chefs and engineers</strong></em> who carried Mexico&#8217;s name onto world stages &#8212; proved that Mexican talent and ambition could compete at the highest global level when the work was done in the open, in real markets, against real competitors, without political shortcuts.</p><p>The Mexicans who did not succeed were not blocked by their fellow citizens. <em>They were blocked by a system designed, from the founding constitution onward, to place the largest opportunities in political hands &#8212; to be distributed through political networks, to political clients, on political timelines.</em></p><p>This is the precise diagnosis. Mexico&#8217;s problem is not its haves and its have-nots. <em><strong>Mexico&#8217;s problem is a state that has always been the gatekeeper of the largest opportunities</strong></em>, and a political class that has always treated those opportunities as currency to be traded rather than as a public commons to be built for everyone. </p><blockquote><p><em>Whether by design or by accumulated political convenience, the result has been the same. A majority that cannot save cannot accumulate. A majority that cannot accumulate cannot become independent of political patronage. A majority that is not independent of political patronage votes the way patronage requires.</em></p></blockquote><p>Then the world changed, and the two models adapted differently.</p><p>The American model bent toward financialization. Beginning in the late 1970s, the share of corporate profits going to finance began to climb. Wages decoupled from productivity &#8212; workers continued to produce more, but the gains began flowing increasingly to capital rather than to labor. Manufacturing left the heartland. The promise of college as a path to middle-class life began to require debt that the resulting wages could no longer service. The platform that had once secured broad citizen prosperity became, by degrees, a platform for capital extraction. The original bet still works for the top of the American distribution. It has stopped working, in any reliable way, for the middle.</p><p>The Mexican model did not adapt &#8212; because it could not adapt without rebuilding its underlying assumption. The state-led, inward-looking development strategy that had worked under conditions of protected markets and managed currencies broke against the realities of the 1980s &#8212; the oil shock, the debt crisis of 1982, the collapse of import substitution as a global development strategy. Mexico spent that decade in fiscal emergency. NAFTA in 1994 opened the Mexican economy to North American integration but did not reform the underlying state-centric architecture. The democratic opening from 1988 to 2000 modernized Mexico&#8217;s political institutions without changing its economic ones. Pemex and CFE, the engines of Mexican Miracle-era growth, became fiscal anchors instead. <em><strong>Today, Mexico&#8217;s economy grows at one to two percent in a good year. The country that grew at 6.6 percent for three decades now struggles to grow at two percent for one.</strong></em></p><p>Both countries, in other words, are operating today at a fraction of their own historical peaks. <em>This is not the story of nations that failed. This is the story of nations that succeeded, brilliantly, under one set of conditions &#8212; and have not yet figured out how to renew themselves under another.</em> </p><p>The American renewal will require rebuilding the platform so that prosperity flows broadly again, not only to the top. </p><p>The Mexican renewal will require something harder &#8212; a citizenry that decides, together, to build a system in which opportunity is open to everyone, not concentrated in political hands and distributed through political favor.</p><p>That is not a fight between Mexicans. That is a fight every Mexican has a stake in winning.</p><div><hr></div><p class="button-wrapper" data-attrs="{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;Share The North American &#8212; 77&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:null,&quot;class&quot;:null}" data-component-name="ButtonCreateButton"><a class="button primary" href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email&utm_content=share&action=share"><span>Share The North American &#8212; 77</span></a></p><div><hr></div><p><strong>The playing fields of the United States and Mexico are far from similar.</strong> It is much harder to earn in <strong>Mexico </strong>than it is in the <strong>United States</strong>, and the evidence is one of the most consequential migrations of the modern era. <strong>More than ten million Mexicans have built their lives in the country next door. </strong>The money they send home &#8212; <em><strong>las remesas (Remitencies)</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; <strong>has become the single largest source of foreign income for Mexico, surpassing oil, surpassing foreign investment, surpassing tourism. </strong></p><p>Roughly <strong>sixty-three billion dollars in 2024 alone.</strong> A nation&#8217;s largest export is its own working-age citizens. No statistic captures the playing-field gap more honestly than that one.</p><div><hr></div><p>There is a popular saying across Mexico &#8212; <em><strong>tenemos el gobierno que nos merecemos.</strong></em><strong> </strong>It was first written by <strong>Joseph de Maistre,</strong> an eighteenth-century French monarchist who used it to argue that revolution against tyranny was futile. In his hands, it was a justification for political passivity.</p><p>That use is wrong. But the structural observation underneath is not. Societies produce their governments. The question is whether the producing is conscious or unconscious &#8212; whether a society is <em>building</em> the conditions of its political life or merely <em>suffering</em> them.</p><p>This is the question North America cannot afford to keep avoiding.</p><div><hr></div><p>We are two democracies in two different kinds of crisis. The United States has, over the past seventy-plus years, watched the system it built to make its private sector great become extractive of its own middle class. <strong>Trust in the federal government has collapsed from 77 percent in 1964 to 17 percent today. </strong>The ordinary American citizen is exhausted by a system that no longer lets him retire in peace.</p><p><strong>Mexico </strong>has, over the same period, watched its state become the <strong>central actor in everything </strong>&#8212; politically, economically, increasingly militarily &#8212; while individual Mexican excellence has flourished anyway, despite the state rather than through it. The Mexican citizen who stayed is, by most measures, afraid.</p><p>Both crises are real. Both could send their countries back decades if they are not addressed. Both, addressed honestly, hold the possibility of the largest renewal North America has seen in a century.</p><p><strong>The next piece in this series &#8212; </strong><em><strong>Paper II &#8212; The Broken Reflection</strong></em> &#8212; examines both nations in depth: how the United States got to seventeen-percent trust, how Mexico got to a state-centric democracy with an electorate that keeps voting for more of it, and what these two paths have in common underneath their opposite shapes.</p><p><strong>The third &#8212; </strong><em><strong>Paper III &#8212; Building the Citizenry</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; examines what each country can actually do about it. The honest version. Not left, not right. Not partisan, not utopian. The patient, generational work of becoming the kind of countries that produce the governments their citizens deserve.</p><div><hr></div><p>For now, the foundation.</p><p><strong>Governments are mirrors. </strong>The reflection we see is the reflection we built. Mirrors do not crack from the front. They crack from the back, slowly, in places we do not look &#8212; in the daily expectations we set for our governments, and in the daily standards we set for ourselves.</p><p>The mirror is not somewhere out there. The mirror is us.</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Eduardo Joffroy is the founder &amp; editor in chief of The North American &#8212; 77, a bilingual editorial platform on North America Integration. </em></p><h3><em>Paper I of III of the Series: The Reflexions of Our Nations a continental trilogy on governance, society, and the architecture of citizenship.</em></h3>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Los Gobiernos No Son Accidentes. Son Reflejos.]]></title><description><![CDATA[Los Gobiernos Son Espejos de las Sociedades Por qu&#233; las sociedades producen los l&#237;deres que producen &#8212; y por qu&#233; Norteam&#233;rica no puede permitirse otra generaci&#243;n de fingir lo contrario.]]></description><link>https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexiones-de-nuestras-nacione</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/reflexiones-de-nuestras-nacione</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Eduardo Joffroy]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 19 May 2026 08:45:05 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Por Eduardo Joffroy G</strong></p><p><em>Reflejos de Nuestras Naciones &#183; Ensayo I</em></p><p><em><strong>Leer en ingl&#233;s: </strong><a href="https://www.thenorthamerican.com/p/644bc7c2-48d6-475a-baad-2ea25a2d1ec1?postPreview=paid&amp;updated=2026-05-19T22%3A28%3A43.550Z&amp;audience=everyone&amp;free_preview=false&amp;freemail=true">Governments are not Accidents. They are Reflexions.</a></em></p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg" width="1456" height="1102" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/ac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1102,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:3358221,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.thenorthamerican.com/i/198379064?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!WYSa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fac616af0-0346-46db-88af-000f521b46d3_2368x1792.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><div><hr></div><p>De Clinton a Trump. De Fox a Sheinbaum. Treinta a&#241;os observando la pol&#237;tica norteamericana desde ambos lados de una sola l&#237;nea.</p><p>Una nota sobre el alcance. He vivido estos a&#241;os principalmente desde la costura entre Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico. La pol&#237;tica canadiense la he observado desde afuera; mi entendimiento es informado, pero no vivido. Este ensayo se enfoca en las dos democracias que conozco en los huesos. Canad&#225; recibir&#225; su propio tratamiento, en sus propios t&#233;rminos, en un ensayo futuro de esta serie.</p><p>El patr&#243;n que vino de esas d&#233;cadas no era partidista, ni siquiera particularmente nacional. Era estructural.</p><div><hr></div><p><em><strong>Los gobiernos no son accidentes. Son reflejos.</strong></em></p><blockquote><p>Los l&#237;deres que una naci&#243;n produce &#8212; y los l&#237;deres que tolera &#8212; son una medida de la naci&#243;n misma: de lo que cree, de lo que se le ha ense&#241;ado, de lo que es capaz de imaginar.</p></blockquote><p>Existen los buenos l&#237;deres. Algunos han entregado d&#233;cadas de su vida al servicio p&#250;blico, con frecuencia a un costo personal real, y han contribuido a moldear sus pa&#237;ses para mejor. Pero ni el mejor l&#237;der puede regalarle a un pa&#237;s algo que su ciudadan&#237;a a&#250;n no ha construido. El pa&#237;s que tenemos, al final, es el pa&#237;s que estamos construyendo juntos &#8212; d&#237;a a d&#237;a, elecci&#243;n por elecci&#243;n, conversaci&#243;n por conversaci&#243;n.</p><p>Esto no es una afirmaci&#243;n moral. Es una observaci&#243;n.</p><div><hr></div><p>Cruc&#233; la frontera entre M&#233;xico y Estados Unidos todos los d&#237;as durante trece a&#241;os de mi infancia. A los doce a&#241;os ya hab&#237;a acumulado m&#225;s horas en filas de aduana que las que la mayor&#237;a de las personas pasar&#225;n en toda su vida.</p><p>Lo que la frontera me ense&#241;&#243;, m&#225;s que cualquier otra cosa, fue que la diferencia entre los dos pa&#237;ses no era geogr&#225;fica, ni clim&#225;tica, ni siquiera econ&#243;mica. Era una diferencia de <em>expectativas.</em></p><p><strong>Del lado de Estados Unidos</strong>, la ciudad siempre estaba limpia, los polic&#237;as aplicaban la ley, los ciudadanos y visitantes respet&#225;bamos las normas, las leyes y la cultura &#8212; porque si no lo hac&#237;as, hab&#237;a consecuencias. El estado de derecho era menos un c&#243;digo escrito que un h&#225;bito diario de la mente.</p><p><strong>Del lado mexicano</strong>, a metros de distancia y a kil&#243;metros en la realidad, las expectativas se invert&#237;an. Las calles siempre sucias y nadie hac&#237;a nada. Las luces de la ciudad nunca uniformes y nadie reclamaba. Las calles desordenadas, sin se&#241;alizaci&#243;n &#8212; y simplemente as&#237; eran las cosas. Te pasabas los altos y no hab&#237;a consecuencias. Si te llegaba a parar un polic&#237;a, antes de levantarte una multa te ofrec&#237;a una salida r&#225;pida. No esperabas que la regla escrita fuera la regla aplicada. Y, en consecuencia, el comportamiento cotidiano de los ciudadanos comunes se ajustaba.</p><p>Los mexicanos no <em>fallamos</em> colectivamente en mantener el orden. Los mexicanos, en ausencia de cualquier expectativa de que el Estado lo mantuviera, organizamos nuestra vida diaria alrededor de su ausencia.</p><blockquote><p>Esta es la capa m&#225;s profunda del espejo. Un gobierno refleja las conductas, las costumbres y los h&#225;bitos de sus ciudadanos &#8212; y las conductas, costumbres y h&#225;bitos de los ciudadanos reflejan al gobierno que han aprendido a esperar.</p></blockquote><p>La relaci&#243;n es bidireccional. Produce, a lo largo de generaciones, un equilibrio c&#237;vico &#8212; una sociedad y su Estado molde&#225;ndose mutuamente en la forma con la que ambos tendr&#225;n que vivir.</p><div><hr></div><p>Antes de que cualquiera de los dos pa&#237;ses tuviera su primer presidente, cada uno ten&#237;a su primera frase. Esas frases anticiparon todo lo que vino despu&#233;s.</p><p><strong>Estados Unidos se declar&#243; a s&#237; mismo en existencia en 1776:</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>M&#233;xico se declar&#243; a s&#237; mismo en 1917, despu&#233;s de una revoluci&#243;n que hab&#237;a costado un mill&#243;n de vidas. El Art&#237;culo 39 de la nueva Constituci&#243;n:</strong></p><blockquote><p><em>La soberan&#237;a nacional reside esencial y originariamente en el pueblo. Todo poder p&#250;blico dimana del pueblo y se instituye para beneficio de &#233;ste.</em></p></blockquote><p>Ambos textos colocan la soberan&#237;a en el pueblo. </p><p>Pero los pa&#237;ses que constituyeron est&#225;n configurados de manera distinta. </p><p><strong>Los constituyentes estadounidenses escribieron un Estado dise&#241;ado para garantizar las </strong><em><strong>condiciones</strong></em><strong> bajo las cuales sus ciudadanos perseguir&#237;an sus propios fines. </strong></p><p><strong>Los constituyentes mexicanos escribieron un Estado dise&#241;ado para </strong><em><strong>entregar resultados</strong></em><strong> &#8212; educaci&#243;n, tierra, trabajo, dignidad &#8212; directamente a sus ciudadanos.</strong></p><ol><li><p><strong>El Estado estadounidense se constituy&#243; como plataforma.</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>El Estado mexicano se constituy&#243; como actor.</strong></p></li></ol><p>Dos apuestas opuestas, escritas en los documentos fundacionales. Cada pa&#237;s lleva un siglo viviendo las consecuencias.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Lo que cada pa&#237;s construy&#243; &#8212; y en lo que cada uno se convirti&#243;</h3><p>La apuesta que cada pa&#237;s hizo en su fundaci&#243;n no produjo resultados inmediatamente. A ambos les tom&#243; aproximadamente un siglo producir sus apogeos.</p><p><strong>El apogeo estadounidense corri&#243; desde el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial hasta mediados de los a&#241;os setenta.</strong> Tres d&#233;cadas durante las cuales el pa&#237;s construy&#243; las condiciones de la vida moderna tal como el mundo la conoce hoy.</p><p>El sistema de autopistas interestatales reh&#237;zo la geograf&#237;a del pa&#237;s. La G.I. Bill produjo la generaci&#243;n m&#225;s educada de la historia humana. La propiedad masiva de vivienda se distribuy&#243; ampliamente por primera vez en cualquier lugar del planeta. Los salarios y la productividad subieron juntos &#8212; es decir, el sueldo de un trabajador crec&#237;a con el valor que el trabajador produc&#237;a, el mecanismo b&#225;sico de una clase media funcional. Las universidades estadounidenses se convirtieron en el destino de las mejores mentes del mundo.</p><p>La ciencia estadounidense puso humanos en la Luna. La cultura estadounidense &#8212; Hollywood, el jazz, el rock and roll, Broadway, la novela &#8212; se convirti&#243;, por primera vez en la historia moderna, en una cultura exportada globalmente por sus propios m&#233;ritos y no impuesta por imperio. Las empresas estadounidenses construyeron los bienes de consumo, los aviones, las computadoras, las farmac&#233;uticas y, eventualmente, el software que dieron forma a la vida del siglo XX en todas partes.</p><p>Y por debajo de todo eso, m&#225;s callado pero m&#225;s consecuente que cualquier industria individual, Estados Unidos construy&#243; algo que ning&#250;n otro pa&#237;s en la historia ha construido a escala: un sistema financiero dise&#241;ado para permitir que los ciudadanos comunes acumularan riqueza junto con el pa&#237;s mismo. </p><p>Wall Street hizo posible que un trabajador con un sueldo regular fuera due&#241;o de una parte de la econom&#237;a estadounidense a trav&#233;s de bonos, fondos mutuos y, eventualmente, el S&amp;P 500 &#8212; un &#237;ndice que se ha capitalizado a aproximadamente diez por ciento anual desde 1957. Warren Buffett, que ha pasado una vida observando este sistema desde adentro, ha dicho que lo &#250;nico en lo que cree con certeza es nunca apostar contra la econom&#237;a estadounidense.</p><p>La raz&#243;n por la que esa frase tiene peso es que el sistema, durante setenta a&#241;os, ha permitido que cualquier estadounidense con la disciplina de ahorrar participe en la riqueza del pa&#237;s. Eso no es un accidente cultural. Es la plataforma funcionando precisamente como la apuesta fundacional lo previ&#243;.</p><p>Es cierto que esta prosperidad no estuvo igualmente disponible para todos los estadounidenses al mismo tiempo. Los afroamericanos, los pueblos originarios, los latinos y los asi&#225;tico-americanos enfrentaron barreras que los estadounidenses blancos no enfrentaron &#8212; barreras que tomaron el movimiento de los derechos civiles, generaciones de reforma legal y un trabajo social que contin&#250;a, para comenzar a desmantelarse. Examinaremos esa historia m&#225;s completa en el siguiente ensayo de esta serie.</p><p>Pero el hecho estructural se sostiene: el modelo de plataforma, funcionando como fue dise&#241;ado, produjo la civilizaci&#243;n m&#225;s poderosa que el mundo moderno ha visto. La riqueza fue real. Las oportunidades fueron reales. La trayectoria fue ascendente.</p><p><strong>El apogeo de M&#233;xico fue m&#225;s corto y menos reconocido internacionalmente </strong>&#8212; pero dentro de sus propias fronteras, no menos real. Aproximadamente entre 1940 y 1970 &#8212; el per&#237;odo que los economistas llamaron el <em>Milagro Mexicano</em> &#8212; M&#233;xico creci&#243; a un promedio de 6.6 por ciento anual durante tres d&#233;cadas, una de las tasas de crecimiento sostenido m&#225;s r&#225;pidas en cualquier parte del mundo en ese per&#237;odo. La producci&#243;n industrial se expandi&#243; ocho por ciento al a&#241;o. </p><p>La inflaci&#243;n se mantuvo en tres por ciento. La poblaci&#243;n se duplic&#243; mientras la econom&#237;a creci&#243; seis veces. La matr&#237;cula en escuelas primarias se triplic&#243;. Se fundaron el Instituto Polit&#233;cnico Nacional y el Tec de Monterrey. La manufactura mexicana se diversific&#243; en acero, autom&#243;viles, textiles, bienes de consumo. Una clase media mexicana real comenz&#243; a formarse en la Ciudad de M&#233;xico, Monterrey, Guadalajara &#8212; m&#225;s peque&#241;a que la versi&#243;n estadounidense, pero visible. </p><p>El modelo de Estado-como-actor, funcionando como fue dise&#241;ado bajo las condiciones del desarrollo estatal de mediados del siglo XX, produjo el M&#233;xico m&#225;s pr&#243;spero que el mundo moderno hab&#237;a visto.</p><p><strong>Pero M&#233;xico nunca construy&#243; el equivalente de la plataforma financiera estadounidense. </strong>La Bolsa Mexicana de Valores tiene, hoy, aproximadamente 130 empresas listadas. La Bolsa de Nueva York y NASDAQ tienen m&#225;s de 6,000 entre ambas. El mercado de valores mexicano existe, pero no es el motor de creaci&#243;n de riqueza para los mexicanos comunes que Wall Street ha sido para los estadounidenses comunes &#8212; porque nunca fue dise&#241;ado para serlo, y porque la mayor&#237;a mexicana nunca ha tenido el ingreso excedente que habr&#237;a hecho relevante la pregunta de invertir. </p><p><em><strong>La cultura mexicana no ha sido una cultura de ahorrar, invertir y capitalizar. No porque los mexicanos seamos diferentes. Porque el sistema no produjo las condiciones en las que una cultura de capitalizaci&#243;n pudiera formarse.</strong></em></p><p>Aqu&#237; tambi&#233;n, la oportunidad no se distribuy&#243; por igual. Pero la historia mexicana de la desigualdad es estructuralmente diferente de la estadounidense, y es importante nombrarla con precisi&#243;n.</p><p>En M&#233;xico, los ciudadanos que construyeron negocios y riqueza durante esas d&#233;cadas fueron los inteligentes y los determinados &#8212; familias mexicanas que pelearon a trav&#233;s de un sistema cuyas reglas cambiaban constantemente, a veces de una presidencia a la siguiente.</p><blockquote><p>Echeverr&#237;a en los setenta tom&#243; tierra privada. Salinas en los noventa privatiz&#243; activos p&#250;blicos. Pe&#241;a Nieto en 2013 abri&#243; los sectores de energ&#237;a y telecomunicaciones al capital privado. AMLO desde 2018 cerr&#243; esas reformas y reconstruy&#243; el papel central del Estado. Cada reversa abrupta destruy&#243; la inversi&#243;n paciente de largo plazo que requiere la prosperidad duradera.</p></blockquote><p>Los mexicanos que tuvieron &#233;xito lo hicieron <em>a pesar</em> del cambio constante de reglas, no porque el sistema estuviera abierto a ellos. <em><strong>Construyeron alrededor de la inestabilidad. Pagaron su precio. Las familias detr&#225;s de Bimbo, Cemex, Femsa, Modelo, Gruma &#8212; y los directores, chefs e ingenieros que llevaron el nombre de M&#233;xico a los escenarios del mundo &#8212; demostraron que el talento y la ambici&#243;n mexicanos pod&#237;an competir al m&#225;s alto nivel global cuando el trabajo se hac&#237;a a la vista, en mercados reales, contra competidores reales, sin atajos pol&#237;ticos.</strong></em></p><p>Los mexicanos que no tuvieron &#233;xito no fueron bloqueados por sus compatriotas. Fueron bloqueados por un sistema dise&#241;ado, desde la Constituci&#243;n fundacional en adelante, para colocar las mayores oportunidades en manos pol&#237;ticas &#8212; para ser distribuidas a trav&#233;s de redes pol&#237;ticas, a clientes pol&#237;ticos, en tiempos pol&#237;ticos.</p><blockquote><p>Este es el diagn&#243;stico preciso. El problema de M&#233;xico no son sus <em>que tienen</em> y sus <em>que no tienen.</em> El problema de M&#233;xico es un Estado que siempre ha sido el guardi&#225;n de las mayores oportunidades, y una clase pol&#237;tica que siempre ha tratado esas oportunidades como moneda de cambio en vez de como un bien p&#250;blico para construirse para todos.</p></blockquote><p>Ya sea por dise&#241;o o por conveniencia pol&#237;tica acumulada, el resultado ha sido el mismo. Una mayor&#237;a que no puede ahorrar no puede acumular. Una mayor&#237;a que no puede acumular no puede volverse independiente del patrocinio pol&#237;tico. Una mayor&#237;a que no es independiente del patrocinio pol&#237;tico vota como el patrocinio lo requiere.</p><p>Entonces el mundo cambi&#243;, y los dos modelos se adaptaron de manera distinta.</p><p><strong>El modelo estadounidense </strong>se inclin&#243; hacia la financiarizaci&#243;n. A partir de finales de los a&#241;os setenta, la proporci&#243;n de las ganancias corporativas que iban a las finanzas comenz&#243; a subir. Los salarios se desacoplaron de la productividad &#8212; los trabajadores siguieron produciendo m&#225;s, pero las ganancias comenzaron a fluir cada vez m&#225;s al capital en lugar de al trabajo. </p><p>La manufactura abandon&#243; el coraz&#243;n industrial del pa&#237;s. La promesa de la universidad como camino a la vida de clase media comenz&#243; a requerir una deuda que los salarios resultantes ya no pod&#237;an sostener. La plataforma que alguna vez hab&#237;a asegurado la prosperidad amplia de los ciudadanos se convirti&#243;, gradualmente, en una plataforma de extracci&#243;n de capital. La apuesta original sigue funcionando para los de arriba de la distribuci&#243;n estadounidense. Ha dejado de funcionar, de manera confiable, para los del medio.</p><p><strong>El modelo mexicano no se adapt&#243;</strong> &#8212; porque no pod&#237;a adaptarse sin reconstruir su supuesto fundamental. La estrategia de desarrollo dirigida por el Estado y enfocada hacia adentro, que hab&#237;a funcionado bajo condiciones de mercados protegidos y monedas administradas, se rompi&#243; contra las realidades de los a&#241;os ochenta &#8212; el choque petrolero, la crisis de la deuda de 1982, el colapso de la sustituci&#243;n de importaciones como estrategia global de desarrollo. </p><p>M&#233;xico pas&#243; esa d&#233;cada en emergencia fiscal. El TLCAN en 1994 abri&#243; la econom&#237;a mexicana a la integraci&#243;n norteamericana pero no reform&#243; la arquitectura estatal subyacente. La apertura democr&#225;tica de 1988 a 2000 moderniz&#243; las instituciones pol&#237;ticas mexicanas sin cambiar las econ&#243;micas. Pemex y CFE, los motores del crecimiento de la era del Milagro Mexicano, se convirtieron en anclas fiscales. Hoy, la econom&#237;a mexicana crece uno o dos por ciento en un buen a&#241;o. El pa&#237;s que creci&#243; a 6.6 por ciento durante tres d&#233;cadas hoy lucha por crecer al dos por ciento durante uno.</p><blockquote><p>Ambos pa&#237;ses, en otras palabras, est&#225;n operando hoy a una fracci&#243;n de sus propios apogeos hist&#243;ricos. Esta no es la historia de naciones que fracasaron. Es la historia de naciones que tuvieron &#233;xito, brillantemente, bajo un conjunto de condiciones &#8212; y que a&#250;n no han descubierto c&#243;mo renovarse bajo otro.</p></blockquote><p><strong>La renovaci&#243;n estadounidense</strong> requerir&#225; reconstruir la plataforma de manera que la prosperidad fluya ampliamente otra vez, no s&#243;lo hacia arriba.</p><p><strong>La renovaci&#243;n mexicana </strong>requerir&#225; algo m&#225;s dif&#237;cil &#8212; una ciudadan&#237;a que decida, juntos, construir un sistema en el que la oportunidad est&#233; abierta para todos, no concentrada en manos pol&#237;ticas y distribuida a trav&#233;s del favor pol&#237;tico.</p><p>Esa no es una pelea entre mexicanos. Es una pelea en la que cada mexicano tiene algo que ganar.</p><div><hr></div><p>Las canchas de juego de Estados Unidos y M&#233;xico est&#225;n lejos de ser similares. Es mucho m&#225;s dif&#237;cil ganarse la vida en M&#233;xico que en Estados Unidos, y la evidencia es una de las migraciones m&#225;s consecuentes de la era moderna. M&#225;s de diez millones de mexicanos han construido sus vidas en el pa&#237;s de al lado. </p><p>El dinero que env&#237;an a casa &#8212; <em>las remesas</em> &#8212; se ha convertido en la fuente m&#225;s grande de ingreso extranjero para M&#233;xico, superando al petr&#243;leo, superando a la inversi&#243;n extranjera, superando al turismo. Aproximadamente sesenta y tres mil millones de d&#243;lares solamente en 2024. La mayor exportaci&#243;n de una naci&#243;n son sus propios ciudadanos en edad de trabajar. Ninguna estad&#237;stica captura m&#225;s honestamente la brecha entre las canchas de juego que esa.</p><div><hr></div><p>Existe un dicho popular en M&#233;xico &#8212; <em><strong>tenemos el gobierno que nos merecemos</strong>.</em> Su autor original fue <strong>Joseph de Maistre</strong>, un monarquista franc&#233;s del siglo XVIII que us&#243; la frase para argumentar que la revoluci&#243;n contra la tiran&#237;a era in&#250;til. En sus manos, fue una justificaci&#243;n de la pasividad pol&#237;tica.</p><p>Ese uso es falso. Pero la observaci&#243;n estructural que est&#225; debajo no lo es. Las sociedades producen sus gobiernos. La pregunta es si la producci&#243;n es consciente o inconsciente &#8212; si una sociedad est&#225; <em>construyendo</em> las condiciones de su vida pol&#237;tica o simplemente <em>sufri&#233;ndolas.</em></p><p>Esta es la pregunta que Norteam&#233;rica ya no puede seguir evadiendo.</p><div><hr></div><p>Somos dos democracias en dos tipos distintos de crisis. <strong>Estados Unidos </strong>ha visto, durante los &#250;ltimos setenta y tantos a&#241;os, c&#243;mo el sistema que construy&#243; para hacer grande a su sector privado se ha vuelto extractivo de su propia clase media. La confianza en el gobierno federal se ha desplomado del 77 por ciento en 1964 al 17 por ciento de hoy. El ciudadano estadounidense com&#250;n est&#225; agotado por un sistema que ya no le permite retirarse en paz.</p><p><strong>M&#233;xico ha visto, durante el mismo per&#237;odo, c&#243;mo su Estado se convierte en el actor central de todo </strong>&#8212; pol&#237;tica, econ&#243;mica y crecientemente militarmente &#8212; mientras la excelencia individual mexicana ha florecido a pesar del Estado, no a trav&#233;s de &#233;l. El ciudadano mexicano que se qued&#243; est&#225;, por la mayor&#237;a de las medidas, asustado.</p><p>Ambas crisis son reales. Ambas podr&#237;an enviar a sus pa&#237;ses d&#233;cadas hacia atr&#225;s si no se atienden. Ambas, atendidas con honestidad, contienen la posibilidad de la renovaci&#243;n m&#225;s grande que Norteam&#233;rica haya visto en un siglo.</p><p><strong>La siguiente pieza de esta serie &#8212; </strong><em><strong>Ensayo II &#8212; El Reflejo Roto</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; examina a fondo ambas naciones: c&#243;mo Estados Unidos lleg&#243; al 17 por ciento de confianza, c&#243;mo M&#233;xico lleg&#243; a una democracia centrada en el Estado con un electorado que sigue votando por m&#225;s de lo mismo, y qu&#233; tienen estos dos caminos en com&#250;n por debajo de sus formas opuestas.</p><p><strong>El tercero &#8212; </strong><em><strong>Ensayo III &#8212; Construyendo la Ciudadan&#237;a</strong></em><strong> </strong>&#8212; examina lo que cada pa&#237;s realmente puede hacer al respecto. La versi&#243;n honesta. Sin izquierda, sin derecha. Sin partidismo, sin utopismo. El trabajo paciente y generacional de convertirse en el tipo de pa&#237;ses que producen los gobiernos que sus ciudadanos merecen.</p><div><hr></div><p>Por ahora, la fundaci&#243;n.</p><blockquote><p>Los gobiernos son espejos. El reflejo que vemos es el reflejo que construimos. Los espejos no se rompen por el frente. Se rompen por detr&#225;s, lentamente, en los lugares que no miramos &#8212; en las expectativas diarias que tenemos de nuestros gobiernos, y en los est&#225;ndares diarios que tenemos de nosotros mismos.</p></blockquote><p>El espejo no est&#225; all&#225; afuera. El espejo somos nosotros.</p><div><hr></div><p><em>Eduardo Joffroy es el fundador de The North American &#8212; 77, una plataforma editorial biling&#252;e sobre Norteam&#233;rica como un proyecto continental.</em></p><p><em>Este es el <strong>Ensayo I</strong> de tres en <strong>Los Gobiernos No Son Accidentes. Son Reflejos</strong>. &#8212; una trilog&#237;a continental sobre gobernanza, sociedad y la arquitectura de la ciudadan&#237;a.</em></p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>